CHAPTER 3

SLAB

3.1

INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most widely used structural elements. In many
structures, in addition to providing a versatile and economical method of supporting gravity
loads, the slab also forms an integral portion of the structural frame to resist lateral forces.
Usually a slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be
supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural
steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.

3.2

TYPES OF SLAB

One-way slab : Independent of support condition. (Figure 3.1a 3.1b)

l1
> 2;
l2

Two-way slab : Depends on support condition. (Figure 3.1c)

l1
2
l2
l2

l1

l1
l2

l1

>2
(a) One- way slab

Figure 3.1: Types of slab

l2

>2

SLAB

Two-way slabs are classified as:

Two-way edge supported slab or slab with beams. ( Figure 3.1d )

Two-way column supported slab or slab without beams. ( Figure 3.1e,3.1f, 3.1g )

l2

l1

(c) Two- way slab

(b) One- way slab

(d) Slab with beams

(Edge supported slab)

(f) Flat slab

(Column supported slab)

l2

l1

(e) Flat plate

(Column supported slab)

(g) Grid slab

(Column supported slab)

Figure 3.1: Types of slab (continued)

15

SLAB

3.3

DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB

Step 1: Estimation of Slab Thickness (h)

Slab thickness is determined according to ACI Code 9.5.2 as given in Table 3.1

Table 3.1: Minimum thickness of non-prestressed one- way slab

Members

wc = 145 pcf

wc =90120 pcf

fy = 60.000 psi
Simply supported

l/20

One end continuous

l/24

Both end continuous

l/28

Cantilever

l/10

fy <60.000 psi Rounding

up
or,fy>60.000 psi the thickness

Multiply
by Multiply by
(1.65-0.005wc)
fy
but > 1.09
0.4 +
100,000

(1) h6 in next
higher in
(2) h > 6 in next
higher in

Span length l is in inches, as defined by ACI Code 8.7 given in Fig. 3.2(a), (b), & (c)

Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load (wu)

wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L psf

Dead load, D = wc x
wc

h
psf
12

Unit weight of concrete (145 ~ 150 pcf for normal weight concrete )

16

SLAB

Step 3: Determination of Design Moment

Design moment is determined by using ACI Moment Coefficient (ACI Code 8.3.3) as given in
Table 3.4.

Step 4 : Checking the Design Thickness

d=

Mu

putting = max = 0.75b.

f
f yb(1 0.59 y )
f c
/

Where, b = 0.85* 1

fc
87000
*
f y 87000 + f y

Values of 1 is given in Table 3.2

Table3.2 : Values of 1 (ACI Code 10.2.7.3)

fc

4000 psi

1 = 0.85

fc

> 4000 psi

1 shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength

in excess of 4000 psi.
0.65 1 0.85

Table 3.3: Clear cover for slab ( ACI Code 7.7.1)

No 14 & No 18 bars .................................... .... 1 1/2 in

No 11 bar & smaller .................................... in

17

SLAB

If (d + clear cover) < h;

Design is ok.

Otherwise redesign the thickness.

la
t

l= la + h la + t

(a) Slabs not built integrally with the support (ACI Code 8.7.1)

h
la
l= la + t

(b) Slabs are continuous (ACI Code 8.7.2)

la
t
(c) Slabs built integrally with support

Figure 3.2 : Span length

18

SLAB

Table 3.4 : ACI moment coefficient

Support Condition

Moment Coefficent

For two span:

1
1
1

1
1
1

1. Discontinuous ends are

unrestrained
1
9

1
9

2. Discontinuous ends are

built integrally with support

1
1
4

(spandrel beam or girder)

1
2
4

1
1
4

1
9

1
9

1
2
4

3. Discontinuous ends are

built integrally with support

1
1
4

1
1
4

(when support is a column only)

1
9

1
1
6

For continuous Span:

1
9

1
1
1

1. Discontinuous ends are

1
1
6

1
1
6

unrestrained.
1
1
0

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

2. Discontinuous ends are

built integrally with support

1
1
4

(spandrel beam or girder)

1
1
6

1
1
0

1
2
4

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

3. Discontinuous ends are

built integrally with support

1
1
4

1
1
6

(when support is a column only)

1
1
6

1. Shear in end members at first interior support

2. Shear at all other supports

1
1
0

1
1
1

1.15 w2
w
2

w = Total factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab
l = Clear span for positive moment and the average of two adjacent clear spans
for negative moment.

19

SLAB

Step 5 : Determination of Steal Area (As)

Reinforcement for 1 ft. strip towards shorter distance is calculated by Iteration. Details shown in
Figure 3.3 (here b = 12 in)

Assume a (hints: a =
0.3d)

(As) trial =

(a)

corrected

Mu

f y d a 2

As f y
0.85 f cb

(As) corrected

Calculate a for next trial

with
(As) corrected

A s, corr

No

As, trial

Yes
OK

Figure 3.3: Iteration process to determine the steel area

20

SLAB

Generally # 3 or # 4 bars are used for slab main reinforcement.

Spacing: ACI Code 7.6.5 specifies that

Spacing 3h or 18 in,
but

whichever is smaller

> 1.5 h

Finding out bar spacing: Let us chose # 3 bar (0.11 in 2 )

Spacing =

0.11 * 12
As

in c/c

Step 6 : Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

Reinforcement is provided normal to main reinforcements. ACI Code 7.12.2.1 provides required
area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement as given in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 : Minimum ratio of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in slabs.

Slabs where grade 40 or 50 deformed bars are used

0.0020
Slabs where grade 60 deformed bars or welded wire
fabric are used

Slabs where reinforcement with yield strength

exceeding 60,000 psi measured at a yield strain of 0.35
percent is used

Required steel area, As = bh

But should be:

0.0018

> 0.0014

0.0018 60,000
fy

in 2 per 1 ft. strip

21

SLAB

Spacing: ACI Code 7.12.2.2 specifies that

Spacing 5h
or

18 in , whichever is smaller

Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing can be obtained.

Step 7 : Shear Check

According to ACI shear coefficient given in Table 3.2

Shear at end members at first interior support is 1.15

wu ln
2

Critical shear at a distance d from support, Vu = (1.15

Wu l n Wu d

)
2
12

Design strength for shear, Vc = 2 f c bd ;

= 0.85

If Vc > Vu, slab design for shear is OK

Otherwise slab thickness should be revised.

Step 8 : Reinforcement Detailing

Shown in Figure 3.4

22

SLAB

Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement

Main positive reinforcement

l2/ 4
'_zoom

l2/ 4

(a) Plan of bottom reinforcement

l2/ 4
'_zoom

negative reinforcement at discontinuous edge

negative reinforcement at continuous edge

l2/ 4

(b) Plan of Top reinforcement

Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement
l 2/ 4

l2/ 3

l2

l 2/ 3

6"

l2/ 3

6"

(c) Cross section (A- A)

23

SLAB

Main positive
reinforcement

Temperature
& shrinkage
reinforcement

Negative
reinforcement at
discontinuous edge

Negative
reinforcement at
continuous edge

Figure 3.4: Reinforcement detailing in one-way slab (continued)

24

SLAB

3.4

TWO WAY SLAB

ACI Code 13.5.1 states that a slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying
conditions of equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if it is shown that the design strength at
every section is at least equal to required strength, and that all serviceability conditions,
including limits on deflections, are met.
According to ACI Code 13. 5.1. 1, all Two-way slab system are to be analyzed and designed
either by the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent Frame Method for gravity loads only.
For lateral loads, separate elastic analysis should be worked out. ACI Code 13. 5.1.3 permits the
combining to the gravity load analysis with the result of lateral load analysis.
Adaptation of any one of the two methods demands fulfillment of certain requirements.
However, when the requirements are not met, an old procedure is still followed by the Engineers
as specified in 1963 ACI Code, named as Coefficient Method.

3.4.1 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD (DDM)

3.4.1.1

General

The design is based on equivalent rigid frame system as shown in Figure 3.5.
ACI Code13. 2.1 specifies:
Width of equivalent frame = l2
Width of column strip =

1
1
l1or l 2
2
2

whichever is less

The equivalent frames are considered in both longitudinal and transverse directions.

3.4.1.2 Limitations For DDM

ACI Code 13.6.1 specifies that the design of Two-way slab system by DDM shall be permitted
within the following limitations:
There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.

The panels shall be rectangular, with the ratio of the longer to the shorter spans

within a panel not greater than 2.

25

SLAB

The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one

third of the longer span.

Column may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span in the direction of

successive column.
Loads shall be due to gravity only and live load shall not exceed 2 times the dead

load.

l2
H.M.S

Interior
Equivalent
Frame

C.S

l2

H.M.S

l2

Exterior
Equivalent
Frame

l2

H.M.S
C.S

l1

l1
H.M.S = Half Middle Strip;

l2
2

l1
C.S= Column Strip

Figure 3.5 : Equivalent frame system for DDM

26

SLAB

If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beams in the

two perpendicular direction shall be:

0.2<

1l

2
2

2 l 21

< 5.0

= in direction of 1

2 = in direction of 2
=

Ecb I b
Ecs I s

ACI Code 13.6.1.8 allows the deviation from above limitations, if it can be shown that the
requirements of ACI Code 13.5.1 (as stated in section 3.4) are satisfied.

3.4.1.3

DESIGN METHOD BY DDM

Step 1 : Determination of Slab Thickness

ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies the minimum thickness for two- way slab system
Table 3.6: Minimum thickness for slab without beams (ACI Table 9.5.c)

Yield
strength
fy psi
40,000
60,000
75,000

Without drops panels

Exterior panels

Interior
panels

Without
Without
edge
edge
beams
beams *
ln
ln
ln
33
36
36
ln
ln
ln
30
33
33
ln
ln
ln
28
31
31
h > 5 in ( ACI Code 9.5.3.2.a)

With drop panels

Exterior panels

Interior
panels

Without
Without
edge
edge
beams
beams a
ln
ln
ln
36
40
40
ln
ln
ln
33
36
36
ln
ln
ln
31
34
34
h > 4 in (ACI code 9.5.3.2.b)

27

SLAB

For slabs with beams along exterior edges, the value of for edge beam shall not
be less than 0.80.
For f y between given values the minimum thickness should be obtained by linear

interpolation.
Table 3.7 : Minimum thickness for slab with beams (ACI Code 9.5.3.3)

(1) m < 0.2

(2) 0.2 < m < 0.2*

fy

ln(0.8 +

The provisions of
Table 3.4 shall
apply

h=

(3) m > 0.2*

200,000
36 + 5 ( m 0.2)

h > 5 in

fy
)
200,000
36 + 9

ln(0.8 +

h=

h > 3.5 in

For edge beam > 0.80 , otherwise h min as provided by column (2),
(3) must be increased by 10% in the panel with edge beam (3) (ACI
Code 9.5.3.3. d)

Step 2: Determination of Total Factored Static Moment (Mo)

According to ACI Code 13.6.2.2

Wll
Mo = u 2 n
8

Mo, of an exterior equivalent frame =

1
Mo, of an interior equivalent frame.
2

ln = face to face of columns or capitals or walls.

ln 0.65l1 and in determining ln, circular and polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square
supports with the same area , shown in Fig 3.6. (ACI Code 13.6.2.5)

28

SLAB

Figure 3. 6 : Example of equivalent square section for supporting members

Step 3 : Longitudinal Distribution of Moments.

The total factored static moment, Mo is distributed to the negative and positive zone of a
equivalent frame according to ACI Code 13.6.3.2 and 13.6.3.3 as given in Table 3.8.

29

SLAB

Table 3.8 : Distribution of total factored static moment

1. Interior Span (ACI Code 13.6.3.2)

0 .3 5 M o

Mo

0 .6 5 M o

0 .6 5 M o

Completely fixed at both ends

Case -1:

0.63Mo
Mo

Exterior edge unrestrained

0.75Mo

Case 2

0 .5 7 M o

Mo

0 .1 6 M o
0 .7 0 M o

Beams on all Column lines

Case 3

0.52Mo

Mo

0.26 Mo

No beams ( Flat slab , Flat plate)

Case 4

0.70Mo

Mo

0.30 Mo
0.70Mo

Edge beam only

Case - 5:

Exterior edge fully restrained by

monolithic concrete wall

0.35 Mo

0.65Mo

0.65Mo

30

SLAB

Step 4 : Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

The longitudinal negative and positive moments are for the entire width of equivalent frame.
Each of these moments is to be distributed proportionately among column strip and two half
middle strips following ACI Code 13.6.4. Before distribution of moment the following 3
parameters are to be obtained:

l2
l1
E I
Stiffness ratio, = cb b
E cs I s
E C
Ratio
t = cb
2 Ecs I s
Aspect ratio

E cb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete, psi

E cs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete, psi
I b = moment of inertia of beam
I s = moment of inertia of slab
C = torsion constant
Evaluating the three parameters, distribute the percentage of longitudinal moment into column
strip and the remainder into two half middle strips according to Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 : Percentage of longitudinal moment in column strip (ACI code 13.6.4.2.1, 13.6.4.2,
13.6.4.4)

Aspect ratio = l2/l1

l 1 2 /l
t = o

0.5
100

1.0
100

2.0
100

31

SLAB

Calculation of Three Parameters

Calculation of Aspect Ratio =

Calculation of Stiffness Ratio ()

l2
l1

Ratio of flexural stiffness is related to slab with beams either on all sides or on edge only. For
slab without beams e.g. flat plate or flat slab, = 0.
=

E cb I b
E cs I s

Determination of Moment of Inertia of the Beam

Ib = k

bw h 3
12

32

SLAB

Definition of be is shown in Figure 3.7 ( ACI code 13.2.4)

h w 4h f

b w +2h w bw + 8h f

Figure 3.7 : Example of portion of slab to be included with beam or definition of b e

The Moment of Inertia of Slab Section

Is =

bh 3
12

h = slab thickness
b = l2 for interior equivalent frame, or
= l2/2 for exterior equivalent frame
It should be determined in both directions.

t =

Calculation of Ratio t

Ecb C
2 Ecs I s

33

SLAB

Torsion Constant

ACI Code 13.7.5.1 specifies that torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant cross
section throughout their length consisting of the largest of (a), (b) and (c) as shown in Figure 3.8.
ACI Code 13.0 defines torsion constant as:C=

x x 3 y

0
.
63

3
y

x = shorter dimension of a component rectangle

y = longer dimension of a component rectangle
The component rectangle should be taken in such a way that the largest value of C is obtained.
Example for slab with beam & flat plate shown in Figure 3.9.

Step 5 : Determination of Effective Depth (d)

Where two steel layers (along two directions, perpendicular with each other) are in contact, the
larger d is assigned to the steel of greater moment ( i.e. steel for greater moment shall be placed
near to either top or bottom face ).
Large d = h clear cover (min in) - d b + d b in
Short d = h clear cover - d b in

34

SLAB

direction

hf

of
moment

Flat plate

Torsional member

t
t

(a) Torsional member (ACI Code 13.7.5.1a)

Slab
beam
Slab with beam

Column

(b) Torsional member (ACI Code 13.7.5.1b)

b e=(bw+h w) (b w+4h f )

b e=(bw+2h w) (b w+8h f)
hf

h w4h f

h w4h f

h w4h f

h
hw

bw

bw
Edge beam

Interior beam

(c) Torsional member ( ACI Code 13.7.5.1c)

Figure 3.8 : Torsional member

35

SLAB

y1

y1

X1

X1

y2
y2

C1

X2

C2

X2

C=Larger of C1 and C2

(a) Slab with beam (Edge section)

y1
X1

y1
x1

1
y2

Y2
2

C2

C1

X2
X2

C=Larger of C1 and C2

(b) Slab with beam (Interior section)

t1
t2

Imaginary beam

t1

t2
x

hf

Short direction

Long direction

(c) Flat plate

Figure 3.9 : Determination of C

36

SLAB

Step 6 : Determination of Steel Area (A s )

Total steel area for the strip is obtained by iteration process as shown in Figure 3.3.
b = width of strip or,
b= width of drop panel in the direction of moment (For slab with drop panel in negative moment
zone)

Step 7 : Check for Minimum Steel

A s , min = bh
= minimum steel ratio for temperature and shrinkage as shown in Table 3.5
A s, provided > A s , min (OK)
Otherwise provide A s , min

Step 8 : Total Number of Bar

N=

As
,
Ab

Spacing =

A b = cross section area of bar used

b
2h;
N

b = width of strip

Step 9 : Check for Deflection Control

According to ACI Code 9.5.3 control of deflection is achieved by providing the slab thickness in
accordance to Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. For details see section 3.5.

37

SLAB

Step 10 : Reinforcement Detailing

Placing: Flexural reinforcement in two- way slab system is placed in an

orthogonal grid, with bars parallel to the sides of the panels.

Straight Bars: Straight bars are generally used throughout, although in some
cases positive moment steel is bent up where no longer needed, in order to provide for
part or the entire negative moment requirements.

Spacing:

Maximum spacing 2h. Figure 3.10.a (ACI Code 13.3.2).

Concrete Cover: Minimum concrete cover = in. Figure 2.10.a. (ACI Code
7.7.1).

Effective Depth: When bars are placed in perpendicular layers either on top or
bottom together, stacking problem arises. The inner steel will have an effective depth 1bar diameter less than the outer steel. For relatively larger moment bars in one direction
are provided with greater d. Details in Figure 3.10.a & Figure 3.10.b.

Embedment for Positive Moment:

Positive moment reinforcement
perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to the edge of slab and have
embedment, straight or hooked, at least 6 in. in spandrel beams, columns or walls. Details
in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.3).

Embedment for Negative Moment:

Negative moment reinforcement
perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be bent, hooked or anchored in spandrel
beams, columns or walls. Details in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.4).

Cantilever Slab: Where slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall at a

discontinuous edge or where a slab cantilevers beyond the support, anchorage of
reinforcement shall be permitted within the slab. Details in Figure 3.10.d. (ACI Code
13.3.5).

Corner Reinforcement: In slabs with beams between supports, with value >
1.0, special top and bottom reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners. Details in
Figure 3.11. (ACI Code 13.3.6).

Slab with Drop Panel: Detail dimensions are shown in Figure 3.12. (ACI Code
13.3.7).

Details of Reinforcement in Slabs without Beams: In addition to other

requirements as mentioned through paragraph 1- 10, detailing shown in Figure 3.13
should be observed. (ACI Code 13.3.8)

38

SLAB

Maximum spacing < 2h ( ACI Code 13.3.2)

h
3
4"

min

(a) Section along short span ( 2)

3
4"

min

(b) Section along long span ( 1)

Figure 3.10 : Details of reinforcement in two-way slab

39

SLAB

6"

(c) Embedment of positive moment reinforcement (ACI Code 13.3.3)

Anchorage

(d) Anchorage of reinforcement in cantilever slab (ACI Code 13.3.5)

Figure 3.10 : Details of reinforcement in two-way slab (continued)

40

SLAB

L/5

L/5

L/5

L/5

l
5

l
5

D iagonal type
(Providedin band)
T opba r
B otto m b ar

G ride type

l
5

(Provided in tw o layers)

l
5

Figure 3.11 : Spiral reinforcement at exterior corner

41

SLAB

h
t

t
b

min 41

b 61 l1

Figure 3.12 : Details of drop panels

42

SLAB

Figure 3.13 : Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs without beams (ACI Figure 13.3.8)

43

SLAB

3.4.2 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD (EFM)

3.4.2.1 General

The EFM is an alternate method to the DDM for computing longitudinal moments and shear for
gravity loads in slabs, supported on column or walls. ACI Code Commentary R13.7 states that
EFM involves the representation of the three dimensional slab systems by a series of twodimensional frames that are then analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the frames.

ACI code 13.7.2 defines the equivalent frame as in Figure 3.14

Figure 3.14 : Elements of equivalent frame system

44

SLAB

3.4.2.2 Moment Of Inertia of Slab Beam (Is)

Considering gross area of concrete (ACI Code 13.7.3.1)

l2 h 3
Is =
12

Variation in Is along axis of slab-beam shall be taken into account. The first
change from midspan Is occurs at the edge of drop panels, the next occurs at the edge of
the column or capital. (ACI code 13.7.3.2)
Is

Is from center of column to face column =

; I s at face of column
2
1 C 2

l 2

(ACI Code 13.7.3.3).

3.4.2.3 The Equivalent Column

ACI Code Commentary R13.7.4 establishes a concept of an equivalent column that combines
the stiffness of the slab- beam and torsional member into a composite element. The column
flexibility is modified to account for the torsional flexibility of the slab- to- column connection
that reduces its efficiency for transmission of moment. The equivalent column is shown in Figure
3.17.

Figure3.15 : Equivalent column

45

SLAB

3.4.2. 4 Moment of Inertia of Column (Ic )

ACI code 13.7.4 defines the moment of inertia of column as shown in Figure 3.16.

I=
c2 c13
I c = 12

Variab
le
I=
c1
Figure 3.16 : Column area for moment of inertia

3.4.2.5 Design Method by EFM

Step 1 : Determination of Factored Load

Step 2: Determination of Slab Thickness

Minimum required slab thickness s obtained from Table 3.6 & Table 3.7.

Step 3 : Flexural Stiffness of Actual Column (Kc)

Kc =

c E cc I cc
lc

c = Column stiffness coefficient ( to be obtained from Appendix C-1)

E cc = modulus of elasticity of column concrete

46

SLAB

I c = moment of inertia of column =

C 2 C13
12

l c = length of column (c/c)

Step 3 : Torsional Stiffness of Transverse Torsional Member (Kt)

Kt =

9E

cs

l 2 1 C 2
l2

C can be determined as mentioned in step 4 (c) of section 3.4.1.3.

` Sign implies that Kt of the transverse member in each side of interior column
is computed separately and added. For exterior columns, there is only one transverse
member.

For beam along center line of column Kt should be corrected.(ACI Code 13.7.5.2 )
I
K t,corrected = Kt * sb
Is
Isb = Moment of inertia of slab with a beam
Is = Moment of inertia of slab without such beam

Step 5 : Flexural Stiffness of Equivalent Column (Kec)

1
=
K ec

1
1
+
Kc Kt

Kc = Kc1 + Kc2

Step 6 : Flexural Stiffness of Slab (Ks)

Ks =

s E cs I s
l1

s = coefficient of slab stiffness ( to be obtained from Appendix C-2 and C-3)

l2 h 3
Is =
12

47

SLAB

Step 7 : Distribution Factor (D.F)

s1

k s1
+ k

KS2

ec 1

KS2
+ K S 3 + K ec 2

DF

KS2

DF

DF

k s1

k ec1

k s2

K s3
+ K S 3 + K ec 2

DF

DF

k s3
K ec 2

k ec1
k s1 + k ec1

k ec 2
k s 2 + k s 3 + k ec 2

Figure 3.17 : Distribution factors for slab-column joints

Step 8 : Carry Over Factors and Moment Coefficient (M)

Carry over factors (C.O.F) and moment coefficient (M) for slab beam are obtained from
Appendix C-1, 2, 3)

Step 9 : Moment Analysis

The longitudinal moments of equivalent frames are obtained by Moment Distribution Method.

For different loading conditions distributed negative and positive moments are
computed. Maximum moments are taken as design moment.
Live loading pattern is known, frame shall be analyzed for that load. ( ACI Code
13.7.6.1)
3
Variable LL, but LL < DL, then maximum factored moment occur at all sections
4
with full LL on entire slab system. ( ACI Code 13.7.6.2)

48

SLAB

Variable LL, but LL >

3
DL, three loading case to be considered : (ACI Code
4

13.7.6.3)

Total load (w u ) on all panels

3
DL on all panels and LL on midspan of a panel.
4
3
DL on all panels and LL on adjacent panels.
4
Total panel moment (Mp) is computed using equation:

wu l2 l n2
Mp =
8

F.E.M are computed using equation:

F.E.M = M wu l2l12

Analyzing by Moment Distribution Method final negative moments at the

supports are computed.

Positive moments at midspan is obtained by

1
M(+) = M p - [sum of M(-) in a panel after distribution]
2

Reduction in Negative Moments: The negative moment as obtained is applicable

for centerlines of support. Since the support is not a knife edge but rather a broad band,
ACI Code 13.7.7 specifies a reduction in negative moment at critical section.

When a slab system satisfy the six imitations of DDM, but are analyzed by EFM,
Mo
as
further reduction in computed moments are permitted to the proportions of
MT
such,
Design moments < Mo
(ACI code 13.7.7.4)
MT = total panel moment
Mo =

Wul2 ln2
8

49

SLAB

Step 10 : Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

According to ACI Code 13.7.7.5 the distribution of longitudinal moments to column strip and
half middle strips to be done as mentioned in step 4 of section 3.4.1.3.

For Step 11 to Step 16 follow Step5 to Step10 of section 3.4.1.3.

Step 11: Determination of Effective Depth (d)

Step 12: Determination of Steel Area (A s )

Step 13: Check for Minimum Steel

Step 14: Total Number of Bar

Step 15: Check for Deflection Control

Step 16: Reinforcement Detailing

50

SLAB

3.4.3 COEFFICIENT METHOD

3.4.3.1 General

The method makes use of tables of moment coefficient for a variety of conditions. These
coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution. This
method was recommended in 1963 ACI Code for the special case of two-way slabs supported on
four sides by relatively deep, stiff, edge beams.

lb

la
4 ; C.
la
2 ;M

la

la
4;CS
lb
4 ;C

lb
2;

lb
4 ;C S

C.S = column strip; M.S = middle strip

Figure 3.18 : Elements of two- way slab with beam by coefficient method

l a = length of clear span (face of support to support) in short direction

l b = length of clear span (face of support to support) in long direction

51

SLAB

The moments in the middle strips in two directions are:

Ma = Ca wu la2
Mb = Cb wu lb2
Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients

3.4.3.2 DESIGN BY COEFFICIENT METHOD

Step 1 : Selection of Stab Thickness

h=

P
3.5 in, P = panel perimeter
180

Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load

wu = 1.4 D + 1.7L
D = dead load = wc *

h
psf
12

; wc = 150 lb

Step 3 : Determination of Moment Coefficient

m=

la
lb

Case type is identified from end conditions. Using the value of m corresponding moment
coefficients are obtained for respective case type:

Ca, neg and Cb, neg are obtained from Appendix D-1.
Ca, dl, pos and Cb, dl, pos are obtained from Appendix D-2.
Ca, ll, pos and Cb, ll, pos are obtained from Appendix D-3.

52

SLAB

Step 4 : Calculation of Moment

Middle strip moment

Positive moment

Ma, pos = Ca, dl wu la2 + Ca, ll wu la2

Mb, pos = Cb,dl wu lb2 + Cb, ll wu lb2
Negative Moments for continuous Edge

Ma, neg,cont = Ca, neg wu la2

Mb, neg,cont = Cb, neg wu lb2

Negative Moments for Discontinuous Edge

Ma, neg, discont =

1
Ma, pos
3

Mb, neg, discont =

1
Mb, pos
3

Column strip moment

The moments in column strips should be taken as 2/3rd of middle strips moment in respective
directions.

Step 5 : Check the Design Thickness

d=

Mu

f yb(1 0.59

fy
)
f c

If (d + clear cover) < h ; design is ok.

Otherwise redesign the thickness. (For details see step 4 of section 3.3)

53

SLAB

Step 6 : Reinforcement for Middle Strip

Required reinforcement can be determined by Iteration process as given in Figure 3.3.

Reinforcement shall be determined for short direction and long direction separately as follows:

Short Direction
Midspan
Continuous Edge
Discontinuous Edge

Long Direction
Midspan
Continuous Edge
Discontinuous Edge

Check for Minimum Reinforcement:

According to ACI Code 13.3.1 the minimum
reinforcement in each direction shall be as mentioned in Table 3.5.
Spacing: Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing is determined.

Maximum spacing < 2h

(ACI Code 13.3.2)

Step 7 : Reinforcement for Column Strip

Bars selected for middle strip are used in column strips, with the spacing 3/2 times that in the
middle strip, but spacing < 2h.

Step 8 : Check for Shear

Percent of total load as transmitted in each direction is obtained from Appendix D-4 Load per
foot on the beams are determined.
The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is = beam loads
Shear at critical section at a distance d from beam face = V u

54

SLAB

Shear strength of the slab, V c = 2 fcbd

Vc > Vu design is ok, otherwise thickness should be redesigned.

3.5

CONTROL OF DEFLECTION

3.5.1 GENERAL

ACI Code Commentary R 9.5.1 establishes two methods for controlling deflections:

For non-prestressed two-way construction, minimum thickness as required by

Table 3.4 & Table 3.5 will satisfy the requirements of the code.

When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by Table
3.4 & Table 3.5 or when members support construction is likely to be damaged by large
deflections, deflections should be calculated and compared with ACI Code limiting
values as given in Table 3.13.

3.5.2 IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION

Immediate deflection is also termed as Short-Term deflection and calculated using the formula
given in Table 3.11.

55

SLAB

Table 3.11 : Calculation of immediate deflection

1. Live load deflection

2
3M b lb
l =
32 E c I e

# Both ends continuous or equally restrained

or,
One or both ends discontinuous, but
monolithic with beam.
# Mb = live load +ve moment

2. Live load deflection

2
5M b lb
l =
48E c I e
3. Dead load deflection
2
1M b lb
d =
16 E c I e
4. Dead load deflection
2
5M b lb
d =
48E c I e
lb = Clear span in long direction
M b, pos ,dl

# Slab supported by masonry walls

# Mb = live load +ve moment
# Both ends continuous and fully fixed
# Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment
# Both ends free of restraint (Supported on
masonry wall)
# Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment

or

M b, pos ,ll

1.7 in long direction

M b = Unfoctored moment = 1.4
Deflection can be calculated in short direction also in the same way.
Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection
l b = Clear span in long direction; I e = effective moment of inertia
M b, pos ,dl

M b = Unfoctored moment =

1.4

or

M b, pos ,ll

1.7

in long direction

Determination of Ie

Where, M cr =

fr I g
yt

(ACI Code 9.5.2.3)

56

SLAB

y t = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fibre in
tension, in.
f r = modulus of rupture of concrete, psi.

For normal weight concrete:

f r = 7.5

f c/

For light weight concrete one of the following modifications shall apply:

When average tensile strength, f ct is specified

f
f ct
f r = 7.5 ct = 1.12 f ct ,
f c/
6 .7
6 .7
When f ct is not specified
f
f r = 0.75 * 7.5 ct ; for all lightweight concrete
6 .7
f
f r = 0.85 * 7.5 ct ; for sand- lightweight concrete
6 .7
I e for Continuous Spans ( ACI Code 9.5.2.4)
I e = 0.50 I em + 0.25 ( I e1 + I e 2 )
I em = effective moment of inertia for the midspan section
I e1 , I e 2 = negative moment sections at the respective bean ends

3.5.3 LONG TERM DEFLECTION

Initial deflections increase significantly if dead loads sustain over a long period of time, due to
the effects of shrinkage and creep According to ACI Code 9.5.2.5

57

SLAB

long = d,short *

Where, =

1 + 50 /

/ = value at midspan for simple and continuous span

= at support for cantilever

= time- dependent factor

(Table 3.12 or Figure 3.19)

Table 3.12 : Values of ( ACI Code 9.5.2.5 )

5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0

Figure 3.19 : Values of

TOTAL DEFLECTION
total = long + l ,short

Deflection should be calculated along both direction and maximum values will be considered.
(ACI Code 9.5.2.6)

58

SLAB

Desired value : total < limiting value given in Table 3.13

Table 3.13 : Maximum permissible computed deflection (ACI Table 9.5.b)

Type of member

Deflection to be considered

Deflection
limitation

Flat roofs not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to

nonstructural elements likely to be live load L
damaged by large deflection

l
180

Floors not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to

nonstructural elements likely to be live load L
damaged by large deflection

l
360

Roof or floor construction supporting or That part of the total

attached to nonstructural elements likely to deflection which occurs after
be damaged by large deflection
attachment
of
the
nonstructural elements, the
Roof or floor construction supporting or sum of the long- time
due
to
all
attached to nonstructural elements not deflection
sustained loads, and the
likely to be damaged by large deflection
immediate deflection due to
live load L.

l
480

3.6

l
240

STRIP METHOD FOR SLABS

Introduction:
The strip method is a lower bound approach, based on satisfaction of equilibrium requirements
everywhere in the slab. By the strip method a moment field is first determined that fulfills
equilibrium requirements, after which the reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for
this moment field. The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in
practice, and differences from the true carrying capacity will never impair safety. The strip
method is a design method, by which the needed reinforcement can be calculated. It encourages
the designer to vary the reinforcement in a logical way, leading to an economical arrangement of
steel as well as a safe design.

59

SLAB

Choice of Load Distribution

Condition-1:
The simplest load distribution is obtained by setting k = 0.5 over the entire slab, as shown in
figure below. The load on all strips in each direction is then w/2, as illustrated by load dispersion
arrows in figure. This gives maximum design moments
m x = my =

wa 2
16

Simple supports 4 sides

wa 2
16

a
A

A
X
a

(d) mx across
X=a/2

(a) Plan view

w/2

(b) wx along A-A

(c) mx along A-A

Figure 3.20: Square slab with load shared equally in two directions

60

SLAB

Condition-2:
An alternative, more reasonable distribution is shown in figure below. Here the regions of
different load dispersion, separated by dash-dotted discontinuity lines, follow the diagonals,
and all of the load on any region is carried in the direction giving the shortest distance to the
nearest support. The solution proceeds, giving k values of either 0 or 1, depending on the region,
with load transmitted in the direction indicated by the arrows in figure. For a strip A-A at a
distance y a/2 from the X-axis, the design moment is
mx =

wy 2
2

Simple supports 4 sides

a
A

A
Wa2/2

y
a

X
(d) mx across
X=a/2

(a) Plan view

y
(b) wx along A-A

Wy2/2
(c) mx along
Figure 3.21: Square slab with load dispersion lines following diagonals

61

SLAB

Condition-3:
A third alternative distribution is shown in figure below. Here the division is made so that the
load is carried to the nearest support, as before, but load near the diagonals has been divided,
with one-half taken in each direction. Thus k is given values of 0 or 1 along the middle edges and
value of 0,5 in the corner and center of the slab. For an X direction strip along section A-A, the
maximum moment is
mx =

w
a
a
wa 2
x
x
=
2
4
8
64

And for a strip along section B-B, the maximum moment is

mx = w x

a
a
w
a 3a
x
+
x
x
4
8
2
4
8

5wa 2
64

62

SLAB

Y a/4
a/4

a/2

w/2

a/2

w
B

a/4

Wa2/64

a/4

w/2
w/2

w
w/2

A w/2

B
A

X
5Wa2/6
4

a
(a) Plan view

w/2

(d) mx across
x=a/2

w/2

Wa2/64
(b) wx and mx along A-A
w

w/2

(c) wx and mx along B-B

5Wa2/6
4

Figure 2.22: Square slab with load near diagonals shared equally in two directions

63

SLAB

Condition-4:
The preferred arrangement, shown in figure below, gives design moment as follows:
In the X direction:
Side strips:

mx =

wb 2
w
b
b
x
x
=
2
4
8
64

wb 2
b
b
Middle strips: mx = w x
x
=
4
8
32

In the Y direction:
Side strips:

mx =

wb 2
w
b
b
x
x
=
2
4
8
64

Middle strips: mx = w x b x

wb 2
b
=
8
8

64

SLAB

b b

a 2

b b

a 2

b2
a

b/2
b
b/2

Figure 2.23: Rectangular slab with discontinuity lines originating at the corners

b/4

A-b/2

b/4
Wa2/64

w/2

w/2

b/4

b/2

w/2

w/2

b/4

Figure 2.24: Discontinuity lines parallel to the sides for a rectangular slab

65

SLAB

Condition-5:
For slab strips with one end fixed and one end simply supported, the duel goals of constant
moment in the unloaded central region and a suitable ratio of negative to positive moments
govern the location to be chosen for the discontinuity lines. Figure a shows a uniformly loaded
rectangular slab having two adjacent edges fixed and the other two edges simply supported. The
moment curve of figure b is chosen so that moment is constant over the unloaded part, i.e.,
shearing force is zero. The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then
mxf =

wb
2

2 wb 2
8

Accordingly, the distance from the right support, figure c, to the maximum positive moment
section is chosen as b . It follows that the maximum positive moment is
m yf = wb x

b
2

2 wb 2
2

With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable
value for is chosen. The values of from 0.35 to 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to
positive moments from 2.45 to 1.45.

66

SLAB

(1 ) b

b
2

b
2

B
w/2

w/2

b
2

b/2

w/2

w/2

(1 ) b

a
B
w

(a) Plan view

wb 2
(1 2 )
8

wb 2
8

Figure 2.25: wx and mx along A-A

67

SLAB

wb 2
2

wb 2
(1 2 )
2

Figure 2.26:-wy and my along B-B

3.6.1 DESIGN BY STRIP METHOD:

Step-1: Selection of Slab Thickness

From table-3.7 (ACI Code-9.5.3.3)

p
3.5
180

68

SLAB

Step-2: Calculation of Factored Load

Wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L (ACI Code-00)

Wu = 1.2 D+ 1.6 L (ACI Code-02)
Where, D =150 x

h
(psf)
12

Step-3: Selection of Load Distribution

From choice of load distribution.

Step-4: Calculation of Moment

From the equations of loading condition moments are calculated.

Step-5: Check For Design Thickness

d=

Mu

f y (1 0.59

fy
fc'

If (d + clear cover) h;

design is OK.

Step-6: Reinforcement Calculation

Reinforcement calculation is done by iteration method from figure-3.3 but compare of moment
should be done with minimum steel requirement.

Mn=fybd2 ( (1 0.59

fy
fc'

If Mn<M; then only minimum reinforcement.

If Mn>M; then iteration from figure-3.3.

69

SLAB

min from Table-3.3 (ACI Code-7.12)

Spacing:
Using #3 and #4 bar.
Maximum spacing 2h (ACI Code-13.3.2)
Cut-off points can be calculated from moment diagrams and development length should be
provided.

70

SLAB

Table 3.14: Choice of Load Distribution

mx = my =

Case-1
wy 2
mx =
2

Case-2

Case-3

wa 2
16

For an X direction strip along section A-A, the maximum moment is

wa 2
w
a
a
x
x
=
mx =
2
4
8
64
And for a strip along section B-B, the maximum moment is
a
a
w
a 3a
5wa 2
x
+
x
x
=
mx = w x
4
8
2
4
8
64

In the X direction:
wb 2
w
b
b
x
x
=
2
4
8
64
wb 2
b
b
Middle strips: mx = w x
x
=
4
8
32
In the Y direction:
wb 2
w
b
b
x
x
=
Side strips:
mx =
2
4
8
64
2
wb
b
Middle strips: mx = w x b x
=
8
8

Side strips:
Case-4

Case-5

mx =

The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then

2 wb 2
wb
b
x
=
mxf =
2
4
8
The maximum positive moment is
b
2 wb 2
=
m yf = wb x
2
2

71

SLAB

3.7

EXAMPLE FOR DESIGN OF SLAB

3.7.1 EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF SLAB BY DDM

Problem:
A plan of a market building is given in Figure 3.20. Necessary data are furnished below:
Live load = 60 psf

fc = 4.000 psi

Story height = 9 ft

fy = 50,000 psi

1
Slab thickness = 5 in.
2

No edge beam.

Design the slab as Flat plate by DDM.

5 @ 12 = 60

All Column
= 12 in.x10 in.

5 @ 15 = 75

Figure 3.20 : Floor plan of the building of Example 3.6.1

72

SLAB

Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.1.3.

Step 1 : Calculation of Factored Load

Thickness of the slab = 5
DL = 150 x

5 .5
= 69 psf and LL = 60 psf
12

W= 1.4D + 1.7L = (1.4 * 69) + (1.7 * 60) = 198 psf = 0.198 ksf

Step 2 : Check for Slab Thickness

Clear span

ln.long = (15-1) = 14 and ln,short = (12-10/12) = 11.17

For = o; ln = 15-1 = 14
Using Table 3.6 by interpolation for fy = 50 ksi

tmin =

tmin =

For Exterior Panel

1 ln ln 1
1
1
+ = * 168 + = 5.34 in
2 33 30 2
33 30
For Interior Panel

1 ln ln 1
1
1
+ = *168 + = 4.88 in
2 36 33 2
36 33

According to ACI Code 9.5.3.2 (a) the minm thickness for flat plate is 5
So, given thickness of slab = 5 (Ok)

73

SLAB

Step 3 : Determination of Total Factored Static Moment

Mo =

Wu l 2 l n
8

Mo,long =

1
(0.198)* 12 *142 = 58.2 ft kips
8

Mo,short =

1
(0.198) *15 * 11.182 = 46.3 ft kips
8

Step 4 : Longitudinal Distribution of Moment

From Table 3.8 for Flat Plate (Case 3 and Case 5)

0.52

0.35

0.20
0.65

0.60

0.70
Mo for A = 58.2 ft kips
Mo for B =

1
(58.2) = 29.1 ft - kips
2

Mo for C = 43.3 ft kips

Mo for D = 23.1 ft kips

74

SLAB

Step 5 : Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

Calculation of Aspect Ratio

For A & B :

l 2 12
=
= 0.80
l1 15

For C & D :

: l 2 15
=
= 1.25
l1 12

Calculation of

Since no edge beam = o for all

Calculation of t

Is in t
Is =

bh 3
12

For A & B : Is =

(12 x12)(5.5) 3
= 2000in 4
12

(15 x12)(5.5) 3
= 2500in 4
For C & D :
12

Torsional Constant, C
Since no actual edge beam, use Figure 2.8 (b) for calculation of the torsional
member
C=

x x 3 y

0
.
63

y
3

For long direction

5.5 5.5 3 x10

= 363in 4
C = 1 0.63 *

10
3

75

SLAB

For short direction:

5.5 5.5 3 x12

= 474in 4
C = 1 0.63 *

12
3

t =

C
2I s

For A & B : t =

474
= 0.118
2 x 2000

For C & D : t =

363
= 0.073
2 x 2500

Finding out

l2
l1

l2
l1

l2
l1

A
0.118
0
0.80

B
0.118
0
0.80

C
0.073
0
0.80

D
0.073
0
0.80

Percentage of Longitudinal Moment in Column Strip

For Exterior Negative Moment
A

98.8%

98.8%

99.3%

99.3%

Explanation for A and B

l2
=
l1

0.80:

l2
= 0;
l1

t = 0.118

76

SLAB

From Table 3.9:

l2
=0
l1

l2
l1

0.5

0.80

1.0

2.0

t = 0
t = 0.118

100

100
98.8

100

100

t > 2.5

75

75

75

75

Interpolation in both directions

For t = 0.118 % of moment =

100 75
x 0.118 = 1.2% decrease
2 .5 0

% of moment in column strip = (100 1.2) = 98.8%

Explanation for C and D

l2
=
l1

1.25:

l2
=0
l1

t = 0.073

From above Table, by interpolation in both direction

For, t = 0.073, % of moment decrease = (

100 75
) * 0.073 = 0.70%
2.50 0

% of moment in column strip = (100 0.70) = 99.3%

For Positive Moment

For

l2
=0
l1

60%

60%

60%

60%
77

SLAB

For Interior Negative Moment

For

l2
l
= 0 and 2 =
l1
l1

0.80

l2
=
l1

and

75%

75%

75%

75%

1.25

Table 3.15 : Summary of Calculation

Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

Ser.
1.

Equivalent Rigid Frame

Transverse width (in)

A
144

B
72

C
180

D
90

2.

Column strip width (in)

72

36

72

36

3.

Half middle strip width (in)

2 @ 36

36

2 @ 54

54

4.

C (in4)

474

474

363

363

5.

Is (in4) in t

2000

2000

2500

2500

6.

0.188

0.188

0.073

0.073

7.

l2
l1

0.80

0.80

1.25

1025

8.

l2
l1

9.

10.

Exterior ve moment, percent 98.8%

to column strip.

98.8%

99.3%

99.3%

11.

Positive moment percent to 60%

column strip

60%

60%

60%

12.

Interior negative moment, 75%

percent to column strip.

75%

75%

75%

78

SLAB

Table 3.16 : Distribution of factored moment in Column Strip & Middle Strip

For equivalent Rigid Frame A

Ser.

Moments
at
Exterior span
Vritical section
(ft.- kips)
-ve
+ve
-ve
moment moment
moment

Interior span
-ve
moment

+ve
moment

-ve
moment

1.

Total moment -15.1

in
equivalent
rigid frame A

+30.3

-40.7

-37.8

+20.4

-37.8

2.

Percentage to 98.8%
column strip

60%

75%

75%

60%

75%

3.

Moment
in -14.92
column strip

+18.20

-30.53

-28.53

+12.24

-28.35

4.

Moment
middle strip

+12.10

-10.17

-9.45

+8.16

-9.45

in -0.18

79

SLAB

3.7.2 EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF SLAB BY EFM

Problem:
A multi-story market building is planned using a flat plate floor system as shown in Figure 3.21.
Necessary data are given below:
Live Load = 100 psf

fc = 4000 psi

Floor finish = 20 psf

fy = 60,000 psi

Floor to floor height = 12 ft.

Column size = 18 in. x 18 in.

Design the Interior Panel C by EFM.

22ft

22ft
Figure 3.21 : Floor plan for Example 3.7.2

80

SLAB

Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 2.4.2.5. The EFM is used to determine the
longitudinal moments only. As mentioned earlier the transverse distribution process of
longitudinal moments and reinforcement calculation are similar to DDM (Section 3.4.1.3, step
4). Hence, this problem is solved upto determination of longitudinal moments. The structure is
identical in each direction, permitting the design for one direction to be used for both.

Step 1 : Determination of Slab Thickness

Minimum thickness h for a flat plate is obtained from Table 3.6.For an exterior panel:
h=

ln
20.5 * 12
=
= 8.20 in. 8.50 in.
30
30

Step 2 : Determination of Factored Load

Slab DL = wc * h = (150*8.50)/12 = 106 psf ; wc = weight of concrete= 150 pcf

Super imposed DL = 20 psf
Total DL = (106=20) 126 psf

Factored Load:

DL= 1.4D = 1.4* 126= 176psf

LL= 1.7L = 1.7*100= 170 psf

Step 3 : Determination Flexural Stiffness of Actual Column

Kc =

k c Ecc I cc
lc

Obtain k c from Appendix C-1

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For flat plate structure it is assumed all members are prismatic, neglecting the increase in
stiffness within the joint region. Take k c = 4
Consider Ec = constant

Step 4 : Determination Torsional Stiffness of Transverse Torsional Member

C=

x x 3 y

1
0
.
63

3
y

hf = 8.5 in.
C1= 18 in

8.5 8.5 3 * 18
4
= 2590 in
C = 1 0.63
18
3

Kt =

Kt =

9E

cs

C
l 2 1 2
l2

9E

* 2590

18 / 12
2641

22

= 109

Ec

Step 5 : Determination of Flexural Stiffness of Equivalent Column

1
=
K ec

1
1
+
Kc Kt

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= 2 * 243 Ec

Kt = 2 * 109 Ec
1
1
1
K ec = 151 Ec
=
+
K ec 486 E c 218 E c

Step 6 : Determination of Flexural Stiffness of Slab

K s=

s Ecs I s
l1

Obtain value of s from Appendix C-2. For flat plate assume s = 4

l 2 h 3 264 * 8.5 3
=
=13510
Is =
12
12
K s=

4 E c * 13510
264

= 205 Ec

Step 7 : Calculation of Distribution Factor

Distribution factors at each joint are calculated according to step 7 of section 3.4.2.5.

Step 8 : Determination of Carry Over Factors and Moment Coefficient

C.O.F and Moment coefficient for slab- beam are obtained from Appendix C-2.Moment
coefficient 0.083.COF=.503(for both cases).

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Step 9 : Moment Analysis

Since LL = 170 psf >

3
DL=132 psf three loading cases should be considered:
4

Total load on all panel

DL load on al panels and LL on midspan of a panel
DL on all panels and LL on adjacent panel

Table 3.17 : Longitudinal moment in flat plate floor

Panel
Joint
DF
Fixed end moments
Final moments
Span moment in C
(b) 176 psf panels B
304 psf panel C
Fixed end moments
Final moments
Span moment in C
(c) 304 psf panels B(left) &
C &176 psf panel B (right)
Fixed end moments
Fixed end moments
Span moment in C

1
.424
+307
+139

2
.576
-307
-359

2
.447
+307
+328

3
.22
-307
-328
132

3
+307
+359

+156
+59

-156
-229

+270
+253

-270
-253
152

+156
+229

-156
-59

+270
+120

-270
-325

+270
+306

-270
-235
134

+156
+220

-156
-62

-307
-139

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3.7.3 EXAMPLE: DESIGN BY COEFFICIENT METHOD

Problem:
A plan of a residential building is given in Figure 3.22. Necessary data are given below:
Live Load = 140 psf
fc = 3000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
Column size = 12 x 12
Design the corner panel A as two-way slab with beam by coefficient Method.
16

Column
size: 12

Figure 3.22 : Floor plan for example 3.7.3

Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.3.2 and Appendix D-1, 2, 3, 4.

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Step1: Determination of Minimum Thickness

h=

64
p
= 0.36 ft. = 4.27 in.
=
180 180

whwre, P = 2 (16+16) = 6
Select h = 5 in. as trial depth

Step 2 : Calculation of Factored Load

DL = wc *

h
psf
12

DL = 150 x

5
= 62.5 63 psf ; where wc = 150 pcf
12

LL = 140 psf
W = 1.4D + 1.7 L = (1.4 * 63 + 1.7 * 140) = 326 psf

Step 3 : Determination of Moment Coefficient

Length ratio, m =

l a 16
=
=1
lb 16

From the end condition case type is Case 4

From Appendix D-1

Ca, neg = 0.05;Cb, neg = 0.05

From Appendix D-2

Ca,dl,pos = 0.027;

Cb,dl,pos = 0.027

From Appendix D-3

Ca,ll,pos= 0.032; Cb,ll,pos= 0.032

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Step 4 : Calculation of Moment

Middle Strip Moment:

Positive Moments at Midspan

Ma,pos = Ca,dl Wla2 + Ca, ll Wla2

Ma,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162
= 4924 ft-lb
Mb,pos = Cb, dl Wlb2 + Ca, ll Wlb2
Mb,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162
= 4924 ft-lb

Negative Moments at Continuous Edge

Ma,neg = Ca,neg W la2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft lb

Mb,neg = Cb,neg W lb2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft lb

Negative Moment at Discontinuous Edge

Ma,neg, discontinuous =

1
1
* Ma,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft lb
3
3

Mb,neg, discontinuous =

1
1
* Mb,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft lb
3
3

Column Strip Moment:

Column strip moments are 2/3 of corresponding middle strips moments in respective direction.

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Step 5 : Check the Design Thickness

Mu

d=

f y (1 0.59

fy
f c'

)
/

Here = max = 0.75 b = 0.75 * 0.85* 1

fc
87000
*
= 0.016
f y 87000 + f y

4924 *12

d=

60
0.90 * 0.016 * 60,000 *12(1 0.059 * 0.016 * )
3

= 2.41 in.

hrequired = (d + clear cover= 1 in ) = 3.41 in.

hrequired < hdesign, design is OK

Step 6 : Calculation for Reinforcement for Middle Strip

In Short Direction:

Midspan

Mu = 4924 *12 lb- in.

By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find:
As = 0.30 in.2/ft
Using # 3 bar required spacing:
Spacing =

12 x0.11
= 4.4 4c / c
0.30

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Continuous Edge

Mu = 4273 *12 lb- in.

By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find:
As = 0.25 in2/ft.
Using # 3 bar required spacing:
Spacing =

12 x0.11
= 5.28 5c / c
0.25

Discontinuous Edge

The negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third of positive moment in the span. It would
be adequate to bend up every third bar from the bottom to provide negative moment steel at
discontinuous edge.

However the spacing would be = 12

But maximum allowable spacing = 2h = 10 in.
So, using # 3 @ 10 in c/c.

In Long Direction:

Being equal moments, the reinforcement in long direction will be equal to short direction in this
case.

Step 7 : Calculation for Reinforcement for Column Strip

The average moments in columns being two-third of the corresponding moments in the middle
3
strips, adequate steel will be furnished if the spacing of this steel is
times that in the middle
2
strip.
Using # 3 bar spacing for column strip

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3
= 6 c/c
2
3
Continuous edge = 5x = 7.5 c/c
2
3
Discontinuous edge = 8x = 12 c/c
2

Midspan = 4 x

But maximum allowable spacing = 2h = 10 in.

Use 10 c/c.

Step 8: Detailing

B
A

A
B

Figure 3.23 : Detailing for example 3.7.3

90

# 3 @ 10 in c/c

# 3 @ 4 in c/c

Section B-B

Section A-A

# 3 @ 5 in c/c

SLAB

Figure 3.23 : Detailing for example 3.7 .3 (continued)

91