HEAT TRANSFER

• When heat is transferred to or from a substance, the internal energy of the substance can change and this
change is accompanied by a change in temperature or a change in phase.
• Heat is transferred in three different ways: by conduction, convection, radiation.
1. Conduction
• Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material, any bulk motion of
the material playing no role in the transfer.
• Heat conduction from one point to another takes place only if there is a difference in temperature
between two points.
• One mechanism for conduction occurs when the atoms or molecules in a hotter part of a material
vibrate or move with the greater energy than those in cooler part. By means collisions, the more
energetic molecules pass on some of their energy to their less energetic neighbors.
• A similar mechanism for the conduction of heat occurs in metals. Metals have free electrons that can
transport energy and allow metals to transfer heat very well.
o Thermal conductors
 materials that conduct heat well o Thermal
insulators
 materials that conduct heat poorly
• Conduction of Heat Through A Material o The heat Q conducted during a time t through a bar
length L and cross-sectional area A is
(kA∆T)t
Q=
L
where ΔT is the temperature difference between the ends of the bar, k is the thermal
conductivity of the material.
o SI Unit of thermal conductivity: 𝐽/(𝑠 · 𝑚 · 𝐶°)
2. Convection
• Convection is the process in which heat is carried from a place to place by the bulk movement of fluid.
• During natural convection, the warmer, less dense part of a fluid is pushed upward by the buoyant
force provided by the surrounding cooler and denser part. Forced convection occurs when the
external device, such as a fan or a pump, causes the fluid to move.

3. Radiation
• Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
• All objects, regardless of their temperatures, simultaneously absorb and emit EM waves.
• STEFAN – BOLTZMANN LAW OF RADIATION o The radiation energy Q, emitted in time t by an object that
has a Kelvin temperature T, a surface area A, and an emissivity e, is given by
Q = eσT4tAcosθ
where σ is the Stefan – Boltzmann constant and has a value of 5.67 × 10−8 𝐽/(𝑠 · 𝑚2 · 𝐾4)
A body that is a good absorber of radiation must also be a good emitter. An ideal radiator, (e=1), is also an
ideal absorber, absorbing all the radiation that strikes it. Ideal radiator is called a blackbody.

An ideal reflector, which absorbs no radiation at all, is also a very ineffective radiator.

| Prepared by CLSU – DMP