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Donald Heam
M. Pauline Baker

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GRAPHS AND CHANIS

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{ ie dr

by ev:ru:6nE

rrcfuvld""

.N^tErlclPrcoo4rPn4fu'
Pri

=rr+r(4+1)+(dr,

d)

-Q^. -rr)+1

I depodhs d dE dsn or pl
IncEnots ior dbhhhe pir aR dnd k*' + I (i, p! i5 nryahve) dz!{ 2$j Evarubonortu tuzq+r and 2r!+, cdaLob. dmtumbllya

At fte

sd

varnr

fte

pcjrim

,, $F eo bG

(O

.h sucsive val&
ial

(ro,

(f

valc

and 2l,

rc:pdillJi

pdioE

$bhdi$:

ptan*r E obhird

daisim

tu 5bnpGind

haw tu

n obbircd by.ddins 2 b rh.

ine 2er, ltm ts obblned by
by

aarudng rhe.ircl rundion tr

! ) = (0,r):

(")

t i)'-'
II *E

ndia

'

E ryEined

rn

bbgd, *e

simply

nud

p0

(for r rn inbd)
r!=l-'
sin.u i''@b ftbc36.
ab BIwnh'h! line,lspntn, rhe nidpobtnethod i.drbpipl pd
rim.los rhe doflere ofa cftle usi4 intl:s.dditru and obba.&6

vr'.on,imru.D f.hF<
Midpoirt
fiEr

Cd.

poidd

c.lcuLb

h rre mdtsinr cin..

rrpntu 4 brroR

Algorithn
df,

ffi

dE n'jsrl

).

rhd

rhe

oJr.n L mhd
(elb) = O'r)

v,le.r

dE

ocdtr
q

for

tht@8!'

rlP

d.dh pnal'@ tr

po=a,
[dl*b8 b rr
r 4r e.h I Fi[m. tutns { t - 0. p.'lcn dr
pr <0. dEd @rrrd's rh.drde 6hEd m (0.0) i! (a L l|lrd
ohwtq

du

ui

Prr,=Pt+24+r+1
({ + 1, r trd-n+2!r!+1 &+r
pohr alory dE dr.le E

wh.G2a+1='{+2'It2*+l=2r-2'

1)

md

drftd

(i,r)

onrd rhe

d (r:, { ) ard Pbr dN @odinah vrues

.i(d

Pa6

ReF*neP53d@ughiuodll:!,

E@!

/, cnrlDr nLg
5tdehemFodtkJgqithmbl

P$

d(Ds ($rid

litr s) doB

iGs hn o+i ndb{)

1

ca^ttEi

t ottbdtpad4a
Th. tolsnB.o& *gFd incbB p6dffi dEt ould b. Ed b impl.'ddEn dFinr.ide.lsdionv:lEfor.&d.ndiar.drorfieqr..
.oddiMb ot dE orL ft p's.d b pftd@ cirldldlolnr. A F6al po
db arms dx cftJr Fui h Jr 16 (fur i! dH onplbd hd Plscd b
pmad@ cr rc r.ProrPoin!.. Ina pmceduE * *E oEk @lor h thr IEtr
nbltd Lr.n dd. stllwby pdit@
rp@d sls b du
'.tPL.r
'ith
ftedG.
t*,rl .hr! hplemndrin' tuoFnclpohFplobry

eold

rrtPr-r (@br r6o.d, dbi t

(0, r.dru.):

ood)

// 3.t

coold! for

EID

ELLIPSE-GENERATING ALGOBITHIv'|5

1c-...
\':,

PonEon

el[P!
'ho

= lonna

! rrr+(,/ rt !o.r)'1+1r d'=

0rig

12r) rr

t 10 Elrv6tdd)4ako
'2qr.rn

FPc6qd

,-

. 0, ,-d,b-.d'-\'oi'

E:
..
;
-.
&

nirtu. rrc; ui sqs h y b

r.
- -. 'mmndtr\br
J!
w;@uddddr.
--"
rn rJh hF,.rrpd6
(em,,m.rbr{ur, turl
..";"{ "rrc.-- ."i,'",r"
$,i

in

'.:r!dtr

unit

'

deF b I

d6Lwk ods $rush

errip'.I'rtdm fn- Ec.,37 wiii

J.,',*t'

hn3

sb

(a.,

ti-'ir +'if 'li

ri)

slop

kod*

"."\

'he

= (0,0)

rF. "-h"u,F.b*d.'y
Lo r","*.a"u"aL,*u*ory

1=0.

L
e
'oJ- -,.g",h"

/,-'1
rr*o..kpt.BpG, o" "- -r{rrr'etr d 4, m3 "'
- 1rh;c-dh* b rhe 5ts,;t rI; dltp* iudio ryiruad * rk ddPoin{
rMrhon

bi"bve";s!onI dEsron,(Fts 35).nPnwe5w.nbuibbPs

i^it'.r;.r q*a."r ee*t

;.-". *;;;;;i;;.;d"i

"r*';.,i-"
, .^.

d!
d
r.rtrddy

bem

"ep
Thec',Pf JoPeI.ci[ .l"d

,1.
2tlr

csron r .nd csron 2 dvldt =

-10a d

bi, =,,iv
:::!fndeNlofEadlwhe@ei

a- -l

didde Pt'lsal enPlhg

(t,r^) hasben sledd in the

nihetuo.
in rhe

nrerrFo'i A$uring

PGition

! t ,\etrmn;drP ' pGrta

^.F.-&lm^de!|lP*fu
a' = r",'* (', + 1. ll - ,)
=

'i(\

+ 1,' +

'?

(ra

-b-"i"ryo '"*r... 'h" 'rdp*'hoi

Eo

'do,

rheerr'P*

n6URIr{

MtdFh'

Arrhenen'nprinsposihon(q

+ r = :r +

2), rhc

d(Lio Pdaher

rr, =/.""LqL+L,e! .l
:rIL!rr,rrl +,i4L rI

'' '' .1,

l
lrjr, +,:
tlj'- +':
, p6

riri

r,r
, r,l,'l
l l^

"iv,
$n

lor

(0,

trP1,

-o

r), the eo

^=/."'('" i)
='j.':(' :)' 'ii

tlN {alun.

t)l

. I
+:,r

pr = /. dt,r

I /"

',l

rt

1,,'
.,,..*.-"-,;,

-.-*q

-r r

ryrurd m& *

316 d crd*b;

ihe besh"r;s or rh.

ruer

!b*d,*

iojhss

,hc

r,:idponn nri|xc Atqorirrrnr

: ripdr,,r,,anddLip6.arFi(r,{),:ndo6binrhcrirerpohidan

rol

inEgionl,dljngair=0,Pglonlhefolld'
rhg

orh4 ie,

rhe

mir pohr along

nqt pdht

P1!,

a1on3 rh elliPle

P1,

+'r;&.,

bi\,, =ti +,,:.

sd oitu* mnr ?;r : ,ly

ellip* .hbFd on

rhe

(0, 0)

(!r

'?e,l

.a

,:\,,=ti\ t:
toPdamerbqlon,d

p4,=rilr+tl +.ii4 r
wie* i&. ,r)

,s ,he

16r. tf prr > 0, $e

b5,

pct,to; caku,a,ed

nar poinr alqF

tn

,;,;

Esr6

aIi=0,Fdormo*,o[wjng
rhe

llip* .enktrd m

P,a = t'^-7,i! -,+'?

rip*!'1! +1,$
r4i = tL + zti+- -rii-t+t:

(0, o)

1)and

nret'Poinbin'heothg'hE

Mo? ddcatuLd p el posidd (r, y) onro rh.eDprir:l

trcd onG, &)and plotrhco'dinrbv.lu6:

p h en

@ua-r,ue.ra*g
ajlll'=6,welu{ehihesbPsh

ri=0
,.1,='1,

(wlhh.anstlj =2)
(* hft*hhi ,/i: t,3)

x4oEniry&n4di4^l'vinw3
Li,

{)

(0, 6),

ind

the

in

iar

dectid praher

rh=,j ,i,,+;ri=

valuc i3

rJ:

slcsive nidPdht d*id.Prame

:ie.llip* Nlisbd i. L\e i]ll in8hble.

:.r astonXins

'rupoi

;'

('

Li\-

ftt Ft6 c4Ed oi rM q'dn *

r :3a; r =! 6ns,tumdru'
dr

ror

* e[ipp

ddh

dE

rh

lftt qrdflni

i3

ePmduaaglEnidbpl.ne-

\niois

coreeponding

ro

thep Pcirios

l.o!.. floti r)

( ..tun jf

(rftto'i.l'!t'.!itr.'hik'1ltry)

k + 0.5);

E5I

OTHER CURVES

trn!tun.ioisrr l\Id ir obj(' i,

.,r.r.bq*|]'pt"d!-.lh*l
..nrlpddni$Nbrc.(o

sti'

ndn (1.6r siluircn io

aFPruri rc

- nth!oan) iftrJrNh6Nlhi

.! an d!{nt)| r co.i *dbn (n.oii)rnfr

rrrl nct^ 4 !

a,

D,

F,ind

the

{oid

dqrre.

"rr.{:

1,

l,

I
l'.)'

_:hiak and

. ..r , i

Sp ine Curves

N,nt

{ r $i$ o ir,nf ohos, irlur'{dr!d$Lg, d obi{'

..r,.,.;ih DrrDuLorM\ r
"
o, L.dr
,. i,i.sko;D;Ld\r.(,
hP"."d
d*-,b-L
. ..*h;,,1,r{.

EI

6,...

PARALLEL CURVE ALGORIIHIVIS

i.:ii;,]ir:l
.

i.,

!o Niqrn6

!\Dd$\s'

bca;. r.b"sr.s,.r*,

;d -,*r, h"" * -*pt," p*

o;n.""-d"F,n.rdb\',-." "
;d dli.*s n 6is nh $an rin
'o

in6{hm FltioN r'oF ib as,sie

f rhe
dehncd

!tu,

EIE
$red

rhe

Pliel

ctuhkd

dtshne

is

re$

pro ed

rbn a PF

PIXEL ADDRESS|r,IG AND OBJECI GEOIVIEIRY

,ha,

narebuffc! oqdinah Ffefl..d

"s

rtnrei of

rhe

!pa^ p"

r!fl

Ptel P6r

l:tF 'r,rdrBc{r.

dTnJ.'o'|hliTJohFlltr'''-

orvo,bob,<'ruP;,-o-r-'

r '.mP!ldi i eP ald'r"ria
mdlt.mnr" &. dmd c"en. rq-:meh r" n*BrP \ lp6icJ

,diwdrho;4mfthtre.
^*b";-,""...."op,..
.rF-:er Ardh ,m-"i' "
is" d
b"'"a. p -! {
^
'h"i;e "

-r -u

-.""

r"

'r'.
ro! an\ o rrL;o! ,

.*.i n-

rhe

-m ., . Fn 6 b'
,a

P,

"
ior"-"d
i p.lylinc

*'i
^. *,d (i,
<rnlind.s

-'
-.'
""
a5 L\ d

wlh

ffi

&*r n

'rc

p.-d .,

'

rsq,Pr'

;dhenaital" "-"-'
li.e p"d.

L.-s .

v)

uid 4dPoft .miriErs

(0i 0),

(i

2),

d(1,r):nd(r+1,,+r).ihispirl.addE<dstuhodMsevsaladv:nbss:

l.\1|ob].|l!

iiF;r.-d*6ar!
hbtls pNi\cobied
. -pL,{trs

:: .

di"pi.**hg "d*dh

Gpt*d in5

nq Geometric Propeft es of D sp aved 0bjects

L;.

- -..:-"'..i,-,
me

q,*srr gFDcirn no$tundb s!

. !$rhows

'h.

rtrcDd

a h 6e 3

.,'
-. ""r.c
-.. --.i,
p.. .si.r
ne ,,

^
- r\!r,,ri!,.n;eh6$cbeddp
-

- the s'i-. s--d.i. n.s'ii.di$s

*,;-"i,dh.

Fi\dr(2e,11 rrhdGPbr5a
m*h.nd(al

'hc

rhc rroF (20 10r

h. r-"o G" E! q" rr.n.\.N

dr' rb b P.,rt,. (emF ' m
+dlp'4Fl'fnB}'mund'ro
i l- r ,;-";L n.heR-.rt' -6.1r m! d.pLr s"qr'"uhrc p' d
sro.(lm tuF b h.l+Mle r
i-",h. ".^.tron. -rb '
iiEadrgrek v = t $ s *, $dop p^a oN ro. rh" dBPravd ft6"s1".

d-d'nc.nor ;'.n ru^rc bd-ro,'e

" -r
-- ;trd !Edh-,oon,

d.n'a F' or C0 r0
."dudrna
^.in
*..,-;- **rdb.dr," "*d..,8
.Pqs.de.".. P; m--,bPc
.i;, r -dd,h. i^h",i.redanNod dp or,0 {e d rodn'h!!r'
*.h pnd -- Lie md och p erolumD6r Fig 3],
.1s.' h.
';.h"tu

qsii.r' iu:+,! rcr=+

'
L'ao,u,
34,hptr'dp.r'

EIE

FILL-ABEA PRINIITIVES

bod{ orhs f'[ a

Ellt{

ndhods ftrr ob]aE

POLYGON Ft(L ABEAS

,iih od-cd booeics

iru Bjwo

ri

-. i, ; "q';" *;-;.s'o'onrrb 'hePdi* {glPlrs

aienmbrcl dr"aBo"hi"
,'"p;,s'^,'-p. -,-*!ff
. - -"';h;^"
-"; "
-^ a.o."*
.
;"-.hoen[o"or'
ior!p. hb" -r o m''ePohso'
n"Poh'
* .;;:."4,"'h;--Frlm.piT+cshsdso'-"d
,m"gr"pi''Pa ri36
., ;;. ""i,*-'..,.d;
':;pei'cLbIaD
; ,""d"*"1d."d,hrN
. . ..' i.-ut,-:r "*' .:"ilr.'r 'mpr* ruN or ''" d"P ^

e-:i

nq Concave Poltgons

- . ..L"i"i*-...*-"pr!Bhw
@""6 - pddr.; l[i
-. . -*-c.;h*
s mt ^
"e..i'
.-'.^"'.o.-..'."'"tvrc

rrk {rorh!-"dse r"d.-P

rBmmt

roForFrb' d511
!.
**." "."-';,-p
,
."i"i
-J " ."*-i"^a-.",**,,i.F\rJ"

tr'i d'e]*h 'h' m\sor

veFd"a ond!"Pohsm is

rolysnBbbk,16k * de
!:.!hdwayloidmllfya.onsve'o'yg

!o - .q Concave Polygons
..'.hiwtd.ndJieda"fteFl

P.lYson

c'prci'c
*
n"-"**"-trw.";;"ds"'eh-:mdse
r'F'od-''-'
m"
l
i
".**" -.-^ "t-'.io"i,-c'"
*.1.'n"'
- "- Lfi-"' " -.'*. a,*t"d.. drccdr"Fru'-b"s

$ryddebu!qe.milwaysh
ndhodsdin*dhc]rrPb5.

\.,*tpoe' mi v^.Fd!! Lweoer n!

E{=v!'-vr
N-' Ei oLb,mms

pn

ru ,o

p.nrek- l, ru . dFtr{ or {re.cs prcdu.N po- f

orhs.ss prtdu* hlve a nSarive z (mpmnt, rhe polyso! is'. ffiv.

rh. p. )3.1

while

olhetrjg'lheFlvpGdvd'fti

ric4 ,E .onircar we have a

Pory3o G:baBhi rire) rbnaPPly

(6 h

Fis.

fiBi edge

3!3'

vee

dc@6r

c6 P'urud has a n%ativa: .mP.*fl

porysm i3 cmcve and we . spht n ,hng rhe lb. of rhr
in $s dsprcdud p
rhe

vdoMdhodrorspLr(hston. tporysd3
uiih sir edg*. E4e
pcl$on an b erpIlsd *

v!ft

0,0,0) q= o1,0)
q=O, r,0) Er= (0,2,0)
Er=

Er=(

to,o) q=(0,

2,0)

whm the: (mpde n 0, sde al

PlodudE]xrrfo!Mo@e$ivgd

stu rhe crcs pldud E, I q h*. nqa$ve: .ompmL

Flxoalo$th.l''golvftbE,,Tt
sroP ot r and a

, b@Pr

or

spt

dE

-1. t\b

lim yirh rhs orh* Fryso edga b s?

drher .d3. .cs ptldlds aE nsarive, $

rhe

tuo rew p.lysds an boE

we cn .lso sPlr a .oeave Pdry8on u

@nred@Lwr* aond tu porysm ed36, ea shift

Pory3ddhd rhednb bac14*w

the

pdiion

, vr+?, b betow rhe

o,'hc

ofrhe pdlyB

r aiis, ilE Poryso

Hon{ Poys.L h."bF,bo.,

G @6red f

kf

bl

hrE

bad :x di!6 b f Polrso [n

ja5 Jx<ErE dr Fbddal

lalitting . ConEr

Li

nerhod

Polygon into

3putrlns

Medods

f.r

. 6fu'w pdy3@

Sd of T rnglcs

c..nthivervcdliglidrad'gpol,goqwe.ouldb'Bn1mitinb.
ed bY hur drfinq rY cqure or $R
G- h;dibb"r mw Fl]p(,ffisrr oEriddlet/sslevfrb
iboc..dlffirhcciciml@lr* IrE he .lm Plwdu ts 'PPlhd
aflodded lfr rilr bspoff.notl@ brinslP h?.ouF f.trns buryle
-tBmlredbllh.cicitrF|vsonisEdlo-do16llhR\11116yhkh
d,b. by divided inb I

*.

d'a las

tiu1. h *E

@re

-dtriuAl64tt'j3.Fd.h*
G bm ; rE@ dur. du' B 163 $r

Pol)d

r3o b

_ovq' :.tre)

pre oM Erd b 'd.nd4 hreidFSffioro6Fb k'

l,! rbic d r lbDL oq4 suln a i ovo Po'tt@ I de oi I
b;. B s.rc.nv a .bashi@a,n Plws
i D lF'ry a .dPlo lx lrd
r.@'^."8! r-*Pk,*-yw
I'a
{6
rc
$!h
6h:Fs ir \ o ilbrvr.ls
nE;nde edc. x m
@
wrn h
pr,m
.in
@
BtF"rd
"bMq'dd
,
ur''y
"8io!
'l@;
!.d .l_
d; mh s "A;riol b d* ohid bour,* l wo ldnrdJv
bi,md4a -tu lE, oi' pram 6s!F a+ dr odd{ o rure rni
" lr.dm{ubs
rure.
-E@
* :@.y df d;d*n rr.. at a
h ;r .dalh drA6r lire hd rv F ion P b a dr*n! Poid
'
pory.ir i1He.6Jn,rh?ndb{d
4 dp. md;hA;Fd u;do6.d
@' msinss r.ong Bbft u *; rmb.r d s.:mb ffid bv dir
.;d.lhaPbffiid.,dFb t
lo ohuin m lnEb osr d h *3nhr ffiur3! k 66t b. 3uF
I uY [Fegffir sdPoft Fs_
r!@
otu nd 6n3 dr odd{o
.t6s
d
ntu
itrtu
!*d
polyliP.
u*in*Predue
taiffiPle,
l1,.6
'lr
: *l-bbdins.lcd
F.pht6

'Tbo'rd'ld'loo.'ldmo',ouo
hLo.djm.donat obird

can be dcrined

rbTdnL.'F'll'q
.c nitr i ro rh;!' d,
dd"-ne he-d,..
pGioolP'trlhsfdfgnumbcr ^.be;,o.,d
n

enorior qtionr,

a5

e{e!ior

poin1.

FjFc

a.!6(b)

rh?rd4-rr;ia..uRe

sh*s

d..o

rhE

in rh. .xanple ot Fis 3-46

n'.ld"hs''.-T{?l'Fh''

Ir$e: f Fr-rdr.o\.p.o..u.
r

. .

- dtr . o;,; . +c _.,r_ e hI o. dpd, d,o!ng .p@a.,

hn

-Fr d d

si .strd.i irom

m.

d.. . L dorh. y,s'.,Dd iRro. hd

o..

r.

!" b."rc. 6u.d"; im\a

FFFr"0enil'b'Ph'"'d''
ndslo.lasifvshbiollmexs:

nd,d1d, ".bi rof \4n.,n{!

ion syhbols),

ne{cd polyss,ard

lqRo

"rcn4rc\hd4-'unb
rhe .Ged rnkF<

b6 b th. on 6 *
iionpoinEwhlbrciFn.elfuflonpciiionP'

=,FE:,

Ai,'ae,&r.d

.:. rruqd" oEpE,qr "

delid!arcghwh?Pcthw

i,aEErtuddde 4-3.d
t{oEgio6,fuE3fu^h6a

?.''clyo.6ll+aP'5omdiE'8@kmcFBimsat!*dbsFcify

r;dne;inFle.nod

ammr Booldn oF ,
e w+ ro
'ap
hdbg.numbgnle'Mlhlhisshre,
eI*dns boundary i'r.a.h or tu asio5 na

6 who* windins nunber L

Fq-.m'la'ly'he[eR'ddeoqlc^'l}oMffldlic.

Posi

nd ng-umeri ss q 6m I
- "o,d!o'bn rpdmtshre{
ihfbhedfPfeofeots!D'

F"
r -. "" ,im.b*Fda(hc
,- bod. rhm dilr@e nsion

ie

obFds in

r sere

(Fis

!e)

ts the

$!

ol au

Pdhb

aE dEaibed a

trn pr,id6 tuMi6 tordftnrgiru 4c'EF

- , ,,j.h,,..r-.raaFT..,

'

Fpn6 or prcpd.

As

L $4d '.'D(.1D'^

c.,;d. eh 6.

"

-; $
och rst\ in the oriEiiR nord h
th".bieds

6 sd rorygm tE ;eFe N irdNrcd

lslNll*dheEqdobrelnv6!
,h. .dq$

F hg

lgicd objNi ao(i ra-r

o6 ohd
'or

u,':h".

Arso, de objed

si i

c ''

",".",i"-",,"

,J ,.,,.,

t'8."".'.,.d'oml6c\4t^l'.
ondhblhed;
utdiiddqka

..

r-.i

ro, hLo

id:

ircd trA if 'r_

';';i;,i;*
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sdh

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a=btzl ., + k<4- zn+ y.tz\ - z,

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B'6\
c =:ny: D+&9j-u)+'r(y ld
D= rr (r44 - }5a) -:n!4,! _ !h4) _ r{yl:, - u:D
ft* dilallrios .E vild fd anj rhR ontinrF pG tu. b.ruohs rh@
( r, -. rnd Ddbco-DuK rord

Folygffbdrnd3!ftwlhlhgolhsedlpdab'
rt rr Po$ibk
rhe cddrniB de6n4

w hin r si$ra
'h{ plae. sb an stve rhL probto hy dividiq rhe hdi.b
aebf dmsr6.orw.dtd tu'deappqjnarinsptmrairhvdlier oli
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bind

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Prcpmodlblh.atollhPol'ts
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ro h prc6-,@ m fre r u phm. rn" prqdio
r

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mrh.d s

oM d

FDnt.nd Back Polygon fac$

snedbdcb8ui!ft hemrhehosid6of

eche r..Tn*idetapoltm

ddtaeinbrheoqdn'bdd Laued ihc brt*

6iden dl. fi. ira. rdo$tyi$ rhe

rae,and rhevilibrc,

frdr rnd back I| oI a p.lygd b a h

ftr d,m!r, h deffis abj4' visibdiy Every FryM
Lnjnib plare rh{ pani.i* sptr
on ihe Pbre and rhit ts
b rhe
'*inb $. etaft, and, rhus, Nrsid
eidbb.,rr'o ot{or o!6ad

is

oroutu:r4

ffihined srdir

fi..hd.

and

rir

poirrutirvNibr.blneb'J treo hep.hsn (ur,drqd,ddrhepir

A p. r rlur i! bFhrd nBrde, itt pdru@ &lfue DrG E mnd. e ,birr

we need b ker in hhd dDr lnft imide/obids .lasidlado n Ehrw b d.

phne dd.ing dr pol[on, shaR3 d! Fedo6 insids/oubd kb uein,
i]f, whdi,g{umbei & oddd ture
in nlehd b dE hrenor ot

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u;

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., nor on i rbm h.h

fv Fb, rr .

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op<ncl PoLYGoN FILL-ARE FUNcIloNs

ms aeprid, the opncl pt(rdus ior sF.jryins fin FolyFc aE sim.

b rh@ f@ dtribins a poini d a polylrt. A s1v.!.* tun.rio is n*d b
inpur the .oordinak tu i sh3h porysd !d&
.mple e.lygd 3 de
'nd '
s$d a sr!.siD/s1hd
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wii\
rlar

hsdddElydifl4nllorur
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G djlphyed in a sotid oroi d!6in.d by rhe

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@nn'r.Fly8mfidraPahm{'dweddlsPlaypo'yEoedsBslircbddeE

ffir

PoryEo 6LH' Tne i

r{ryk'lleo'ygm:ddu]r@t
6n pdyBN. or *t oI lmrthd h p.lygdg
lroFncl,frllr':Tclbe.Pejl'l

io b d6qibe

l].l1r.dfrl'eoljRoT6'lmuiJ'nli{

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pol}td fll ffi on b delined wirh d{y de vdb: [$ whch pccludB aii
sFcifioiiN ll,rr mbin hdr6 h the polysm jnbior su.h as rh:r shoh n
Fte.
we.d,nd &.aibsEha risurc 6t'sso ddlipphgdwxpolysoE
E
's4ch FryM rh.t we ee.it he ko r,ee ab ktae ,latunrrae
h opancL frn .dh d odE rfribu* cn be *t ior .h tae epa@rlr
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dilldml @hg oufi6. lt@aoF, Forysn veiic modd b spdied

d* Polrcd hdn "o6ide". rhis iddF
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'lle
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)

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mr thF FnE &aN $. d bunde, Dd o ft'dr tur lrd b'JEh dn

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m
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nodrnS
6
w.
mutr
hrve
N
3
o'
\ z h.nd6 in rhe >bD Clarlv
.
&'r..d
h llrb e;ple N = b and M obh'n fou- h'aasl6 Ea.l''KN\e
-..\dd an edR h dF previouny dtued hiarSje s rhe ordmg or
E
.r r-ar listm$l be set up'dllo eB* a oEistent dhPlay o:E tridgle i5 defitud
\eriex e6ition lbted arler th fiBl two vdtices Thu, dt li$l thR vF
be iisted in c@nbtlo.htE ordea who vi{ins the lbnt (oltside)
o. r F tusle Ar th,r. rhe !.1 o tlFc ttrh6 ld dch b69umt
b,nansed m r ounle(ldkr,e oder wnhD r\P Polr.n lables lh'3
r n lns velle\ lilr in rh. order i = I
Fpl.nqdbypGryngd.nPothon
j
,v
2 and d-r$s Lhe o-der ol lne o' epondhA *t ot rhe
=:
"=
rF
ro whrha tr is dn odd lunbcr tr e even number ll , b odd

rsf,

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reEuTl-verhe:Tt-bd in lheodq,- L i ' 2lnDFPmedmg
* on riEirriJn|l.'d ItwouldbelisEd:sh:tmgqerb(esrPl,P2 P6\'

tF \ "ft' odelinc Lpb p2 p1] vdF. c

t)"dldbe(po.pr.pq,.Andlhefodhh.ngle
i: rrrerh;b..ele(i =
r h o rl. be ii\hd rhe polyso rabl6 wlh vetu\ ord.nnS rP5 Pr' p4J
';
. d of cotrlRbd tr'iangl6 is to us the "f6"
rlrns war to Ferrt

ma.Rle (, =

zJ

s ould have

li8 J 5dd) whft all b,ngJ6 "haE a @on veF

.rdSdmr of ru8le 6ii8 thP omhv" .oturrr

u-u.rpd in

a
-::-\c!E

oora'n _hb

rAN and rhe onc,nal oidering of

(GL TRINCILIAN)

.:!1:ii

dr

six

vdic:

\ .n.e-, wo ,@ obldin N - 2 hanBls. Prct'ddg no vde\ PoJbN

*!:N im B; md l"t.l hd5r lnft rer1.6 In .dd nm rhe vednts
i ak '5ed in lne pDpc'ode' to (ffid) dPhne Nnr,nd bd.l hclo'
t''r mra,-* po'non lilrd (in tlu_.e pI) T a vdP\ fo,
-o.t n"rc'd
IIr..Saintru.rak rhe Fi gle'rd rh @din,r
Er{c.n
rE lLIed as, - 1, tr = 2,...,, = N - 2, rhen veltices for tianele, @
1 is
i. .i polygpn tabl6 in the ordd 1,, + 1, , + 2 Th@(@ &irgle
lisi (p1, p2, p3) hi.nsle 2 ha, tie vsd ordering (Pr, P3,
"rihih;redex
''e' h.r ( vertiG )ppded in fi c ordF {pl. P4. P5'. drd hEnde a b
rhe

pn6iriv; tunctids lor kimSl*

-,i6 T- rie sFifttrN

\r

and

SeFal Polygd, O?..GL

or No rtTF ol quadrilaFmls

r\pL- ouADsp a

riv.

.Gbnr rd

rhe

(touFsidPd

bllowing lilr or.,8h1

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wldc,sFofi.dasGdtnsbdl.mdhik

qJdn dna
Ninbo.rFte;
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rB, L'dLn;r@de\i'hmlFnm.hw o'hfs e nmns 3d'5Prs{
,ou

A,ldlhenLobso,!e'FG.Ftne

.dmded qua6 ,ba

shown

h Fig

}'zb)

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r qudnhkEh.poidrg 6r N 4 n{-dam-lhPbof4
r@;iBh
Ddddm h L\e rkt r
-;i
1.' = x,r = g I rhenpoly.
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h Lhe vd oltq nmbd
li,t
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vedes
ior
ilis wiu
'ruad;l,bal,

pr.

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rut6 in@ \d' qu:il! sFPht! 3F
i h rh! .aPbrit! fd dLpLyins o* h urf or mE sh.ded Polygh F,_
i EDnvkaql6),bdudhgrherPPlbbonorsurraedbF.ndsFdal
{i@gn theoFnCL (ft [braiy.Utrsonly.nv.xPol'3N,rh.oPecr
, \ t-, pnv.d6 ru.rios 6 dIng w h 06" pdrrc sd dh*
'lolclu9r]Nt'&|4hafu
*' o,brsls, da$lebcsh4,
rra adetordvdia,u.h6hips inba
b5 and sh ghllrrt *!ftnb one i.n oq* h@ bq d n'

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' i " **;'b-s

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r A skqBhitoBlrd Dethod rd defirn3 rhe v*r @rdtuE d b

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d h.6 b wit wrH we .dd olq sFitu,rN .nd dhs FtrlF
tuncrio

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Bh!cn

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.rlG whrrh pub i dnurd d 3y3b ft@@ rnd q dd eteh
lrprld p'!sr.m.. A tunhd prcbLm
{sud 6 in dh h Fig. 363) Gn,rly hrE 6turd vex .oo.dn'ab

nw,'h**.FdPcitim'my

-bsp.dnednddpl.rn@
L:lk\'irt?dE.Prcbl.m'oP?'GLP
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rlM B6.ue dE.lirt (!h.!-cld4 dut i. rufina

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pitu, rhe t/td m.

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PIXEL.ARBAY PNIMIIVES

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T 9.olws and 10 IlM, The ddtues ror lne origin olrhisP.M aF

r: \Lhich is rhe loiveFleftcone.ot the gid. \^b illustar.a.@dituboifst

-! rJr. /2r.0. l<.0' :ltrough $ e mle ro ur ot ore orrld 'n '\ ! cdmple.
n delmd

as

an anay of

olor valua

is applid ro a

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of

tam+ult r

r:::a,PiErs (lrdrh,
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For

snpla

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, o.p(ifr lnRobsmpl)mts in de od* blue. rRn. Ed h'th
cL rcR. A nunbr .l dhd @loi tF.ifi.atim aF Posiblq and
610r
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*\.OF LI prc\id^vqaclbufie'..@lanpt.F:n:na\ orvilarb

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\ -e bife', !@R.olo vaua rd $m. noE other Lnd. o pr.l
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re fled

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ocorh vilu4 ar \Fft il inlomahon llt e um'fborh o( $Nin6\
I NDEX. l

::f ,rc iou .o'or t!rt^ availabl. in Qencl- ihat can be usd ior klm
6-is two or the olor bufi*s @nbte a leR-rishr sm. prir for di3Pliya;.opi. vr#. Fd each ot rhe sreH*opi. bufEs, rhere is a frontn..k
v douhlebufteEd aninatid displays. ln a padcdar impldmhrion of
aL, eiLher sksK@i. lidins or double hufiedrE, or both, ncnt nd be
ccd I ri vr.l.'l6optreif(E 1dddoaburlciryTruPPor.d JE
i _loly a sinsle fth?sh bufen whi.h h des*nared.s dE lMrbn.oh
i. F
deiaulr tftt duh* h hm doubl buhcrng nd rvriLbl or
oouble bur/E re E m e(.ri ed"IarlberherrFeba.Ilefird
r' r." U 'he
-:qht bu6.6 or dly {,e b..k-leii bnftu4 depmding d me dmr sraie oI
<

r,

f..,, r,,,tr..,,,,s c: kcNi

",d

0penGL Raster 0peEtions

'l''u.'''l

coodh c Po'rion (xruq rhrd)

1l+se m
'h.

reL

fLldd h h, Bi.:

i N r! rh thq ruoirbn

r ot opncl

buff6

usn'e

tf

ofiE.

roll@ins

rdiriiblcrtim(hrr r!li,
i@FilirudFl!''clodF.

'-

rP b be oPied P!cnDBPil,dcL
srdclrro
:=e:valuesL6s*d.i$re!_co!o&cL
? rhe khd ot dab we wanr b oPy: olof
brdk df pirer v.ru6 is.oid tffiasnc httt to' dattwr@
And
ib'hel(reden onr mPFd b t

nunberar.obms md t\rc, rsFkdvel,

rhar

"ith

rery

nd'BdhdtEebbbe.opied
srhh ,P bNds or rhr 3l*r

Pv vrlsaP adtudbulbe h
<mbhdPiJ'smn'8du6do'

sanArnp'ese(4ldap'lylogiGl

,su.hszd,04aJd'r.]!'E,'l

oFdcL ss rlRt a dM 4.lo*n

eJrdbFi|mffi]o3i.0Ph.

*. ' ro aL oi dcr ioR.haddi'ion.nft' semminsbruLE

*;dt- bir*r.- -^;" h*d.d (inhrch.nsins 0 and I vat'6). vth
dEfuning.ololbilBlU6ind
inwnar hofrre blE A,!r w
| :-FLr n'slhe d-tutu bit
"al

r1;,^,!McL rw"r

rle w
't''Tq'ogi9|..dol,nd.nd'f.ioFi'boGh'oplimn.

tu8 r

iPulads PrEl riiaF

Pc

4ue dll rh. di6 Bro bkm!* \drso rlL

^ " ,;" b d* ,,r* r ,cr

' I.

coPY.

wlits mPlv

mb6

CLBAPJ oT

rh.

*5"tulopcncl. o"tus rF N"tlhle

%dPr^.
-,re'.t,"
".r6.s
elemr''r.l1lsffih'ddcl

Ior

6rc, ssk-r urs. vib tunbPreropeF

r -Hch,pFx"e;'plc.dF rFEo' trPUk SraDhrs P!.Lsts
i:u*@roi vais,

dep'n

CHARACTER PRIMITIVEs

ionm'lvislLibnappliod@'RdlnEfolgfratn$ch.la.k

y)d.h d{5bGrLlq

ri!dtrhn

'

mdeF0 ndr)

rhrbms6 rrdiy

Trpcri.s(or6,af hdniddnr
|'hcr${lltyPed*5odhc{
*r n i *nf Ioir lPird ml
ionr 1un vers) en,!P!i5sors
[Irl'.shc$N0llhIF'sa|b

dcrrcr b F ! bnnap 6nr (u bnmrppd ron0

rrt p*tn

ris

:r

b nappld lhnadd

6?(., is iPPriar r

rl'.drodu d!|)eh Fii

r.6r(Lr. rh!

tu d diPh)

1r! iu* ned r,

lE

^,r\r

DcenGL CFARACTER FUNCTIONs

fdi,rl nln $ 5

!d

or

bih,p .hrader

ionr b$ A

kit {ing

n &h dGplard by nippdB ;

6d risrhbadF.4'Pc toEh sen,m,

c6eaalhbhbdeoFnGLU'll]
Tmlkri (CLUT). so we do nor nee'r r

fonb arc genen!,r uiih Fryrire (GL,.L]NE srR!

whecp aEek rotrt

is

e)

boundaies

*ngned : syobok CLur.onsbnr dentilri+

pll

Al,.poiline$nonlodisal$a
ihe

o+b

{dio5

0o$ {

Lerr

.ons)

oI rhe

bjh

tnry*snci*isdisPh}d$th;

disPlays a loi wjih 6cbnr rPeds. r.

h;GdgsbysPcifyhgtms'0mloioF

(chaPrrs) beldc.Eutug r

ddcbiheijgh'ofthaoffi'.hrtt:

op.ncl

CTURI PARTIT ONING

o\n.

:n

D SPLAY L ST5

{.
n{NJar) ir,, r,sui ,$

Nar nq an o0eicl Dsp ay Ln

drd r$( Prif (tf D\

d".'"...."*-'h.L{As
hnr rc erled m rM

*; ^*,

m\

rts,.

B * ;isphrisi

slues iamd

chdsed. n.

N^e - s4r
lcvbslc'{halhadblrna$ignedlh:

onle'oFnclsmg'einidenljliellol6:

d-i

""r'^-a,'-, -h

^,;"

1."

.,

'g+,i4'F;'d

-;tu..=-"rd(hckbh
.F

+ o o'isuoJ.b

-,ha' r s rcto

rrs!. "Fh; bc,nNd

salLimme'lhcsllslstlion
Ex.cutinq 0penGL Display Lisr3

a 4!'
bh-rr'w,dFpld!
p'o",na'-'o
oemdr'F;
,^ -**-e oi " .,n "

tl"cq-

Pronro

rF8dd rn

]aoFcLD*P&j]rnLlo

' %-i.

r.. s. h-4- -'

nF
!.f{ - i.r
llllr1t'r4{!|'cl-oxlIrrl

e'6uFb4s'gndbDdd@

tr *' "'
'"
-.;ae".*
;a;"M,."v.-'--.'"J.,mhso'er"ras

andhu ddLPr'F

4]{lb.ll-Fcm--fl0^l!de>Fd
t*s *a p"6mtd elravDaurvle

i5 used ro
- . ,:".r*.ia".
d
r-!s'r'
rM.Gr
rM, c!
:. dd.ivp.. -"h*e!-BrE. Eeilt*bhd
\di'"
inan
d.dd4
l" a;.t'-t". d;ndin
'h.
-i
,i,"oo^i-'.*..p'
-:

w\N'drhh*d
,r,..*-*";ft';"'.r,EddqDvrbL
q"he'a
evG
i".-Pre'"o'
*i*l**
. -,^*r,.
. - d;.6- ntua\cn\crFd.@

--ih r obglous d

ordsP ay h5b w h

'tu

hrdd on

ranmetrsta!tlogiv6lhehidaldi'p

4rific6 t,

z and 3

denhfic! vduE

'h'Ehan.6'.mqlhidsplaylhilslFued

EEE
rn our

OpenGL DISPLAY-WINDOW nESHAPE FUNCIION

inrrcdudoiy oFencl

Nsam

-. -"---; -"* -";d-x

(9tjon 2

9), we

dihsed

the

fundioF

Doin

" rdn@n q b.b'ne n5 stie ch,

KRi
.raose ih ap{, Erio and cu* cb'e
a .hm
i; ,bt 6 b (-pd:k
rollowins
'd
loutne
poid6
rhc
CLUT libErr

nPftedurc

in

ourPrtg.an, alons with

o.. " . "." i;" d'.p,

d,nmid,
- - "h";rciR rp.,
suchs.hanqin*lhcdtPlly{indos
d

'Rp oF:_{lrdEFr

'q \'rdhr'i

'

$t

.r:\l'.
!rc !

rmrd Nr$ tu noild ir thg

. i., lsd \sv { ntu iir;odh

t10N

(om $rcE |

4m$r;

EE

SUMMARY

r id hrpsbds)

co 5! fhtror

i r dt $crdnolon\ d objds'

- ., ai,r5

fdddnmsdlqrn'{N$,tr

r a{tr'sobilds

nimino,qimPrc
^

tr, !6,

Nndrbrobjed5dlf

ri

sPNyi,D'dddld'Mtd.6e

5pl.i6!nhagl'6tr!fudn'ser]r
DnPlrya*d5bighdb.4ffib
\1h@odFi@dhah:tsP&iit

DsPlavaP.lylho,siidujqlhe

DnPh}:.ePdyliM,sFjddsF!
D5Prlya4lNhstrulh'yPDi

DJCay r

sPdt

*d ir quehh, rFd'-

afly dc@di@h

ephy a 5Fftd

Pnhrdwe

rhs.
9F,M

auq iuEd{

ddft

qhe$s.

sFyindklvdue6in:[r'ol

sFdlyaedMsidJd'6

d'lMsi6d(rJlBtsifuolorlr

sFjly!blqF'hfurtsbb
ePP.dbpidFi6rldrebe
gFnly.@bFlbn'fulcrh
orPPdbPdPddmEhdtb'h.

s.leloGdruEbuft6ldsbnqi

fuPld.try'6gabbgs6lb
sP.dlylldadabth:p.lffi61
sFdlyahtrdlobe&tdlfu
sp6i.yadNb&bhfu

'ld'"'-.1"P'd&Ph'.
t'ns'rdh'''nn'cB'!ddb"olh'bF'.oNL|lblnle

'. ri

Pcrtr.t

:^:..:'1:.::
"

3.

ee.r

i e.rort..,oord,L

r!v*"
8rL. o p" r

rhcdFcir - nsoF-c

:-,_,'

st%''hnhqedo.@rci'

n. h. r....s.,.i, p".n,e" ...u,rd

o .d! mn. {..F h:. e,f hc..e, .ocn.
n.
_,," .."s 3.g:^,,;.,- *h", "-

olsd n thE bdc:

EXAIIIPLE PROGRAMS

H,nepryr,4,.{pr-6,LtpFs,r1
no"o
br

rrppd.r"rn 4 Lb.L

rh! ru,

.qdns.16t'i.o.I
Lq i.bdniib l
-.o;.rtdd._-.

PclonFslR*75hoh5]lcou'PufdrhcucAnphpm'rdm

i6uRE

elbti.l.hrl

116l

- r'J,

.,

n,

3r

apdyh

|lta,telrat2i Irttctt, rr.Et.t)

(4iot nldidr!,

W. ue fte

$ne d,b

*i

bi''mppalcha!fulabels

b ths smnd p@Fan b pinue i\e

bar

ch,i

lllr

rIl

,ll

t--

,/,"

',:
"-t{.-

a-

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lDfr ths pm

cl'i'!i d'vldrh -

400,

trd.int -

rod,

lrl / d.r.36

+ r!.Yrqq's1rc!be1.i

-!bardnsoirhe.rreequahdns

cqudioE (3.4)

to

oopurc poirh arons

ror shrght

*d x rlr ddpqd pcrsN

endL!slori.ide't!'endin*onhow

r)

.-\

t/

L-?f- i
,.,,

'!

.q!v.rit0,.i -

cu.v.Prlrr.r -

+
ro +

!.

cqr {th.ta);

r. rri (tb.ra):
cu.wePrlrl-r rrneseFerr Gurv.rllol, cuR.rtlll)

.!-!PiI0r.r - cu'wlrtlrl.rl

dcrn! (eL_coror_.ur!ur.)

r{ corr{eqnifi io\D"l

llqF!x@-r

ll cq{!q - r lorytu-.

(0!1nt

iedldth, cllf 8ed!rdt)

0

oM

0, (cLdoubl. i*rerot):

rcLZ L cLfl Nddi

REFERENCE5

rcqh;d

nPd

rr'q,rE

kMos),'dPre0et.
dd3 L lvaubh b

tud

cm).

ro

cr6iq 0s),

Aflo oer), KrL o!

o'elcl@'dhjruE!fr
Al,dnrddlopdl9dn]fu!

EXERCTSES

D^.kqtu a@4nutu,f

@i6 A dnstpo,Lbepr@-b'=,
'Dq'
Exkdksn3LrcalsdihnbglEaE

dni tuEri@, sts 6e.rgdtu IlW & PEvbw qds

dlphvft*'dnFightlb6.@ddgrltslolthPultsb6fu,=]
rnebttgr r

FFm.h'h.rdiuqFhI

gBiqhdre4hmtssfrysbF

pithn 66hiBhl

a { iddls

(q

?ddM) d

rhe

rbi

(r,,

0)

:id

Fii.F

N h yroPe

pi{r w h als (qdhiks (,, y):

r 4 eaFb q ddcs

i r'i}ubrb&sbnrh.4q

i:

rire!

hm.

h E 3F

.are,Is!'pL.(,qMqd!!tb

.=t

unL

d\

on

bhs ji+.r \.dd bd! r

@n fhs i$r rh!n*c'

ldrteGnpEptrF:ohsc'io9!&rh{sdrlcarJ'E!Fn!dw4
,lie.okdedi*L'{fda'4d
\na.opheFsuf$diel4b3
{

'b

eaA

"

drprard

!tr

6e

iqr

ndeiPoFanbdl'P'ayibdriy
*r bb Fbr

aF

bb dlpuyd sreld joid

$6s hp b,brcdiELbrdde
aIlh.orcFdhgpG*ol

d4brp

'hnnishdiE*&asq
(rErad or
sFi6(rd(E

dbpl'yarenwisaPPqine
d6epb.ha(ad$!no6ds!

Al lril)ulcs of Graphics Priririlivcs

rr4 o}{lcl

FrL

^4i ^ribd.

4j6oFs(;L.hEd0.Alftue
4 re oP.rcrouflFudios
4-?o.r'jenclAtribdrcouFl

d Sdnedl, a prGmeter rh affe.b ihe wa) a pimihve r to be

dbplaycd is rct a\-d to rs an .tribure parrm.r.i Son. rtdbutc
r in.tc6, su.h is.olor.nd ize, detprmine the lundrmcntrl du.

.d.,ish.sof i p.mitirc Oihcrttltl esspc.iiyhon iheprimiive

L n be displayed undr spe.ial.
*$ut.sarc rhe opiions su.h as visibiliil or derddabllitl' wnhif,n
obj.ds.re.ri.n proEi:m rh.* sF{nrondrii.. arribuks aft e\
n.r.hapre6 He&, sc hJ o.ly rhoscrrtribuhs rhar.ontrcl thc balc
: .Brtieiof FaphnsFnmiti!6,snhoui4gird frsN,rl siiuations.
. : r lires..n b. doitd or drshed,lii or thir,andblu.ororinEc Aras
':rd rvrh one colf or wrh a mulii.ol(trlahern ln(can iFFarrcad.
!r b ighr, slantcd diasondLy&ru
: rharadK.anbednph).d in diftcrnt tuns, (.1.r, and si/es And
:rlr intensitl,lariarions ihe edg.s of objods to snoth out rhc nsrer

r b,n.orFocieatnbutopri..s inbr g$phi.spa.kisahto.\t.nd

:rrrr lisi asciried alih er.h Eraphis Fdniti\p lu.ction b induda

.rrtc ithlbutc vilL's. A lind dravjng run.ti.n, ror erafrPle, ..!ld
.:J
p amcieG 1o s.t ihe.ol.i s,dih, and .rhe! pnperhd or
'oml
,herapprca.h
is to mannrn a srsrem list.f.uneiiaftibuie \!lue5
FdnrsartheninclL'ded i'rih. grrphtrspr.ka8ef orscttingthe.urrni
lGt To gdentp a primitiv.,Ihc 5I cm ch(ls ih. rclcrmt
invokes
- ind
rhe di5piay oltnre lor tlrat piinirire usi.E rhe.urpnt
use r .ombi.aiion or nerhods lor
--rh!s Somc graphics pt.L:se indr
d ing OPencL, assi3n tibures
ibuicv ucs, and oih$ l$r'ids,
::ire lun.hons ihtri updd.. systrn anibult ljri
::hi.ssy en rhai mainbins a l$ for the currnt valus of atribuhs and
: i,et.rs is pferFd r. is a srar. sy*em or dr!. mJchine. Atributcs or
i-n ive! Jnd lrme.th.r paraneteB, su.h as rhc curcnr framc-buficr

i. dtibore

F)stn

n,

rr. Icftd

valL'e to one o.

nor

to ns

And thd $aE ftmains in

!E

efi{t until q

dik

par,nereB.
sr5rn inro
e chanse th v,lue or a

c Pui

ihc

opncL STATE VARIABLES

Arnibur.rr!?
bds

drre v.dabl.s d

sbre P:ramehs,

rhai d.rine rhc

orhq PrrnP,e qtq

dr!or.I'ad { r.rpaidFt
curFnr Openc L $a t The sb re Pararere6 in Op.nC L

biL r1 1'rTnDrodcF!rh

nod.l-vic{ natdr the .uPnt posiiion lor the l6fre buffe4 and tne
rands5 ror the lishrin* cft(b in a $m ll Oteicl *a pdamdos
q,u.rJT.P
\i"nn
dLI
^
'lr
'f'"d
value
i
+
e
paramid
io
ddeinine
rhe
.uiient
ol
we .
query the sFbn
rhe foll.wins rioN oI riis chapb', w. dF.u$ only nr atribute dhns:
ortput primitiles. Other aE PaFmeb( :F emind in 1ab! .haprds
A Faptu., q ,. A. ir onacl 'F d..pL ed h h 'hP u b' -- dreni skh lisr chan8i.S om or mor of the atkibrh *{i.8s afJ.ds only t
p.hniv thai ar spe.ilied aftq rhe o?encl $ate * chrnsed Prinnives
wc+d4uad ocl a' r r:d.t"r8p,4d n h. -dr'buh. 1u r. ; 1d rl4
gFn r., hd13c he, drefi olo r ''.d d"d d" mP"aot F I'n" e3nen
i FdnorheRd neq rrl -oPd.oli "d A, o.'otuoF . . " rt
'1.s4
mscanbesp.ifiedwithin BrBesi!/glEndPans,along ithLheoodintP
of thc

ues, so tnat

ElA

parander setings can valy Eon one

.sdimre

Positjon

ro

ano

COLOR AND GRAY SCALE

p' _ irc- \'o,o \r'or {u .P'on. r

be
add
daiBn
obiedives
ol a
depending
on
ihe
GFabilihe5
rvail le to a uer,
r6m
sP.iried
ntrmed.ally
or
ii.ular s]5rem. color opbons.an b.
-leded
or displayed slider sals For : vidco noniioi thF cdlo! roda aF rhen
h.am tlirh color Plote6,
vened b inbnsilv lvel dtin8s for the
.odes mjsht .mrb1 inr-jet dcPosns or Pm seldions

el{hi

r ol.olor cho,@s rlailabl dep.n& d

pmvided
pft
pixcl
in ihe tane butrer Also, .olor inlomdi
amort of $orrse
.an be *.rtd in ihe nane bu#er i
diredly in rhe Irame buftet or w? .an pui me colo! .od6 inb a rPantc

Jnou.e,nFp'.el Mr.tuT.rcrndA lLe.+F q nq,hp L r+blerrh

dc ..pqir'eit
h. hhedn.d ioidge - h!m! rrr".".aPdrrui_rco'.
fomation is Pla.ed in the rjam. bufer:i
pixet
in
the
ourpur Piinilive ro b. disPlayed in
lo.ation of each componar
6n
b Provided in thi ehem with 3
olor A ninimtrn nunbcr of .olos
.r st sEe per piael, as sh.wn in Tablc 1-1. Ea.h ot rhe th R bii Positions is
ro.ontul rhe intensity r,vl (eiihcr on or or1, in nris.ase) of the.oresPd

d&tu3!rird R-Bnoflh, lh"l.rmF oa onrcl.rr.Fdp' em

bit c.nhols rhe ren A!n, and Lhe nehbo bit conroh L\e blue 3u. Addi
olo r\v'6
ro? b,hpF' p plr'*"ramAbundr.?d..'F''Tb.'ol
have wnh 6 bib pr pixel, 2 bib .an b. r*d lor ea.h gun. 1}is allorvs

SfiT

NG3 COLOR CODIS FOR A THREE.AIT PFR

Plx'T FR^MT 8UFFEN

Stat.d CaL' votu8

$tiinSs lor e&h of rhc thN .olor gs, aM a tdal of 64 color

ap available for eacn *@ pixel. as noF .olor oPtiN aF Pnvide4
age requipd for the liadeb fer als. inaas. Wth a resolution of 1024
r, a tux{olor (24-bit per pixel) RGB rysbm nr& 3 ne8abyt s of sroraSe
r

ini4ity

(.lo' ,bls:?salhrnft

TpaF.ro p'or idinB P\ mden t olor t rPab'l'tits

E wihout teqliring larse Gme buffs. At ore rinq ihis was an inPor'
dsideration Bui todar hridwar coss have dreased dramricauy md
mlor capabilriies are fairty mlrlmq s in lowrnd pdsmal con_
slsiems so nct ol or exanPls wil simply 5sure thrt RGB coloi c.des

+r rlurhrF r po*

be

oror m,p . tumhme

.us8 oor\rrrEnr.olorl@rup
ol.' ub,e i Flprd bd- ' qd.o ldtup rrbr..
"

henp for

Ad".l@k pbbh*'ihlbnstnsbv

tharEaccsd

fi6rft

o"""a; p'vrp-,ho'' ' -Fr'.-+'

irr.," "J aiJ-"o
iiul" ; ;.." t r"-+,."rn.6032 ox'mcr' rdor'03rr

ti.

Dl

lishr 6eiEr radiarins in a Pafricul,r ditrbon over t period of tine,

dl psy.Mlogical ierm lul@,.. ro char.d{jze ihe pecived briSht'

IdE pha hedhb,ll1*Fm.:nd d Fr'o o-rcn<.pL.neearP-dcu'l

E d;jior nc,hod, o' ne"l.na,jqh 4s?fffrF (chdprd t0,rd,he
n dls fordexrb'n3.olor rch,prrl2)
0penGL COL0R FUNCTI0NS

'*nple prcsrm at 0E dd oI ChaPrer 2, we intaduced a ts OpaCL

Futin;. we rPd one tunction b sr the oloi tor rhe disPlay windov, ed
do+e, tdrc1,o.peory d.olor ro' +r stiid,t be -%nd Aso
dp cold disprry nod. io RGB wiL\ the

stahdt

odadde' s hedr*mFnr li5r!uh. rhdsq.FUrnEd.rsl-butld lor

:brhd a.d r\.- ;dpa.tr.brpur-u"nro.l'eRLBrorRLBAirmc

defallt color node. we an us efther cL!T,RGB or GLUr RelA to

$js colo. node If we wanred b spdfy mloB by an index inro a coloi
Elould pp rl'eODmcl .onsbni cr u P B r rrh Gtur tmF"
rhe

"E

O!.nGL 8GB a.d RGBA Color Modes

obr rftrgs for OpenCL Prih ives u tude in the RcD ftode, whid
dlv rhe s@ as ift RcBi noa. Tlp o,rlv difturence besn RcB and
.;hdn.' o' ro' $" dF erplo" 1A rhp dlphr value for color bladng
r re -pe.trj a p:rticurdr *r or <olo' vdluc. rn Pnn ve5 we d.tue $e
f o: Op;nul rhp.llffir rcto' , dDp cd ro r .Lb6.quen ) dehned
mlr wc chanae tE color setnnss A mw colo spe'fnEon aftu b
r obied! i e dehne afte he .olor .hdnBr
nCBrm. wp "pR,l), \ a'u^ fo rh" Fd 3?6. dnd blue onpomnF or a
henoFd in;bon2.o.Lhe_ourhrcluJ P,rareh' $"rlPh.(o.16.i.n1
, and a lournimftional olor sptrification i5 c.lled ihe RGBA .oloi
dh.olo, oaorh- cr b Js ro rcntul {lor Dlerdirg for ot e'l,pPing
E an;torbt rppl,.hor or.olor olaomB i' ir rhc 'mulabr or

v el&cts For $* calolations, inc value ol alpha .{repmds to

;.y (or, opa.ily) sedins.ln ihe RGB (or RCBA) mode we *ldt the
ol.r.ommnflb with the Imctionl

ap similar io rhos for the glvertex 6m.nm. $& & a code of

3n4 to specify the RGB or RGBA node al63 w h thenuserical dara_5F
nd an oDhonal vedor suffn Ihe suftu.od6 tor Lhenlfti.al d,b g?5
Orf), i(inleseO, d Ghut), f (oo.i), and d (doublt s wen a6 sisned
; valu6 Floaiins-poi.r yalu6 tor tne color.onPmeb ae in 0!e ranae

.ole

dd

the delault colot conpdmb for src.1.r, including rhe

io whfte a.d the dlPha
-.lue, aE 0.0, LO, 10, 1.0), which sers rhe RCB colot
ndting-Point valra
rhe
lolowi-rS
staremd
r
0
As
an
exdnPlq
b

ar

60 1.0.

us

tunini.snnFlnr

I'Lsl'qn

L\j,{ i,

l'ruo

tz t't? tte

a..zJ rt*in:znoh

$iEn d io irdividuilPodiPorliD\

rf

mFonen! d.p. rd on thc .aP:bihE

rhe{{ei' Forilurl <nor5vd.i,,\'hi$ oGti3b

old
c{h:oLor tonron.nn,
'nteqs
ins no ins polnr ralu6 ro; rh! <,lo
r dr55
.r550r5s 0 = I 0 w hirull m
oldi', rh. FnaNs dampk bbs

0,

\'ed.!'d!

tu ;u^b..

"funs

r?bb^.

;' .' Ffttd,"

spspr.r(2561e\eL'

ssvncm,L!.onspdturhr.

sr"Ffr.

openAL Cotor-lndex Made

sp.it-vinE an

h!

irdc\ Db ! tulor hble:

sitrDr
.an sFldfv d'e .dlor

i'rdd

in

rr $brq

uenllr 5p{i6Rl

4iP

rh.h

. orrJh'i

rr r+, a,.r

.p

rinlhl

ar

d P 'io'
bblapDs ion depends on

dN

"r"

oPtlcLcatoF|rcliuln9
ft, we do hale a GLrJI sutine rhat inbrd3 wlh a window sFtm
rF,fic:rions into. hbLatagivo sde' Pcitionl

paramer red.

Breen. md

lo

st

blue,re as'gned

dng from 00 ro 10 Thi5 lolor D rhen ldden sb

ded by rh \rlreorp,rmeFr lndex,
ror
$r*oti.rrcro' rabres:?Pbsded ac\Ensiors
Roi
.;F hb'r'i
FUh- rp P.d or isrsira subtel ol
6r
r.( olo' vJdq{ord nrhFbb "-.rnbpuqd l,o modil P \cl\.lu6a
pdesFd dmus! vaio$ buf6c. som ennpld ol usiq lies r.bls
r
rftirg.d,a euiirg cffc F f,lF'in8 our ci,m mloh fron an ituge

F pm'n*
Tl*
oFill

.e rn nFn\ire. or mdb8 bnSh@ ad u"hents. Mvedrg r

$ pl"ftFdph,o
mlorund rul.sm8. dLpbJ And be!.n Lrerhe
h4l.
L h m;.q";;-*dd. I dr i. *ed.hmse RcB @loF rorao+.riPfr_

sins ihree otlFr "pri'Ery''coloE Gu.h as .yd, ha8nla, and yellow)

particiiar
.olo. t ble in the lhaging Subei of OIm'cL is a.iivad
A
ile grr'sore furhon LrlgorPot,te bble nams: cL coloi-r{BLE
rion

oR raB!!.I{e on lhen up butin6 in fie rnEsing Slbst b selRi a Partie

.olor rable, * olorlable values. copy rable values. or sPdify wlti.n con'
r or a p,\el\mlo- $e wfr b. \d3..do hos wP xdr
'o,hmBe
nGL Color Blndinq

mn\ dDDlicador-. 6 ronvflisr 'o be dblP o onoir" rh. d6of ss'

dF
rds obj;.b o' o b.end r ob{t M$ +e bavsmud Som
^'mPls
rMs / Da'ntbru.n eda t lo''4 d ompGti? inaSc o' tuo or noF Prc
r\e obiRh ids me-Mcr
-oi"t".t n,nrp,-.*.rs -a.nh.li,tas
pDdu.'nB
\
rrour
.o'ortu'na e{ab
I "-r"'"-.'t'.c.,
in4eldti3irina
"tila"
o
oroFbl.ndina ru.(!oro
;;6du:,r'.ll.d

*li.o"*cr u'".a.".*oohid anbcbl.ndeobr 6NlGdr3

L -'-,r. r'"-. u"tr* tt- *u'ni's rF.ml.,otthe:rc"oto asobi'o
rhe
@lor i3 Frered
iii-*,te. .a." t* .*t Iranebdlerobject
is L\ oPFCI- s'rt
A

dErd,io,

brn oft

@ro'

dd

ihe

6d
RcBo' RcBA mode lodPPlv
'n
*d b nh"*'h" ch""cr r*k

ine colot or dE

a;d'ne..hod- -. b. pe.Ld.d
*J
'*"1.i - - "pptr.-;. ".

dn)

colotblsdiry srtin6 in OpenCL wfih

blddins isnolacdvad, anobied'scoldsioPlv FPla'es

rhe

framFbultur

wav' dependirgm rhPerRb

-*ij-a"an"*.*,.t.r?Fn,
i
olor
efl<6 b) sPFlnnF {o*b
i6,.h.e\c ro *. PmsaE dftr.r
ror
obie'r m rhe tam
i*,,,. o* *' o"t""a.e r,, rF i" Lh. cLtlmr
F rn' $e
rt'"" a-;".1.^"u;"a ' -J '* orhnero' bFimB tudots

^,

(5R. + 4nr, S,C. + DrCJ, SjA +

*rer

rhe

tu,f :- %

a,,

r' 'F

&c "
wa

gt.

+ o",1,r

s ! k.

dc,tr

ble.dinS tad.r vatu6 {r rh rhe oFe,rcl fundion

r-:, dllcF

nq.pT'l.o''AiFlndl

rnsthe.umnr valu6 i.

Add otuttuaI

the

Inhe bur6r

, rF-g\ud.i ,i+r'i.1.f. n d.,,.

inothr

IniliN

!u

5F.h I bhhdns Nui

np,o.4,o_d,T ,.,

hon

we Gn arso spkitu color valu6 tor

values i'r 3 veftx aray (s(tion 3 17). rhis on be don. eiiher

1ne4 for ncB .olq modc we spdfy ihe toadon and

colo!^..ay
assisned ro

Fora

scp

An O?enCL symboti

paianer. d atarype to indnd he dab

e.dor ara, \r Gn *sisn rhe Mlua 0 r,

f,rD

or rhe

ob .

+3
itu coh dara with vertex d.h in the

ffber

e@ ana,

(NncLcat Frdbnt

the offst value is

m tlP.dav

b!6be$mm.h r.l of rclor ' ompmnF

6ia oro, rr.'5 ke,,n roi'rr rheve6\da) eampre
^rdtum;'.d
ion 917 to indude idlor amy Ttt lolowing md haSm6r ds rh..olor
qtic6 d the tsnr Ia of the cub ro blu, and aI whe of ihe ba& Iace
o,

Pt lal - { (0,
hletBl-(I1,

o,

.1hab1.c1intsrste (GL-6Rfi x

lluY)

(cl-co!oi-Ae!)

dve.!!Pelnrer

rrcolorPq!ntetlr'

* ln even stuff boih lhe rcloE dd the vedex drdinatB tnro ft tnrc!
ey.E.hof thepomhu woJd tlPn refeme rhe 3ingL intena@d ma,
.ppBpriate

d.iic slrnt

offset

vahe. For ebnPle,

hushdPr

(3, c! tm, 6r.i,eor(cdnr), heAndPt I3l);

(3. c! rM,6rrlu.of(clior), hleAndPr lol);
ot lnit d4 sPe.itv d RCB olor v,lu rhe 6t tlF
q
Epaily,
of Lr. l. . \ eft^ (oidinare! rd this Prtler mntiru4 b
.oloF\d' bppnt;b. nedtf.of f 4' pr.m.broherunb.r of
t rwgl sn.c;ive colo. or vdie{, ralue6, which is 6' .tzeof (cilnt )
coltr valtrB std at lhe lsr elmenl oI dE inlFl,aced anat which
dPt IOl, dd ven.x valus stut at the foui0\ elemnl whi.h i5

tlxp dffits

e. 5c g4.rauy corrsr werdl obF h. dclt w'rh mulhPle Pldu

d.: a MC_io n wh.h we d 4PftiN all fi v.h .nd
, op6ul ;
mvi I onc!, as welt * .*er ttTes oI i.fomaton ff we chanse dre.olor
Etei va1tr6 in the abov emPle ro fl@ting Poinl, we lE thi6 tufttid in
.rrDrerleaved^!ray3 (cL caF-v3F

Da,6dr ! m OMCI cNtanl hi indi.rt6 thlftlemmr noadnS'

lihdhon, !o bo r. olo, rci rd \ .ft\ cmrdimks ry) And lnePl4dts
hueAndPt a to b. inbrl.cd wilh dE olol tor eacn v*x listed bIoE
imtes This fnction also .llonati.aly embl6 bolh vdx and .olor

In

..loFindei node we deti.e M anay

or

old i.dies

wirh

colo uo.a dF lisrdd,, rt-. r d oro .1der rd,b,ypr

ds $:
Othcr OpnGL Color Functions
In or trd paE-4llrru8 s4mph .n

tud,m

thr f

*lRE

FCB lotor

s nstc v,rrue

<dro1 o -.

ompmhb

an,l

for J

dsp

nr, du."d
wddow

n.

toxok

Feh.olor mtunp" n rhe d4 gruho1,,.d gltr, r. btur, ! hex tu I

dp$ d:ndq Las.eed: tturn3phn, ri Ji .n g. idrF 6om 0.0ro I
rrreder"rlr\arErc-iu'or pr:
0
*"., , p-d,; h"..t*bt
"h,, " ^
. qhjrp )had6o sia.
obLr.d \irh denri.dl.atue ro, rhe otd.orpor{FbetuhO0;;
wnh $e c@nt.oloi rlis c acu only ii*. erivar rhe;bniins realuF
openclj olor blendin8 cnnor b p. o1:nd wd\ vatu6 3BiJied in a o

A. ne nor.d

r $.bor I lo d,T4F *'e'dl lorof r{,}4 in oprct

h bur, for di-otanq a ffip rd
'he .oto, m, alt rhe.o; b6d he

appty tne derr coroi ro dE

we.

ako

us

the

.ord bufers knh fie.omand:

Blcrear fun.tion roer

inihat ratues ior

o$e

bulters L\

: "brenoIFt. -\?4 ee i? a4la.h, m btir w\,i h dm. blerdrd{

iJ'rohdnd rled./ r,r,fh \ !h.roe. ocp.h v.ls rd,,bn-6 fom fie \1
inBpG'bon'ro-obsrd*ap and $F vqi r,r'jE .hj,I Jm! nJo
b defin the rinib ot a pi.dc.
j.olcuoa modF idu.crt.rouowaSr n.honiitursdorsrc..
coro.)b*rhedisplay k nddcoror

fte s indow ba.rednd .otor E then a$rmd rhe .olor rhrr

rnder in rh..olor bbte And the w6do; sdupayed n
v4ny orhe|oio hf, hotu dF r'lab' f L\e opfll Lbi.ry rd d"a
w hdlcnehofL.r!.1.r "..h sirsmd rdet" dhis lrslh;s eff".B
I {-c..p4 hn8,am-.4+ N.,nd Enl4ins dc .LdalF ofd oqr I

ap mslh

"imp n grapll.s.rrpm. Fd 1c.

rlariry

io .olor spe.i6.arions lor

of rhe.omp{rer pn{'.g
hF timjr our lllfu$,o1b l\@ rb(b

snphiG priniiiws.

POINT ATTRIBUTES

tuo ahibut$ lor poinb: cold and si? In a *at systen,

a poi.t is deknined by the clrrenr valns doEd
(onpomllaEerw
\Rcs!alu""o',F'nde rrnr
ibL'"1{ coln'
bk hrdru.s,l,tr poin'sueban'rFgP-nulhPlPof rhep:.Pl'/e
I b'qe @'nt s dEplay<d:\a sqrrPblrl nrp .ls
se

can

tpd .old

and size ol

IINE ATTRISU]ES

dhouA mlor w'dd

.
.c
for Jl 9aph'6 Prin'
rtrh
rh"
*nedrcbon
tv!.alh
It
Lre.olo'-ni"
eprare
{
n.t}
ln? tonchors
R
rd
.n. dh ;d l;e'ty.,*
"
.Jcl
:.
U) hne. r:v b+ grp?tsd rirr otlPrPlPa.
Pcl "nd hru'h
rr

F*gn4r6oedTlr)edtir\hPM{

k do rs.dj\oPhnNdePend.d thc dP"bl'htsof heourDur

Ahe^) linercddb."d;p.arPdon..'deoh.riro-d'ldFmrParurel
rhile a pm plotter miShr Fquire Ps chang6 ro draw a thict lim
qidrh the t sqa.led widr siryle
ister ir"th-dh6o.t ,
"hdad

lanpl posihd, as in rhe BE*nnan alSorfihm ni.ter lines ar

nd as posi$ e ;hg.r nurtiPles ol rhe st ndard l ine by Plo riiry addi tionn
.ronr rd^enrp:ara Lr"pt6, rfd're l-r."lope n,Cturudcls$ rhf
d rtl.o, q"..r tr.din d d-ddwing tub" rootsplay dr I r-by
a rdii.al span of pixels in each coluon (r Posihm) along the line nE
;ofp'.e|.rob.dtspdy.d i e-h olrmn 6,ereoudlbrhenregs va ue
lirp " drh ln -ie. 4I qe d'.pldl d doublF- d$ line bJ gmPdhng a
tjne above thesiginal line path. At ea.h r mPlingPosit on, we Glolale
mpondins { oonljnae ed Plor Pirels at s.rcn .erdinabs {:, y) and
alletnarelv Plohing
Plohin8
- l). ive snH aisplay lines wiih a widt\ ol3 or gFatnby altetnarely

each

abor and below ihe eingle-width Line path

r$lh a line sloF grcabr rhd 1.0 in nagntude, we n dhPlay thict liB
!l$d/ontul "im dlFrxcl) Pi(bsuP p eLbrheriatrrnil hr' n( 1.
h'$ t
bddm.r.hd m ri8 4 L w\flea bersffir
F$ Tr,-Em
c.nib
\'a thi \
of 4 " p o'hd G nE rrlnple pD.liaf, o$ead nr lre

ih.lop.le$rF"nor"qual,oI0dbPd'5Plr)su.irgveri rlp'\elsp,t
inpimmt this prcdn by comPari.S ihe nagnituds ol the hdi4n
lttical separations (^r and Ay) ot if,e line endPoints ll 1^r : Ay,

Fixclsarfpli.red:rdd8blumns oih.ni*,nuxiplep\ets .ptoflcdi.G

llthoush rhi.k lin- r! Sqenhd qukkll,br ploiiinS lj.n,onbl or rcnLs

pireripans, the disrLav.d sidrh of : LLne lnEisured !erp.ndicular lo rhe ta
lrihl is dcpcndc r on s dold A 1i
r/./2..mp?pd bahonbnialorve i.allinaplotrad wrth rhesamercnSdr F:{

Anorh.r prcbrm Lriih impllncniin! n idih oprions u\hs honzonrrl or . +

ri.al pjrcl span5 E rhit drc m.rhdi podu.et lies whos.ends are hdDzo:d
or rcni.rl reg dle* of th noF. of rhc li're ltris dfed is norc no!..ibh in
veil' thi.L Lnes wc.an adju drd rh:pe of rhe tine cnds io Sire rhem i bcE
app.ann.c byadding rin.ips (Ftg r1) onekinddflineGp is ihc h -.
fhithhar squ ! cnds rh rpFe?eddnutirio (h. tinc paih tfrheTe.iJ

Lrchasslop., thas!tu,.endso

.rF in'.ft.J
.o Po,. od,rr.
. . F, dofn, t., !. F'r \, .r" tr'iP.

btadding.frrred*mdrdcroea.hbufl tap The.n ubrarcaF.enrercdaim,ddl. or ihc ihi.r rine:nd h:k a dnmcicrcquatro ihe lm thnkncs ]\r!j
rype of line .+ \ ihc frrd,{ Itrft. nr/ He(, $e nmply Rrend ihe lfe rn
rdd rruraps rhararcposiii.ned one,h'Iotihe Line !ridrh bepnd rhc spNt;4

Othermc(hods rorprcdu.insihi.l lhes inctudedkptavingihd tinc asi iJE

isranS r. o I Benerar ns rhe luc wlh a *l{red pen or brus h },rflcrn, I di5iu.<
nste reFrescnbrion for rh tfe hundan E

1ir

'.

"i]]"\"'
p hsorh rh. i{rangr. v.ner (ordinates
endF.inr p.\i nsbvon. har dPl

arc

dkpla.ed fnm rhe orisinatL>

iib. p'

fis.4-4

(a).

W.ould add rtud @F ro the fined ebngle' or

!o displav prcKtins square c'p'

@/

"

-""J 1tu b'.

w"dld

l6dh
'd
'E
o'd e;l) ,;* *q'*
c-l,u"g

Il cm'de:d(,l!ftl tmdftbro
win
litu
eslMt
*ir.;i" *L.1. -*ai,-a ror dGPlavins a sinsl
.-1r.""" -,r,ry **a *'L"s oI lire *gnob DisPlavinS t&L Poly'
p""1'P.c irrP"mPlP lPa\hPDPI8'Psr
*.r'or'-*.;rat*iri....sn.;,- *iir' d,rr"Mr5rop wFeF rhft Lr {iq
;;":;;.;;;;
hi.k Pol) lnsrJuL
L",""ii o"a 'o* t ';.*. "l .pr. t'!e u 8ner.h
ead Points
*urlr r"-"4 a ir" *, o ,la,nandl pde$ins 'r rte eanent
No Lne Q8mflls

ftp todbh mdods b' mrhlv 'im8

or 6ch o Lhe Bo
;db.rctrph;edove hdirs the dFr bodd,ls
rne o"dim
Ory mer' e o*a;o- 5 Pmduced by
'aPPrrg
-s *"unur*g-"
whov diatrPkr ts equ'l b
""t'..'"''*Udrddry
d6pLtr8lhehre"8mmsw'$
"" Jai0.""t,".
i*air
r-81
t5

5irows

"e*'adb)

esP wriPa rhe esnd6

'-s;r> t.'v smal' Nh' pn can 8meft F r
*
*e--s
J' wo..""i "a
" P{ri3'(an
,r'".pi*,* d the Polvline.A 8EP\'
iit. 'r'ur a".*
uhd
ro
b'(el
elon;o:
Fs
ir-t'" ar. uu '-'ta-iti"- " "dPL
'
6small
y

ip. ,.a tiline -

rh"

m6n U

he

so;nRUhve*slrFb

ndebetqd
Stylc
ela tims

liner$ le,hbuEra'ude old lre d"\ed lir' rd

*flina
;e. !\e modrrv r Lrtnrawmg also 'Lh n b affi'b suln luEbv
w
hoM\
$e
lire
abns
;,'d m&neor dDDl.ld ;[d anm
Prrh
p*r+j". * *n i,r" t-g' or both the ddsh'r dd tF trF dd'h
"

for dE

-!
"
Fot
;;k.Ln"drndft .tispL! linF Dlethibubb\ PlofrinSpulsPN
outPDb
$e
line_dFwins
Pdedw
rd, dotled, ;d dd d.s;Bj Prffitu
t nuhber of
pi*t a-g tre Pa$ srJPP'ng ov*
,
qPr
't'"
l'n8rn rt
"i-"i",",t
Pi;r. nr5 ror $e
."ip'*Eu"*i*r'"-t'a'p*
i ph.l .El whi.n b r rtltm or bindn
'o. i;edl". pt"r
',"i.,.1''' *n *p";'t*
a.oa r liF sLh nF Lner n-'l
-a..juc'*h,.h
imj. i- i.,i**, -,,u u",*a t; dGpbv tdasl*d li@ with dasn laeth oI Si
j'"i,i"a-ilt*a"'t'p*;g.t$rep!'L lireri6itioN-cPTqq
i, i ri" .* .*i*a 'n .-'Jt .olo, .no P -l Pdbotu orr'Pmdhs b
ObiB d displdyed in th. bac*36uo.ol
d'sh6
aJ", .',t' r.*a .'-*r or pi'el' ftul1 n uequil LnSth
"
"rli* r*
u..rdbd tr Hs a' Borh ddh$ shown rF s *.{ftr$
irr.-i
""""r"n.-,
t it" a"e"r"r da,h i;rd8er b '/ bdtror
f,'".m l*l*L
"4 Fo'
mb
aPPrclmarerv
a- a:'.rp. a"'r' r"'g,t"'t i,ld
.forar\
'lM
adi;rthe
*c
ould
P' 'l'ounF rd dF 'old
*.'"i"".11"..-ptL; 't'.
JiJ-*i"p-.p,. i"e *-d-s hr $e rft > o!" rnr is 4a treddsPbv leMh da+6 dspbjad \ iln
a

i*ery

"i,,r

rl''g'hi^h*

q_"aucins

rhe

odBda' da'h b rhF Puel!

{3mtr6. Etrdpoint.oordin a

and

'''

p*ten t$
ld

'Pn

the pen or

tor

bru+ $me qaFFls

b" nphn".Fd -rh

'l
'rorF \P

r.4rd"

""

r, F

ri r

pen and

,,r

btuh shap6 art

L'

Ld6 glnraln Niih

pPn

lorbnch) sh

a0.ldh od.trmenl Bn3hes

-a
alo\

0t(

si'

il
q,

G)

66uiE;i A r"rd'l
fl .i,*.* tr#r.i:,:i

("ir""

:s

@s'r"

ai6[Ri;a

c@.6"e rtr -ith i]*

'

Fi:'"i,liffi

CURVE ATTRIBUTES

F^ w ru. e atFibute' r

the

vN 6 tho* td 'b'iShrlfe gndb'

j1 j1T"t:1;T;.:1*":

::;:;;i;;;l;;:.-t9t
Hi$"[;rl":x["y"';*'x*ff ,*':xl1*'J.*..
ff ff nT*rru:m:**"*n$q$TF*
ii.ff r".x*ilx*a*6q95=1P6*gq
ffpfi

#r*i*r[**r"'*x.lx"rt*::lii:r;ryff:::
::*#H{"n*;i**w;.**:f4:fi :l;J
ffil';*x*;'r'*t'*i:x:4q-1qg*P;gg
Hjffi"::il:-;i,;";' fi;tr' w@ dr. ha me+
s,oP.

fr rr:g*;"t'g*"m#:;q#';'qffi ffiT;

ns.b:'*sf i:*x"n""'xil*:3.1i;61,9i.T
ffi $.*:'"*Yi'*iffi ffi
:ffi $"fre*';Tilg*':,$f
ffid;si##a jjY'trn"$ff '::i",s'#""Y
+:**3*;f*s:s:;*x,ni;r;5;;Pilq
*fl ffis*#iffi;i*li
#*"Jj}; ruj*l,l *:moamr
ro soo'm*thu ci^ra

ffiTli;:;'ilG

;:;:"h.d

;*. d"Fia -

!\e

dEd6lbdEPbydb]61'13ue

qhhsNo.on6d16'

4oF

itpovides,ingmeral,mly apporjmhonbdEtu..eorob\drhicltu
enmplq tne illM ,nd eb boudanB oI a f,r . iF gedared wifi
ne6\od d6 nd h,E nF l5@ fci.
rne pirel msLs dinMd for inplenmhng liFstyle oprions @ld
For

ebmplc

M3* 11loopnrd1l

cide sh(rn in FiSuF !.12. I{b

usingcidsymerry,
butw.nud.
Smerabrhdash6
rhe Pil positim b n.ituin fie ffit
sequence ol dasls dspa.6as
nd lrm @.dmrlo tlE nd. Als., .5 in sba8hclire argarinnr piil mr
dhplay d.rl6 ,l inh-dxh spa.6 ihal vary h ldBih a@rlins b rh. st
ol rrE cwe. rf k wrt 1o display cmht lensrh dashes, we Rd 6 adisr
nu!'bs of pirls ploedin,cndash aswenoveasmd the.irle.ft rrtdE
LBbd of .pplying a pirl l@k w h llmr r spatr, we pld pnels.lm3 a
a8!i,r a4 ro pDduce equart4tn da6r6.
Pen (n brush) display, of d*e6 @ E1]med ushg tne sme kh.lr
dieu*d rd shBhr'lim *gmn6. vrib plieb. pd sh.F.lmArtu lin. p
astlJsrrhd nFiSuF+r1rd aomLre in rhc i^rquddr I HeF rh.r
ol dr
pm B noved ro .u.(* re dde pGihm ro panule
'lru8!la'
dr. elup
shoM. cu,6 di.plaled w h . tfuFrai pm in $i5 nrler
be $ickd whee rheiagnihde ol rhe.une sloF i5 r. A unitom cwe fink
dbr dtuplayed by rcbring$. et ngular pa b alignitwifiih. sLp diR
6 w mde aiMd rheore or by sinsa.ftdar pd rhrp. curc.tram r
Fr a d bruh "hnpB d bc dlp :wd u d.Ilremr !u6,nd w .h <upmrF
the

in ine

tne dashd

vado8tub

Paem or sinur,ted bnah sbt6.

PaintingaiddrawingF rnsan@pidabbe(ffitu tedhr.radi.
by usi.g . poinrhS devie, such as . 5ryl6 ed a gbpN6 hllet, b stdch \
@s o3 5hap6. s.me .:dpt* ot snch Ne p.tu R srrh h Fig. 1
an additio.l patrm optid dut .m t psirred in a paint p.c*age is fie
pby or rmulard brusl smr$. FlR
pDdued by mo&Lna dr flrmr tvp8 of btrh sht6

aaa
_o aa',

aa

a
a

))\b)
i.run, !

EZ

,,8 . .rc ..r,.u!, rL

a1

'.!.;r.rrr.
.h

ir

lrt

.r

ri.!'n poihon \
.\rd i.oll{ i\ \P!.irid

Nn

Poihr. t,nrn* Pftrt I

.r

$DrJe,u Lr Ni(, P;,rtrli I 'hsrrl!

operGL P0INT-ATTRIBUTE FLINCTI0NS

.1..

.';n,

4 nb,k.

al.n n,hintiE

n\epo,h is ro b tiaii'*d) 1l nunbe..I hor,zontal and ve i.r pid'

ih. display oi the Poi.t is debemined by P amrd 6ize Iaus a Poht
ol l.o drspLys a 6i+le pixel, aid a Point ste of 2 0 dnPbvs a 2 bv 2tiael a '

er \.F r" ;r. Frs ?ito?. "rOrcl rhe.i4 of 4 dBpldvcd bl

Jrp*15bil be rodihPd ro imuuh h. {3P T}ed.rau r\rLu<(o' porr'e
tr de

Ab'buhfun.hon.n"yF rho 1.'deo'orbidPofdglBesi, srEnd

ianple, the following code segmenr plob rh@ Poi.b inv.ryinS slos
size6. Tte liEt is a standad size red p.inr, rhe sond i6 a double{ize gd
and the nrnd is a tiple*te blle point.

For

gr!errerri (50, roo);

srveftexri (75, r5o):
31colorf (0.0, o.o, r.o);
grvsrte,ri {1o0, roo):

!E

opcncl

LINE-ATTRIBUTE FUNOIONS

.an .6irol ihe appe.rmre ol a staishtsline enst in OpenGL wiL\ I

.rbiblbeettingsi line.olor, lnEwidrh, ad Linestyle. Wehave aleady een ho*
mk a.old *letim, and OpenGL pbvides a lunction for sfting th ndth
lire anl modEr tunction lorspe.ifyinaa lim sryle, such as a dashed ddotted
W

OpcnGL Une-Width Function

I-im widrh b d in OpenCL wfth th

slLbeeidrh (!ldrh)

td.tid

.$irn a neting-point v.lue

paramft vidth,

ihb value is
rcmds ro 0.0, rhe lia
dtsp':ved wi$ : sbndd'd wd$ of
- drdulr r'dit. Hos
whd antialilsins is applied l,o the line, its edss ae s@tied b Edu@ th
d.u.Fp .Ppe'.ae dnd F^no, \'dr\'a'e p6-iblc.s.me ihdoPnbb
ot rhe liFwidth fundim night 6uppd only , linired nunb.r of widths,
$n nighi nor suppod widths othd thd r.0.
T1E OpenGL linewidth tuciion i3 implenmkd usins the nethods
srib.d in Serion 45. nDr is, the mgnitude oI $e horizonral ad vertical
r.liN ot the line odpoinb, and are conpared ro dekmim wndh6
^a pirel
^, spans or hdzntal pixel spans.
aqdat a thi.t line using veltical
we

OprnGL

ro

ff

and

rhe input value

.0. $h'd
rhp

tin-styl. Function

stai8hdim *Ahmr is displayed as a $lid line. Bur we cm

di+l,y dashed lins, ddred lines, or a line wirh a combimtion ot dashes
dd. And we can vary lhe lenSth of the dash6 and ihe spacing Uwn da
By defa'nt, a

l.sopdcLLiv'AlfublbFlrdkfr
ft,

*l

ruEnt display slyl for line witn

lhe

O?6Cr

6ftti6i

.llsdr+PrtLreg4f6dor'F!!eo)l

.'at.e'n i! u'ed bF!@J lo+ nF8fr *Er deF$e" hd tIf,

a'*i;pr,J"a a, u'ri"urP"tmdooh";n m" P''o Pdho(
'nd
nP paftm i! dPPlid b tlE pifl5
t^a",", .i' -or *a
'long

^noi uBin rhe P'h'm ThP dPfaull P'em h

tumg " Lt' rt'. i.-.'a*
lhP lrbge P'_
id.h bir D;bd tus, '.lue or l) uhid pdL.P' a $lid
jn
tfie
b
dn;
e"'l'
t'.*
Pttiem F b b
i i,. *.
^"n,
ts I
'p.;tt'
FPsrrtluc
ddaull
'*..
b.;;hen6tbir ii hePalen B;PPLed nE

. p",r'

, polylsp. . sPeoftrd uF"ryh pJftm j'nor Eded al tnP blll 3

rii.'iou"a . -,i"',i*ti a('d au rhe *snoF 6brd''3 'r 'ne
#., "r ur" p.iit "" -a *ai,u jr th rl%l ddporI lor rhe l'sl *shflt

*i.*'

e*npL * sp<ifying ' line styl,IPP9* Pdm:9r.P'lt:::

m Lhe rePot rd'br L I rhEl:
J'r'" r'.'La*-i q;*;^ut"" oimrF
prls jr s'n d:'h dtl eisN Pixl P6!
*ply , J""r'"a L* *it' .,gnt
tu oa'h^ Are nrP row;'; ";-i;; eishle*r .iic;' bde6
ershrPl'ldbh'hins'rhefbt
;*,ppir"Jtur"llxi.*ct"*i$
tii nri. ,i".t' i, r"u-"d
Pi'i spde then fothe ighl?kl
"shl
nl e forth 6ril th seond ddPomt p6tion ie Ea'rEd we m6l ac'
;? r lre d b? drspl,!..t D the ru6r line{vlethiePahrm
r--r*""i" r","" * 6-Ct lte acmPli+ u'ih lhe folomg

.:6lbLLGL[Msalrul!):
tlr b dr
kd
ro ii lude tnts mble frich@ oud LnR e di'Plavtd:
-;h* o'FFrr 6 u*d b di'pl,v litr smmh At inv b w.nM

dlsabre

{GLJrm-9tr?PLE)

ln)
illshk u' or rhe oPdCL LG
;;fu.;B p'"s*;',lLi*
".
b tun.tiG bv oloftinc tlwe line sr.phs h dLftFt srvE m!d widta
rn +-" *i ,l.o otot. ttr* -'ld b sftratsd bv rhi5 Po8lu

t 6

ttF

ffinr Lcs$l. palh

sirh $e def'/ull

PatrPm

r$hd

rcu-FE;,6 Prdi's *d"hr'dsbe*th

lkd rdr 6.ncl Ltr ttle'
sdlb3hs]e$dthdaghndFlh'
E$ Ldth
ddblF'ddi d,5h p:M. ud
'iP

+rb 6rIcrctti.hinrws
/' Deflne a trt

void lrnePlor ('cP,D dataPt' t5l)

31Bee1n

(cr LDrLslirP):

fo.(l-o:l<5:k*)
31e.rt.x2r (dr pts Fl.r, dr pr! tll.r)|

s1h.b1. (cL !r[ srtPru):

8[rnestlPrre (1, 0r1c47);
31!!n.&1ppre (1, o*oorF);

/r rrplr thlrd r3t of (r, r)

(1,
.urr.8r1pD1.

o:orot);

r1D1.!b1. leL-L LsrrPPB):

other opencL Line Effects

In addirion ro sp.iJying width, sryle, md a solid .olo. we .an displry lines h
.dn rhe.olor JdB Lh. parh ol a
.uld Srroaho\. l or p\sDlp \".

hn.b) r*.Fi.q,diFe'"n

.oo

oe4h linee'dpondiw.de'r.rhFlmp

the followi.S cole segment we illrsirate ihir by a$igning a blue color io

adpoint of a
d a Fd .olor ro the other endpohi. Ihe $lid line is
dispLyed a a linar inierpolahon of the colo$ at th nv. sdpoink

line

grcoloi3r l0'0, 0,0' l'0)|

slcolorrf {1.0, 0 o, o.o);

glverterri (r50. ,50):

rrsbdedodercanalsobeswmrheargmtc! r!Ar. IncEtcae,

displayed n a sin8le color th color of the
' *ment wonu n v bccn
(2,u0,
,s0). That it *e would have a.n*aled a Fd tim Aduu,
endloint,
$o-c i,rlpd"rdulr sowetould STerh a.nmlNq rlfulrFd lolor

mtevenitwedidnotincludethistun hminourcode
r.dDrcdu.. orhe' edqFoydbplayrAdid cnrline,hrhav.d'rfeFnr
ldd;rkm" Ano we cr, -o rrre u* ortrP.drblmdng EdrF ol
;I br .uperinpGms r- o' ds ob,6 F w th \dling,lPhd .4lud A

*rie,dd o.herr thlqdRb

c:n b".in'n"bd w rh, p'.dmdPdnd

pnetnap.an rho be noved iniemchvly to Smeiat li.e
b. lndividul pnek in ihe pixnap ln be a$i8ned dilGmr arPha valles

Hen'lins. The

lmcs a5 brush or pn

shot6

FILL-AREA ATTRIBIjTES
bq aus
thpllG prd a8e 'mr FU.Fa. ro Povgm _irl.Fb
o be conve\ poly_
A E,$e' *'- hor rqL'F
tilE
do not intese.r nor thd hvobouda'v edses. However,
-dur*
6! we can lill any sp{ined eSroB, including cncht elliPs, md other
iith .Ned boundarie. And appliotios slstns, sfth a6 Paint Pr
DF\ de fill ophoro furarbtrrar y sbpd c8io6

i.;..q,:rj-

,o, tirh8 rFdd,d.k,\tstet mFth.

of rhe fin ESion hrs ben naPPed lo Pirel coordifrb oll PlwduF

;.p

No

balstr

prer rr"

fo'r r 1tr" rharnNrJedFd Thm Pi el

'nF,\a.
'rsbeoverldp
ae d b rhe fiU.oloi Anotier merhod fd
inr?Nals
alds
th*
overlap
bE
giva
interior
EinS is i; id lron a
PGirion and "Paint" ouiwar4 Pixel
i{;m lh^poir iol"cen omhr3Pr.ihed bounddn cond'ho.. nr
-E app6a.h is usualy appli.d to simPle shaP.s such as circ16 or E8ros
rolylin; bomdaries, rnd Soeral SraPhie PackaBF us rh; 6ll neil'od FiI
! t"' d+d {dnns mk'ior porr.r u*ru|/or SllnA,Fd w'th more

boudand

d in

inkr.ctive painrins

sFtft

Slyles

i.

fill aPa an ibule provided by a gndal AraPhi6 libiary is the disPlay

.a tlt interioi We c; disPlay a Fgion *ith a single color, a sPe.ified fi
orna n.lloh -tl'by+owrAorl\ tlPboun.arvolLFeFgm Th.'e
6II sryles aE in$haied in FE.4'17. We can also fil *ldted !ios oI a
6ing varioE brush styles, coloFblending .onbimriom, d i*tuE other
E ftllde .reliitrrm lo' rre d.p,1 or rh. bonoari6 of. 6I aF,
,dtSon.. b" ould snow L\e edged m d Emr'ooF $'dh',Jd'Dhi
rid *lar d't{pFnr di.pl:v a b brF ro' heforrrdbd lEcesofd
. rtr 'd difiPet oloh
dr co'o"rd] bP'P''6.d
4'a b' anr)
i!
pdnn(@ld
S;nr po- on. n fi .,nay or.
ro
a.ir8'e
eldd
rdi. d^ rtu(h furqo ponhotu "T bP d'Pla\ed rn
An aray spdilying a lill Panem is a m* rhat i ro b ,PPlied to rhe
r:aa sone sraphics s)sbems proYide.n oPhon lor selding an arbilrary
rhe msk Fmn rhis staltiq Pos ioa rh. nast
t sihon for overlayhg
iakd m rhe ho, ronJ and 'n.al d'airft uhl rhe d 5P'dy .Fr ts

hlodhFtu.d4denredsFunA
a

h nonoverlapping .opies of ih Patrem. r{'neP rhe Pattem ovdlaPs

FTGUiE

ar? er"

A dt.\al.ntht Pq4tus

,rllllllltr,

pdh[rr{.l} .x'A p".qm..o,.",..\t .Fpr---rL.db(osp"

_hi.
d pam.',,oln,
psts.. r Lu S d1 r ?d wi'. :,durSul I. FaHn
'n
cired
rilin& ind a Ftangular rill p te; is sometin* ref.rPd ro as a til
prtreh.sor{mF.ordelirtunttpnpr."F:.".trot, r.,-y.<n .u.,
^
.pc.,f

ratrr fiI paHen5snoqn in F,R.t.t3.

we can inplemenr a par;m lill by d.tcrnininS

LVhere rhc

parern olerl

-.r ilc rhr',m.. d h[ dft. dgm rE hom. "|e,t;d . "I p."

r.rd o:fr mr .weriprhe'e kner .p" r"..q
.Ui r.'o- - Ttxr^,
hu'ronrr.lvd rG.pi,e poiron..,'-.... || -... hFiti ....,"rr-pr,
rhGp

JiJ\ \ F

d. in.4alrdeHTnpd b! -p w'o h r d F-Bh . |' r< m.

"J'tr.dorcrlaps ihe 6ll ae, pirel ;otds
wner the parbm
ac sei a(onr;s b ihe ral

Hatch nll could be applied ro egions br dra$ing ets of hru sAneni

display ei ther singlc ha tchin8 or dosshakhins spa.ing and slope tor lhe h
lines could b Ft as paranchG in a harch rable Attr;atvele halch fil.ai
epe.fiedasipademaniJ rharpr.,ru(sscsordiaonr ine;

aerp?tcporr"r {pr'r' t.".r ,^e.. ,.;.,r tor enrr be*

poruon. in.'deo'
to;tr.un( t-.F
enooir..oLld be.qar : po lgon\"1- O t.r -'{ep"ifl o,.dbp r
fl\.onve,if,r

* rlelo$c-rcl (om, olhe

b.L rd -d F .fs p o d,.,nd

d-cr/
coidinaie qhnh ot &e iegion. To simptiry el{iion ot ^b\
ihe rereronce rt
dirr16.,ur- p".trFAdtwr\i u+ 1"..,1l,.! .n8r, J1"di.ptr) xmo
e1
it 1",F B:L:l :l*li i$il'pr, 4 *"\: f !1 E,,,'r' "- | \ wrdxrb dmaPPe'
sinotles lhe tilins;Perahos rvhF ea.h elehenr ol I Padem is to be
by the

i'r,'i,j r''4eP
,."o"..-r.r- !*L"t. "'t'.-" p . r ot . FP _,11"
r.' PF
.
no-"r.n"- - rq r.i,-r " + r,; r'.I
'r"n
"
r
n
od r
hun
p.t m
;r a*:'."-'.^r'
'
r

'
",""..,.-,'
,rdnlrbnoroJ
r-,j ", rl, tt.- +-""'.plr\e'ub," o t' 'o'
oordlh 'ea5
nru
-,r'.""*,.*-' xn-+"o,t"i
'p-'
r\d
b:
rcr
Jnd
!
Jn-"'err,irrte.J"pir.n 'or ',rr
-'d'\4
Pd
hr\c.tfrFp:rem$
rhc ti fF-r. cd! cnr.ro\"-ldpp r3JT
' a - -p$ir'orunr a d i
15. -"..
-"* ."",-.,*. r*"a"" **; rn
P''l' a: fh n I"d'i$red-r-"b;(",hr--.;p"r.1
_oulr rpFd rubP rrtP"
n.\ins
obr
de rhe cbr. r ']b.r: a
'
' ";r, ,".n"
te oJnd u n aa o mu osr 'r" F\Pd 'n
,,q."
-n"
"u"
".i
colol-Elended Fill Regions
Il h al$ Nible to .onbine a lill

path

with backgroud

'o1os

in var

5b,.Crcund
-.". a-u.- .,U *--l-.dr
d.roddb.n'"dhr
r,"
rFb+LFo
,, ,r,i,
r.""
".,
""---",
r'Pr?
urepld'o*'iror
rnpr
locltd
rcd
d
rr
ooa ."". Or h!
;.-"^h"Aho" loe,.rrd,a-"upe ron w'dd onb \ ':b\
paitem

viih

backgrcund Pathm

ro r a

bn

ry

(bla'l and_( hie) svsten

ffi

m
to
fI
lo

nl
t xl

tu\"b,f ?r'r{h a 3oncllor

l
'
metoi'''h'on'nrheril uloDr
4i,.""r... o""'" -,,t*
re ed8!' korhe rPPl ahor
t^"*.,a--ar.rtuIa
-r'
- odrnrp,nrns ia('o-"Firhdrbi'or'sndr\
:;;i., '.,-.'l"
^,".
',.J' F rhcl " ri'u"or
.r,..,i.,.J..*.. -''-+ ".e'e ir .L'Rntheo ata
In ei6er cas' we
.olos
"t'ehind"
tli U-l*-,"a
. nrr, ."ror
6I
^.a
rea
as the
over
lhc
r ,i" ..* mr ."r.' ," r"'! ,r.. *-e vaiaiions
'unsi
\.---mnl.or h!m.ol I r\eld ",? IlloiSd FPdrBrbar*ar'
'rr t'r d "iBre
r ;- ;,r;-' l'.
ea'r. d\ r' ?'rq : ra's'oL o ur Fw
r 3:a{;;s"errowhe\,lu-tu
s. *'
p.Lo
rh.r'.tr.;urt, bd"h'm,\ \o" he-'arL'r
.
-..a.'
Jrd
;h,
;.o l|".'dPca..? Pw a.lfv,4 !rr" rrPdP'rhP ntl<d'
of F and B:
- line,r .ombinarion
P=II+O
q-c

Ljtmerntl, L..nrbt4ded.ol

'B

Eihetanrparen.) rad.rr has: \aluc behven 0aid

e"rr le$ ihtn 0.5, th. balreFdd.ulnr \nnrdbuts
a*.I the F8ion than dds rhe fill coloi Vecror Eq 4'2
4nent or th .olos, wiih

I d ths caldlaie ih valm

AMbttA

oJ

ctqhn, htulids

ri

whct t = & G, oi A; dd a* + AL. Theoruh.ally, paranebr I has the sane

tor each RCB compondt, blt the roud olt .al.ulatio6 to obrain int%er m
r6ult in difieEnt values oI t lor diileml .omponents. w. .an mininizc
6und off erbr by sel{ting rhe .onpondt with the l,esr dilisFre betu
fill .oloi Nt with the b:
F and B This lalue or I is ihen u$\l to nix rhe
g6$d coloi \de can .(omPlth this niring usinA eiiher a nodind
boddary fill prcedure, as d.sdibd in &.tion 413
Sinilar .olorblndins prftsdurcs .an be applrd to an area whose n
gtulnd color is b be ne.ged w,ih nultiple back@und color mas, such :
cn{*erbdrd pattem. wnen tuo backgDund cob$ A1 and 3: ire mired q
Iosmund .olor F, thd rsulting pii.l color P i5

ns

riF

+ rLq + (r

- h-

floljil

n)31

(l 6 rr) musr eq
rhr RCB .(
tu
I
proportionality
pa*rete$,
r. and n Th
oneonenh io slvd for ihe iwo
p";.8,.,. h-*"d b*,q"nd h r..ro,\rF u "suoa,8rodo rc
ioobLn rt-" n." p,,d.ot, I l\.r I rhh ba,.B.ornd (o.F ad {m ror8tuI
where the sm of rhe olor tqn coefri.isnb r0, rr, and
simultanous equatids usjng eo ot the
We .an st !p

cold, or wiih rwo bmqrcund and h{o toreground colos, we ned all lhree x
equa rioro to obtai. the Fla uve anouns ot the tou r coloE For sonc lorgror
and backEbuftl .olo. conbifrtions, however, rh. sy*m ot iwo or ihR F
equahons .ffol be solved. Ihis m.u6 when the.olor valu6 m aI very sih
or when rhey rF all pspodionai ro each othe.

EIE

GENERAL SCAN-LINE POLYGON-FILL ALGORITHM

A san line nU of a Fgion is Frfoned by hBt debeminin8 the inte*ft]

oo-.hobol'tebouadd'tsorrl-"hll'eeons'lnP.flmrdr l.16 nDr
i ll .olo^ d rppl,ft . pa h -pd'on rr '.a.l.F hdr!c.r' mrrc en.
the 6ll Egion. Ihe sanline lill algoridm ideniili* the sane inrerior rgim
th. odd even rul. (se.tion !r5) fte simPlesl area lo li n a PotySon, bRa
each $anline intesedion point with a polySon bomda.y is obtained by $h
a pan of sinulhneou linear equarioE, where the quahon fot rhe s.,n lin

lieuPa-20'1.-.1rF-r\eb..' -"n lincPsedu?tu a:.io r.l r6ll

poha;. F-ru'lhd crc.* ,h.p"ry8oa bP.ds" mh
""".re
rn lud
dd rhen the Pitel Posirions betueq and'*<hoN
;o'i"d I'on left in
'iShi,
-p-.n<d ill .lor lnrh--.atrPleotFg 4
dLhre
$c roi p \el rhGpfl d pn.'..n5 w'u l}e Polyqor bou.Ln+
.rethp, or.1h nor p.pl5. ThJ- l}r hll ro n- s roohed ro rt in" p' "r. f
I'ob' = I r rld rn rhpeLf p'\sl. tun - - 3-o I - 24 lf d lrha
is io be applied b rhe poly8.4 rhen the .otor fo. ca.h Piiel along . san lir
deternined frcm its ovedap posftion l ith ihe lill Paitd

However, ine $aniine fill algodihm tor a Pdlygo is not quik .s sinpl
Fiq.420 misht sussesr Wh.nse. a <an lhe pasg ihrouSh a \de! ii inter
po
",is*:r hd p"i., r.-on. d"^ rn .drBLrndn6onrrb.
"e.;
how'so dr"n4rh: c
bod;dd! nter'e.ror\ro' r 1m me F'qm4

*.

a p"tlso;6x dd,nd
oi.dqp ard F" Mo pai\d

ideniify the interior

pirl

sprm. Bur

tl

lne ofr
lols r\'
'ar
san line y ,nkse.ts lile polygor edger

Cddtt sut Ltu Patwrn FiI At{till,n

RE

4-2o

hknorpre 4aron8a!6line

h']gtNl!!o v{h.6 ka; La!setudramodd

s4
vsm*a6
rEd

'oddrituordll

h rhe nbrcr p*L ror\r Li" y wemL{rcur rh.relret mh's.fron

vorponr ftus sqepd.N*dnhnF we nN !o d stu3L'n bew.s

W.d dphr rhe l@loqnldinec' e bc$ een lan linP rrd 6.an.re '/
14 +21 ot rorhs ln; pGi im o h" nrRlna edgF Flrrive b l}F qan
id {,r lne a rhe lr"o eds.- s dns ,n rr*(tio \ eic\ dF un ooPciF
or rh. s.n iire Bur ro' vtr h?, rhe o mhr{tu8 edse5 rr borh
r rhe s lin. Thus, a vendx that has adjoining edges on aPPosite sid6
n mpq@ <anrrc.houlo @.ounrd a, jD{ one boud y th+chon
d lae.n'd;nhry,he* \e-b F b) !ac nEmid $. polvSpn boudrd in
.lo&wise or caserldl$i* ords dd ob*niry ln elative changes in
y coordimis as we nove hom one edg b the next. Il lhe inft ddPoint
; d ho.ol.&ti\. ed8$ mo' o'otuJv increa* or dRM e Le n*d
ve d 6 a single inr.sedion Poinr lor the Fan
@r the shared (niddle)
qpd
\ Ohe i*.hPshaRdLedP\PPr*nNdlodl
e. rq LhmuBh lhal
tuo .dge
rhe porvson bomad4 ad
*.in-r
i'- 'minu- o.
'hP
"n
vertex
b
added
to the
that
can
tioN vib\ the sn lire Pa$ina tlrcush
Oieserhod foJ impLmenting the adirshenr b lhevellex-inrese.tionomt
+onen ene polygon ed86 lo splft tho* vcti6 lhat sholld be ouhd
'E inrer*tion. we can prds nonnorizontal eds6 aoud rhe Po\go
ary in rhe o-dcr ,pqsed ejl,her ddtwi'" or olnknlels.* A. t.
ced.h cdB". hc (an (hecr bd+llft wl'ette'Dur dAP rd rhe.
$ortontal ed8e hiv ither nmolonically incPasing o. d{asing fldPoinr
lE. lf so, ihe lowr edge an be shorkned lo etuue $it only lm inhs..tion
r i5 qendred lor rhe s.r line going througt ih olmon verter joining th

Fsura., ubdEs 5ho{.Maor an edBe who ihP cdpon u

dft 6o th\opdRA,F n.Gadn&lheIvaluPor L\.uPPr'4dPoinr for
,.dA6

L ddMsed by 1, 4 in FiS. 422 (.). Wnen th endPoint y valu*

@obnicallv d4reasins, 2s in Fi3. +2 (b), we deG.p the y coodinat oI
epr endpoint of th ed8 tollowing th cllmt edee,
!pi.all, ertain popsries or one Part ot a sne d Flad in son way to
Fop.dF s dhs pa'borrhe !trrP. dnd $"f !oh.Ene p6p.ni.r @bf
t r 'omprEr saphr6,lsonrhm ro Fdue Pt16-ma aoh.,mP m.thod'

.rm!r ed$

ar tutrtLnlrn t iutia'

s.

.;,".risn;"mir{
fi. !im'd-"tr

seu*r

'

rh. eds.-m'\ bch8

d ,tu

P^n'{

'pF.r ;ib),h.!.*rdmab^,heupr!,

'eK:reo

NJPPIcd 'ln Cr 'rr8l"' dnL 'cnrbt '

ad;;m nr! irr'iPdsrin*s ion
dr' ur, r"N i;"3 :n' eds' b)
"Dro
'ns I
r'.ur
n' onsne'r

l
i",-"-.r.
"^
-1,.""-.ll.
*' ,. --'",i*;.r -',:'.:"'"
':.i;,;.f:;;;;
i.-.,g",-..".. ', ' d";r
rnrns' +"'loP'
-''l-- *,,.".L". -- rr^ " ^'nE hp'clh."edseor';
*d'nr*
i.*dh..
ihi:;;;.a;;;.o;...d '. r,*d di; -..
.

sin

e L\e

.hange in y cordinales be$ em the hvo san

line

sinPlv

i4' Yr=l
rl-e
,

nnhMttion \rue4 on

uPk' srl

rhe pre.edinas'an

linP ran be

lin':'

derPrlncd ftu1

bv adding tnc
Ea.h su<ce$ive r interccPt .an ihus b caLulated
ddP and dudFE io the ne.re{ intqsr

inverr

*";;
.-^";;;i.;;i;;.Hn;orLhe,ure.r,hn^rc.$rsndc\
6.0:'dBe "k*""n4nra
rI." ;.;:;;. ;;.;;'",*prdeom
roPe a rhs ih*
edse q
o"i
d'
l- ,# *".-*"a'-a"'"*a-"i
'tr
A

4no cdtlt
r.he ior

rcan

lire t abovc

the

inli, *an line can b c.ldlaied

sdn Lin PaWd

as

+qucni,dl{ Jl3u.irl'n.t}Fn(-l''mFro. r valuesb\ rh.mour + JlonP

.an be acconplished with inrqr oPerations by Ralling tbat tfie doP

':L
een ih. edge 4dpoinr r md y .mF
y aF llE dilteren es k
valu6. Ihlr incEnenral calculatims ol x inrereph along an edge for

Ax and

i\sd lrn6.d bec\plgd.s

tr peton inkger 4aluaii6 of the I inErcePb by

h" -fthPntin8 rhe our"r b\ rh. \ alJ ol \ caclt
Elj"-S . *8,
^
16l.n.
Ithcmverr\..ourFr\: LebcmmP..qutb
seno.pLproanei
arerthm ay, we i.@llHt theorenl r i.k'gtion valueby 1 and d<e.e
drrerby $p \rlre A/ FrnP1rL- . equn dlsr ro tunu ff3 'nleSer
this e'tuaiion,

w.

l,o 0

,rahotu prrblor,mh-ephedD.rrpnM8rher&r.ondlpdd'nhl$e

Al an evnpl- ol Lhi. .nregcFf

n dope i =,.
h m pfdr .o I

<\emP. suPoN

$.

haLe an

'nclhE s" Fr rie.odrer ro 0 rd t}F

{rn.r".
A, qe mo\" up b rre re'r urR ..J lne. alo18 dri'
Ar OF'nibal

9. On rh $ird scm
- lhe cound i3 sucesiElt asiFed the Yalu6 3,6, and
.bde rhe ininat sta Linq the ounler now hd a value gtai.i tia 7 So we
err +.r
!m'd mrF bJ '.,tu Fs4fietounh b tlE vdluP
'nFrsron
7 = 2. we ontinue dcremininA Lhe e.n'line inrereections in this w.y $nl
Ech ihe uppe! endpoi.r of the edgs Simild cal.ulatiotu aE erried oui to
d nrelwbmsrored8ew h mS.tive sloF
iGread of rM..hng
tte.dn ord b rhprdrcnPi.el ,
'ahr*Imvdlue
inr'giim
alSorithn e thai
in inkfei positions, by modiryinS the edge
iremenr is rcmpard to Ayl2. This can be done wilh inteaer .rirhmtic by
ntinB the coukr with the value 2Ar at ach slP and .on?ariry the
flt ro Ar when lhe ilrendl is geaei than or equ.l to Ay, we irrEaE
r \allpb .Fd d.ffiell'l-P ouh b) lnevaluc of 2^! lnou Pvid'
ple wilh r, - 1, tne rcutr valG lor th n6t few *an lines abov ihe ininal
be 6, 12 (Fdued b -2), 4 r0 {ftdued bo 'l),
Ile ." thi" .d;e {old
(pdred ro b,.0 t dnd".12 r4du.cd ro -2r \oh, \o'ild be i.menled
*,n d* 2 4 o o, rd -o $nh ,bo\e rhP n'hrl qan line for duE c4r
dtia calculatiotu cquired for ea.h edSe are 2Ar = a: + Ar and 2^y =
+ A, which are carrid dl as preptre$ins stePs
To ;ificiotly perforn a polyln fill, ve @n 6Bt stft tE Polygon bomdary
rrrel.dA. labk thai .ontains rl th info]mtion ne.esrt ro Pde$ lhe sn
fn.iddy. Prdeding dound the edges in idEr a dckwe o. a codber_
wi* ordr, w can Ge a Sucket sort L stoE rhe edg6, sorted m tie smald
u oi eact edge, in the corE.r st{-tin pditiN. Or y nonndimtzl edg6
rhp $dpd ed3e bole a5 +c ed3f6
o.eFd
PrcNd wP cs abo
'c
'nb
ed.m -d8* lo reso've the lea inle*trm quabon Edch enh in

tit

)"'\ru*l
4ffi|
*,* **,.*" I
..,_""^n"*
:"":
:.::
-..,
-"""
rd rhe'lveMJoPeorrrP I
mt.".
Lr'"'.-*reori.t,er.r
orrheedgc
'n"\,
r'8tr42l I
edee l-o-.,.nwa.|tr rheedse.drn{dedorda hom eirroriSlt
tn;h,d oolveol.nd lhe,$ ared {n"d sdse rdble
l
r.r.i *'"1c*- ,t'. *, ' t''- nom ro. bonom or rrrP Polvscn ro 'b roP I
odrns e; r@./qrbr b' dd 'cr b! ( t'ss the p'[soF bo$'trae I
'rhe adi\edft d r;. <i hm.orbin.dU ds$
rh vM liG I
'm"d b)

nh nerarh pioh!

d'

utic

L'rd b obtu'n

Lhe

edse srP'

"c'tft

oloF rrafror ' al. r'd iotutr be l'.il'u "d by sroriB

LnDlend6nm'enP
dd Av vdlu6 in rhP {ned edEP lin Al.o ro msure l}ur we co'F rlj hn
^r nrn- or 'p".n.a po\S"*. we un "Pplv hP . odiddr otu dMu'd
+e
<tim J l .lor cr.h ae line w" hll l rhe p'\el sPrtro' edch p"r ur'
'n
srt nh^epr \: ucrd endrgr me Po''id

b'"'.ih.'bhh;t^ -kreDl At

ea(h oo vqon <dse

'rn
rdr n rhe !"diFfrunar Fiop6dponr' Tt* T"rua

p.'eLin'd; drpolvson.wir

n",o'drap

br "hoJcred b)
Eri' dntec

'l5o

tr

I
I
I
I
I
|

L\4 |

EIE SCAN-LINE FILL OF CONVEX POLYCONS

I
I

rprh a -un-.'ne t'lprNLfiod on\s pol)gm itFF!dbeoJ

[ne so be ned h Dn6 I
torc/h s@n
--" rtan j i'.e,. mu"-.P,n FAe
'*
foJd Mob'Jnd,'} trhrtbn h0'edcn
{4". ody mrilw.
,he po
"Son
ff lne (o>sq Lhe Po non 'ranoi
r.". sorrhr d *usPd rne pR'ds8 s'm
ft"r*'a;.lyBo.;
'n d8.i u*
"^"t,t
.," s" .
ei.o.iia*.av "r.m r' polvsol hll vte
'oo_dmb
dne lrr{l*rion truradr' Mrh
-h . h;dehue whi.r ;eF.16r.;
lhffi 66 thd oerFmc rh. inprio, pi e \pr lo'thar'4n Ine wh're v
bo;d.') rhh..ton ponL w\o r ar
.*ing -,r"a ^.
"
"nBlP
""rWhen we

Ftt Mdh&s 1a. Ata\ uth

I g'.pi- p*ie!ld-iei aaur

n4tut s'tndoru"ot

orl\ $tl Poinl

iPe\ ro' e\'mPlet q'Po _h'm:h
5ll'ne
,,",\", *,r.i dl. drd' b be h 18 6

each

tuncle\d id{r@eedg6toDffi'

wrrH

i8A$;b.t'o,iiiblS,txEcroNs

nonlnear cqlatiG J
kan ra s'th ruded boiddn6 i dsd'bed hr m
he hI w d,ue
..* nme rh,n a?olvgon
r' r9*".n
[U,* *"i'"r
ntrR rion
boundan
bur
rhe
"r.4
10
,tt.,.r' a."l"a - Rrol
--.

lhe bomd,
pi'.-"a *itt ur eqL.hor And r\eiloPe ol inc*obr
"r,m",,*
*ir;;i.""shp - ." .m; use rhe sh.ishrro ard
;;
d.hor rhar r po$lbl. wih q'rig\LLnPedrs
m'thod'
r.,-. ,ri"r. .*:' .,.,' ,. .";o, eu+; t' an :P'l) til
(A'nB
o'
er''pe
a dnL
m\$ poryeo* rah s;n rsp
;;;ro;;;'
derPrminc rhs so
.' r,"' .'' u" u-ai.v'-"*rtotu And dwed' dellDr
tne in.F
1""" point;o.e-i'er" *"a",y o'd r(lc wP mP^ u'ma
dr hon
6u
n
i ;,aLi;;od 'n tr:dpomr ;p'l.od rc'ten
P'btue
p,'"r.p"* t,- *" t. **" Poinr rhe orhs 9vmetr
t.. *;Ies) aE usd to RduG ihe boudarv
i, i-a L**
""-t
aF for a oe secton'
Si-ii,i.amt, -. * *"a . Ssndate ar'rill:d
t.."."a tv -;lliPh"l p t 'hdiehr n ' <tio
i-.r",
-+iii... - .",
u" r'rl- ,.r.e. ..-t.ar'oa d c^ d'r bc PdslrF sm'
*1i.i ;.**t"t -lii"t"tt.* "F explofled whemvd P6ible ro Fdle

@bbr\ no*P'dNina wercird

iJi.*.ii*.,^",-* - "'awoF
*'ri, i.*noul mano' m.omb'n''on wi h Funenc'l Fchniqu6mro

tr'. .-.r,"" rrere.l'oN our u6ual v 'J'o i me boudtri6

-,."
$mired Mrh {ra'ghtsline *8noc.
FILL MEIHODS FOR AREAS WITH
IRREGUIAR BOUNDARIES

E ioDdch

fr r hlljnq d

.pa

ed

'Ln at dn ft'6e pnqh'' d

rE bomdd^ nri'b'P rtuuih

aF,

B ro

p.-'.'r tu
; -;:;;;";.;;';y
.i"-r...,; r"i irr,"e "":- * + fterr.r boos"
qt '"'\"'de'3r're'&r
yPyl:j:oi
-;-d,
, p,-ip-s'.-.""i*u1n"*
"
'lP:l
're1'
j;-"
boudarv
either
the
abooi
in,o'mtion
ii"
* sI"J *a
-r'
"'i"i;

r$!dGllftNlar reA$N witha !m8le old or

hm lilr wr o;rl.v a aolor ma5! as drfl$ed s
m the pFd E Pree<s.d iu.olorredeFmsedbv

b.rndddorlome@or''.pdiied masingl"'olo- iqenr rlrScmrer'o.*..i".iripr.i *,,r'ti"-ud:^ or;'rPr'ounh.d ft 'mersod

FICURE

a-rs ht"-

frU

Atbiblks

ol

GnPhB Pn

iti6

FIGURE4-26 EiamPle.olor blMdan6

bMdary-fin Pr@'lu!.

lor a

(a,ld rh. bdnd4-dll rlronth4.. emp oy.d linre-art\ep.inhrgPa.laSe

q h.E imrior @ b are a"'l\ *le(red l nA a snpll6 tabler or oth.' int
ri\edeur an:r!h,rdd*iF;ien.rdha5gwoJrliF *lerrafiUcolorta
rh.;. bord:l rcld and phl m,nhorPod It
'."1", n6tr slrtd
horp llrrmor tren porea o ut" hI (oro. Both imr dFd oure- bordri
.i^ i".i'p r" 'i+n"" !' '*' '' bododl dl md ri8 az'rlr^hdeee 'nPl
rcsiffi
lnr
'" qd{tvins
"i',.h'1,color
i.*ai,.-r'tt ,t*oarlr nrh @r i. Dho' Po'nr rr !\ d
dhD;ved
Mb-i;; ;;';. .i noa.borus p;nhotu L_od hn.d PG'non D nor
'
nqghbo.u
L
old
rhe
nl
.is.a.ii,.nmseo
-t
';nd
'i.-l'.-.a-"
; Ip*l'dFPre*d uDrothedFi3ru!

i.'Jn'..i-*at"-"M,**d
ro the a@
bomdan
'--r'* .;br
Fom
4 ii +*' *. .",hodr ro prc.*n8 nes5boru8 p'\els
lou
nE
poinh
ar
te"hd
!27(',
ne slboina
.,--i;t *iu.. h r'q
pn!
ln
\rrnr
bPle
,*,i" "J --** 't,i*.sht eft "bate dd
shd
mehod
i -'.irr"J ti ,r.^ ."u"a *.ned +ldnftred rhP reMd
H' th' s'r or mshhod

,*a r.tl .." .mde\ hsra

a' thN d d
l*';'-. i. "*".a *rta* u. fo; dkg;.1 plt '5 w'Ug.**ted
/
"
r'r..*-a ,EnB rNs iPPcc5rv 'rerilr ldlh'r
iJ."ia*--'
ol rh' d
rh'
ii."""*J**a.r t'lt ,t,ao't* ; o',ld .aF
'nknd

t_ii" r.lirui

&ffibd

ra

G) md

an

ao".J. i,. +x. i,', ri*Ared

bounddry'ril dlso-ittrm dodd onlv

*"fl"*i:,ffin
..-"*a
,

i"uao

,deduF ,uchne' , "*,{v" menod d @dbng

,*-.i* . - A..br 'p. tud in P'rdnft' r I Llcolor' uP

oro.

'p*i*a

;iGIRi

P,
" '*r

a:ti
(a)

boufttary

kMeild

ft aiea detimd sithin

'he.olo'
r
dry paniany !'d in {h) 6in3
boudiry_fi ll.leorjn\In
G

rsion br

inc lud

ng

fou

r additional staie men

(inr r, 1.! y, int rilrcalor

setPix.l (x, y, hteriorcalor)

!- hordercoio!)

boudalyFilr1 (r + 1, y ,
bouidqlypi1l4 (, 1, y,
boqhda!yFi14 (: , y + r,
bouidiyFi1r4 (., y . r,

r rcolor,
f rcolor,
f rcolor,
ritl.orof ,

r_

filrcolo!))

bordercoro.)r

bordercord)|
bo!dercorqr)l
to!d.rcolor)

&-, .pborndd. i "ls ' \n'm,l rn_t Fg'o".c.'e h'lsm! .h

r,,. .d. ",'dd\ ol plr.' d nrref ll.olo nl.. ! cur br Jrra rrr^' 5n
s.ertpi\elsboihfoibound y cold and for fill oloi Encountdng a Pixel
an l o -d rd. ler 'Sorherinre-'o
E unfilled. To avoid rhis, we can fi6t change the .olot of any i.rerior Pixcls
aF iniiially set kr ihe Iill color befol applyins tht boundary_fill PrfteduE.

rhis pro.edurt rcquircs .dsidehble sta.king dl neighbo.ing

s. moP eI6.isr merhods trr 86eral1y enPloycd These merhods fill hoF
'e
o pmtrd'rs w 4.otr" Fd o'
'n.rP.o
-lrntP'""dorlr
.
r"N3r 'oPJ 'a
,.i "r-'.tu''eo"
"
dih horizonlal pixei span, instead of sta.ting all unPrmcitd ndghborina
.ns ,round the .u(e.r Posihon. Starhng frcn ihe iniiial jnterior Poinr I ith
rprhod, w. ftsr lill in th..ontiguous sPm of Pireh on lhn a ingscanline
: Ne lo.are and na.k sta ins positi.ns r.r spans on rhe adjaceni san lincs
E,o-r!iRdeh' pd d- l-e ulhau^' \ozm n.t aAor po' r un' o LanPd

ar{, sin.;

$r.ii prr!.d n I' bo'.' .i. a o.'.'"-9. I I o * *t"'"t .u ou\ hon hom thl tupurrh.sri.l Jnd PPtrhPtu.e$
* . .-p.. t.- p'el p"n .orlo m lrl"d , trg h.:Pprc . "
ned lor ihe 4{onne.i.d resion in Fisur 4 2e ln this e\adPle, we list

{an lines suc.csively ton rhe start line io drc bP boun&ry Atir all
r {an line aF !ressc.l, ws fillin ihepixtl splns on the Fnaining $an
r order dovn i; thc bo ,om boundary. The lefho$ Pia.l Pciion ror ea.h
o Lr\rd 'n a ru !1o'oPr iTssu^F're dn
rid,o"nllrare,i"
r hu; r i" e +lo ln'a of lbrFLn tP nn' o.n.. bPenI' l,'d dd
hs posfions I and 2 for sPans on the next un litus (beloa and above) are
ial h FiA I 29(b), posihon 2 has ben unsta.ked and Puessd to Pmdu..
1Rl.p'i o"n , '.I F{ar.,iPrrIrp.rhor 1 r 'D.inPlP'P"n lrle
:.r'--ha.bFn{.r..d A ",po.'hor1'.p. e.-.d i d.pd'-drd
s

'la"d posljons afr as shoun in Fig 4 29(c) And IiS. a 29(d) shows rhe filled
! rlir proce$in s alt sllms in the uPP.r riSht of the sPco6ed ad Posiion 5
rr pRx;sd, and rpans are liued in the upPer left of the region, rhn PGittun
rriar up r".onrnueinepr".$.in8 ro, tht er\inlms

cH^?tEF', A nb'Btcd ftPdn m

aaa
aaaa
aaaaa a
a
aa
a
aaaa'
a
a
a
aaaoao
a aaaa' a

aaaa

a
a
a
a
(.) aaaaaaaaaaaa

(b)

aaa
aaaa
aaaa
a
aaaaa aa
ar
a
aaaaaaaaa
a
a
aaacaa
a
aaaa,
a
aa
aa
aaaaoaaaoaoa

a
a
a
a
3@shwiqtrpjliool
rt! 3kr.d siriw fn rer
tub

lor dE

of

{E sb*.

(c)

FdLd

uprnthl Fntm

or

aaa
a

aaaa'
aa
aa

aaaaaaaaaaaa

aaa
aaaa
a5 aaaa
a" aaaa
a
aaaa '
a
a
a
a
o
rd aaaaaaaaaaaa

aa
oaaa

'!

+ii.rlr, Li,!r/

- -.,,ires\r$antbliLln,(rF.olr).nircaihrrFf.rdefinedy,nhma$n8tp
: i.lndrry fisrrc.I30 thou5 an ii(ir bo ertt br se\erat .llrerenr.old

-..! $t.r.

p.jnr \u.h

irisby

tuphcr.3a sp{iai.d rnrenorcolor msr.ad

*.f.hi.8 f{r i tiniNlir bomdaN dn.r Th s nlt proce.trre i!.3 ed i 0oDd_

i::lgorirnn.r\nsb tomaspe.fitdrnicriorp.i,r(r,!)andr.asiSnallpir.L
5 rhnire(rcndyseii.a 3n enif iedn.olo.|lrhiltddsir.d aj .olor tf ihr
-r rp lfanr nr prinr his mo..drin oncnn.n.r..lrtr, rle..n 6Airc.BsiSn Firet
6n,rh.n, lntcriorpointshivethes,he.ol()iLlnFenhara.tN.ncdrd
. -r.n.d.d.ppro:.h, \'c th.n $cp rhror8n pi\.1plsiiions unhl rll mrdnl
- s hi\. bccn rcpann.d Thc ldldlins pntrcdrrt flood I'lh : ]{on.dd
:.irdursivel!r$iitlnsfronihe,nputp.sirion

(iqr x. int y, iot

3e!Pi,er (i, y. coro!J:

// set

co10. or

iot!!iorcolo!):
froodrill4 (, 1. y. firrcoro!, iote!1orco1e.);
r1oodrill4 (x.
inrellorcoler);
r1oodrill{ (x y L firrcolo!, i!!erio.color)

n.
-.-

$.1bv

::r: h lns

rbolr pi{{.durr io frduo ih. {.age requiton.nb of

filling honz.nbl pir.l sprns. is discussed for rfu boundary titl

arn mod:Iv rlr.

thc v.nur

ioteriorcoio! Ile

,r 3o.,. ,,. . '-,.-P,,t

$tps i. thn nro.iilipd fiood fit

: J hmaresjnirirn)thcs.rJlusirri.drnrra,rr91.r:h,undryfrt Sr.uring
I irrn positnrn ol ei.n sfrn, the pivl vrlucs rre.+la.cd unhLr vtrlre ollrer

EE

ope.CL

LL-ARLA ATTRIBUTF FUNCll0N5

. lop.ncl3rphi.\pr.L,ge,li are; ourinlsafr ivailabbnl..nveip.ty

: --!nl! N?ge.tnicdEplays ol hLled ond\ p.\g.ns m four ncps

hrlrcihrPallgon nll nntrn..

1nnii.ih. polvg.. hll Lrturc.topencl

Oes(ibe ihe polvsons t. bs hlld.

isdirth\.d up bind nrcludna th. Fotvgon.dg.s Tnus,

:!,..noboundr4 linosi,ounddrcailrrcsi.nriresrespccjini vrddihem

. lnr go. hLlpa pm

,i r

at b,,l.qh6PtinttF
rnadditionroiq^ @dil pJFr for " P' vSol mre'ioi thet dF a nJarba
F b dnPrd* hort( pol$' I wt"ftre
",i.i.,n".,..'t"u" t".^p1on onr u;Pd8e' dr send -d aho oE

.
-*".'.i.i.' -*- '.,pp; 'nd..
po vlirPPJ nil\r Aaodraop:m
';d
""r.'""
"-,r'juro+.i^p,1o
I rdd no Pdse' c-{ h'
in;o
\ih
i,-;4";;; .h" @!rc. **;
"o
J-a-.a't*,,"n"t'e".,+sho'drdba''a'e or"pohaortUaFd
OpcnGf Fill-Pattern Function

tEon!ohPL..or r{rid'olo' ?3'or'usirgrh"ard

r. Itt"."oir,**-:"r;pi bnsomGL qPr-41: babr rr
'1.",."i*.
hr Lhe ort"poi'n8Pi ' 'b
ii*,if'.*"'r'-'ri.."rrine cJ!r,r\P\rlror
rhtr rrrm'bduerPo i6
""*i,",r."--*n-r""-a,o
h
bin3 r\' oPe' Ldcb
b\
,^-r.-J n",ir o.,* "'p. hed nst n'isnsd
map u' ro' w"dedrcdb Pahn
b"g
'yr"i._,rr,.."".;,".a."'t
w h hdadeomdl\alue\,s {re ampe
SvdelaLlr

d.on\fl

crubyre

po

rPatrelD

II-

GnuelbP.o..hed.iairetr rh hcbodotr T$ orfiPstrP-rrnd @

d N \ bits apc n
i.'* - -u.,,'"--" rtt o, l}.p: Fn ,'!"d
or'hedqlavwin
ftaPr
c
iq n',,
*"arpd:.;* hee'
rheb

-*-.
""i
r: r.". r";'ndob o'nP, rno'pcnhcd Po'3o!rF en
i...'"*"
polvsons iFlS r'llr
where
-ctthe D;tm cverlap, thF*".d;;-boh'\
tf"urqr r"' parhns'd
'
""r'*"q,i*t
uIPolysensriPpla (iilIPatrern)

Ner

$e ne.d b

p.rrg.*

r-i.*

srlnatle

ablc

"

hP

nl

rr'"a *'our'rF

fo th
ebP {e 'PAL\ 'he \PJric$
l^e d^ _tt * rh fi

(Gr PoLtcoN srrPPrE);

Sinila.lt we tum ol{ Patern filling wiih

grDi6sbre (Gr rorYcoN strPPLB);

Or.fcL I t1la6 Attdhh Etndids

taa

aaaa

.8.E.7

FIcUnC4-32 A 3by rbn

erhn o) ,lFmpcnd m .

a?/

!32 iUstrard how

b applied to

a3

by

bit Patlm, Epaied ovs

32

bv 32 bil

bFn*hl(nFof'h.Plftn

ffik

IiI a Pdallellu

tntcrpolation Fdttcms
mernod o, Enins PoltSod h b F E\M

L Texturc and

p.hft 's di{h'ed in

r0 nrL. muFfi! p.ftm! dur BImuLh rhe'ubeaPPeram
we \r obtdin d
, bnc}" b .iled .kl d .m. oLhs rutdial Al{
g
with
the lim Fnriw
;s
s
did
J.t"^. oro,irs ., , p"lJ s* intfu' iud
f loi'
!
lr?poLuon
a'*.*': a* o ml'on "fr6
ir",
nndn
". *;g'i mp'oa'* *t .t JsPla)'
or shadcd
'urta
"e-i". "-,r"a
.r * i.*.pot,'i"" nl rhe rouowirB t odr Fsllmr asah
-'*,ipr.
g*- -[' *'}' or rhe dw redie or a tidrsle rhr
. u,,",
"
oF vtu
of the oloB
L\en a blls mFrpohtio
n 6ll B "L
't
alsh.dalod.l (cr-sHo@)
tDesr! {e! ErNc!8s);

rrv.te:rr (150,5o):

g1!e't.rri (75,

rso)

t r -uEle.olor ts*l fn $e ErmBIeG a q hoLe, ttFPol) 36 n 6I"d witlt

,r *..r'.,ts. tl*.s"-dr n th? grshldnodel firn'fio
-ro. ,"ia
;. p.l]B; b 6ll.d sidl d* h* olor iPR'n?d
;;.
-ru*n.".lr'j. *pb,
.tudins bur we(M rJu& $d
sx@n
" 'h.;daulr
pdtxm is ro b fiiled 6 d inrrPol'id ot
;; b ffiirldu $ai dE
:.

Wkr-flamc M.thods
rls. chm* o lhe onlv polvgo ed36 fli' Podu t wiPfr.ft
a,.pra1 .r m po5 3o o. 'ii todJdis?b$ polvSo bv dr) Pld_
p-u* ftR ;Pdms r *reftd wi$ dr
*" Ji"."
L

" ' ";;.

Antib,k.

al

itaphi. P'ntLB

H pramph iace ro oc-iF F wl-'.\ !a.c or lne pot$.n se h,nr

.he ,, ed8p. onl) or \ed,c onlt. TlL. p:rtrc'e ." d-.r 6,cned 4d
w"

cL

FRONT,GT BAc&o'eL lRoNr N_BAcKTtrqifwewantdlythepot

gonedsesdisplayedlortu.seledroweasrs.thcocranrc! lrBbpa;!

d13p1lyfiod.

plot o.ly the polySon vdtex poinrs, we ssisn dE con6t

yhode a rhrd o'tor.! cL FrrL Bu! rlb
rheoeLull d\p.ry node..ore u{, tr oni\ nvo; rtpo rraonrrode hhen t
$.nr b set arhibutF for rhe po ySon edSe or veme.
Anorher ophon n to display a polyf,on with borh d inftior tu and a diffe
color or padem tor s ed8$ (or to. ib rcdic). IhL t ac@nplished by sp{j
in8rhe polyson rwi@i;.e w h p4amero
@
err

To

dlrplaylod.;tb

![ra

thfl againwithdislrayuodesttoeL LrN.(orc! !orM).Fdample,

Ioll@ing.ode stion nlb a polygon inhrior

edges ae a$isned a ed olor

ha

ercolqr3r (0.0, r.o, 0.0) ;

\. Invgke poryson.g.ne!alinq loutiia'

./

srts

color, and

d\d

slco1or3f ( r.0. o.o, 0.0):

urPolrso od! (cL !RoM, cr_LrNr);
\. tnYor. PolysoD 3eierstilg
potvSon .om rhr d6 nor hJ\c rI qprtic. r rhp
plancl rlu\ nehod fo. dr,pLyDS rhe ed8ts oI r fitcd potyEon ru) pmd
8ap- dlo' 3 rhe ed86. Tlb .ffpd. .o n6fe, rfp-Fd b.. edt.hin& N. ,u*d
d,fipF<e. b.NFn, .lcubtiotu m rhendr-t! I ateonrhf, Jld . atculaum
rhe ed8r lim-drawi.g algorithm. As rhe inrerior of a thRnihensioml poty8c
i6 6nrd, the depth ralue (d*bn e lom rhe ry plane) is okltaied for e.ch it,
t
psftion. Blt this dpth vatue ai d edSr ot rhe polySm js olb nor ee.tly

For: .hFdn?tu {Dl

sme, tl. i4Fwn4.*i?rsr}.! theJ,sJorim6r,retirts{rr\n;

rr r\ponon nrpftF. wh qLj6irt as,r ru"oe,ih. ntenc d[
surd eLrd ituhadof dctt8e oro.iodj,pt,vbmcenGdl68rt_.bor

one r.) ,o .lil]rftr rh! Srps alo$ o,.pL) pd eds.. or a JrF.dll]rrui.

.
poiye.n
sro.Mbcdeph qalu!"cdl. r,atsd bv lhe 6l oLsc.odlrk
nor o\pnap n'rh rhe edse deph \" u6Id rhd potyad
lte do cJ.;;i
,osMa No Dpencl runctioG.

slBnlbre (cr_p0lycoN_oF.srr_Fru) :
(iactoit, racror2) |

Tn.IiRrlrtrrion r.h.re.

ofH

rcurine for{:n-llrc fith*, drd rne ft

ndtnB.poinrvaluF..cto;r mdrecro
b,.lrut.F $c;trou-".a9ri
n"*r,-,,i- r".tr."a
rhp

@nd -u*dtoq,tuupLor
rha aF

rd

"*,.

depriorer = Iadort tu \stop. + fa(rod . cosl

-: i\sh$ rhe frrr,mfn, roPr.t llc Porygon rnd.obr in rnf,.

's
lionconnr.(^ foripolygon,.iheryplane,{heslopec0 othenie,ihe
.irn sl,)pc is.al.ul.ned N rh. .hingc in dcpih of rhc plygon divldd by
.: rlre.hang.,n r or thc.htr.g. in ! A ryPl.:lv:lue ln ihe rNo f.r.i.n r
. - rr 75 ur I 0, rlthlugh omr dpcrincniaiion * ith tho fidor \ alu$ is ofio
,--.r! ropmdu.cg.od rsults As in .xifrple !r :siBni',g vilue! b .ll{t
odesesne.i is lolLoas:

;rEnable (Gr. roLY..N .FPsar FrLL)

:-eorygonoffier (,0 r o)l

,i.inttriorfillof thepo\gon lrpL'$eJahtl.fanhcraaatiind.pth,soihrt

erlerehiihihedepihra]tesof iisedges ltn'hopo$lbler.imple

!-n.ti

ndhod by rpplying ih. oller b in. h. drawin8 algoiihn, by chanS'

rsumenroIihe
r
slEnable hm.inhbcL PoLYcoN
r-.., $. wint to u* ncgafi e fadrore ro bm8 the d3c dePih rilu.s.los.i
:.f,relud irnted todEpLay differeni olor points ar the vertei Positiont
.i olh,ghlightcd rdsrs, thr irFrmed nr ihe slEnable nLndFn Nould be

_, rlns

\nother mcthod frn cl,nmiiinxthe +ii.hin8 elfe.t ilong polySon dlg6 r

the Open(:I- ddftil brffer io l,nt thc poltgon intenor hlling $ th'r it
.. 1.r ov.rltrp thccdgcs. But thrslppro:dr is more ronPlnared :nd g.ncnll!
!. $rhcp.lyg.. depinn(sernthod F pnfcnd
idsplavrconc r p.lyAo. usi.gOpenCL routin6, r'. mu{ ft*splitii
, !d of.onvei polygons we ryFrrllydividc a con.ivrpolvgon intoa sei
n'tls, unng ih. m.thdls d$cibed i. sr.rion I 15. ThPn we .oul.l drPlaI

:r.cavcpolygonrsarllregionbyhLling rhehrngl.s Simil.rlrit{enant

.nly ih. pollgon \ cniccs, we pld ih. tirngle vefti.ds Bur io disPlat
lg,nil.on.rvepoly8on jn : wne-ham.forn,rvc.amoi)unseithedisPlay
:?iocL rrN!,b..ausihrrwouldshlrvallthctrirngleedgesthataFinrerior
r? original concive Polr-g.n lFlg 1 rll
:flunarcll opencl pmrides a nc(hinisn thatallows us to eliminare se
.: dgts lrofr a wnefrrne displ.rtr. Er.h poltgon rc .x is dord $ith r
- t aa8 thaindnaleswherher ornotthaiverter is.o.nected to the.eit ler
:. r boudary.dg. S.rllrv. ne.d dois*t thri bii flag ro ot" and th odgt

. \r

.onca

por_r3or

{i) inio

{t

tullowiq ihrt rcrhx will noi

be displavcd $e ser this na8 lor

a'

edge with

tr'

,ln fi.ng Thnt)pencl nniur..:n b.usd b$it ii(csoll

n i.L..L\!i$.rdd The ..nnini
l.-''"
''r
1 . u'.iloltri

EEE

CHARACTER ATTRISUTES

ippeii.rn.r ol dbpll d drinrd.E t h ittrblits su.h :i ldn,

.,,l.aind ori.ntrho. i. fr rnr pa.lagcs,inrblt$.inb.\.tbo$Iorcnhtu'
:nu sblfss li( rt) rnd lor i']dtr u,n .h.tr.reF tlft . bc u{d ntr sFA irl
:f{snL.h is pnthng i Lldi g Ph
hr( ir r !(!i 'han\ posibl.i.n dntl:!.Ptionr tun ot all, iherc is thr
r.oininr ny tyF ofi rc ), rLhi.h \r sciol.hrracicF \jihi Fini.tlardesign
,u.h rs \c,v $*,( orr eq Hohehc,l o.d.n,Im.s ltonan, rnd viri.ls

rrt.l

the

.ni!n'h,lAnn'!\ lh..hiri.i.isi'raseL{iedlont.a.ah.bedispl.lled$
-:ar undr rnrns $rres (!r:!l!, d-!:ir(.!], ,1!!!!). i. bordl'e, b ,t"! ,*r

.,,]ff!.iiings tu di\plav.{i kn crn b. Jtnod i. ihe {+em ntibut.lilirnd

r L.\ drc F({cJutu\ thn Spnrr.re !hdrr.trrdtliniiions tu thc r.imc b!rler
. ).lmn.rnrns LJ tu brnistl:ye.l, ihc .nntni cold is us.d b lrt FLcl

thc n ine bu arer .nru5ponlt,ns b th..hrrrd.rshipes d Positnr.s

.,r ()uld &1i$r t.rt \ir b {rlrn8 thc.rc'ill djnmsins (h.iahi and
.l.hiradeb or br 5.rli'rA o.lI thc haght or the tidth. aharactu size

.. I

I rPJ \a

n,

_h''

1t'

rr'

.t.is ln thnbG,kifr s.t in I10 P.nt fo.i Pon mcisuFne.k

rfu 1,,{lrl oi r .hind.r (f_,9 1.rl),botdltrr^'nr nifGulththc
on lhe
f.ift ipe.rnlil s.in hi\. drfioa'nt .hrider sz.s, deP.ndrng
:r or tha tlpela.e. Ihc dbt.n.e bctw.c. thc l,(il0,rlti' ind ihd ,,fr,r ot
iird.rbodv is thc lrnc fd rLl.hiricirBi.. P)dntrLar riz.rnd tyPefa(c,
r bodr \ldth 'nrl viN lr.rori.rrr'l t,.'d lotrt! isisn i shilLer b.dy
-iiff ow rhindc* su.h F Ji r,l, and f.omPJrdd r. bnld.har].rcrs
r. r1or It Crrt d. hr{rrrd.fincn isih.d^tan..bcn\T.nihrh'vJtuan,i
: ,f.lrhii.r.i.^. Krnd.har..t.r, tu.h rs i ind I in Fig r:rr, rqr.illr
ibr!..!lihr.hrtu(tu.b.d!hnnts,iraleft6\' hd.eendcElx, i, J),4, O

: rho.hi

r rlrsiz.oi

i;:tsDh
oi
.l iirr"'I
is rtbinPd rlong rnd bt
i Ntrt'thit \niiabl.spr.lng ^-ir-

iir
..fnfiliies kh.i r.\t
dc'Encr insuch

Ls

dfpl.r!ed

riih.hand.r

H4 f-f]

bcdic! bu.hlnli

Height 2

Height 3

nRF|]9Dltdoo"''h.uP..hr(.)
.;,-,.s.."d*-d,.!h,.rb,ilr

/ ao r-'p*h dtibds o.
h,.d.'h.s.
..-r,;-',

ircuRE

5p6cho

,nd as&irtsd
d Ebotu r0 lne k. r Frh (b)
(a)

vkbr

in Fi3. 4.42

!mdu.6 L\.

displ,y (a) frrr i d.,, pid' and

rhe dtplay (b) ,or a rt,!, pa'h.

r jE..ler

sbiryF Aftrated b, vdio6 rext pa0r 6ettings tor a 45' uP vdror

idpls ol.hara.ter sl]'ines gensaltd lor bexfpal)l varus doun dd t'grr vitt
E 4 \ (lor re ilLskared in Fia 4 41.
.rnohr pGiblc .tlr'ibute fo- . \aa. rer rhnEs 5 ,l'gmenr ' ThD ,mibue
GnF how Fr i- b be dhpl.Jd w'rh F.tF I b a cler6@ Po{ro1 Fo'
.hi' a(Er. co'id be JLF.d a(odrg ro rhe b6.ld.. o! the
Elele rd tr

3:ie,mm 'dulris-" a-a! 'u,*nater twtrdlcnddh Pothon. orhorbFral

d \di.dl dl,gntrb. 5tu3.l g-llrms.F rl$P6'bLc dnd I'9 4-45 6how.
sns alignnent psiiions lor horizonlal and vdil teit labeb.
t sme gaphica pacligeB, a bxi-PRjsid a$dblre is also av.ilable Tl\is
rsder speii$ ihe anomr ol detail and th pdicular Ptueing oPti@
! e lo b us?d with a rxt sking For a low_pFision lqt stin& nany alsE Fletidr slch as rexr parh, are ignored, and frte. Pd.d{Fs aE usd
$ouBh rhe v @trl3 PiFline
r !resina rhe .har.cbs
_

hndllt.Lb'aJyorF prce5rEdrtinesofien\upPl'AaqolsPda'.hd'
asa snall.irl mclG, which aeuefin in varid6 aPPl&rioN Mdt
cnara.t$
a lsed as mrk r s)mbols in nerwork layonb or h SraPh
*r rhee
q d,ra *ls, I1E atlnbuts tor rh* marker slrtbols .E g?i.ally.olor .nd *.

G,such

EIA
r.

0pnGL CHARACTER-ATTRIBUTE FUNCTI0NS

displayins.haEctes with ihe OPenCL Pa.kg. Either

desisn a foi sr nsins ihe bitFaP fudioE in the co library or we
-r ainrote
tire GLUT characleFgerer.tion ounrc' ft CLUT lib.aiy .ontains
fttub d ilDld{ ne DFd p5n.d brrte d.holP.h.trder *r5 ThePfor.
r *,u.r"' .n;ue1" .un *r rF rho:. Lh.r tpp.y ro Pitle'b'mPr or rre
have two nthorts for

Ainb't6 rt

phi6

r.r

Ptdi' n6

ruts",onR rn"dr.Pld) (.lor '' de+rm'ned b' rl

.';,. rn qse'ar' ,h. 'pr'rs i' d 'e ol n'-' FF dPcrLjr tr up-' 3r I dndc u
r"r +.i'r- -

e,lher b-ddD o'

..,";':;;",

--.Jui ,r,.
also st rhe line widih and line ivpe for th'
*. "j
-*":n*
"an
"_**i'^i w1.p*rtv $" -uth ror a he wiih the sr'lire{idth tunchs
i"iir..-r*r"
grrilestippl tunctio' rheclur shr'
;;;; ;i;:i'ry**'",""
i-,"*il ,L* be ar"iriv"a ""i"g tlie cuddt lalles we sPe'ind ror ih' opacl
rinF$,drh

ed lnetvE atbbuE\

E@

ANTIATIASING

FJac'Pffh6L rqrr'eh n':

*...,r." P'-dDpat
*.,"i.^",'i
.p.' FrP.r'rom:dor nr'n^'lr't r'o'
-,.--" --j...t-..
tu'ar* ne'r4 Hoirr'tu
-,. i..i"." -a."""".1 p.- r'horP
:;;.;:,' h^;-d,-"-'..,,
'r ddo '1rFe r\r+d mm'uur
,'"""^" r.^.t-t' A ;r bc d*d ro seFhf " l-' d ol" ts{\''e(

|ne.eqmenBedo.h"-F"phcpnr'h\F ;c.Pi'sb

rhr'd{qalqo

ru*iJ - irua". 'r..i. " ue;o.por{di';tsp

"ppra' "rr
n'%a 'P
oriluheIrod'Pb
aer'r^.--;"
"i,i".--*.
imPhs rmd
;"-; ro' o, e," ro*r' qdr-v
iiii i.. n.
d'P -,ed i'
2n
c
or
dpPe'
"i,.*-.r t^",n nP'' te
* np
'.-.i.""r:..,J"r.t;,,l.s
rn- IT'
i:...'ij

ippr1..g

- "i:*".,*

-*tr-_'-s "h'd

rhdr'

or'P"iF

npr'rs

br(au* $e

Pr

4-4b

ror

" 'hoq.n
- .L,r "'-4p."
rhP vnP rP I
pP'rc,r'( brP'' v P T d ro'e's
I.."''*" """"
.
\sf. t nq F' duniP r rh. ob'-,".,i'.-i,
.-,""i, . ,i t.^' *.* 't"' ;
"" r*i"."'v ;, \"q"-d nP' d '
i*, ia '",, ir'.'*vq'i,, --pti"s

t=21'-

rhe emPljry interual shodd be no l"8er ih:

f""rta ,he Nvquiii sdPling intenrl) Td r-nren

wav io srate this is

Anoth$
'"_'."-'".tr

*"-*1. ;t"'-r

dli

enpling, d;Nyquist samPling inte^ al

whee

Ai*r

1/f-,

In Fig 4-{6,

^i'

is

ou sarpling in@al

is one and me F:

ihipe 0 G) r L\ ind .
Fr.drc
'P6m$Podu6die.'6d

:.
a

rhe cycle intd al, so rh. sanPline inierval is at lead due tincs too 1ai8.
,rant ro ftover all the obii inJormtion for rhG eianPle, we need io .ur

'1pj-B:ite'-a d.ta

.o$n'n_hP,'gd1
'
'P'i/P
'.oner\
'd
samplins rate with rasrer sy*ens is smPly

to disPlay
Onc Nav ro increap
possible \dth cu.
at higher rsolurion But even at rhe hiShe
'$lution
The is a limit ro how
:e(lrnologt Ot jagges will be aPPaPni to $mc cxteni
: ,rp .an nak the Irane bufler and still naintain the releh 6re at 60 ham6
:. . r. per *..nd And io Fpreant obje.ts a.cu ra tely rviih continuous Param
,re nsd arbita y small enpling intm als. Iherefore, uless hardwnP

..r!

::

lology cderelopedlohandlearbibirilylaracf ramebufles,inneaed s.IM

.!h.n i\ not a .onplele solurion to th. aliasing Preblem.
!\iih rasler systens rhai a E .aPable ol disp layi$ noP th tuo inlensitir

.,:*rcolo4we.anipplyantialhsin8nerhodsionodifypirelinteruiiies By
i: lprirr.ly \aryng thc inldnsiliE of pixels along rhe boundades ol P.initiv6,
f, n \nooth thc edSes ro lesen ih.n j. $ed aPPea ra n.
\ ;taightloturrd anhal[engmethod h toin.reaesnPlInS.atebytrdting
' rrt'en as il ii Nere coletod with a finer grid thm n a.tu lyirailable We can
-

use multiple sample Points acress this hner Srid td deternine an

rPproPrni

-tii! lo cl for ea.h {rs pixel. Ihis ie.hniqle ol enPling obj{i clfh.ter'
: .rtahiSheolulionanddisplayingthereslhs3i3 loweraolutionis.alled
{-endinB {or pdfllenn& since ihe general neihod involves .omPuling
'r

arities ai subpix.l grid positions, ih.n conbining rh. su1is to obbin rhe Pixel
.itrhes). Dsplayed piiel posfiions are sPok ol liShr coleiing a linie arca of
- {r.n,and nor inliniBinal nathenancal poinh. Y.t in L\e line and lill area
.iihns \Le have divuss.d, rhc inteNil-v oI ea.h Fixel is dldmind by ihe
::.n oI a nngle point on rhe obiect bomd y Bt, suPNnPli.g, we obtain
--,ir inf.mition fron nultjple poinb thar .ontibute to the oreral intosity

lnalternarjre rosupeEanpling

is to

determinep,xel inimsityby ral.ulalirA

r: Jeisof o!..lapof .ichpix.twlhthe.biecbtobedisPlajred

Antialiasingby

pGdlbrin& sin thd

-.utine ov.Tlap aieas is reieiied to as ma enpling
..trri of the piiel as a whole is detmined withoui cal.ulaiiry subPir.l intm'
:.. Pixcl overlap arcas are obrained by delemining wh.F obj{r boundaries
(or

...<i

individLEl pixel boundaiies

shifting the display lcation of Pirel

piR!
phasin
is
a p p lied by " micmPosi tioninS the
:.:.
s,
,ern bean in relaiion io objd geonetry For examPlq Pirel P6itions along a
l rht line *gnent .an be noved cler io the d.findd line Path to snoorh out

tu.rd obie.ts .an al$

be antialiasd by

This te.hniq ue, cal led

;r.rsampling Stlaight-tine Segmentt

'. rn perlom supenpling in seleral ways For a slEight

line Panent, we
a number of subPirels and couni lhe numb. of sub
:line
padl TIe inlensily level tor each Pixel is then st nr
that
ovedap
the
-.:J
r:x. ihat is proporh@l to thir subPixel comt An ex.nPle of lhh nerhod
in Fie. ,l-.17. E.ch square pixel aFa n diided inlo nine equal_si?d
subpixels, and the shaded regions show lhe subpixels ihat would be se'
-l bt Brsmhamt algor hm. This &hme PFrides for thR inbnsity seitinSs
witfiin
r e zero, since ihe naxmm nunber of subpixels that .an b
js
(10,
et
ro ihe
ihe
ai
20)
thR.
For
this
e\anPlq
.nel h
Pirel
Psition

j^1d. ca.h pir.l i.to

:rd
.:a
i
r
i

*le.d

\r.1ri 4.\ttt h i'1\

't
l
iir.mE +
ndlahr Ltr lsncd $hse
16
ji FtrronAd

irpo bd\rtd.mdGF

cB ats*".cry*hp, d

r0 ror

naximum jnrns

-a

(level

r);pixels't

chF ' cr{\JL4)i

lo$o,n1'.i'idbr- 1

(11,21) and

(1121)areta.h

set

i.

thc

nc\:

nk' ) P''"l' o .r"'6 ft,."a.drr;-!

"g.'r
d;DL,\.".., F, u.t,,,,1 t "'r r \ ..tr yo h. rd' eo, br.dee,r''
ir\
"
".P 1"1.n.
'l
aaors erh pircl Sixttr
nethod, ws incase ihe nunber of sanPlms Posiiions
subpireh gn .s !s lour ini.tuitv ler els abore zerot ra eniy hv subp ix.ls gircr

!t,

$e.onsid.rcd Pixel sreas ol 6ni:

si-, bur \ie ircakd th. titr asa maihema t i.a1 cntiiv *itharo width Adnalll
displayed lines have, widthapPilxlm:tel| equrl tothatola Pnel IrreblE
rhirfih.idthoI th.li.e intoa..ount, we.a.Pe on supe6amPling br *r
In the supesafrplinri cMmpl. ol Fi8.

nn?

clcl n(cJ'r

.0".

".cte,':

oD

r "n" b r\' rrmbe'.f'Lbp' r ' 'd l_Plg

n'd-Pd

'1. \.Lbp'"1

J.b'

rb"-o.to*'ol. ctur'1.!r. o' "aht e

I"'rhPP*nPr :
,,-*ri;rheob,riF,d
-o.p.w',r'p'.pr"r"
'_r I " drF '"Po'nor'nr '' ooL e
l.orFl'nPP"_" trls4d \'d." 'p l"1nnb"q
bo' rc,
'L-pr,'ll
po$
bl.br Bhtne- l.\cl\ aho\e zso
toon.orn'n.
Ano,ho a rLseo rtr'dnpl iis 1d1'r'_rdrl Fhrl-rr\'
h' me dm. n i-.limbL.d.\pr rore n - | I'r r.lll !r" no- h ( l'.
..;,r,"d"..t,olrI
l
d ",r1 oe or " id rp'r!! r\,o .a I'r' or r
l-, r"'iml
\ehd.r, , .:J.pLl b. ..-qo.hrtrerrd'o,{
.run.0 2, ".At!."'..'rm
b-lg'"L oo^'rh " '1' \pdr'L"rlr ner"rc*_\!: nff"r "
br'Dr' lr'-rF
nca r"'
..1J..'.-""
'n" ,s {bP'e
(.d-frr
edro\
'1" Fd
"oad?dacm
.jdp,h!burlo tr$ o' "eo m""nd l.'.n i' rsr J Jop "l'f. s I '
fo; thF piiel as
_

blue backgrolnd aPa, a

e can

.al.ulaie rhe ..lor

tade{tr for these qains rron suPesanPliry a finitcwidL\ line is that

ts.itvna inbnor subpixeL requlFs hoP calculaiions than simP\ delerminins
,.!r {DD'fb:red6re rh..tre pr\' { $ w' Td ro 'ak n or oJnl the
The

---.-i.,

s e dho" 'o r\P l.ne or\' Tlu. pGitionir8

"o,."*..
rneq.oeollr]e br lcr , rr Lnc rh.bppar\ !.p pFdui he

h.l .-

wc wmt rhe lire parh

r,:on aea; but f;r ither a horibntal or a verhcal line,

' -..o;
y lne ol hc ooreor bourdanP- A.r"arpPrho'./onb'lTPa$nA
"Do r3on bn d"d
rd-@;d;k"'.0 r0,.ould be FpP'.nred a'd y6..'epr'cnrng
-- -.,*n/;r.l
:
larl\'
he
oo
21
s
m
rc ..e. v = rumd ! =
l
I
ilorc
l.n6
j,d hn.lhioush(.0 20,cr\d\ctedd boud4 is
and
=
.
horc
hndru
lD
hFPoiruned
ll
rorlm
F.rh>oF
F
-:,
-.'F)diomtelv der io the lower polySon boud.ry; and tor lines wiih sloPe
-, l,thelinepathisPlaceddoscrroiheuPPerPolygonboudarv

pixel Weighting [lasks

.ntuTDhnqr'q.-fir'd eol en'Tplcmohlq StinenoF$eiSh o'rb'
- - .. +; he-dE r a o pl.nt, r a c b" w-t ld ".pP' I rhc1 rbp'\d' ro

s4all rF,'r)oraPsel o'rh!lb\

ddq'lrlmB
'he
-" -""ii j.n' hcha\e(.nrd!'ed { Lr J beishrrg' h"m"a' i' I 3 4_10
LJ be used. Ihe cenrer subPiiet het is weiShred folr tin6 rhai of the 'or
E rbDixels md tuice lhat ofih. tnaining subpirelt. lnimsih6 calcularcd lor
$or.d l} c1 o-a\e1R"d'o rr:'te.Plh' rbPnel''
-- r,ne n ne5uoo'. i IF
p,butr'dd'd
Jop''d'drra r bc'grrrd
i'
. -*-Uv,,'t'
br'Shhd
b\ J tu r I o r, an
- .,..' r :,-",t l"-", rtp' d.dretuiF
re h" Fl.r;P
'dbP"l"u'L"lh F"ned
'npo'une.
- .,,rrryrut.s;ulr.tu\"drbe'erLP'o a'qe- ubpN gnos A'o
,

* -.st ;.rtei e*e^d"d b inctude rcnhibutions ftom subPtels bclon8ins

i rqhborins pirels, $ that inrensihes .an be avcraSed wjrh adiadt Pirels to
beM d Pixers
,j" a $;dh* inie.sit-v
'*ntion
-.

\la

Sampling Straight-Lin Segnents

tttofr areasanplinsfora raiAhtlineby*rtinAPiielinreEiivPoPodion'l
Fdo,o\e,laDcr'F;D'.e' ",r; rh"r n'F hidb l n Inr':.e r o tutsd

- *rdr.e dd i\".
Noddronr\e+'.tl'o'
"_-,lxlitd?dFslf
" , r^ei".,orr"rr.*ndIrs
rl'en d r'P"rc'd overdprad'lnr
"

----

:E

aF calcutatd bv ddtemi;ing how nuch of the irapzoid NerlaPs ea'h

m ihai colum (o; ow) h Fig I 13, ihe Pixer wirh slrs s d
.o p.r.nr.,\e*i b] rhe p dpd .o iF ahND'oonlsats
d.J d bP
'
".,bo
r\"r'.e r0 2,qddd

:,
n
-. {*--,d;e-,*,..
Aneb.dro'ernJrs
r.p
. -.1"in"."n o."",
:rr {d roiF.,b,llu."rPd 6\ *e-upc' nprre"\'nP\ 'nli8 !A ft<
* '"nb., d 'JbD'rh " nin ihP IoPb.rnod'B ' aPP4{rFl) equalro
* a erlap aFa, ana this esrinahon is impro\d bt lsing fine. subPirel gids'
-

ne

lDn.l

acarale nthod for antialiasing lins is ro u* dherin3 i{hniqles The

b nm,lJ ro rptll aq h"lghFdp'{lmrJ bJn " "e r rgir'..or

^-.'^a,.r

.-r' i"''ttc l ?.xF',o\er8 I r P e r'cr* +r0'h h'

At'b ttlctdtns P

DE

rl

iHl

.tdmDl6.r'eLn2ullr'oaJlrrd r' r' 1'h ' ' 'n ror' MFhod f ?pph!
r"+ burn
o' "pr\'
r'.r'"r-'n^";"^.,.,t. t r -obdr
'DaNPislmr
rwaar!! -J3 r?tu' Ic
t.""",
^!.."".-"""o,
E, e.;m/urrT" kol" lmr, o d'c omnu l\' e'r r'-\d J: e r\P'Fe tl'

on ra$cr

svsrems that

addre$ subpiiel PGitioN vithin rhe sctuen Srid

A hnr di Plr) roorled
"S
--".'$o6^

lm

-. t" -"J
"',.
"r".".
t'',i.r.-.,1" u,

p'erro' h E lc{ r' r\' m

rh"r' '' l berr
'' F.
*,"-' p.",;'ra -111J+ stud
-.
rr
'N;'.":.
'1"
ba'n i.1p,dU,
i' T"h '
1," r. .r*.a s, "
"t..16lbd"Irpdr\d
". *;o,, ".J plorporR

ld;1d 'L
."i e.l b\ -r:!rdo
..o. loq , 'e i/. i hd\ ',rJr' p l'rlh
.^"-.
-L, ",":
"L-*- s;.
addltunal
-" ne;is r.r dntribltiqq ntunsities Fisla +s1 illLBtar6
'diNed
r# anialiasing

etfe.ls of Pixel Phasing on a varierv of line parhs

for Line-lntensity 0ifferencet

r!-i'ttF
An.4tidrlsJ,mrh-oFn hp(2u-.rcplra dl'o mnp"nYF
!ie 4 B. h ".a'epr'-{ h t"T trl
,,,.'

Compensating

"

' n"

"tr*i,ttr'n.u
o*er.
va r,," oi"c*"t

i...Io-ol,:
'.pb
r-.',-a.,r"""i,-zo"utt'."t"d:lene'hor l0e'andel hedusmJl w
or'h ' 'lr
\j'".l .q l "r-.*rF,' im m.b_ T\"(' udleh''
\i'
F
r\r d'd4 E
""'.
b
lre
r" d'q'nal T:ppe"r P- on-nr r rdn rhP no"6' q
rPd'."'8d son\F
3rl-ei-d: p;v a -iri. to". r*i - rl pq Lr'!'
r bFdr''nnr'h. 1k.. r or.:c
r.,ai"r.r
re';;-"rc.
---*.*r
^;
trne4orcme h . roo;'rd alct r m \"r,r line- wou d o! ai-plr\-o \'r

ot

qhn! Is a$oJdFe cn heIs\^r16') 3r

'".,"*..,,;,..',h
iI mtialiasins kh;iqu6 aE aPPlied io a dnplat inreBitid:re aurohaticalh
ti* 6iite width or line is iarm into a(ount, Pirel int6iis

--"".""r.4.It'ie"
;djusd so rhai the line disPlays
ap

a toral

intensitv PsPotrjonJ b ns

l6sor

lines (a), ploed on the Merlin

92m sr.&m, arc snoo$ed (b)

",,-bl"r.di*-h"763ir
"","k
576

on rhe s}5bm nom

FlcUREa-52 Unel]ullhslhlic
h die sse nmbtrof p,r sn

d6pl!!ds

r::i!liasins Area Boundaries

rnnaliasi.A concepb w have discussed for lins .an abo be aPPlied lo lhe
dw
--dri6 of apas to move their jagged appeaEn e. We.an incorPolate
.FjlE into a *d line alSorithm to smo$ the boundarie as ihe aPa ir

:i s)stem capabilftis pehit the EPcitioninA of Pirels, we could smoth

aundans by shifiing pixel p6ilioN doser io dE bohdaly Olher nerhods
r pixel inttuily at a bolndary pcition ...ording !o the Percent of rh Pixel

:iar is inlrior to the obi{i. In Fig. 4-53, the pixel at Positio. (r y) has about
I au inside tfie polygon bouaary'r]tEfoE, rh inbsi9 .t that Position
I be adiusid to one-half its 6s'8ned value. At the nsr pos ion (t + 1/ y+ 1)

Athh| olcnptc ?nnti'if

nGU8

a-s3

mtm5itus aids

Adiati$ Picl

d ea boundrY

Jms tlE boundda the Dr4i tv L rdrl'Fd ro dbour one $fd the as gIPd valle
ror LLL mirr. s;l,r.dp h nh b,sed m rhepelmrd Pi\el N"ove68e
id r..,;ed b the othP' inbeirh alues ,rcurd d'e boudar)
i'i"*."tna mr"oa' -n x,pp 'ed bv dcrminina th' nmberot'Jts
a. ob|F r { parthoniB JFme wi0t fou<ubaHi
irur are i. *ri inr-,
"r
nro
"-a,
;- "nd ^.h6M,nria 4 5a.Ih; o-rqiral4 br 4gnd orPivl'* tumed
*" i.* p'*e*P'ihr - a.lr^ i(tu thB srid itubJd oI
l. sr' r

"ria,,."
aFsnrhLsndrh,ro\er'P3dobid
ri-ir:.'t'.*-".tn'epre
'"'i
bound; Abqhso-.n I'n6 Ecddemire'.r rhRor$squoPilelr%

"- b.id: s" b;d".y.

s"

*. d

the Pnel

inbnsity

at 7s

perdt

ol its

Mimu

Anotner nerhod lor dftmining the Percoha. of Pnel aE wifii. a 6n

rsid, ddeloped by Pitleway and Walkinsoa is baed on tfie nidPoint liP
alsonrln. TnG argorilhn el(b rhe next pixel along a lire by t sling tne l@tid
of the midposition btwm eo pitls. As in lhe BeenlEn .l8dithn, we el uf
a d<qm pranter p whoP sign tels us whjch of the nxl hro ondidar Pixel
h cloFr io tlE line. Ay slightly noaiting the lom of P, we obtain a qll riry dd
also sivs the pqcenlage ol ihe drent Pixel aF. that is oved by d object
We li6t osidr tn. nethod fo. a line with sloP n in dP rdSe fbh 0 io )
ln fiit 4 5o., nra.Bhllir pdr\ t).hoM m aPi\ei gad a$ming lhlr dF pu.d

arposihon(n.,{lha'benplorhd lhen\lPi\Pln".6tlheline, =r' -Ib

e rher$e prel,r h or rheo.. ar h l WP..ndeffiinenh'!nPl cli'trfr

v
Ttu!

E6

hdlN;v

r,Li = [fl(r* +1) +t]

lhe \ rmcJ disEfte

Finrbess

- (!'1 + 0.5)
from F rc[.] / coodituh d

pi\el-dtp6uon

rhr

litr

t'o

dt

l ed g lUDurdi(eFnlecrl\ti,bF

Fnesdi,ie,bepirldrv^',,|(H bthelie lrrhpdxknce'5PNbve th.oB

dr u-+ r

8.,&i r\p.r

1u;bn n

rhe

ddru.r rhb.c.culrro" ro lhar ir

rde" hon 0 b lby ddnathequ

hbl-':

P'tdR5.

PcibL

p=lni++1r+rl'$+0.5r+rl -d)
Now the pixel at yl G

n..Er it

I <I-

h, md the Pixl at yl +

1 js

ne@r n

OpdcLAitidtEingtw

iw

A
/

,
/

FrGaiE;:E oLp

*.r.

pirer

crrslo decd

pcihd (4, ![) sidr o* iftrior or, p.ln@ tn

r
-

dt

mE th.n ft bouddY
liE pa$t'e *tnush n'dividud
sirh

arcr.

P.iamets p abo re6lE dE doul of tlF cudt Pirel that is derlaPFd

!k ,ru. Ior th pixel at (r*, !i) in Fi8. 452 tie inlno part of Ot Pixl hd
ft thar qn b cakd.idd 6

.H=' !+r-S+0.5
L dplsim tor tlE ddap aE of ttt pirel at (&, y, is rh sam s th.t (d
:Ers , in &. 415. TtdfG, by 4a1@tin3 r' ro deiemift the next Pixel
3i6 arong the polySon bouda+ we al$ delrhjre rhe p(4r.3E of .@
ere l0 th (1ll@r pu|.
rk.f stre.lize lnis a,Sorirtm b .(omodare ltffi witi nca.b\ e sloP
.d li6 with slop Cmtd ilh 1. nis cakdation lor Pdmetr P @uld lhq
L @rpdded into a midpoint ltn .lSditnm b l@te Fixl Pcitiotu .lmg .
dlFn edse and @n(rlfud, aaiust Pixel inbreilA along th boundarv liG
at dn ls+
b R cd adjust the calculali@ to dem Pixl coordiMr6
jn
prcpodiG,
6
diets*d
s.tid
3-13
minbin
.h
and
*.ddinai6
a
dDM
in
Fi8
453, we
very
s}jmy
$ polySm veni and toi
PolygoN,
h m dE {m houd.ry edSe psing thrcDg!. Pirel aE, Is lte ce,
i Gd b nodit dE nftvay-wa*jMn .lSdnhh by Pming aU ed86
F* UNUSi r pul dd delmhing thP . {ffi dltnor aM

Flbrllr?te hniqusdi*b*d ldlinedtialirsing. JloteJPPLedloa@

lo Polygon a@d ro
+. And rhe'riou dtiali.ei^g neihods 6be apPlied
{he
boundnd
e u'd to
Equtiom
dffiiura
Mrh
cwed
bounddnb.
Et
pirl
Hrh
dF
.d
to
b..bsPlar4
ind
@hfl. .
ovdlap
Ab lhe ntrt ol

6*u*.usdalmg

El

htwd s6

dle

dtiali.sirg Dutre in OP.nCL wirr

.r&!b1. (rlLitrverype)

ro simPlify rhe

c.lolati@.

OpcnGL ANnALnSING FUNCTIONS

Liivab
*.

lic

lhe

nfrid

prilltivtype i.

.signd @ of dE stnbolic
GL POIN! StrOoln, CL,TIII_SX00E,

parameter

Mli.nt

Arrb -lIa

PL].'

Ptin

'!6

AssuminS ws ac spe.ifying coln valu6 using rh. RGBA node, we also need
achvate ihe OpenGL colorblerding oPerahons.

Ncxt, we apply the olor blending nerhod

ddribed in Sdion

srsrendrunc (er sRc ALPtu, cL oM lrNus sRc

4 3 using

ili

rP4);

sm&thing oprations a no effedne it we us targe alph. valles in tlf

.olor soe(iti(ahons for lhe obl<E
A;fi"1?'m.d, .l-o b..pn["d qhP wc u*.o o' tbls Hoba.' in lr'

The

olornodd, we;6tari.a co1o. r!np,whi.hisalableof colorStd!'bG

hm the bactgiomd color io dE obje.t color This color ranP is then u*d 1r
anrialias obFdboundaris.

lEE

Opnct OUERY FUNCTIoNS

w. cm rhicre cnrPni valud lor any of the *ate Paraneie$, including aitnbtE
$ttinar usins OpenGL qrry functtons. These tunchons .oPy sp{ined sraE
valu; inb .n atray, which we.an sarc for later ftu6e or ro chtck the .uiis
+*P of rhe svsbm if an dor oenrs.
Ior cu;nr atbiblte vatus w u* an apPiop.iaie " grcet" luctio4 such -

glcetFroatY ( )
3lcerDoubiev ( )

)
)

furdon. s e .pprf a o tu 3unents T1rP 5Fr 4 dlma

L-ynrcl,r.or!rr. rhr'delhh5a.dtrnbLho' orre .ldhPah_
',,nOper(
eb n; +.ond areunenr F d ponrcr i. an d"dJ or lns d,r, lPe'd'dkd F
la

..!n

tttc

or rrc preed'nE

fucrion mne.

For

,tutan

e, we can

retiieve rhe

.uienl

0R, col0rvaruec)

(ffit

RCBA floaiing'Poix

olorvs 1tr.d. To.i

tain lhe inleger values tot the currni .olor cohponents, r'e i.vok the grce:
Int eserv fsction. In some cas, a tyP. .onvesion may be neGary lo rerur
Ih

olor conpments

are then Pased to the anay

OtlEr OFnCL .dslants, suh as

slale valu6. And we muld .heck the .an8e of Poinr sizes o.
widtl's rhai aF suppoited using ihe .mtanls eL,PorNr

curmt

lia

Alrhoreh $p "rfhevcmo?u\ *rrmg ro' a sinBle ahirbuh I rh r

g c" _u .;on . OprLL p-o|dc- ur\q fu1rhotu ro- tL mB 8FuP. ol .tlah '
and reusing
thn valus. We cmsidd the !e oI these tun.tio6 for savin8 allE
altiib!te sttifgs in rhe next 6ection.
fieE m nany olher sbte and sysbem P aFeteE rhai aE often uetul :
query. For innan.e io deiemine ho$ nany bih Pd Pixel aE Provided in 6
fiafre bltfer on a pani.ular sysrem, we cm ask rhe systen how hdy bils a:

+ldopncL^unbnonqx22!
ti ailable tor e&h individul cold comPqenr, such .s

sreetlnreseQ (cL RE! Brrs, !edBitsize);

i4, aray r edBit s ize is a$iAmd dP nmltr of re'l bits available in ea.h of
+ buffe6 (ftame buffei depth bufftr, a(unulahon buffe4 d stancil bliJet
innr rwe@nakeaninquirylortheothr.olorbits$ingcL cutN Brrs,
!E

We can also 6nd oul whethe. ed8 llags have ben sei.l hethei a PolySon fa@
r.ssed as a front face o. a back face, and whelhr the st3beh snPPoft double
And we can inquiE whedE .e*ain tdlines, such as color bldding,

=iring.
@ siipphng

IEO

or

lialiasi.&

hnye

bls

eabled or disbled

OpenGL ATTRIEUTE GROUPs

bibules ad other OFnCL 6tale Paran td aft affanSed in rtribui. 3btp3

a-h smup .ontais a st ol Flared state Paraneie6 For insian e, the poinl8p(P.orb s lnP tr and poinr -rooth / n"lia{n8] P"rdnd"\'
-bure
d be lin.-rtri,bur. smup or u -lneE,aA.qPPle rau.shpplPD.km.
{4rk FIt:rrodh'.:nd litr.'m@th srrtu. r'T ldrl\, $P polySon{ttribute
pol] goa parameF^ \uch d\ fill Pchem lrcnrfdt P fl.3
;r . onbin. els .1 jru\
5in!" t o o' b d ttriture for rllPaarq .r h6! lr
d ts'yFi-moo$ ,

m,ri.u.g'oup a.ao-.pa'.m+'"dF,n(ludPdnm"Fr.
About $enty diffemi

oneADUp
attribute groups aF.vailable in oFnGL .nd all

rElFrq-'n{mo moFSrouPunbe(.1"dorrc'erwiiltrsdchrnon
Lever Ipa'amerei,h rhin|.pe.iied8mrP dirgrl-caol u$m8.omnaFd
slPq6Mttrlb (!r!croup)

b'rer att rcroup is a$igned a. Op.nCL sldboli. conshnt thar identifr6

rfribuk 3Fup, 6uch a6 r,-!
r! Io sve color paFmeren, we us the syfrbolic cmsta eL cURREM-Brr'
Id * can eve all sbb Pddebe6 in aU attibute glePs wifi rhe cotutant
gmuponroan.tkibutsr,ck.
lr.an slegre pirimreF w'du Moor more gtoups by combining their
ic.oEt b w,lh a lo8(aloR operahon T1E following stalnnt plae
es for poinrs, lins, dd polyFons on the

nrhesp{fi

ed

goup of stab parmels, we

can Eimiare all

valles

nsbamu5ed the srPopAtrrab fdtim since

'n
.a OpnGL aing all valE on L\ stack,
fh.* .omnds lor s.ving and reefling shte P..ametes uF , effi
r}cP ts.l$r.jrr, otrt i r4.{ .vailable in Op?ncl fo'.avin8
',,,.
ettins client state paramebs. The tunctions for accssing lhis stac! aF

Arnb.ol.aph!.P'lrif
Oilv ho 'LPnr arriblr
crP,6hc,re1 a-tLrb dnd e.P
;aup-dJ\dl,b. o.-ro' pi el{or4c n@esrnd $eo$.' lorverc\ d!.
i ,"l.,.daqep,Brc,e^m.lude dom"_na -d -h abJ kal smm, dd lhenA
ot anaE ;ed io sloP subinaA6 ol a diplay Vdler_anay Pdameles 3rv in
romd;n aboli rhe drht v;dex-aray siaie, su.h 5 rhe @ble/disable siat

ltEN

SUMMARY

A$'durei lmNl rhe d .Div .trd re' 'h . or rAidplut' p' m rv* ln nd
s-rptu d .yretu..dribu; vdlu4 d .'oFd d- -rdh varidbP' r1d PrimiirF
il'. -'6t attribuie values Wlrs ve .ha.ge rhe value of :
lre ene-i.a
"fis
al; variable, it aff;cts only t]top Primitiks defind afi.r rhe dtr8e.
A mlruon athbuF lor 4l o ir.'r\P. b olo' {h'.h h rd ofler 5PA 5N
iniermorRLB,o-RUBArcor;nP1ts fte'ed spn radolu.o'o'\illesa
n"*d n rhe rr.ne outei rrd il-e, aF u.ai rorcnh r\e 'nhBt] orheL\F
rMbe m"dP u' ngrol i
e edron erb r a_ RLB roniF ion -le.hu.
'r
kDre rdP.
r-! " ;b", r. h,G* drc'.' o rF. -drebulrq'. mdudr..
q
p
\l'uF
ar
o'
FcB
coloJ
rkL
..i ri. -hb ldr"on d rhd. hde\ .ro'".
aPPli.atiotr'
Color tables aE uetul in dara visualization ;nd iMge'Prc.sinS
pdridea b dp anre.f,.loF s rhou_ Fqutnt.
and rhe\ .dn.$be u.J
'o
u'rohr.co;PuhFsr.pr.6Pa.i,sP.Po\'deoPlm'ro'
q,
+d.
bJlh
..rh-d -olorub F or .bNe.; o' \6lLP' d
) ,n Lhe
+cbJi. potrirhbuFsrre.o o_.nd /e Or r,!F' 3)iters tdnocPor
olo' widtl
i,s.f di.plvrc...qu-p'"lr"al'
^'
"ncrhoute'aF
mJtplc.ol';{rdrw
dF
.wle sppnlr'on. F- l:ae dlh
c "r '.,m'of

;qpr'deb,

rrbr

rcD il wde lrp The line -hls at'bJb a.lude.o.id dd'FPd,nd d@'
k6 6".ll- ' iobbru.h; p-.to|+ T\* dtrrbJ,+ (an b? ,pp ed:
bolh nr.Eht linee ind (u^6
r' rr;, arhbutes D. udp r .olio. rn f l, a i.lpxren or a hoLl.w d^
bL\ ln.rshuds onl\ r\"iFa oudJ c \rno! p"h4 rils cdr be 'Pe 6..
i" ..r"' anan t"it' are m* -dpped _o t}c rr"no' or rrP Faon *"n 1
"
y used to 611 PolyAdt .ircles, md eliPs Acrcs emelhods aF.ffo

inb.ior fiil is aPPlied io Piiel Posftions between each Pan of bout_

arv inrerstioB, lelt ro nsht For Po1y3ons, $d lire i.te'*rioN wiih venic

Km [ne,

;eult

th

in an odd

Nnber

o{

intelsnN

This

ca!b.

si\dbv

shorle@

.omebonsdedsF Ya.lse hI r'Aonr\tu..n b" ' mP 'fPd ffilla@''

e,u h; 'nP r' /nd 5 a.lxA ed iJ aI I'I .e
-,,.i"aJ-^'1pdrx^
rn /rr aR I.i8!
-'";h.
"
^
'-.""
"*
sPftr.abotu
Pat.ir
depddi.g
on
.he
li
{.h'rue
appEprn oJo. nruet
nethod
or
a nlc
prograc gderally display lill egioro 6ina a boddary'611
these tuo fill hethods requiEs an iniii.l inrior Pohl. D<
inrerior is then painted pir1 by piret lbn rhe iniiial Point oli to ihe reAF

6I ntiod. F:ch oI

Areas can d$ be 6led using col.r blending. Ihis itT of fil has aPPlidtiG
in antaliasing and in pairti.g pac!gs. SolLfiI Prdedures Pmvide a n$ a
color for a elon that has ih. tne variaiions as th pEvious flu olor ott
qanple of rhis appGch is rhe Linar soit-6l.borithn thal asunes tnar
pEvious fil was a lin@r conbimtion ol to8rcud and backgmmd colo6.
sme linear Elatimhip is then detemined fmn th frane bulld slt.gs
used to Fpaint the aEa in a new color

ti
I}:
N

;JMMARY OF

Op.ict AfiRISUTE

FUIJCIIONS

sdd

cr

ine color node, wH.h

be

eirhd

Sptrit) an RCs or RCEA .old.

speit a olor ains

.oloFbble indr

i: :setcolo. (indBr, r, s, b):

Led

: :rendrunc (rFact, dsact):

sp&iIy ra.bs ior .olor blending

olor inb a ola.bble

achv'b .dlorir,y tualrft

posftion.

of

oPmcl'

r:?e. !ype. tride' srray);

::;Pe, 6!!id.'

old

spRiry

Disphy

n$i

olorinda

aray sine

!!rly);

lnable (cL_!rM_s"rPPu ) :
;-!5re (ci Port@N srrPPLE):
;:ies!ilple {r.peat' Pattern)
#:iyBonstrpple (pa!rern):

Sr

o' ba.k ra

as

6ll polEon edge tlig b

or GL sALsE

'lehine

ether

*t

Gi

tRuE
dbplay

vd*oidd a

Sp. y

tort

ordl

PoLYcoi srood. (Al$ ned

rae

vano6 query

hr.tim.

rcquidng

d.h 9F, synbol.

nime ot a sak pammehr md m

spein.ab.

or

saw.11

padmebc

ate

Reinsbe all sbh

wi*u

paratub v'l@ L\at

nb 6ol.toPht.rd

rw,

Characte6 .an be displated in dfifrenr sryls (tonb), .olos, si6, spacin8

and o.imhhore. To
the orienbtion oI a.haa.rer shin& wc can specift :
diFdion tor rhe characier up vrlor and a dnRrion for rhe rerr parh. In addiiior
we.an $r the aliSnnor of a i\r sring in
ro th. stad cordimtc pos ior
'elarion
lndividnal charactes, caled
r. synboh,
can be used tor applkatids su.:
DlohlAdr" Caoh.. \4d-ler.Ltrb,.. (an bc ohplJ/sd m di,ou..k."
colo6 lsing stand.d .ha.acre6 or spad symbols.
8uuse ran .onvesion h a digftizinS pues on rashr sy em, dispb\e:
priniiives hare i jagged app.:rmce. Ihis is due to the undeenpling of n
formhon, which rouds coodinale valu6 ro pixet posihons we can impr.\:
ihe aPpearance of rastd p.inihves bv applvins anrialiasins pdedus thai ac
jud pinl i.iensiti6. o.e method lor doing this N io superanple. Thar is, s,
onsider ea.h pixel to b. conplFd oI subpjiels and we .aldlatc thc inrcEr:
ol the subpixeG and averaae the valu6 of aI subpixcls. we can ,te wei8hr itr
subPixel.onhibutiom a..oding ro posihon, Sivlng hiSher weiShts to the cenbi
subpixels. Anernarivel, we can pe.foin arer sanpLing md derernine ihe pcentagcof ea.overa8Efora$Rnpixel,ihensetthepixelintensitypropo io.:
to this perenraSe. Anoiher nethod Ior antiitiasing is ro build sp{ial hat.twa:.
confjauratioE rhai can shitt pixel pcirion.
In OlenGL, attribute values Io. the p.iniiives aru hainraind as srare !.-:
ables. An athibuie pting FmiN in elfdi lor all subsequentlt d.finrd priniiire
mtil thnr atriibure value is .han8ed. changinS an aftribuh value des nor a8n Previouslydisplald pim iv6. we crn spdty.olds in opencL 6inaciinerilt
RCB (RCBA) colar node ar the .oloFndex node, which ues colo.rabte indiE
to selri colon. AI$, we.a blend color lalues usinA thr alpha .olor rcnponc
And we .an sp{iIy values in cold ara}s rhat arc io be used in conjlnction
vdex anays. rn addihon io coroi ophcL pDvids hnchoro lor plecrhS poF
size,line width, Line sqlq bd conv.x-pol)on lill stylq as well as providing hn
rioro lor rh display ol polyaon 6lt areas as .iiher a pr of edges or a er ol ve@
points We .in also eliniruie ekred polygon e,iges lon a display, and a p
rver* rhe sp{ilica tion oi fronl nd back f.ces We can generare re* stiin F
OpenCL usina bihaps or muiilB rhat aF alailable in GLUT Athibures thai
be set for the display of GLUT rharades inctude color, font, si4, spacin8,
width, and line iyp. The OpaCL libriry al$ pmvidcs tun rio6
tialias rn
display ol oulput prinilives. We .e use query tunciions ro obrain the.u'rE
valuc for sbte uriabls, a.d we can also obr.in all valus wiihin an oF.G
abiblie 8tuup using a single tltrtion.
Table {.2 summnzs the OpmCL athibnt lunchons disus$d in rn
chapler Addiriomllr rhe hble lisb some atrdbute relad iun.tions.

*t

.'

fi:

to

d
!
r
lir

REFERENCES

till h.hiqu6 @ 3ry4 h Frhkin id BrBky 0934). Aniiariasiry nnjquE

dlhsd hR cway od warlen (1e30), cmw o*r), r'nkowsrr o%2), Furdoro dhab (1e33), KoEin and Badler (1e33), Kjrr and avo oel), d wu 0e1). Gar:
,pprF6osaaqploEdincns09n).orherdihsioGoraftbucod dep;l>
eb6aEava able i. crassr 0ee0), Aro o99r), Kiir 0ee2), He.kbd (re4), and p5
sofr

Pms6nmi$ damprs sins opscl dribft td.hdB ft srv4 b w@,

Davjt and shpiner 0999). A complde ln63 of oF cL dhub tucdos b
in shEher (20@, and clt,rr .handr a6br's ac discused b K satd 0ee6)

Ne&
anri

EXERCTSES
r uP a
e

wib r prsBm h dt5pli)

lfg
rou

L\e

dsnPdon Id

uP lne

dedpdon

for a

of

or0

*ft dtabn$ ls

eorlinensioEr rene desiPiion h

v6rx and .olor aiiars, ser

.olor bble fd an input

dre

Psids

Rm ontainins d rd

dtr*rimsiomr obja6

rvrite a Program

drsplay a

twcdi

iz4 ud inhrFint 5pacd8 Gai example a very lign' ned on b. nodeld sith
ndr, frdely rpied, lighrgny poinb. simit ry, r ddr rteo .d b. hodeled
wi$ lafl, noE dn*ly etaed, dark-sny poinb )
vodirt dE pi{an in i\pabaeEd* ro disPhy rhecldds in rcd.n'r yellow
olor pa(etr as rhcy nigh( bc Kn at sde or ar sun*r. To ehie a Elkdc
yllow (and pshaF Ben) to th poinb.
lnprcned a Edsal ldstyle hmtion by nodiryins Bftd'hant LnP-dhwins
:rsoriL\o to display $lid, d*hed, o doH 1b6.

lnplen

rire{tyr.lu.don

6i$

mttni t' implenf,dns

Dvieap alle! rerhod n' hplem{rin

Devj*

a parallel

liGstyte

t'hion.

tou v.die and db dGPlay.d Gry a sn-Uns mdhod. D.veloP

alsorithn tor .mputus rh foui veni.6 redd b deline su(h a
sith (hs line e.dPoin6 :nd

polygm with

d.fii.tsni

Id8le,

inedr.winsPta/m$rhit ydsof the

ltu n idrh cn b dirpli)d.
Nhr a pmsrm to ourpui a tbe EnPh of thft dab * defind der rhe &E
,rmdhde onsc I!p!r ro $e pro8rin s ro r.hd. $e thR *b of dab !al!6
:Jld the rabrs ror rhe srlph. rhe dah s m b b sled b fir within t d.4*d
oiriMb nnsp 6r dGplay rido$. Eacndah d n h be plofted drha dJleHr
'

voa4 lhe pq1m i. the psio6 qeEx b pld !\. inft

olc,awen*diff]ercnt[ngslyl6
s.1 up an

aGondw lol dGplryhg thkr Ines wiih but

Fflusi]u4T!aP9'}troPhmtd

h&

m al8onthn ror dbplajns

vodit

rhe.ode

si.r pdylh

cF,

dab

*6

n diffBt

mund oPs, or

pG

wiih a mihr join, a rcund iob,

qibvel join.T.eoptions6b.Pldidedh otiidmnu.

sll6b

in

sdid

+3 {or ,ltuplayjn3 dda lbe Plob,

lft.widrh pd@der; pas?d to pndup rberlor.

vodi4 rhe .o'ls psm{b in tud 4-3 Ioi dcplayins dak lire plob,

hsryle pxamu

i5

pn*r

p.sd

rhe

conple

lhe prcEEm in

,rah

fe

rh.oordimb

3o

rhli dE

Predn linProt
in sdid 43 tor diepla'fi3 lim Plds sbg inPlt vdl6

conpleb

itr

$ rhit ihe

ro

lift plob uing inPur v:rc

prdide
Irbliry ror rfte ffi :nd
pDsrm shdld

Sdid

In addidm, L\
for rhe dtplay area

e3 for displayins

Ahdn-tc

tt'6

tnniia

b! dlfieedlhe

vle widtl! md

oloi
{tPur'rFq

42
Mod-A 1.in.d dbnsdlso 'sn o 4|rurn'h'r'r''
-- 'djsoophoErcundJd\quirc5naPe!
;;;l;;.4; ri,' ' q - *r.9. -t-"*r"'

.;nme-ecsPerL'r "

;;;..x,-;.,*d.""'*.''

+s

De{inemd mPremdb lundon lo!'dntrelins

.:'
-'

*-l-..

,-'","

.-.1---,*.
a.-,"
;";;;;
d""'.

rhe

s'h

lbesrtle ($lid'd*hed'

doh

{ ustr-erdFordbDd}"d"rr'os
;d hed.din"A-.,.5" ff .
**:di."--;
a''da rba 'tr'
''t."6r'i!'dqR
"*-

"r".-, ",
"

.;;,;i'";:.*L,
ii.-*-;;d.

-q

ro

rF"dFpr" {'
-.,rc'orr"'p".ih'desroo
d P on "
;:'-;:;;;;;,
tud"" -" * ob.; prrc'd ho'uoabr"
L
ardir'i"
pii';-,.".---p? {n -f no.%d
;,;;;;;;
'
-r.,;" dd."d 6rrp,k. r., rh' s'*trd b"'
a27 Devs alsPdrhh Io! hPle
"
qrdPoeod i u Pdhi$"ar$
iiii.",,* *r'
'"--'-tup!b
p*.,bh, *;'.brr' ro tur"-rb,ti" '

-'

";,J;'-."i

-*"-dpdr" \,!bFpib

:'-,;;;;:.;;'

.i.lJ-Ji." "i:;;- 'r"..

]""
-r.a"""*:rrq*tu'r
'-"l -*'
t *
ra;i;;

i"

Du'L Howra vdnb

-" d"b"''" "^*

'r;"
tro*c' FdaPb'-d

I
L

'-

"

n. r.o*u".!nlr"dls!'r! n b'PP\,n'Fi
oolq;lhes r s ' " de'turd P"lbr ponnol
(
iv'i". p-g."- ** -*- rh. inhld or a spd6d eriP* inro a srid
'a
432 wnk a PneduE" b fiu ine dretur ol a $vs eniP* with ' spfrifid Paem
!nweaocddafu'DBs"scJo'4/.parn{f'o.lll.ad!'*'d ds6 Ens P mndu!'dE!trrrlar
;:d4-;;;;

iddtity inbnd rcsios

m..rPo6tss *airne tuihods

vltik a bounda4 fill PfteduE b filr an s-onedr c31o'

ib(;q

by

415
1..b L+las rcr

437

DeveloP

+3

De6rt and

md

erl

pr dbpl,'d -'rh T" ddPor' tr@

bplend

ao'd fiU tsditB b fin L\'

nplmdt a PrNdua

ior

'hansdg

rhe

iz

'oJld

inifld oI
ot

v spe:

existing

trbn:

."""".-.*a'".I.o'"- ;;;."1;;;._.b";.,
440

DevtE m alsodhm ro' adF

dmg'n stid Paned

r.. .*tg
t-.r"*"
"., rit l* -'"*"
,u.pr'y .t
"s

rhe

'haFder

"r'.-t, "dg"

uP

vtor and tP

ar

Pa$ Ior

+a

r{'rib a prosi4 b

d*r bt 6

6Fi6d bv bput

v'16 fu *t dt'1@r

'o.'a*

o*o* r. -,p,"--,oo Nla 'bhb (3lE d@lorr

El6hd t llm rlsDrlthr b
u"r*r o -u"r*e p*"ac L'v Abdlu
rd;rar piEl hhde h t vioitv ot' bR p'dl
lnpLhdid tltjl'$B Pledc br t* nidPon{ is l]gon*d
to' d.rkins ellrqdal bodrid
Dewl.F m

'rSd*hdSmtmb@6nbkdTorah-rlt'idng L*oh'F
rnodifr'orslin

re ddniqc b rd@ ardn,lida

wnb r .!md F merdmr rt* Pibq'wdrts mftn@l3
dk oP-cL
.

"*ri*--p'-i*

il' er

"

p"tve"'

ft;id

^n's

tE
'tdB '
P'ntdortie

Geometric Transformations

-rr{na;L

b!{ rcn(orn*d,

.far,w.haveseenhox {eca.desoib.a*neinicrNolCnplxcs
pr:nltives, sldr as Line sEmenb and fillarcas, andrheathibules
asy).iat rl siih rher Frinirives And Ne hr\e erplopd Ihe s.anlitu:9,. I r'r..d pi\1'E i'Fp. p'm.r!,Jni'. F'de\'e
\ow w. irk. a look at tansronn i.. openiioN il$r we cin apply
b
eposi
rn or rcsize thm lh.y opertnhs ie al$ used in ihe
..rs
i'. .irouhn.sthat.onvenirvoad{oordinrtes..nede iptionroadisPlayfor
J .,Turdeli.e Inrddiiion,rheyrrn*dnayarieryof oiherapplicauons,slch
, -.ut.rided d.si8n and .ofrpute nimi&rn. An ar.hiie.i,lor exanple,
-j-:! tr liyout bI amnsing rhe oienttrhon and size of ihr.onPonent Parts
. i-,sn, and i .ompuier a.inator dovel.ps a vide. selluere by noua
i! :::e " p.sirion orthe obj.c6ina s.encalonS sFdified Pilhs opera&.s
u --. rpplnd io ihc scon rbi. des.ri p rion oI an obje.t ro.hange its po'ihon,
dsr:rn,.rsizeare.alled B.onedc h.rcloniljoni
i -.nn6 gomctn tunsnynation operations ap aGo reIerred to as ,0,/.1
. --r.y'mrio,5,
but eme Eraphns pn kag6nak.a disiinction bc&een the
i . :.ncril, nodcling kinsrormnions aie u*d b on rudi{5.dio8rvo
-, .--rihi.aldes.ripiion of a.ompluobie.tthat jsconposed of sereral pans,
L- j turn.ouldbc(omposedolsjmpleipans,and$tonh.Asancxample,
.:-nr.onsists ol wingr, tail, fuflage, enltne, rnd oiher comPo.enn,.a.h
..r nr. bc sFctifi.d in tcrns o{ se.on.l level.onponenh,and soo., down
r-:".:ahy ol..mponent Frn' ftus, the a;.rlic'nbe desnibed in t ms
-&:omponcnb and ana$o.i:ted "modeling banslomabon for t..h one
! trrner hoN thatonFoneniisrobe 6ted inkJrheoverall riftran desiSn.
-rr-artimtom tuns,.. the orher hand,.a. be usd ro descnb{ how obieds
i5 -.!e rrcnnd in a (cnc durins ananifrdtion seqlen.e or simply ro vieN
r.- :rn.notherangle Therelore,someEraphi.spickagsprovde Mosels of
r- -'i.r muhn.s, whilcoth$pa.*igrshav.a single set".n'"n "". 'h*
,
fttr boih g.oh.tn &anslorm jons ind nodelins tansflmaiions

--d

EIJ

EASIC TWO-DIMENSIONAI. GEOMETRIC

TRANSFORMA]IONS

cMeEktr stoftbon ncrot ur are avr .bl" in all gBPh'6 P

,ga;c thop ror tran5l,rio 'olahon d v.lsg OdF' utulbrbloma
;tin6 thal aE $nenrc ituhdd in a Pa.rage aF en{$o and shearing
entim. To inibdue th genral ocePrs.socialed wior georchi. t.dsto!
iid, we fiFt .mider opbrios in tuo dimosim, dlm we diss iow rtd
b,qi:ides Gn be exhdd to thF-dimmioml s.ns Onc ve udesl
In.

b6iccorcph.weunP.rilywn!emutinerbPsfom86mhcha Lft
on

obi<b

rn a

so-dmtrion,lxen.

Two-Dimensional Translation

erlom . trrtuLtion on , usle c@rdtuh poht bi .dding ofkeG lo

@rdmk. sa5b rnrdte, ndi@rdbaF@'ition ln.F..l wef hdi
the on@l rchr pGiho dlors r sharght lirc Prth !o tr! n'w luhor Sinl
a e-"i"toi i ,ppt'm to an olrd lhdr b dPtned wirh mul dPle c"rdftte
qb@. iuch ,5 , ;u.drildter4 by FIGaba allne .@limle Pdttm bv t
we

er.

FIGURE

5-1

Tiffilating

pGihon P Binga

t mrd

di6pla@ai al68

P,mUel Patls Th.n

conPLb

lo b_ 5laha Mad,runrimlP6b(weddd
t, b the orisiml c@ntinates (r, y) to obrain lhe

ob)ecl ts displayed

tr.ndttiotdbLnd

lrs

c@idimk Pcition (t',

..[.d a lrd.r*ion Etor or thitt w'i

kslatio; equtios 5_1 d a singl n.hix equrim
$ing the fo wi.g .olllm veciors to rePlldt cmdinate Positioc md

The translarion distatu. pail

We @ exps dE

(t,

iv)

iB

.= [i],

'Ilris allows

"= [;],
6lo trit t1E twoiimensioal

'= [i]

tsan6latio equatim in th

relomat @ dEt nNes obj{rs widEut

maiion. Thal ir sry poinl on ihe o!j{t is tmLld by dE $ne anounl
stEi*ht-line *sffia is traNhted by aPPlyinS dE ENrtmrio qutid I
oi the ;o Lh qdD"inb d rdi,di4 th l$e betren rh. n'w d
-.;h positioN.
A Polygon_n h.Nlcred > ild ly we rdd . dan5lrbon v"ta
pomr
thePo\sd usinS
rnd
ir,".oi'amF oo"irioi' "t.- t
"erte\
'n.1reseiebt
or a sP<i
rh
.PPli.adon
Fislr t2
ns relol\e
'UustraE
r&,lation r edr ro flove d o+d hom me P6tron b anothPi

Irdslation is a r4a.il-r.ly

;'cmdmk

folldin ourtr ildhare, $. h.nsldtio op.rati@ An tPut tsdt

tid\e.torh L;iomG.lhe ' \oti6ola polwpn fror oac dld@dr
pcitio to mother, anl OPnCL butins aE @d to r94r'b the taEla
I1l

(wcstrD

, v.t8, clirt nve*', cLfroat t*, cr o.t ty)

ror G-0r k<nvert,r i+) I

vrr! trl.! - v.rr. trt.t + tr:
voitr tr!.r - v.rtr lrl.y + ty:

to. (* - o: k < nv.ftr: r*)

3lvert*2t (ve!t. Ikl,', yrt3 trl.y):

re

polygon, we odd display ii in the ba.kcolor b.foE hansl.iiiaii. Oiher nerhcds for detetin8 picruE component6
ilable in sore graphiG packages Ale, if{e wantto eve rhe original polyF6'ho r w.(,n.b'< rhr hdblared pG'om m. dffeflr rrd).
m, rhod,.F r.-d ro
"orh"robr ts. fo.lDrB+ep6Jionor
or dhp* \ " rdn- dre -he erFr mdirdrer dno rcdr dw rE h8!F
rh.
bo6on. For a spline .uNe, we tianslat the poids dxt defru ih cwe 'npaih
rt.onstu.t rhe cn e schotu beeq th nw Mrdhat .Niiions
wanr to delete the

5rLl
lE

origfrl

hAl

Two-Dimentional Rotation
hi merarc a olriion nan.f.nrron ofd ob{ bl 'Pe.irrinsd rebtion rn
ard;olrlionrsl. Al porsorI'Pobip d?tF1Idturom-dronPwPcr'otu
rhep;hr' Lltoush rF 'Pe ir'Pddn3'e"bor' rhcrdahorr'F
ov
'obtina
tu;'-;"".dlrcuhmof .;ob *r F obtred bl repojhon rsdFoq<
^
e dF mLari rB thP ob *l dbor
ronea-hula'odrhdJFrvpLn"ln:hs,d...
rir . psP;Jd'r, o tre ry pLa rPdrdrl"r Lo Lhe "sdrac
. -*...
^" tor ihe iwcdineisioml Dtation aP rhe otatio' angle d and:
: ,iisl. Pdanetes
lbdm.r ,br . Jled 'hP dtrtion point Fvd Poinl) $ouLbhi'FtlPobi{

'.r
ftppnorpotrrFdrerrcRUmdiionorrhe'obtid
;LoercLe:r'is -lJqri
evaluPb' rhed_e'.doer'rF..oLntd lc\b'*
-^*"t',t'"-.t.*
r ue pi" po-I dnd a netuh\ " \ alue rctrre obi4
-u;on.-'
^nI8
in dP cldlwie dit.iion
ro,mD,,h hee\oDnahono(rl-eb,.i. mahud \cfi q deterff"the 'a!

r'-^..L'"-*,i.-un*.r

.oodint. ;nsin ft.

dpo

dnsuldr

rd

npciion

Pv

hdbeP rorPor' Edrlr

@rdrur" *larD\tuP3 ol r\e

o'

'8inal
1Iq 54lnth'.hsue slhe'oErm
"e"hota,nBle o F rhcoriseldSr;r Pcitid 6
',^m-po,;"r". heo''gs
d"rde of'f""ii"r.oi'i.i,
rh",.-.hmd.ho",.."t,indoi- yrcbtiodc8t. L.ins{rd:alhslrF

n;(

idmnn..

r spF*

rhP

h,n'romed .@rdituh in rc-fu

or

aqle

r' ='cond+0) ='.06dGd - / BinCsint

, = r sin(d +d) = r.cd sind +t sinCcost,
FrclnE

5-4

Rddimora

nE on8,ellmdindBof
s' bqhtu ine

oiqbiluF]il'li5p]nDmt

e^Dr$lltr

th

Pori

Polrr@dituFd

q.r inro ._4 we obun rh" ftnstom.l.on equ'hottr

v, rtuo '8h.n.n8,ep dbour the onsin

.uue " pi^],'p-.r,- ".

witn tn..alunn-v*tor rPresetatims 5_2 tor.entimte Posihotu, we

dE olalio equations in ihe nairix fod
whPF th mbtio.

nalx

can

wdr

is

t::;

in
or a coo-dnale Pcnd P
'qk
"
alv
."". r-.I " .*-.,a .irt"*n .l noLnon HowsP'
s'rPh(' srls
$mhes uled d ot { c. b' repR{hhon ttr Pomr Poehor' Ths chdge' dt
B
6rddhtrhMheruh\mulhpL.aho' lor d d.bo b ould be Pel(med
!ouo$
.L!n
lHlcr'dndCr'al
lav,

no

a; Openul
'}!
olllm_v{ror convenhm
Rotar.or of d to'n_ dbor:n,6'ha'v pnd Ponrol B 'll!'rdbd r
r'q q 5. t.nA JleriSmore ri Pld don.l ,p! mon ared b\ rhe tuo lghr Mql^
rq -b bobbir rhe h a'Jontid equr o
i."u" n5'ei".
gl

apris pa ldga

standard

"n$"*, -

'oio to

.,bo,

/,Ir,o.o

to,o (

dition .qurlons dffcr t n lquitnrns 5 6 b! ih. in lusion oi

ir the hult pli.ahe fa.trh oi thc .oo inate rnlues
s
nirir erttssslon i ..tld be n,.ditied t. i'rlude pnd .oordinrtes bv

-{

Ncrurrl

: olt ierms, as nell

-JmB ihe m*nx addiiion oa i colun. redor nhop ele'nen6 conh,n the
: 1.{rinrlitionil) rrrns incluituns5I Thr.r. ire bdcr lrivs, ho} crcr, r)

-,lrtesu.hnrtrixequa,ns,indi'rScdnrn52h.di5(LrsrnDr.!nsisl.ri

. rp ior rcFre*nrinA

rhe tansr,rmaiion equaiions.

ba.s irions, ror.nions.r I iSrd-b.r1r ba.$o.n:nons ihir novr ob: i,irhoridcntrmihon.Ircry point onrnobir.tis d od ihroush thclrfr.
. \n lghr ljtus.sdrii j5nnr[dbv.+rplvifgilr.nn ilm.q!.rkn\5 9nr
.n tlrc b\ o Linc.nnp.,ncand r.dr mg thc linr ben\ c.n ih. n$ ondp.nt
-'.ns,\F.Lygon isrotaied bvaispli.ilgoi.h \c er rn.gihc !|c.ificd (!
- : llcind thcn rulcnriitlrg rh.PoLrgon usi.g tl,e.$ \rni.eJ $! tut,,t.
.-..1\ hFosli..lngth.dlli'ri'rAForrsILnlhonn.ind th.n hdiNirF ir
.1. or an cll,p*, nI L.dtrn.r,.in bo rtatod rb.ut r n..r.nhil prot point
ring ihr.Ntcr F.siion ihdigh ih..r. th subtrrds tlt spt.ifitd da

\t rlrh

A.d trr.o!l! rr.rnellipse.bort s.enier.oodi'ratessi.,plvby

rx
mi(tr rnJ Di'u rxrs.
'h!
: ih.nibling(icurmple,rpohgonisdrttdiboutrsp.cfird$orld'

:iql.

-:nitr

'

pivrt pf i't Panmoic^ inputio the driioi f tu.tdutu ireih..i8inal

th.
:s rr
|olr-9.., rhefnot Foiin.Dilnrib\,a.d rlrennrritmafgle rheta
'.,1 r [dirns F.lldling ih. hansioflnriion oi ih. v.d.r pontions, rh.
:I F rcgtncraicd usins OpcnCL tuutines

(vcPt:D've!tE.

x - PivPt.x + (velts lkl .x - pivPt.x)' co3 (thet!)

(lerte tkl.y
y - PiYPt.t + (ve.ts lkl .r ri!P!.a) ' 6i1 (rharal
+ (ve!r lkl.y PivPt y) r cos (the.a);
3ivar!aa,. (ve!tsRot lnl.x

c4e\ tn$k@|im
Two-Dimensional Scaling
To aher the siz ot d obi{t, w apply a e.lin8 translolmrim A siipl.
dinetuion r s.alng opetion is perlomd by nultiPlyins objeci P6itions (r,
by *.lina f..roB r md sv ro poduc the trtutohrd c@dnEks G , y'):

I
I

sc.l6 an obje.t in th r di@tio, whn 3q &il6 in lhe y di

S.alins fador
tid. me basic h{adimnsional s.ling qstims 5 10 @ al$ b wntta in

P=S

vhae s is the 2 by 2 sling mhix in Eq. 5.11.

Any positve valu6 d b NiSned to the s.rinS fa.to6 * and sy. val
le$th 1 Fdue th sia oI obj<l' values stutd than I podlr .rararn
Spe.ifyinB a value of I for both sr and s! lea'es th siz of obj{ts unchan
lvhm , "nd i, are asi8lrJ rhp .de Lalre d unifom srling B Prcdu

Flative obj<t pmpo.tiore. U.equ.l valres tor sr and rl

midlfi.mti.l$.lingrhdbobr*d mod8rrPpt dhon.. hhecPi(
aE coGhuted fon a 6w basic shap* thai dn be adjlsled by $aling
pcitimins itareimatiotu (Fi8. 5{). In son s}5b{s, ruSarive valu6 .an
be sprtified for the sLhg paramh6. ThG not mly Fsi4 an obj{t, ft P
,bour one or mo6 df rhe @rdimte as.
Objefr haclmed vfth Eq. trl aft borh &aled sd tePosiiimd S.
rhar I mov. objecb Jo*r ro rh (ordi
ra@r, Lrrh $$luh \.lue.
'e$
origin, whne absllre val@ gPabr thd 1 nove mrdinale posilioro f
tros UE ori8in F'A FL7 J6harer.d in8 ol d rre b) .sgm8 rhe vrlue
roborh., md6-.n Fq r ll Both r\pl'nelensln.nd lhedisrance fr.m th oi
which

FIGUFE

s-7

A line

sled

mi.i.iro

,f drdhaf

d;nf I

W.. .onhol Lh.lddbonoId.!rl.d oq{,bych@.n ga 6ino

$e fr.d Doinr, L\at c to main unchansrd alkr dE sling harelmli
Cmldimrs for lhe 6ied point, (t/, yr, .rt ofi6 choH al $ne oW Posiri
6u.h 6 its dlFid (Append; A), but dy otnr sParial Posirion dn be *l
ObJs F rF iow 6 ad by ialin8 rh. dhun. .. bPem o6i{r porh, rd
rd a Mrdiml Pcitid (t y), rhe sled
m thn.alcul.ted fon lhe tollowing ftlahotuhips.
fixed poinl (Fig. t3).

coofttimies (r',

, xt=G-4s,, y'-rt=ty rl'"

W can

wh@

lffik

Eqs. 5-13 to

the additive

*pa'ab

lems rr O

the

- s) md

t,

n'ntipli.atile dd addftive rerm

y/ (1

sy)

mranls

tor al] PoinB

for a ffxed point in the scding quti@ is simiLr

st
. piyot point in the rcraiion equhd6.

we.

: ludn \(t!r $h.5e cLd'n.nc ar. ih...nnant tcrnN i'r Eqs.51.I, th.n rdrt
. -:.n,mn\(ior io ihcproJut S. P in Fq 511 In ihe deli\e.ri.n, r'edi{Ds
:iir nln,Llrtn$ td th. t]nsformhon cquihons thai inyolrcsonly mikn
ions I'lI io ei(h veft\, tl,.n
venL.ss. For orherobr.cts, }.
th. s.aLmg bMsfomatn,n eqlaiions n, rhe p!rtseieA,ierlning the.b
To dra.ge thp size .r i drle, rie c {Je trs radnr rnd ann,Latc thr nea

lrlvB.n! irs diled b) iptlyin! trn\form

. .-{itlns rbr polrson usii8 the tansloi,Nd

:.:
- .

:.jnrtrtosiiionsi(rmdthecncunrerer.e Andt..hrnS.il,.sizeolancl.
:\ ie rpplv s.alin8 paLanrrttA io iis tuo axcs rnd thc. Fk rhc n.\ olLiPse
- :.n: ibout iii..nter.mrdimtes
:,rnnldrnrgprt{cdurillu$ratcsiniptlii i!ioithcs.rllng.rl.ul.tions
- :.rlrg.. c..rdimies lor the poLlgo. re re! and nn thc hrcd poinr are
- - primrtt$,rningtriihlh.5.rlin! tu.td5 Afr.rth....rdlnai.&rnsloi,na
,

rP'-d. -

ve!r6Ne!
ve!rsNe!

1'

'.

dt l\i

tkl.t - verts tkl x

tll.y - ve.ts tkl .t

tkl.x, verixea Ikl

Eg

MATRIX REPRESENTATIONS AND

HO[.4OGENEOUS COORDINATES

lphicsrppli.*lons rrolresequ.ncesollcom.nic tMsfrm

nJns Ad

.:xi. mrght rqrR rn objert to be

f,.rnrn ln d.siBnrfd pichtr..o.*rruon ifFLicrhons,acpsrlrm tins
-i r.hhoh, ind {aLings n) llr thd Fi.tLp comp..pnis Lnb thd prop.r
- 1, Anll ih. \i.$n8 tindor
'r:n.nst iikeus rr.m rh.o.3,.:L{..c rpfraiion t) thcdisplay onin
' ilN,cc. Hdt\ttunid.rhov thr nrk; i.Ptu{nrrtid,sdis.lsedinihe
:

.si..riu.s!:nbercIormul.n.d$that .htarslorm n,nscauen.es.rn

we have

Rn

in Se.tion

!l

d\ai ead of the

haNtom*ioro (tanslation, mhtioa

and

saliry)

witn coordinar p6ilim P md P Fprmted as olljm vecbB. Mahix Mr

a 2 by 2 airay onbt'jns n'ntiplictne facton, ad M, is a hodnmi
unn fratrir .6lainiq banshrional rems. For taslaiion, Mr is rhe iden

Mia

h4h\ lo' okhm o

V: orrdE he b:niaroulF'fu
'nAfrxed p.inl. To prodlce a seque@ of hnslo
with rhe pivot point or ialing
iiotu wir,\ rtff oquhoni. .u.n J. rl.nB Iouo{-d b! rcEhol hm b ansLb
se co
dl.J"F l\p k#fomAd ' rcodituh. om,Fp dr hme I'El (6
'ld
Mre posiions
are scald, then the sald .oonlinars aft hbt4 .nd
the rctated oordinrres aE t4lared. A noF etliciat appm.ch, howsd, is
ombtr rnF haturu.mar'on. .o +: *p fDl(.o-diruh pG'uoB d" obh
dirtctly lron dE initial .ordinat6, x nholt.alcubnng inremediah cddi
.alue- b/c.r do rlu. bJ EfomLl.nnc Eq <-15 tue m ture rhe mni\ dddiri
Homoqeneout Coordinatls

Mdtiplictive and haGlatiotul tems Jofu hortill1sioal gmeht n

fo-rubon dn bc tombrFd m'o d nn8lr mdh\ de Apand Lhe cpR
1i6a ro 3 bv 3 m&ie. Tns w can E rhe ihinl collllm of a hmlo
tion natrir fd $e lranslalion termr and all iraNformtion ?quriore c

F\p'ftwbrchmulhDli(aror. BL bdo{ Lp:-otrcdro^rUdthe

hix Eplsmt.rion ld a twcdio4ional coo.dinate pos*id b a ihR{le
collllm natil. A *.ndard t.hnique foi a.conplhhing lhis is to epand
tuo dimEi(Dl.mnlinak-posiiim rtprstation (J, y) !o a th@+lmeni
resnlatim (r,

pr:ner

t' is

r),.and hono8.nsw.mrdinrr.4 wheE

noroeb value suh oEr

!r,,
a

!=t

th

honoga

!!

a Aenebl tuGdi@io@l honqseors ordinale represnt

corrd ab! be wn$enas (, r, h.rr). For gnhic k nltomatiN,recan.h
ihe honogeneos paranere.l, !o be any nozerc value. Ttu4 tl@
d itJj
nunber of.quivalent honogdsus Rpl*ntarims for ea.h .oordinare

IlEEIoe,

(r /\. A.or\T?nrJro.e B"mpl) ,o?r t = L Ld. h eodinpn.D blp6i

is rhm EpFse.ted with homemeous c@rdinares (r, y, 1). oirEr varu6
pdamrrl, aF @dd,Iorxmple, h mrjx romolarjoN ol rh4eiinensi
'the

ftmtado3daL, .aodi@p b u*d.n rurhh.nd o Fre b $e

of this Epsmtahon 6 Caftsian quatids w1lm a Cadsi.n poini (r, y)
rcnvded ioa homogmsus Fpr*rr,rim (4, yr, r), quaboNcobining r
y..u h d,I ,. y' = 0 bm c homogcmoE equ: mrdet\Rpra
r,, !jr, dd ,'. Tnis jd mm inai il a.h oI rhe rh@ pa,aftrss is repla.d
ar\ \dueJdhesrhrtparunft:ihe\:ue .dnber,ctored@ror leeqLah

honoesds .oo.dinal6 allows !s io ftpffir

trmfomtion
e$.tiotu
as nahix mulnplcaritu, which is th s
aeonftic
d"d me+od u+d n arrpluF sy\hs. T$cd'atuiorJ cmrdndF po.iti
Expre$ing pGitions in

M'nit Rreded
kd wifi
on operatids

ii@le@t otllm

a.xped

Dimcnsional Thnslation

as 3

v{toE, a.d

hy 3

@trjei

bl.

nrodis*ioml kdN-

Matir

ahomogpn{u.ffdDF,pprG.h weran n pRn.tl.eequahonsrnr

rrcn\hrid oi a Mdndh poi m JrnB rhe bucmg r,ts \

r4youl

lills:lllil
bdslahon operahon on

r(t,

be

MiHrn

'n

rhe

abba hhd 6om

s rhe 3 by 3 rlanslation tutrix in Eq. 5-r7. In sitlanoG wh@ rhs

dbigui9 about ihe hai6larion palmete6, we cd sinply Epjsnt the
0ir

,y)

ior

tat
quatim about thr.oodF

:l
lil l,

l1l

Dbhon bantormation opqab. R(d) is rh 3 by 3 mtrix in Eq.5-19 with

Paraneld d. we cr also write lllis miztion mbix sinply ar R.
l'sregBphislibrrrie, a s onihtu otuI eb tu^.honBm..ahonly
aboul tlE coordinah ongiD as in Eq. 5-19. A tubh@ abour any otlE
point must rhm be perfmed a6 . *qnen oI hotolmtion opaarioB.
.hveappm.$ r d gaDhiGpdclag L roprcv'dpadd'nonal paraffi
Drati@ outine fd $e pivot-point coonlimrs. A rolalion Durire dEr
a pivot'point pemebr then *ts up a general rchtion eliir with@t
ro invole a sucGion ot hamfomarion fudimi

t5;caling

ti)
the coodnar

kl ltI

illtll

nAm cn now

be

Homtmscdtvt$

,ta

Ihe s.ling opdalor sG,,

t)

3 by 3 nakix in Eq 5 21 with Pf.nete6 *

cd rfleseni rhe slinS mtrix sinPly a S
dlrE tunr nm rn,t .,1 S.mBF dly *a[n8 rr

b the

and rv. An;I, in n6t .as, iv

Some ,brrP. p6! de a s

od;d.mrrn,F iJr I q (,: lnthb(a* d'.dl$haGbmdtio

F;b\cb.norhdFFrn;pG'ri6 shrdl"ddr.u(e$rcno{hdo'ruho
@ahoE. HNe\.r,o te'sr-(n'do hdudea gfl4.laahne 'ourtr rhi.'
.r * fo- \ r rB d'b aped b . d6iSnated fi.d
t,.. t'.-.r"-*
"*nr
epRrro

hp

Elg

INVERSE IRANSFORMATIONS

hdsbnm, we obtain th iNeN mlnx by negarina the hmdanon djsbjl6

'Ih$, il we have twcdimEidal translarion dislances rr and ,!, the invd
For

- too or rl

,,1

Ihisp$du..., tftddnon nrneoDpovhdn.hd,rd rmpn.l"d.r, haE

eR prcduG ihe iddtiy m.hi.
lahd mirrr md
'b
'n\
rohtion
is ac.onplished by rePlacing th brrtio angle bv ib
An invee
rcgru\p.loreemph dsdrcaior. TU O hmuat dnrngharboltdr
cood,Dt ms,n ha! th inve trt

t ' o ,l
otahotu
fd staiio ansl6

getuiaie
in a clckwie didim
Neanve values
tuh '5 n'nhPLed br
anl
or,.m
,o ii\e idrtjlv uhr b @du."d "hen
b\
h.nr$!
n 5i$ o_
i.. i''**. Si"e.-y *..ne runcho L dnArd
'
6uFon del., th. r\F mdh" .al :l{ * obrdnd by 'nreah gn8 m{'
.nd .olun;, ftr'B,"eor'.l udrrhen\eFolrl rcbhol rubir Rb\
evarutins is t6spo* (R1 = Rr)
we fo; the inveF narrix Iot any $ali.3 hantfomation by EPl.cing th
ralins paramrB with lhet iPdals Foi nvadimtriotul s.alina with F
ratri; n and r applied lati! ro dt (srdinar ori3r, rhe inrqe tmrela

1001
',i

r"

o0

rl

inver* mhix cmeates an opp6ik slinB tufomtion, s th nulipli

.aiio. or any s.alin; mhix with ih in'eR Pnttucs rG idotity mhix
The

rwDln?,@tt chp rtrnnfa. t).a

G4

two-DTMENSTONAL COMP0STTE
TRANSFORMATIONS

er uP a equmce ot hatufomatio$ as a
by ..l.ulating the Producr oI rhe individul
Fornin8 Poducrs oI hnslormtion mkics is o&en rf.erred
!-aomahons.
a a .oftrt.nrtio4 or conPo6ition, ot hrfrie. sin e a .mrdinat Po6ition is
tEnkd with a hoEensus colllm hatri!, we mlst PFm'nttply the
an

rposibc h.nefomation nltrix

ol'

And,sinP
e. matnby the mhi6 repRnring ytmsfomationseqq
_hP
.ff
fquen.e
. ,.
M\ p^. rotu a r \"np rr tyP..al.v trarJ.raen b\

@ph..nrroiFrmu rpyrF"r'nrolmhortraute\'olorrr\nglP
rotn. thus, iJ we want to appry eo tmsf(mabotu
's
# lnsr.fred lo.aiion would b .al.llaled as

to point

om_
P6ition P,

posfiion is tmslomed using L\e l1np6ik matrix M, r.thei than

g the individual kansJormations M, and rhen ntr.

-.r srdinate

ri

::6posite Two-Dimensional T6nslations

luccesire kanslation v4brs (rt, rrL) dd (:r, ri!) are aPplied to a eo_
I
'r
idion'l .oordhai position P, the iitul hacfrnned l(arion P is caLu

T(rr.l:!) 1T( ,rr'Pl

= tr(:-,6r) T(i,,rj,)].P
EpMied as three+lement, hono8emus<oordina!. sl
P=

.=t P and P ee
6 \tors. We can verify L\is Eult by calculating the mahix Pmdut for rhe
x dsiaiiv goupiiss Al$, rhe.ompcik h.nsfomation matdx tor ihis

o r r,l lo 1 i,"l=lo L i,,+[,l

lu o ,l Lo o rl lo, r I
T(6,l:!) T(!,

f,n

r'!) =T(r'i + tJ,

denotrtrates that tvo so.ce$ne ftnslahore

Ceposite Two-Dimensional Rotations

l- {..essi!e rolations applied ro a poid P Pod!

lhe

haftlomed Posihon

P = R(dr). tR(at. Pl
= lR(4) R(4)] P

l 'r

iiplying rhe

so mhiim nati.es/

ae can verily dDr

ho su(esive tut,'

so that the

tin.l otated.@rdimtes ofa point.mb cdculatd with rhecompo

Colnposit Two-Dimcnsioml Solingt

ConoreDiing translolfttid mkices lor ko 6u.ce$ive scaling opoatio
h{o dimsions pbdlc lhe foUowing .ohp6it satng nahix.

0l l,0

t',0

0l
'', 0 0l
o "-ol=llr o
'o" olrl
o o rl | , ,.-,

lo,:,ol
lo i'rl
The

esultsg nahix in this ca* indi.abes that

$c.*ive

kaling opaations

a'lltipbcave tlDrs.'trc\cproripler\e.izeoldoblRrh'eu .u..e

the 6n

si2e

wddd

be nin

tim6 lhat of

d\e

ongirul.

General Two-Dimensional Pivot-Point Rotrtion

a graphics pa.kgeprcvids mly a miare fun.rion vfih Espr io the..

dimie orBia we cd gderate a h{Gdindsion.l Dt tio aboui my othd pl
poirr (e, y)by pelormins the ro0owi.s seqlence of translate-oratetrans

When

(1) Tra6late

the object

that the pivot'point

pcitid

b noved to

(2) Rorare the object abour d'e c@dinah origrn.

(3) rraNlate tn obFd so $at ihe pivot point is rurned !r

irs original

h
n

or.@rdr
posii

sformiion *qu.n e ; illush.d in Fig. 5-9. The conposib

nahn lor t}'is sequm is obtained with the on.abenalion

l1 0 !l

t:

lco!8 s0 0l ll 0 r,l

c r q, l*e .*p ol lo r -f,

o o r I o o rl lo o r
smd r, Ll cosd)+y,sindl
IGd
.trd
.o.d
'
,,, *d,- r,.-d

t,
1

n be

expa*d

in the

T(r,y,)

tom

R(0)

T( a,, V)=\6,V,e)

!, r) = r'(r,r). In general, a orate lunction in a gr:phi..

b.ary could b stuchlEd to a.cpt pardetE for pivolpoinr coodinat..
wneET(

lbDffitnn\t c,rr^h tf*dtins

,1.'

1-

bbnon aialq ad b seBale.utomticly

ral Two-Dimcnsional Fixed-Point Scaling
t1O iuuskates a tidnsl()frlim $q!*e b pmdlE a tucdinns@l
with ep.d ro a seleded nred pGitid (rr, yr), wlEn w hNe a tunctim
d o1e Flariw b dk .oordinate onsin only, Ihtu *quefte i5

Iranshrerheobj{t$ that the 6xed poinioiftides withthe @ldituLoriSin.

5d rhe obje.i wiol a?at ro rhe .tudimre rEE
U* rhe hveF or tie tml.tion ir steP (1) b Ftun ihe.biet to ils dicn':l

@linC

the

mrric* lor $* dlF opnh(n pbduc

ti:{lll
T(r.,

il li: ?l

rr'scr,t) T( rt,

lT

yt)=slxt,yt,s.,6!)

lhe requFd

'/l

213

This tanslonarion is altonaticany Aeneratd in syseN thrt Pbvid a

f!nction thai accepb .oordinales for the lixd poinr.

Gencn I Two-0imensional Scaling Dircctiont

Pa.aneters { and i {rle obrtb alons ihe : ed

s,

*:

! diRhdi we can
ro
alian ih d6iEd kali.
by
rotaring
the
obje.r
an obid in other dj;diotr
diRti(n with the .@rdimre axes btore aPPlying tne scaling brrelomarion
Suppo* we want to 3pp1y saling factos with valus sp{ind by paranere:
sr and r: in rhe diKtions 3hown in Fi3 5-r1 To aconPlish the saling wiih.
.hanginS the oriatation oI rhe obl<t, we fNr perfom a .ohtion e that L
d coincide wiih the 1 ,nd y axs, EsP{hr+ Thei t:
diKrims for
{ating hmfomation sGr, r) is appli6l, followed by an oPPosn. mb6on
ntum poinb b their original orienrations. Ihe .onpos e mtix Fsulhng fr._
the pmduct of ih* thE tansfo'marions is

tu, c61d

R'(d) sG,,t) R(d)=

+!sifd (i

q)osdsm,

n)

rrsin'1l,

lc,

;"*"

?l

'

As

exampl oI this salng hansfomation, we brn a mit sqlaE inn'

parallelo8rrm (Fig. 5 12) by sfttchinS it almg th. diaSonal Inn (0, 0) b (r '
w tus rorar ihe diaS.nal onro ilre yals using d = 45', fi6 we double i6lms:
widi the slin8 values sl = I :nd = 2, and rhen we rotah again io Fh'n
diasmal !o its orisinal orientalion
In Eq 5 39, wea$med that nalins was lo be pe.tomsd tlarive to th odg
siep turther ed oncaime the haF
we sud ra*c this s.alins operabon

;.

w htanslarimopdaiore,soL\atrh.onposien
tor dre spe.incaion of

wourdindudeParahd.-

saling &ed PGihon.

lvlatrix Concatenation Prcperties

G'*mdh P-!q,lir 4i\

rhm:hh p-d.r M M/ M'..n F pPt.';Pd b\ rrulPltr8M
.ah\P. -orda\

M, oi by

ln* nL

tiplyinE M: a.d M,:

M:r' M'

- Mr rM|M

IheEfore, dependins lpon rhe onld in which rhe tmsformatjoro aP sF-.:

fied, we cr .;Ntuci a cdP6ib n.bx either by nultiplying from letlrcrL:'

1\ ttMsffitc,nqdtt]}l @im

Z;
p*vesire rne o,rrer h which a qu@e or bftr.'*b* n
ffETr:
tu
mv a{d dr tuonned F on orr obd in \.) 'n oqF Enr
i!l.r-d hui, didir !+r etsd (Md\htu$ELshan,ryredas'

Ir

brliplvbs, u by nuldPlvbg frm n8ht{Glefi 'Posh'ibPlvn8) son

p.craBe nqun? tLt nanslomthoB b sptud n 6e odtr b wlucn
-dc
i-a e b b.pplied.ln th.r G*, Muld riFr hvol. bd.romabon Mr'
mE r
M,, tho M,. As s(n s(d\i\ c hdiomho rcutine is cu.d.
'b
graPhicsstsh.nt,
Othr
6 the leftol th PEviou ehn Psducl
mal!c*, $ that lhis lransfm.rim *q{efte w@]d hav.
b-a,pdlmltiply
-abmte.t
in (he Eve order: rhe l.tt tla$fo@tion invok d (which is M1
-&ililinvoled
dnple) is th 6Bt to b appli4 aid the i6t tEnslolmtion that is
- (M:
in rhis .a*) is tne l6t io b applied.

T6n5I{l]mM orodu.E, m the orhe hand, ruv nor be omubtiK Tllc

.h prcdrr \,t. k, i.rdeq,,l_ov M/. d 8a;erd ft!trffirlDtilse
tularandrdhdobid. we mur br..Etul.bdllne order in stn.h
mtri\ ie fl,lu.ted (Flc t I lj tf em 3patul .ffiucfi a a
-dkmD6ib
Eti .t t*tm*ms t',t * iU or dr ffi lhd tic mdtplic.bon oI
tiv

AsmMple,tworc6sivebbnm

-ddmti6naErc6ir.omut
be pdfoft.t in eilhq order dd th liDl

Psition wdld b th e@ This

eosuGsive
trNlatiNorso s(.sive
iativFropnyholds aleIor
lqs. Arc6s comutativ Fn oI oFarioG ie rctatio and milom saling

nl

Two-Dimcnsional Compositc Tra.sfomations

Computational Effici.n.'y
midrl hft for@tioaEpEmtoAanycombin.limof haNlaEN,
, d rdlfAs. .r be e\pEed as

lll l:"f

rT;l

lll

multplicihveFbbds.lngr.m in Lh.hfoF
d,whi.n n\ oli.orJy rcr,bm rSl6.nd *arinS fatuB Elffi6 L, dd
r lhe tul,honll lms. cmhinfl . ot$'mtim ol hdn,bn d6hc,
.,@r dd fird @inr M,diml5. rotuiio dd6 and s'Dg P,rd.m

br.lendl's.,

,bour
6tud @'dF
ouiea i' o t. *d Md
'orared
'b of fr omPodF
tt'e
\Ju6
for
uF
elements
,nd
L\m
b.rBlaed.
&r

Jud.. 'r a
(!.

dF rhc

2.5

Tt,!,r!)

R(&, v.,d) s(r., v.,rJ'r!)

ls.rcsd ,Lsrip r0 .,.urr)+!i5!sin,

=lr,she \,c6d +11 5!c.(!r r.\.srl ii;]

llr

Alihough nalr.ix equahon s-41 equies nine mulhpliciions and si\ .

rioG, th. xplicit .alal,rilrE lor the hanslomed coordjmid dre

r'
I)rL.

=r'n\t+! tr!+ts,,

! =t ts|'+y tss+ts!

\pren 3(turr, pedom odJ .ou rd.r.plfthd <dd brrudd

rd.fo.m r@rdmk pc'trm: n.\F he rd!imlr nurbproi cohp'

requipd lor any aatrlomatid segueno, once the individual hahnes
be. conQtenated and the elenenb ol ihe composne narn evalured ,
oui Mcahmtion, the individual trdsfdrmatioE would be applied o.r
tim, and the nunbe! of .al.ulaiions could be siSnilic t\ ilrlrusd. A
jnplcnmhnon lor L\ hanslornarim op.arionr rhdeloe is r,o fornl
h.tuIwmJon n rts'.p\ olar.tuhi1) td! omalonrnuente dd dt
hdn5fom.d.oodnaresL.rgrq\ !4r onpdJlpl-/ietu.diFdru!

cient

hpl/rnh.

L,

tle

-q < {..onb!

SincesrarioncalcularioNqlnetrisonomlncsalulionsadsera
tiplications fo! each hanslornd point, onputational efticierrt can beoi
inpotant cdsiderarion in rotatim i6nsfdmatio6. rn animarim and oth!

tull

il

pli.ahons $ar involve many Fpeahd hansfomarions and

Dhrion
we can ue apprcnmtions md iterative caLd.tiotu b reduce onpltar.
the onP6ii hansromanon equations. wh. rhe rot,tion dce b smi
hiaonomric lu.tions .an be Epla.ed w h appoxinahon valE based r
ftsr few tems of thet power *ri6 eipansioro. For sall enoush anste:

tc. i.:ppro\rtrar..J t0dnd nn3 r.: L: uevery.t;mr;.

, in ra'liac If we aF driina in snall angLdar skps abour rlE origin/ for inn.
wc cm *i cos a iol.o and Eiiue bmslo.narion .alcddlos at eaci steF :
nulripli.arions and eo addirim lor ea.h set ot cerdinates to be rotakd
rlu

r0 i

wheP sins is saluared o.p lor all shps, a$lming the biation anSle d! .
chanee, The edor introd!.d by this appioxinatid at each shp d{Fase!
rctarion gl d{reas. Bur even wfth sal obiion anales, ihe aaunr
enor @er nany steps can tome qlite lae. we.an cont.ol the acunl
eftor by dtinating the crrcr in 1' md y ai cach 3bp ad psetting objei
hons when rhe eror a..unnlarion bRom4 t@ Sreat Sone aninalion .:
rion. arbtrah.aiy lqobEd p6'ho..r, f'$d nh \J\.Euln..Ap \
Comp.site kansfomatims ofts involve invee tut.i6. For e\:
harotomation sequences lor 3neral eali.8 dictions md lor sore ren.
and shea6 (S..iion 5-5) FquiE invee roiltids As we have noted, the
nahii ftP6ent tion6 ior th. basic gonchic kmlormtiffi can b. 3er:
with sinple pm.eduE. An inv@ ranslarion naeit is obrijned by.h:
& sisG ol lhe kanslaiion dntnnc, and an invee Draiion nahix ir ob

r*Dt@.nn't
s F'bming

-:bds

m,h'\

sd,pe

ior cr dnging

acmuch rmPler dul

dRi

'nve*

c.np.>tu

$"ngl orrhr"tr lrrro' ft#

m rL.rIuLum

_ro-Dimnsional

Riqid-Body Transfonnation
t r nanslomtion naHx include only hmlation dd rDtatid Paranebs, ir
!, rigid-body F.ltlofrtion n.Irlx, ItE Aoeral fom for a tuGdinmsimal
agt body tsfomatio nakir is

I/,, .,, r'l

1,, r, k,l

lo o rl

@ the four.lelbtl 'rr are rhe nultiPli.ative rclaiio terN, and the elendts
: dd rr, aF the hmlitioml tenns. A nsid-body.hrge in coordimh P6itim
! rEo sirelins mlernd ro .s a n8id-nolion hansfolmhd. All angls and
.a5'.es bee6 oordinat posirim d mchdSd 6y the t lormtion. In
alj.ion, matix s-4s hns dc ProFrry rhat ib uPPe efi 2 by 2 submaEir is an
rrt r. This neaN rhat if we cosidq 6ch rcw (or each .ohm) oI
':rqprdl
r n6mhix 6 a v{tDr/ thd the tuo Fw veb6 (t,r, '!!) and ('y!, rq) (or the
dllm vctors) Iom m orthogoar *i oI uit veclos. such a s.l of vecroF
-+*o elerred to as an orro'ortut ve.ror Ft. Each v{ior ha uit logitx
11-+1,\=,,-+,,g=l

rhe

v{im

aE perpendicular (dEir dol Prod!.t is 0):

!-rlop, if th* sil retos a eNfod.d by the rotation snbmhn, thm

trRior (t!, a, is conveded to a sitvelor along L\e t u.is dd the to (rq,
-.r

tansfohad into a unit ve.lor alons

is

the y aris ot rhe

@rdi.are systan:

lt r il l','l lil
k

tf,, f,, 0l f,,.1

r0l

Lll

'"'.ol'.=1,
o l] r.l l1l

nr

eEmple Lhe fonMing ried+ody tatrloimtion fr6t roiales an objal

sn.n ansle 3 abont a pivot point (r,, t, ) and lhen hftlae th objer'

t(sd -5da ).o

*,

l:' t'

oihogdal $ft veft6 i.

the

".'

*''i"'"'-'l
cpr+y,siJr3+r,l

qPer leti 2by 2 subrmhix

r.n., -q,nd or I .G, 1

l..o .*a ol.l .r.a

r11

o o ,l t , I =loLtl

(.os

0,

sinr)

raL'JamdaB

2.1

G)
S'm.ldrly. Lntr \ < o hrl' cdrisro tr'ft
marn\ hine Dnit\rdorl0 I rin lh ! dnlhon

(b)

r,he

p,R.dnS Fdnjom.

Constructing Two-Dimensional Rotation Matric.s

The orthoonal pmpnt of @ran.n nari.es is l*tul for coredlcrin8 rhe nr
when we Lnow rhe liml orientatid otan object, rather than rhe anouitolanql

rcbhornahn4 ropu heobrarirro*a.@oor. fttonmrrhonLrfo.n-

.ould bedc?mhed br rhc.t'ar mm'or e;rmod<6ma- eneyb re.*"

positim within rhe c@rdinate dy$m For exanpte, w nishr wdr ro r.
ar obn r b ahSr 'ts "\id or .tlmehv s'Ll !h" \F\in3,.,m.,r/ dm r.,
h. r'j3h wr.ro rcb..or obipd !o
\ibovemoJT,obaLFcup.
.how. r obi(r rh4r s b de aliF.d 'tUti 1e Jr.r dFchor \i.oF ; r .
As.um'nSrha,l}corFDlobFrori.rbriol'.+(rs ir Fie 5.jdJr.hat,.
tsud rh. d",Fd hinsbrmbon bv a-. q

l}pdprenh.ru rorl-"turnwo. rhprwionhahr,.ndlncetemenbor\

sond row ln a modling applicarion, ld itutance. we can os rhis nrho;

obtah the hamforn*immatln Nithin an ohjects t&ai .oodimk sFteft rr
we *nm what irs orienlation is to b wthin rhe ova.I worldr@rdinare $r.
sinilar rdslorhaiionis thco.ve4ion of olied dsriprioc rrononecmrd,:
sydem to another, and we iale up rhs neinods in mo debil in s.rion! ,
dE

Two-Dimensional Composite-lvlatrix Programning Exampte

Ar ihplcnmu or a,mple to' a .cdren. p o' goheh rsrotr: rotu .
'. , olpHarri: , r,
n rhe foll()Itrg p'oFdm LatuUt $e(otrpdts tuh,\
.h. hd d> l)le
mrn\ ro rl- o Aimplc , F1 o nchr .otud.f
'o.nhrl rhe compcit haroIomalid hahi; &d we inl
order is !s.d to.oBdct
the hatufomatio. brrines in the order ihai dEy aa to be ex<uted As ear
tkbasi. r stomation buiines ((ale shb, md kaElare) is invo*ed, a n:
is et W ror that kmtornaiion and tett-con areroted with the l1npcie thr wlm ill h.rforDnc hav, bea \pe(irrcd. h, ! omph' ? F:nbtu r . .
cd ro hrasfo'm a md3le. r]1e rna.Sle B tur !.dted w,ln Rpa.
'.apo
cohid pcition (Appedn A), rhen the hnnale is mrated about ib enr
rd larlv ir
F,g!E ( ..\ow. the origmat"no find. po.10.
',rftldhd
rhe hbll8lFrld ts tsdn\bmrd br L\L !{um.c FournF u opmLldp.
io display tlF inirial and linal posinon of the biangle.

rrrDumtom'c@,Aar.rn,sF,"'i ze

tyeed.i clnoar

xrt!L3i

l3l

13l

srcr3srcoror (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, o.o);

br 3 rdenrtr !!!!!. '/

(er!1t3tr urrd.ntrx3)

r: col+)
lrorl lcotl - (.o, -

fo! (col - o: col

D.tldent3x3

<

cor);

/. Prslurtlpry Grrit 01

stors rssrrr h .2 '/

i2)

(b*1r3!3 !1, htrlr3i

ror (rcv - 0r .oY < r: roF)

fttrelp Govl Goll - !r Govl I0l ' n, tol t.o1l + !r llovl lll '
.z Gl koll + D1 trorl {21 ' !, t2l tcorl,

for (cor - d: co1 < 3r col+)

!, Gorl Goll - oatt.uP llorl tcoll

(eLflost t!, chrolt tt)

/. r'rrrsri.. translatlon D
Dtrlr3'3seilde'thy (@t1r.i31) :
utrr.El lol trl - *;
ldrcd.l (rltd - ty;
/. concrr.nit. ..tt!an6r vith tne co.posite Drtir* '/
(ldttanrl, utcolpo3it) :
voia lotst.zD (rPtrD prvotPt, Gltrolt

/. rn1tia1I".
@t.i'3:3serld.Dtrry (!rrRot)

rh.ti)

,atRot tol lol - co3 (tf,. ):

etior l0ll1l - 31n (!i.rr):
ctRot lol trl - piaotP!.t r (t - co3 (tb.te)l

elvotst.t i 'In (ttret3):

.atior l1l lol - '1n (rh.ra):
,arRor (rl lrl - co3 (tt.r!):
ulRoi Irl 14 - pivotlt.y r (1 co' (th3tr)) lrvotPt,!'.r' (ih.*):
/. coDcrt.nare larior dih tle c@o.it. *1r'
(4tRot, .atc Po.it.);

votd scel2D

(G!flo!t

KftrD rL.drt)

'/

rN.Dtm3i|nt a46ib

/r !nrt1.1r,.
@trlr3rrs.tld.ntrtt (!rt3cale)
d.tsca1. Iol I2l - (1

Btsc.te l1lI2l - (1

/r

rnthmtias

colcate!.te @ts.!1. vlth

lclint nv.rt!,

vcPt2D

' v.rt!)

ror (! - o; t < !v.!t3; I#) {

: +
Ioltol v.rtr lrl(rl:
+
vert. tll.v urcolPolrte I0l
vsrtr lLl.y - !atcdro3!t. Irl I0l ' vrt' fit.r
v.rr. Iil.r + lrtcoDporlt. tl]

,eF. Irl.t - t.!!:

s1&3! (GrltrNrss)

lor(r-0:r<3;r*)
sly.risif (vertr lrl.r. vert, trl.t):

Eid dl'Ptiyrc! ('oId)

/. D.riD. rnltrar porrtion for trilosl..

'/

v.rt!

t3l
'cPtlD
/' c.1culrts pq3ltlo! or t'r!!!l.

ror (r - o; k < !v.rir: F)

rsu + Yeri3 &l.r:
ysu

Yeris

c.'*oid.

r/

lrl.r;

(:su) / drl0at (!Y.rtr)

(y6u) / ciflo.t (nv.rtr)

!.rco!eo!rt.

t1l

hl

,51

0!doubre tnera

- pil2.0j

Brr); //

clesr

{datconPosit.);
scale2D

6!,

sy.

// scood *snero$erion, Rorare

// rioer r!aneio.oation: t.anslaie.

tran6lsrar0 (tr, ry);

/.

Apply cooPo3ite latlir

(nverts, verts):

stcolor3r (1 D, 0.0, o.dr:

1/ Dlsprar

ted

(clint n!!!ldth.
3rhadrdentity { );

s1cr.!! (qr color

xlcuax. Fclin' yvcua:);

BUFIIR

lrrr

erutrii! (r3rsc, ars,);

slurrnitrindovPosft roi (50,

'

5o):

(ylDridtr, fin{eishr);

3rlrD13PlayFuoc (dieorayFcD) :
(,:nishaPeFci)

OIHER TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORIVAlIONS

ddton'
b.6rolmtion> >ucfi,: bdr.tod 6utio. dellngds
few
addilioml
hm*
b of Ar.phi6 libran6. Some p.c!:g* Psvide a
tuEti6 th.i aE rtul in .ertain applicarift. T*o su.h hsfohalios m

hsfonEtion dr pedu a minor inESe of an obje.r is cald a Ed.dion

a h{o dimNilrul nand, this imase h gmraied relative to an di! of
ion by robbng rhc obA r l30P abour tlE r.fedim a*. We -.n (hi)*
dis ot rfle.tion in lhe ry plzm d prPididlar to tl'e :y Plane Wh.n the
ion ui is a lift in lh ty pl,m, dE dari6 path atout this
'is L inroa
perpsdicul.r ro ihe xy plare, Fo! En(rim de rhat are Prpndi.da
rypl q rhe rtrrion parh i3 in the ry plm. FoINinA.F.mPl?s ol lme

Rnenm abolt dE &E v =

(dE x aris)

ll

is

&ondisned witn

ihe

ba6fo!

-1

t:

il

rebin5 ! \,luB. bur "niP5 dFuv,lLP.of udmbP6i

eulring @enbtion oI objet after it has ben Eflecd aboui uE
js sh{rM in Fi8. 916. To dvision 6e dation lrdsfmtio Palh jor this
i6, we ca. thi.I of the flat obje.l nNins our oI the ty pl.ne tnd 6bti.3
rtu d8h uuFdhmsn"l sPar ,b@r $p r hi' ,nd b..l mb the r r Plane

bdtomdon
Th

lEfand.bdr.hel,rer -0'$eyut0iP6' cddirurP'trhrlel'e"Pn8

itures ihe s.n Th. natrn lor rhis tufomtion is
.

or

ol

lo o ,l
t17 ilu*rate6 lhe .h.ns in posiiid of an obje.l
rh.lire r = 0. Tt.quivilml robtion in ftis se
spaceab.utthe

y.c.

'dal
*llpboLhlhe,
and!@rdftbolaPointb\ FoabgFLhveloana\i5

rhi, P.s thrcudr inc ddfthonSu

.;.*d"" n,"-dlc Fhmd b a, a Elahd Flari\ ro t} mrdftk
i, rd ii is eqniv.lenr b ftfle.ting wfth Esp{i ro both @rdiele ar6 lhe
F.ffiblid lor rlis refl{tid is

irp.lpend

ular b the y pl,nP

'

rd

l-1

ll

-1

il

mpleol refl<tiorubour OE onBin b+oM r r !13 lhe renFtm

t5a B lhe 3me & rhe rdron m.h n R(8r with d = 130'.t!l'Gsnply
s dE obimt in dE xy plare half . aolution about tne origin

F|GURE5-r9 Reorb qr an obi

pnF; olir h tx iv pltr .nd ratrA eau"h For
romrion

b.

&ollplihed

@ b. Semlized lo dt En{tior poinr in rhe rv p

Ihb Ae.tion i. rhe em as a r30" Dbhon r rhe v pl,ne abei

Ren&1ion 5 54
(Fis. 5 19).

ff we ch@e tlE

Efl<tio

axis as ihe diaAonal line

I 0

y=

(Fia.

t20),

0l

o o rl
dcnv. db ?b by (@Fmting a bluere ol mbhon durci
Enedim mhi6. oneposible Bequence is shom in Fis.121. H@, w
prlom a clcl we olahm wnh ftF , b tnp d'gr lrllfu8h,45 anBle..hi
rcbh rhe linf y r r sb rh. : ,ri:. \en we perlom . ,eflertm w'rh a
ro the r dF l\e 6n,l \hp i5 ro Dbh dE ritu , - r b.d b i6 ongtrd p6iri
witi a @nlercldkwie blatim tlr Sn 45.. Anothd eqdvalat q!tu
EaftIomtiotu b rd 6sr Ef,ecr the objeci abour the I axis, rhtr iot te n ou
vrih

tr

axis

m.h. b' Eoaron,bour DF di:g@ly fo' ttF haafo'mbo *quec

dekw
'lr 6hrj
pndim
(2)
ot tion by 4s',
atout the y uir dd (3) .obiedftkwi*
by ,r5". Tlp cdiing hnsfo@tio nar.ix i3
ro obtai^ a transfomahon

we

ould cm..EmE

F{@

5-22

snqr

lhe

tub'e

onsnd

ti
and

il

6ml psitid6 for

d objd

b{sformed

Refle.tim abdt dy lin , = nr + , in tl ry plft 6 be dconpli

a co.rbimtid oI hansla6*obt,e3e.t traftfom.rioc. Ii gmra! v

widl

s,s atbr@Dtnn,@d n'almtids

.,ldt .he

l.c

50

e6!$ rh'dAh rFe rsr' ftr we Gn o are U'e

cooidi;re,\es dnd TnP' r about lnr a.' I nd rv h- F'

dd

e..ro on or fte
rp ihe Line ro ib oisinal Positio with

the invese

oiaiion and h'nslation

d..5n'mo enatrne(tior-$ nrespe Irotu ordnredF o' '@rdindh

- n "-, dl@n.brotubor. wi+ ndd \e *,irsf.tu'' Al o ehTmjor
. rcne-tion;P. dbero.dlr6ohPrL\dr a Fi^ hm P'aaerfl
r.naraudp ftare- thdr .nid.,l-" T.'or itu3eo' aPoj._tdn\e lrca
a'i,. i 'd " t.a-d- $'ll nrFr'tude h- rhr lb"nF rhe nmr
- leror:Domr,l6e
"n-"-".
6$"rned01.n. ftr' r Fneded ob^I ddLobP
rrged. Fddred ordisbnd

such that tle ems

' inslodation that distotts rh shaPe of an objat
Tcd shape appds as iI Lhe obj{i w;d ronPsed of intemal tave6 that had
*"*a b sid. .'d dch other is called a the.i rwo connon sheding
-"
isformatioN e thos rhat shifi coodinate x values and thF th.t shifl v
An

rniEdion

shear relative io the

axis is Poduced witn the

il

ll
-,h ndn.rru ordinte
a

kansfomation

PGihons as

=1+sh,.!,

l=t

'.n"lnJnbpr.rnber*'a'Pdrorh'\carpdmeF n A milnareP6rim
. L hp1.hiHe'l '. o;u ly bvdndmounr popt rtrotulro 'r! PcrPnd.d la'
iin.e , \,lue,loh lhe i r\i-.$l irqprdac' i.o'hcldlue2forcur'

r .hrg6 the squaP in FiS. 5 23 into a Parallelogran

.i rooidimie pcitions io ihe left

FiiilRE

s-r,

R"t'-ho.

5-x

Negatire values for

ll

'

-"{*"G) "-"*&d
r4ar dqam (b)unns6a..d R.ho
treURE

b"

,5.

ibunECt Ah

i6uRiE- Ad,

w.crngmmli{idmshe6rlid!.bdhaEfffliGsh

lt .h, ,h
Nor @diMh pGirids

too
art

bdrom.d

!_1

ae

r,=r+rr,(y_Jk,
P'nmeb!arwd j ftri ebrherrek =
a v.drEtd stEr Phdk b ure ft r = ri'i58ddlhdw'lhd!hd+

which

'l

8@cB rE bcfomed @rdidh valc

r'- t,

l=y+,h!<x
r ,w . =
ov*ddasqu+hbd'Uau.lq
rnihiJDlomrhd+f!'!.trdfik

\_n

,-.iri

,rs ,Ish.F

Eb mo a:Li; ror.c T'r s."o

h urr qudc d Fis I ! ,loq ,F drlmr ! Frr
mMbrhs rheoig tengn5od onhbdor dedg6Fnthrb df .:q
i B br pc r m or obiB b rrjnv. shddns Ff.Ire tlc ar.qun
'n
"k
h Fn5tom:do <!ala

tunqMdrdllotudrrrr''.Ddi6

ElE

RASTEN MEIHODS FOR GEOMEIRIC

IRANSFONMATIONS
g96r

o albmrb

tPd
rhar

ins m

ndhod Id

ar:y

ratohhs

orlEl ElB F4

mdputah Ebnsurar Pipl a!

mal,, a,,rln ofu ed' n4incs for

u\u" r dvi idei ,s,dohr.pyLs-

:< dnsrdl lhdon

r{i

(isunhc

rh

by $isnitrg rhe ba.rgo@d @1or b rr pipts wi'hi ih

rh. paheh b b era*d de mr N*lap dhs ours h

gsyKomP]ishedbyftrtdEbs

h, ihnEE6hE rr oirer of rh. rcws.

tPubdNih Gtrbs!*d bobcairer

-rshsdc sroE ofrh. wdhepd

sre

iEL,wish'edby rhedrdenbse

]:nk,ed,dbg5P6iedhlafols

rre?ofolerhp h,th rba,tcdp rtrFstFS ta)

obj<' cn be Fflbd uft8 6sk ba66rmhons

lfrval!6inaP'elblel'ombhed

:i
fri3@1id.y c

ih rtee&

,9

.,

show^

h Gt rh p6troE d

rhe

rtnv

rcw or

25t

-!il '':

-t

||irLt
-.-

,I

l
;_;,-;_']

ti ii
.EifpridfhlYebhd pnrh/, 4)

EA
rn

opeicl

RASTER TRANSfORMATIONS

sdion 3re, wc inh.ru.Ed

ars

rsi or rhc ophcl rundids ror pedomr:

aR
Prchld f oPlrcl as i .oPy openijo.

opqadois. A hnslariotr or

I]cIiElfou!PxamefoEhlhblund

plelblfk'Andtheo'6clsynbo'n

EInAN
ro be

.opd (ihe $u{e) ind rhe de$

cool

4 rFifbe {,1n3 hfls. dnd rhn usu\g s$*

Fo!rhetueoPGhoN,we*rri.<i
orslDravFixel3.
a:;:yP!ie16
R.

om h oPnu-

- . n; ull6 sed*

ihan r

bq6s

: : d both, prcducs a Endon as wctl * {aling ine

'g=:'=3'0,lheso!re:]nyi5cd
he

riEy n

'Itut ir

anay eldnenb

naPPd

a 3 bY 3

mtmD, dh6d+r

rh.

bldk ol

f lrsur:r

ii.analsoconbie6stltn*on
r.niddapplGrionbt srde

obrd

a(

s a

seE wid@r:rk6g the

]nANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN T}\IO-DIMENSIONAL

COORDINATE SYSTEMs

ransrom

.;id

gAofserePu69ry'fte@n'3
detptions hlm

ion'hdivulourdsaetyljclly
th* ldrl.odinde desnP

:u*ihenbctransforEdiniop6iiiN
:.io'trhd

4rM.

A h.ilit.manasehmt

pils6m lor oma bloub, ror

n,hasindivjdua'.@!dbakde{dPti
dn be Placd inb a a@r Pla

:r th
!\e

:dvanbqe or obikt

:6r

b. onwnd b

srmehe c
c kdd weld-Grdiut5

fd!

Pl*sbg. som

no'(:@d.slm.aF8itf,

::ra r]{
Tn

show5 a

Gtuan r' ,y
'

$* spdrpEs

'rE

1y

em sp.iried

'

il6 o.

sith

o'dhde oiFn

r''md'ndh we'r

uP

' tu*

rnndae

rhat the

disin

Go,

lt)

of rhs

S!l

fr

o 'l

io

'hoP.dontheddkwkbbdo

I.Gr -",

ol

to o

il

&e/ llhdGaol
n

odnegrvss

n.rdr tu ran5rods objd ddpdds rEn

n&nrb

mslhod foi dnnbbe the orienrahd df Lrf

ldd

orindr:
nk r.r' r{,. Qn .Frt !R

km i! b \e41 ,

\br

${omPree omF?
r,r' syden

sysem 6 d,e

'h.,y
An

,,.

r,/ cmdinie $:

Eliliveiothgdgiofd'ervry,tm,

$s

an5 by .PPryin* a

90

EE

/r'dftodq6 Po=(4,;)ad

GE(

tN'

tud'

TarnadL@ n

F6niE;:.j: a."n.fuir'"Fi*

t0

ttl

b$e''axkkin$P6id!y'l

;'

s
'id

\ +dovrrarc

'of"

?l
mrF . F! n

&. \ d

ba

{rDs

'h

M-b"f<D rFhh\etorhe ^@deFdsf

"=ir

!q

rl"m3

4ht heded cad6ian

GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
IN THREE-OIMENS!ONAL SPACE

j:6ddoMl ndh.ds

by hdudtne

.midehtiDi

tor lhe

co.ldture we

.3l.kroodb.Pl$nsi'hF
n(h the objd is b be noved in .eh of rhe rhe .G
obiEt by chcing a clins hdr lo!

:t dekll11ffi hw

$egx(ffiimnonfuo.dill1miodl
nmetMblJftdlm'ffi15'655bdBhddw*d

rP.?.ndruhrtoffi

! Dhrr

lle.a@hvtr$e

dornus,eehs@nebi.tlfiformdi:

y-q,.
*rsoo--s\,
n.l'on.m|h*q-'?l}}.,.rc'.

rGo

EEE

IIlREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSTATION

iill:
i.s

.-d;"b p,id"*

r.,

rh"

"bFd,

,hh

1:l

ll

ft;shdins

rhc

obi-,

$e

rt.

'.ro!."h-''-l|'At..5,.-d
a...,+

d, ;u *, d rd1 Jd

EIE
frtlui+r.i v*hgr.-dh"E

'henifrftbd

dje' cli3 hrmbh

a*r!s!!ID hl r3l - rir

:!ddu66*reaPplidin,e

THREE.DIMENSIONAL ROTATION

r oreroher ab.' nyd!.'

rpd,r bu

dg

rh"4

'ardkor e.b

l} aPpffi dchm.Dh6\

trhl.e*,'hlo.!n*rbs
a d6m rbour my o{,errhe rn sp.a. n E6E, w.6s! sldda
.F,tft holvd b@dnutu
3y Mrid,
podfi@ drid rsl6 pr.d@ .dhhioda,t &b
$dt r trdt* axi',:s!bi't8 d'il n F roorsa h ,k qdi. di
dd* in'r oddirdb,ir (Fjs s36). Tft! r3lg
u drir diroih
'fth
ddre abdr I elld eohr (m dr $* i! Nallel b tn. , rk!),

bspiry

-tuir Rotations
Fbt .q6dtu ft 6jly dbded b

Thntsoim.nsion.l Coordinat

r. ,

sPe.ifi6 !\e rchrid ansls .bou

]i.h.n$dbyihbtdomadd'bh.."..*.-"*"".-'.*

,.

ti

an wdb mm

IN
one&t\ I

137 illustaks rcbiioi

-:rDn{mabn
.qadoc

or an

objd abDrthe : ans

ror rchtions about

dr orhs tuo .mnlbah

wrh z, md ? wir, d tnshdsd in

pemntadoB 576 ido Eqs.
we
y

'

tA

/ = ysind+.c,
rn ot.n objd arcund ihe t axis

i5

dmo

ra

r3a.

axes

40

frcuRE5

tubr6

or

'n

obtd abd rE

.qufufdr:ri!Eulio

!=
An

etrPL.f f,\i.

rchdq r

shown

ur

g.

5{.

siort. l^! iud

Ndr \e !a a3 for tunon mSte\ 3

4t

rhe

aqle

uidl

.ndtheidmiilr/madnPrcducdw

dtiona$le,

rhs

hvd hadx

"tsdrRkdb\lhlhangemis!o

atsobeobcinedbybb.h4BinsmN

Gen.6l Thr..-Dim.nsional Rotatiois

bedups,rohpdeclEfo-Dh
$*.@dtub,xk rhe bn srp b
@bon.rs b ib D4d:r P6ido.
In dE

3p6ir.

wheE

u.nm +i dd,sd bbMr r ,

L\

obi&'

bu5fomldo -quefte n b
b&

in dE

0)

lde rh objd

s du

h.

ddd

!n,\k

d6ind m66m frth 'hn

dr to[o$

(2) Perfm rhe 6peili.d hhrid ibour rhar.xn,

(3) rrmlate dp obj{i $ rhar the

lbour

ftn

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conpcne niadd

'l

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mtix
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naG.otludd n
Rr(a) r

fo! $

=rn

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,.'u.!re.nclunF4-i1
^

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r.F

to rhe: axis (a Pivot Pobt

L\d

about

ned bhdons b align ih. rch

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a rhc

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so that Lhr ans of

axis

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m'

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b s digtul

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dnde!

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;hm to*ing lrog

rf rhe lobrion c ro be in

rb oppGih direcdm Gb.rwi* uhs viaing to-

rd&),rhms?wouldtr.paxisveddv dun !<b!u $

apc oE'lf;L r"!.

i.hnip

thar ttE-v

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dbr

hb

srl,M

in

ris. 544.

roacmplieh rlisaliF m4rhso

the eo neps Fd this erampb,

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rhe

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or
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- o4m'red lDr tr dd pEd!

or

and

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df m' !e

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produd oI

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l!41

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I

rchdm

hsr

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abou he Y rxb n

Ais wirh dFpcidve

aL.

r*

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L3
tlhegiven:i5,w9nedtot.nsfon

i.blionanshdloi6de]clp6i6on'ftLGdftbyapplyiginahv.e
'i 4bihd r,d!-r
R(r)

ftc ln4omro m,hi' lor

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w'

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R= ;:l
to
r rb.dlm) of *d5 subhard idm
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rhe

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rhc

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ul,

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is

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b<au* rl = u

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rhe

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or r,4'dr

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by rhL qudedm on he EPtgrd

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.,

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gftrly rtdred

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ot

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flo,t xrtrj'{t4 l{l t!l:

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THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCALING

sioEr $arb8

Fs turude o

o4b c a nple a'mid oI tuG

p.ramb fd ?@dinab3.dus h dE

ht

it tl

lrl

&rh8 obj(r with rd*qm bn5

li!${Ironhedgihlhe.q6Pon
h sfom.d obFd ae 6msc,r wc prc$ry! the di3ifar ship. or m objN' I
id/e,'n l,ri !, = i: r. rh. rt$x or $nins an obied un,tunly w h&.
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b my frededinrps,li.tr

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rhe rixed

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io rhe

rixed poinr bacr

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qi8in.

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r
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'rt

Gqvl

Gqll . rL korro) , !, t.t kqrl

r, Ill lcoll + rr horlrJ .

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OIHER THREE-DIMENSIONAL'NANSFORMATIOI{S

salin8, rha orh* taBiolmiiN ,riru.

r:iorsoninaBoGlappltadffirrc so uelul in nany rhterlhmidar
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ns

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b a zr4

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ity obid 5n'p6, i6t a h sc

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'l
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Ert,

IrlANSFORMATIONS BEN^/EEN
THRTI . DIMENSIONAI COORDINATE 5Y5ILM5

u.e'hPt'"'..fro^l-

rratuf;(dbtbis.e;h.

EIZ

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q: dnb the:,

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rhecop6ih

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:r'rkm b,rolhei $m N !,5m 3lefi'hjd

dnd

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AFF1NE TNANSFORMATIONS

TEMS

trkd,bftd@Dfilb',,/'d
::Line run.riooldtonsinn@dhrsa,, d:,andpabl@64,and
fo|rulionlweAlfrrekaElonadft
h gha

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'he

gsDI

taNiolmlionasmgnFsjh
*rm orlei Ek dF{ Ph6 fo

-d .6*'

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OprnGL GEOIVETBIC-TRANSFORMATION
FUNCTIONS

a! rcF

bbrary or

o@cL . q

6eomm. ranlforu' o.

"nd

ate

tun.tim

ie

rv,ilable fo! eeh ol n\e

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for dr rhFdr@roml tft

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4 by 4

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hadx ftar

b dppltrd

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ol

obi6b uur rE crer

Basic OpenGL Geom.tric

Tra610halions

Idn F6i6o6

or

ohs

didlmr

nfdion

n enhd r (ndar) or d (do

d.6nrd arr

wh*rhev<dv=(vx,vt,vd.anh
the

this

e any

ndhig p.jnr

vir for !(-

dngin. If v n nd spe.if

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lollowinsiakenrpbduan riihaisalebvaladdof 2diherdnKb'

kaL End mlnr r aPPld

rd

i,.r-

s.1

9! rm

rhsd*

$e

rub

ndaandtu.r,4afutb'tuvtkB

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h.

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rh.

ffir Dbi\

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6, h

b ood

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ir

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rbhchaP6,tqthgpllst,welhi

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rhi' i! mulbP
h ddirio, we.an *ign varu6 b dE
rtud nfdde h dEopncl tibcrylorihrspulPG. nrft$gro[Nin8
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qe cn

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asiF o*i vrlG b

l&rlmi aray

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of fldrins pdn' ralu6 is

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:*ab

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ed

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2r5

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we

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sPe.ilied D

i' e hq f

oi

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orhe.Elenentsr6 in

rhe

pRedf g e

ercmenb are

sr{il1ed by P,a0.--

M=i4]Ml
rhe

ih*

ode rnus,
rhe

ir

ve*r

up a ransrormrion $queme in an

clpocl prcs.::

lar ope66dn spdilied L thr

prcgnn, :

tartio,i*ion *quqe

It is al$ ifPofrani rd kRP 6 nind rh

naFr odc And a rf.aNe h a marir .refd'
4rem.e io rhe eremnr
i an
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lioPencl616elqeni,5hele.{b5
e'eDs6 itr : orunFn.jor dd4

{.h

I D opencl .

fu6e5byjl?rsPatfybsmlc:]

511 aqcLc@tutuI 13trrythnFqd6

ll*M.drlafoPelImULfu:rof,',b.}
Fhibr...oy, mour4rhepr

:.r ndd.

vp6g
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ArrE we sF.iry ths

-hrhPlensbhdoloPcnclw

a$ihble depnr

o{

ech for

and

crccbrc ftnsfohadds,

L\

f z .nd ss 6 d&mbe rhe maxpad.dn hpletmbrio sins de df rhe

rudG

'uophcl$mbor'dEb'hGl

&an.reiindourhokn

by dnr

tundio if

we

i$ft

cum

ac

y in

$a

d' qury befoE any sbc*

pncl

.f olrxog

kwith

pushg h*
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ad-r

dEelijcisllhanmdpdidng

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hpts

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}r{Pold,a.',nonc*ddh:h'.n6"
rop or rh sb.t L\ec nun

b. ai

231

0penGL Geometric-Tmn5rornation Proqramming Examples

dons,

one

r rime,

ro a

Fdingre.

hi

nalnr and we d;Play a bru Nbns

sPett hlcdinmsioMr rmshn@ Pa
reda$l (Fig. 5 $). sde n do nor w

c*llheculutnalnxtolheidendiy'

sn

ot<ncL

6dti tl!.hnptb ) F,4.tbw

:tnadwiihthe.ulmtnabix(rheidcntiiym ix).Mmtheo4inald
1a). vlb

lwr

dris

.obidlbod*t:''ErddEPL\ord?iolo
oe noft

prc65

a.orors! (l.0, 0.0. 0.0)l

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i? iepr
:-:{65ul3

(e0.0. 0.0, 0.0,

rhe

r..):

Ebnsle taalb!fudm ol lne Pft.dhe dinpls cins

df d'. glLold &tr ry tundio..

tu6d

,a5

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sdis

tdd

of rlE

drcnhs

Pigrandns snPt, re siv.

$r3. B{rup opencl pchuidpx6 htuton,fid hibicE a rh6

we nar tus bvore $e ban
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turs rfte d6iemkd tulomatu n
ifddml oP6cL vrds rculE
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tied.s opeBd@.nd .pprying $e s&mhi. rrnstomibN b obteb h dr

:ft crle4

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or

ai obF.r lahve

ra a

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hreJ po5ition

n"GnexPEMfilitlr4ioMtba$lo

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on

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.jige6edEo'ahaBbGrcbk
h3 oiry tuFlaudsand dnoG
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'I

4Bid-body tustomrb, siie hupFrleri subird oI a 4id].dy

'lie
n

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:.rtbE.wh4i\eghissmell,w9.Fdueehm.mPdiGby

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d'"' -"k-"bF
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Di

raridsonp el,'ays

For two.dime

r;. &"cL b",. r,-.' -, ...

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Pano*6 tu drh@ abr &y d3

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EB*lqruknhlbclindhoveg6dn.d

srt&tudEre6sPa6n*Gtu
REFERENCES

gijdrgail4sDPhun4oPsclsoM.hrc,omdmfuic
I oq) PosaniiB .!@k 1f
g:[:htP7/ry{5'ul$du/iadiE/orul'hd'M!CqPkBdgd

@tuhtuE(m)

EXERCISES

:qPdqEdkdotl

bhrlFr

!n.6vl3t?hlFl&bn'dlFl

!thb.u.dblFeduP'6.6ldLe
3nd{( aG, tu' rh d3i6'.diGb uhs

ror

'k

qd

'e

'd

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Mdit e qanPh PqB6 h ed

s!

s@ ibr hEromrdq nad (e$),6! a Eid'h ib.u'

!i$h ddo i 6!

1y

phi!:hou'

tr (dbne orth.

'hld6rkonsi!quidi'b.ob
,Imadmd{ts!qu!d6rbtryji
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.ade sFtm sr c sbd.dnd6hs 6y r dsh, cbnve ro e
b. obid by ptujdrid tshr P
6droI'ierod 4 ad:iryrng add4 r\sh' 6416
'h.
r=I@,+Fha'/='J.h,+'.6,
gb&bdlh!rud6rln66nnBo6e
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i3o'M!6( qEffi b spd qp tu Gkda6q5, d E*' 6. od b ic
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d 6jsr vrh EsFd b my d

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Eebn or 6e

r,

THE TWO-OIMENSIONAL VIEWING PIPELINE

'e FdIo dFpl") b., U.dd.lippin8

--r

only pad dr the srqe

L\*

shows up

ihe *ieen

whar G ituide

L tr?c, 4 1.oF.'nr.l:prr\'\q"tu ";-r.dro'hr

1 rdnpuba d'd ke ied ro dtsringri$ berwen then. For e$npl-r, :
"h.

n.

diPpinF wndow

objKE inside
'he

t
t
-;^.-,,:,,...."-i".-.6
try.hjns,rs,h. p*'hm

or r

"rc''pdr.

\s dn

!t!

obFds dineEn::

'

i-6.w"-hr*;*hsdr"d.by*(6se!m:rpinsdrrarrtvr. :

&,neoda;.Gndlhd " tu*dtd

rhin nsr rhs

ri6'o!m im fm .

in:r nf.rcn.e

lld. ir

sPdi,jiE

nd.dforrhe\i& n8p6 q

:,

grrphr.s sysms

MRfr

'rr
me6 wo d.mldindes (ForarhnE
cDnd6 -..k.rs h ir o,PF,D rhc

d Rdon andonobhon)
cni or the

::PPlv'h.dlPPiryEudn6s.me5y5
atized

hc .

ftquile]b ol any ouFut

nonitizd .oordin{es

obrr dAdipdons b

inge

ron rbr

DcPcndins

,av ng .o.ro, md,o

aLipping

c usually pettomed in non

THE CLIPPING WINDOW

n

irq

us mahi ue b u{

objd

bbMb

aPptiadon

shi paftr

a .ircre

rh

,3'

ap

Fosco, wcourd dBi3tr

. n3d mzvPPoDsu

b ri

llPagdn'.nnishtlinthdarc

f,4angulirdippfguildonsaliBnd

iePifucbPducacftiishiPcl0
3imprq ue .ould rim rh. edgs

0f a

don arsoithms

pntuc wiih ,nv

or

we

ourd

dsi# -'n-

jls

Viewlnq-Coodinate Clippinq Window

A gensil ipFc.h b rhe rwoidds

povilA i EleEe

rdr

lpeirying: @
d,pp,is wind.$ dl

F:9.

a,

N. N*

fr:

deliningadippjngn*jonlorathRdimeiljotrilsQne
world

pciron lll

(ri, qr), atrd

\r .i

E
ndli

R rh*alisns rhc!ierFg r\,",,l

obj\-' pci'bs h Nd'd oodndc

rbk5ih!viqLhsorislnP.tjihe\.

World-Coordinate C ippinq W ndow

NOR

Nyddi4thr d viwt nitit@wtrca

r fe

dr

ro

pEvious

obbin. mbkd vik

of a

s(tid, k perron sadlr

rhe

she

FGMe

shp5

s dd

bd

theq

ThE, we sinpry rchb

i
rmd:F) obF b b dhipd pG'hd:nd y. ue rhe.t.ppfg
-'br)
adnpre. he ou.o d 1pL) d !;hi
.i rhe dlnsre in Fig tu@ by efin
r up a shdatn dippins ftt sle.lna
ot

!ou.daLol,fuab+ehu$lPo

l.Ilddisn'ai'dde6E,cliPPingwiidowabuddlhianglgln'hita*,
a atcMc poinisuch a5 the d.nsl!
l.aFF"Ae@rb'hed''dd'gb
a,i"u.'iskaLlrru m m,vtr
"k
., i {odd,@diMF ro 4Pb \e

NORI'{ALIZATION AND VIEWPORT

TNANSFORMAIIONS

-.

si!P!

r\

P4 Ldeer

fGURIs^hs1.

wnore.iz

, o . @rcnbired hodeoFa:bo
i?ngivhinlhela$eJtln0io]so

:rluac.alhclippiry,!\eudtEuiEo aini.sthevi&podt,nappcd
r :F:Pp d eroF qFpdn ,"ftforurm rdip!r"k;,
he
'tu
f,nr bourdad4 arc rpedfid
in sclq .mdim6 rttadve b i]E diselay
the Clipping Window into a Normaliz.d Uewport

-rL?dfr*
ofrhedrpp

hld in rhe.lipPjng wh

$h0d@

'o-

em

iTan(.

RladYe

Pta@mr

or a poinr

in

f.i

i,--,i

ii
flGUR.6"7 tsiir (:-, ra) rn a wq
!fuwhnPldbidedffidhL
^

dE

viet"d. tuw

e7

iunftk

qhdow-cvi4od F.Fiq. pci

'la
i:d.!u)b,Jrlxppugwlrdo$ bmrpo6DbpGFm
r!.r,Iurh.alq
To

brtu

solviry

qf df

rh*

'drd.@rdjn,hPm

ylh yutu
,!Dq -J6^
dpHim fe dF v6Fn s6m c4 vlt

we

hiw

sinewe.EsinPlyn.pping*dld{dllnEbpGiliffiinbav]es
pdd.d f! rh. luio onsn we d ats6 dhr Eqs 6 J 6us

d$r E

Rbde Fd mnP,,
,dld .ediFb b vi4pd.!.itin
rtu

vi.wpd

dtfu"lelUl}?J@&wmoH

dippq winds b ihe siz ol rha us?dt uins a lkdp6irid.r (rh, yud.).
(2) rrdn,r.r. (J!6, vui-) b (16' !h).

(1) s.,L 0E

3n
h

.reP

bc

'r'en

lo,j

NqMrutul od

FF*nd

dt

,hP tuo

""".---.'"tiiil
rh'. $.h *

ihe

bpddt ons q

rh

uindow .hrr, @urd b usd ior

.nlolheolmpondbsl(adonhdE

-. r'nd@ro\,"\Pdrhdtub4o
: renriPddis.

An objd

idde

rhe

.: is!&, we rep rhe $ne objftt prop.doB il rhc {alins ratrE ri dd

de $m o'hwtf, wd'd objeb nn b. nrekhd or.drabd h d!\er
-:,udKrift
rorborh)Eh6dnpLyedoi'heourpddorcc
,rrhd,DP'I\

ndon bou d.

risu!P.rnFruPp?ddddE

"uar\curhar?ru

ro rhp

d:td!pb) i-d

the Clippinq Window into a Normalized Squar.

P0'o'od]4daETdb''cadlhmUafu+
edintRn.ooidifuG'nn5baElor

'n objib

in ,hc

viseod irc

eci'id

v.wtr4'.hd4thr

to]

\.

3 aphrG{,rdhidiepburhdo{Gha.edb'iomiLd
'4pc'cr.'.d".iPPJ"#.
tGURE6

dow b visPod b'sloh*jm. TIE n:

idisobbinedfrcnEq6-3by$bsdhli:

slnildl,afkdgdlpphgalgofthm
squPwilhedsehng$qulb,!haoslorEdinbaspinedview'dr.
lnn Iq.63by subsnbdns 16!tr'-

l5e-:il:j

'l
dbplay

windd{ ry"Ialty,

dre

lonrlIi

;.
or i vi.wpd within a dtr:

odd

dow Fisurc 6a dcmosrre5 rhe pcidmdg

dr rh.

vjapo

b pla.ed

d!-! n"u

opo
'h.' 'hJp slhedippi.gfros,olheai*,obr.:
1io5 ol objKb rl ihe viqpot is tuFF
ro rhe e ic aE ol rhe dsplay ndsv md the sizs or the disptay uhdd' i

^"bcon

.hmgd. obteb mry be

drsbld

un

trEl

opi

\>
i_a=

."

nmorN0Bs!whan'h{drDPed

rhP \

'a

hg p'oebtr D ! r'isoo

:-Screen Eff.cts and Multiple 0utput Devices

- ' gd tr' IPpd\gwmoo\r'
:nvide dnutralE6 dlplay ol ho or rm obF*, mdbpb pnturu paft,
@s ar a sinde Rne. An'r we n Fiho Lhee vierc h diJfebl

-adi
:.iiasingled;Playwindwqinnul

.1dpPl'ooor rclmplP hcrrdilPL! aw F(dedflorrohF

_-l
.+J!41

,l

.a

Mo ne i oulil l'.orh$

hba;'

q me 6 na

*r

uP a

I ud

'

r4pon.

diPPdg wndd*/vcwpod

''.,.ho'lPUld4'e{mdF'n8'orgla.kdoulPuldsi4F.me'itre
' r 'L i! d* v't Po' r".old b".P
j..l@'nodholdPd'J,dFDl

mPFdba.henoulpltd*ie

-i.non k

us.rr

b dcnsndc

.liPpbg *indow for

sla-61 outPlt

d*

OpenGL T!^/O-Dl[,] ENSIONAL \,1EWNG FUNCII0NS

hasi cFncl fbEry ha no tund

vi*in& sinc it is d.si8led pi@
But we. adaC the thpdims

a,ldition, the opencl udri9 GLU) d

fo! sPeit4
dipping $iidow. a
'he

wi'hd'oFdcLvisotlundion,lo
0penGL Prcjedion Mode

BfoPsgglElldtPPhsn'bdowandalisPq'hoFncl,wei.dfue
u

"bi-h'F":pp.opdFmodarortor!

th opencL ve .amot

{hdow a Ffr
p'Nl lhe P'o]
tuncdo ve ued b d ih. noddvi&
amde6

the diFp63

118]efoe, Fe
'ornd fiE'

o( ihe

pEjd6

up a se?

::.

prcleim tmsroimdb

dippins Nindow and

rnis d68rots rhe

v wpo

$in lh.

mdrn

@bx

orsqoEl ptujdon

ror

PreFdjon

rde

6e

be

r<

GLU C ippinq-Widdow Function

ro de(re a Mcdicnsional diPPdg

cmdiEh p6ido$

Ior rhe .l1ppn

pHision numbeF ftts tundion sr]lt5

would be pmiNred

163 P dhr

an

ra. a

I
retoc, ihe

nc'

d'h.s6ar pnjdrion h,.

sP<jq

onhogomr

prcl&s, :

'he

oplnclvi.wingPiPelde,hlid,weolldsp..ilythedip'inssindol!;l

'P'hed'rmndc'opnulotlb
diPPbgrcufu'fud'he3ludih

rd tuFins

obids

o*eLfud46duwlr3F!Ll@B
dl$'L

obj* dbide ilt idim[2ed

squ'E

ihe dipphg whdos) aG el

: irsdond,Firly a.bpping qindos

re oner {rh r $d? knsrh

dEvdpartp

ol

0.

am&E widr

dE

oFncl f,fttion

"{fr
-'{ndslll,mda'-'-:dm

or 6\e 6pod rcrarlve ro rhe row{-rr,6lfr or ihe dispr'y {bd@.

pid
: de
width and hiBht df rh. viwpon aE * wjth paEtur6 vpxidth
rrHe1.ti. l1w. dDnot invo*e rhe s1

a;q

:'iewPoislea0;Pdddthg

dirtIhecliPpingdGhavgbgaPPlid,Pojdm,i$bthenor
r 'qJm rE tr,N of,Gd h@ rh. v .ET.d Rb_sre sf8 tuh a 6 rn
JLnr* 6! $e L?pd nsht .omB of tu viee"on arc Gkdald tor this
romd'dm.rn\ intuor rbvE?dw'drh d hdshr:

? riEl bacrofttiar pirel slG rlt rhe Pnddv6 within the dqPofr
ldd inb the aE+ burle at rhs spei
{ dPre . Fwp.ft .m be cEdE r oF
i 6.3). tlh s! obtain rhe parmtu lq the offidy dve view'd

b!p^l'.yIlheod.r4In'
;h",'.

on

i1d

'd.ruh!

2-t {e bftny idrodued som. ot llre 6D.dds in

uT lbra-y inslaRs drh ar y w

-"c

n\e

cLuI libt

ry,

tpiaAGmswillbbdeFilddtofanysF]l]icha.hbeToadstlg

Pftedurc,rnd we.ar u*

grutrnit

ldon'dssigNahde,al'houghrh.r

setting the GLUT Display-window Mode and Color

v itusdisPlay whd@P andssa

node (RcB or inde, and

difiea bur.

Thcoldfod.sp<'kafunGLUT

f];T,A:X:iff"T:.""""'*"-

jnqqvih.mpondinsba

aFcIMdr@s@dvfu\l|N|k6
Di5play-Wiidor ldentifi.r

i\, e-,.F dBpr+*itu

! mryPlcnon lnoe F-a!8rad

rdm

t\fdow$Ecd'Althelinc!\,
IodiGidentf*withlhe5bhffit

\r

hare *vd rhe

inbF

dieplay window

idrdnd h

{lo.hJFdi9l.y

nnq a GLUT Dup ay W ndod

:

aded.If;bo*

.nt

iolde'&sadBplaywindNl|u',.
dE

dlsPraywdw

Displ.y Window
n 5pft,fy .n) dEpby drndN oFEbon
GLUT

;,",$

ir

rhebr.-'B6diund.

rdosfrftdqrLAdon

rhFFnod'9ht wrdseq J'hP

'dtrPhywnddEh6d6hDyd,
ting and Rcsizi.g a GLUT Display Window
er 6e !ffi le.tim lc tu r:Illmt ,li:Fl,y whddw wirh

r ordin.r6sFdty dt Iw p6ilion r,tiharpPerLft,litPlry',indow

*hnve b rhe trPFrleft otur df rhe slm. sjnibn, se iondins

rtr*thEizeoflheCulmtdisgliywtd@,

Trr ebd

ie

dr rhd dGplar

wiMon

wrloevethesizoradGptayvidowBcharyed,iEspdEtbmaydmsr
bc d!,obd rom ih.
3 ,4, we ci adjus lor a .hanse r dsplay rindo$ dimqsbns unns thr

dd oqed, oay
'ion

:nd the rew wdrh and hs'ghr are pa*d ro ih aigrhhri

rhe

tundc

dnphy sinddw dlot adju

.hanr
'h

Manaqinq Multiplc GLUT Dhplay windows

fbudn6loroaniPukdngadisPhytli
6pre dbpray

we

u*

wi.do*

on rhe

dE rollowig

ffi

and w wani

h Eranse rh.n

o!

rc r :

ddne b .onv

sluisex-&dr&

ba.l

dsplay Rmdow ro
'he

ovlcLlw.Dl4@,a{lvwlqFI|4@

r ? an Rtun a "hidd6" dGPlay uhdN,

\rn, by digatu8 6 rhe culrsi disprly window ard 6\en hvoxng rlie

amde vs

,Fit

ib sia and rhg

n'ltidD9saE,sgrEdalddvehkg
orb"as gnPdb
noN subwindo*,

isi

as w

nd

lduJdFP dt

wid1

a Disp ay-Windou Scren-Cu6or Shape

Fqu6t

.rlk,qryd

sh+ lor ihe

*Rn oMr

rer ac an rft* poinrinB in a dt@

a cffihan, a wlnhvartl a q'F
a3lulland ccsbda. F.

cblsh'leoobbln,nuFdoHr

; Gobb6d ki$ rhe6Gr'tcLF

iisiFEdbadbplay$in'lowbi0l

objct5
a

ii

cuRsoR DtsrRoY.

Aosi

+:Pn

u* iFJ h

'b'

w" G_

a GLUT Display Window

dnpby window:n'l plEk l ibprs

shape

'\,

ri 3.C.

-i.d

o.' r.i,..,
dsrine

cbceidd bcnr

PntuE, rihoush ii.ould spe

h+bhd. r dFi

dun

u r po+.d Q.p

a, nq,tsc",

doq. r;6.

Executinq the Application Proqmn

BcGLUTl*i:rvPfuvid6aNidevaictyolbuhfutohand]cPu.$.!.j
(sdion3:r),inditProYidestuftiior
dor 4 r) h add ion, soc cLUr run.
ror dGplaylns

obFc

+b6!b|to?.nLll'b,Jto'.'.
8en*aring bih,p and ou inc.hiiir.-

'hedineision
cn ftRobiR.i
.t,o"d.ore
(.!bc rrahrdren, odihedrcn, dod<

+n"

V
n.h:Pn ,ofobb,vgi

dPn

$kh*anodg'kqbGid'giaphh
.ually, we Gn

dFPlr)

rk

rhe

touMbg tund

*!ds w'd* d

rrNDor

x.6dweonEd*L\l

-lm
'ne

6L Tso-Dimnsional Vi.wing Prog.am

Errnple

r.jemNtaliooli\e!*ollheoF
:{Frdin!'eonein,FL8t!viewnLdfiftdi'fulefthalfo''ltdjs"lay
ri and $e oi*iMl tj *le c displayd rhm in a blw olo. U$s dr
rripPnswbds,rehlEdet!re d'n( sNpo. ior th.lGht hall of ihc
''6'clrcldndd'"Pi,4d'nd}"q
-anAkdnPh'adbylhkg,nPlep6gr,i'

tE(

EEN

ElE

CLIPPING ALGORITHMS

4rhc@ omol'F 1n $ ffdrhfl

pleFr .doxrdippinsjsdnthn
..-;d,b"",.m*dqb-,
{ lPr! rl'Ppins. t!urrr "d'PPns
rh; frd .m.- "ppliaijm or dtFpbg ts in rhe vt*bs pPelire, wh@

4- i! i' aDrad h;iha' a d\

;; L* d,r"tu'm. 'o dFp.4 or d- 4'p!' d.qe (rppne
-;-dr aG ale u*d ro andn,s objdt bodd i6, ro on,tud ohj* ue
-.id'
i.'p"d'drapiaupbb.i"ved,opied,ddasdindEwine dpainrins
n a ed mr'8 ii n4 ns P rPduFs E

-Gr8rn; *; oul'( d{te ro, d

- d;s or 6" d'oo,'iq..-"". rnr
---dlN.si;Jdm,f-,
rpdM'pm;b.ot.LPPFd

Jaed @ rtudDF-d ./46n'hnb

djimssioFr,lgodrhns

:m

cliPPins Ghaighrlbe

esndb)

; rhe, and Nlyso dippine arc *rnddd omPonsb

in

dr

giPhic tacbs$

.i,ira!mdidjtc baapprtdbdhsobFcb,p,nidb yod6,sehtr

rr,os dd.ph.r.;mo'ro o
- *.ihn,
k nn no.inft, bidri6dF4prc' mrbd \rd,Jdshlr,m
nr! or polyed

:riad

sqnaE,

suiJa b Edue .omPuhhN

d the dIPPi$ dsron L

h wrr.h

rhc x

md

IWO-DIMENSIOI!AL

ar

PoI$

CLIPPING

ensu'

idsri.d,

rhe pornr E dipPed

.. . , ,
".

p"

$\ rr

,.,,r jodel; .

ElZ

TWO-DIMENSIONAL LINE CLIPPING

*idsi

rine

*gndr

(rcr

b omPrchty

'.'ldi|ntFfPhelJ''fi'jee

ph

r $-

P,

r.,h, o. -..dirL..d

. Pr

or n. ;o I r! h ,,tuddeh ,.

r',-. I.d ntsibo.. rnoNF,.... rrc..

f ruFdcr f"o +buborc,,,*.r .ppI.Ii_
. \ir,.,"
6. rr+Bm rF, - .r a.,fe..DodlLu /
'
hec 6e

odinab

pdinons Go, ,ht ,!

{^d)

d6iFrE

L\e

e. lh sdFrnb

"i u *i,p4affir +Pt?skfic$ignglhecoordmEv:jueforlh.t

Btoeifulad'andsolviqforpad&!AsanglnPl,$ele'l-hd
.J y is at Fcido r&hb, $ s. subs

: mr0hr.iT b.egnxrdesl
?vlibn64PftslhticidePq

.rlPphgboudansunbliL\*wghediPFdedelbedwehnd

{ s'bP64 qpn snrnhsa

iPDe.h

ms r\e s mPLiLPP n3

dr

:me*bs hatora s( oflinesgndb

6 dwelopd. soft ol rhe rlspn$m5 aE d6i9'ed deli.l y rs MG
:. onr PItuF :no $m aF 4 .iv :drPbd o * or drFj' m{ru

-suth.rl.nd tine CliDpinq

ore ol rhe @rldt :lpiihms b

be developed for

6d rire criPPin& and

re.dpotntiapdisslgEd
rsi fidry \a ue. d.l.d , 4idn od
., ih.
i,-eFb'btud.d ou6ideoeddr LPpJ13 \mds boud
njl?!.ffiethgwjndc.ds6m

i ft6,

td

this odcnn&

-i bdm

a rxLnd

tu

non dght
Lfr
nghho$
oJ Pc'hd 4,1 {l *Enf. lh.
'dP

r,- r?,r

cnd

r.s

d I i L"E rhr

Posilion {bit r) EGftn.es th.

{ndhs --de dF smd'm-

ed

nuhftd I rhrc$h

olaly'l''.wd0b./ftlv'h

rFTrob

, ?edn.ode

r%dnr
v,lw lo

the

d.nr n tu'de oron\6e

dr
a r+nd ro .

br

'

ndo{

bdds'.*,P

. il. .. o endpod rh.r i" eb md

'heEglonodeolol'fd*Egloio&6luefolymdPon'dde
nii:1u6in.ft eb.od.aFdd-h
! .r andddnabthediPpingb.uda
inilarly

Inskad ol usins

h.quliry

juro 4'lu.hdEqol.F granF'

*::nPldclyiroidcsmmPbblyd6

:\

n nbdow lhebohm.bpping

. P,

,:iD
.J

'o

Pen

"hP'iq

-ri

debnhe

ro.!a m qmdo\ i
Pl. rhe 6n, 5bP L ,o dip o
d eg m' rtr ri bP:

Po

dae and Fl n above it, so we

F1 and

elimimts

rhe line

srio frlr

Pr

b Pr

By

chelins

qim.oa$

cj*yindowandcnbelimimtdalso,
::5 pssible, vhd.lipphs: lins *!
.1 hbrsrion pcilior d all rou dtpp!ry bNndana, dcpodbg
', - P .r$ a a PdaPd bd b h4

r.FnstlhdispmegdasaindLhe

(yd

!^)/(i-d - &I Simila

y, ir w

dn how

b!!nnh trr) li iqqtsn''

inde elrr rn.cr

'

aon albi (,Gdd I o&,))

$d-@&

ld*l!trB{d.:
drdildoe:
$&-@&ld
@e-@&ldrr4udd.:

1r Gej!.r cod.r, lodrr)

if kodel

&

rldeftBltcode) {

roud (!r.-), .ound (p3.y)r;

Lians-B sky Line Clipping

Fastu line{lipping algoiithft hav
bcrorc prc.ding b L\e hb&.6o srorario$. om ot &a earliar efforb

ihisdiftljoncaoalgoddEdevel.PedbycyrusandB.|,wl!.hnb6cdo
mlyis df dre parrmehc lire equahons L.tcr, Liang and Brsry idependork
devMd !n eEn lasbr rom ol rh. panmdn. lin+dipphg akbfuhn
F0 a lhe esmmi with endpoinb ki, ,!) and ({ia, x*), we can dscnbe

whetu

^r
Pfancd.

r.d io and Ay = tnd

rn quahoG u .onbin

lil

In rhe Lians Baaly

:ko

hm,

ilr

irl

upt.sb

tre'}dbPnalelodrd'$e.'iPDing.w'ndo{rd3dhA,'=0t)l'he

nr = 1, z r, and 4 (tr)lcPd'd
* hJl ngnL botrm, dd bp bouMadB, EsPEdvly l1, ld th* vrrle or r,
rs add ,?r < 0, ihm thc li.. c odPlerely o si'1. rhe bou&ly ond .b

lil'.$":
,

:, rhe

" r.
s

.,

"-"

ri* pbeds

o.

rm

tDm

*-,*

L\e,he

'45

oud,e

sle. TlE ulns of 4 ddebmined by

lire Pcels rrom L\e dbid. ta ths

r-,];";s*.."-h

"e. -,. a.rhelaruco,r.k6Lr

ndugkno6v:ru6of''cdveely,

(,

> 0) a vrluc o' & b .aLulibd ior .h of

icjde b @6ide

is

:: .nn b

6,rm rhe

"'s Paticull cfPPbg'shdow eds! Il

',"*ds
the itride ro ihe oubide. Far a noMm value ol 4,

nikted.

ahoiithm

is

onprebry d6rde rh.

ol},wi$, rhe ddpeb

ot tl clipp.d rine

cliP

uindow

G aldlahd

imPhmmka in fte

.E orolad and u*d bY the

lie cn b. rcide'l or whcinn dE

nd 4

dmp

amft

b b adi6ted.
pahneb is usd b updit !,. ll lp'labry 4 o

aE

,,
'
!rh >r?,weEiKrrb[n.othwip,weupdakdEappiopdae!Fs only rr n! lw value Eurb h a n\otus or rh.line. rthen / = o end
:e

q; whd p >

0,

'-"d.ndFrEF&dJFa'l,dJ

M'dn$fudLuclinh'.2r

b B{edi, dr Lbne Baary abdirhn

upd.bofFsrekE4ad4e

"1d

sulsland

aled'r]'n. IwcFdi

3ih, w.n drouA de eE Day

b.6np

blL.ario. I1E kcdnnstl@l Lbne Ba6ky JSonthi cn b. dhdd

iR dinEBidal lim (ch.pts r.

n -Le.-Nicholl tin. Clippinq

-rtiq mc FAiom .rcund the crippins uinrw,

eion d

olthebEonplebl,qbd

L\e

Nichon-kFNidoll

np dippins

tuad h lns IIIN aledihn by a

r ' ,m3 Bi ) a'8cnrhft. ft \i, Fo[-LpNLho

sbde

I a.sonrhn

Flom!

dffb*'dd'gNLNaleoti$iGibe

:is.sutlrql'tldredEds@.,snyd
lim

*Fmr t @nplebly iade dr

crbelmhpllh"dw''h3jm.
tivbl a.Gpnn.eo !t1dd dr

src'PGjbl4dENLNalgdiddPfted

icur.'r6

Ilcffiri

rn*" pd$r P""nb( 6, "

ft"6*

ium,,

in nebu.

LppsBqq.

n:ry b
3

bp boundary.

sidl

pne$ins

3u. PdLrcr.nanj oI6rou

i5 canied

di Id

rc3ioc LR

a3

]-.lhe'hndGg,whmP0clotE
= rh Esift hFis e19 rnthisca,wehaveL\e oPasibil i6shM,
Pli9doglolhelg'l.liPPingbounddyo'd'eddow,we!*thgag]os
r ri rhk lisua. O&ed*, whd P0 is der b 6e toP cliPPi$ boundary or
.udda s. !s rhe E8iG in (bt Ir P"ir n i m orthe P8idsl-, L n, c,
r: LB, rhis deredm a dqre .lippin
the Egrdn ii wli.h Pd is lcatd, we cmP.rt dt sloF ot rhg
+ifrdlblhgsloPo'lhebouddAdl&gNLNegions'rdelnPlEif

:-.ddntne

: :n

or

6e dippbg *indDw (Fjg. e13,

dopEPoPr

'ho

sloFPoP-r

F-v! rH !

Pd

Esb

Lr ir

< sropPoPrr

lt

lb

(J'-1 )G-d rJ<Gi -io)$"d-$)

:! redb:dinercn.g arohddns d Pind

Gkulatims u*d b dE

lsbaE'!!dandal$lgdinlh.

-=

(!L \r[d

$' $rh,rhefulllddpdtims

A.daninhe.ddposddnh6e'oP

Line Clippinq Usinq Nonrcctanqular Polvqon Clip Wirdows

In5n,pprio6oG, nay be desrabte b.[p

Porrro, Mcrhods b.*d on Padndc

tu

asain*.lbihnly shapr

s we do rhis by modityds rhe alsddE

(rmins of rine *8hhh .d be aMplished

asaistlhg.sdd:kdkntol6ecliPPtnsFlygm'
PEliminary

Fd (s6vefory8or diPPi4 naioN

pneduA jJ we ria' spr" ocw eoly8on bb

drppins

'he

by

rft*dg

*bfconEx

tbe
poh

isnddilidbacsEx'Poly8oshae
aPPlicdsirylhgnodiiieddYqPo'

trEf

Po

'"6i;;;".,
Pri*--..
'6FE

-a . ie serrmi

. :,i a*,

r r rars:

P,P1

G) or rhb hgu

by adding a line

0) Lire

P,

P: is

egffir

lm

crippd by

r rd v, b yrrd 6e dippd 93nh' Pi4 GG. 6 20 (r,)) (2) Tlre inrcmar rhc
polysmrqrclhe v,, vr d
PrP: Bdippedolrusine
---cn'
'he.mq qm4' PlPz
r. FLs. t20 G)) ro yield finil dipped
'he

'rre

Clipping Uiing Non inear Clippiiq-Windos Boundaries

PdE rtgidc :F ar$ eosibr4 b{ rrEy
!: c mort pdanng bar* rhe in
4,: iions Ar rhe ticr shp, rin6 @uld b. dippd :sab$ rhs boundins b nsl
r, :rDdeeikib)or$e.und dipPl

--.

fylh6'hatJej6idea.iKl,folirohrcq

*r

or ihis

dlhna

ror

bih qdpd
e

trlEI

fte Emading lda

art then proesd

POLYGON FITL-AREA CLIPPING

rr r i aEai L\ai

,*

polygons, and

eds6 beq6e thG

ippG.h

orh

would

nlumdoo':bo''ho\Uesrrt

Pldfinrrc.Fi8uE5.2ll6td$a
\!$d wd tuqun n , pn duE ih,i wirr ouFd oe
-r-.fol'hcboundi6oflhedlPPed

o! noE

do*d

'l
$Nda4 h

G)

$Niks

rhe

uis.ield \d

ii6am-4

i--:
rl
:l

nc-ofrE;:ta AP"t:$

**5g;ffi;ry"1s"'.:f ,ffi ffi:{fiffi.,?H

ffiTffi#"xvmhru*ns*t#.'*:S

#Jw*t*r'x*:*:"ilr#ilffiffi
ffiSJd"3*;ifls'nsemrff'ffi
;.nl{S+*m"l"sw,Y&-E!rq11r*T

r'slr,m-"x*rf ,r.66'56git
Ii**"$xCl':s*;*e'l*tx5L*"Ux:
s;[:ift; :ffi;;JJ;t"."d*p.,ysdfrondE4mdsi

* b"-s !*pLPv'Ytr 1,111

uh?*.*,a-orv. ..ru*
*- r*;'=r
11el*.:5
*,*.'1l-9tgi.fl:i;*
;.*
ff,ffi ;ffi ',6:'ll"g'fi
ii' Y9 :"Hlq-i***?"*.*fl
;;
ff ;ils'JiiH;I"*" a'PF13".*"X'ig * gi*
i;a"'v
iii,in'i;;;'
*,1',r.lii*-n.r,lil?'ll
o. a,pp"a 4.ry q9-:fl^Y.fl$;11
ii
* b\'t -'ftPr' '
.;ir d;u"k

*iil ai6fr
fi#tff*-';frfi;;

'PP'*'h

rherland-Hodqman PolVqon Clippinq

iideft r.rhod

roi.l1Pprg i .onver polygm

rill:ft, ddeloFd

hy

tudE.

]nishgl.dippdwddibimn

tron6dEoedfo!anoutputdolv
edFaolihedippdpolyeonljllru,

iihm prc'1u.6 only 6. lht ol oulprt

wo dt'ur pdlysoc in Fie t2(b) thar
on shown in

$uh nlriprc oubur vdcx

risb, so

h)ofih.rfise. Howsg

'" lird llodgtur JBo \m .abl"

::asiv.poly8on linese3nent thmu8h rhe Fiiesor.lipFs

: oP). A5 5@n 6 a.ri4q comPhks dE

(1eft,

nghr, bofroh,

edgeddpojn'isd6ide'hedippds

iil]hlhahhgfi*lddpddLifuide

h.EdipPi4arlo'henql,lhe
'JnolhdpoinbbP'*dbdof'heldldiPF6,:noulputisgftEbd
Poinr ol rhr

Polwo

edEe

drh

rhe

'-?
\

.r@4:,lrrhd

13) rrhcffdvencxnbsidcrhisdip
11)

tborhi"p(v.ni.s

.oubide

Nd Nrh

rhe

vdk: *r 1r.2.n A5. ,

nd roP diPFe6. rhe

odpd reftx l$

is

1f,2,2,2!.

orFd flon

'|!

:as

is

onvqed

to

hs *t or pNeduE. An ,npd * ot
in oFut verb lct by the ler(, i8n| boftn, d bp

1r ktorr (r, t rriild.tl . ,riEd

ldnldrd, dn3.,
'

loutl.ctrd - r&, (a!r)*:

rr G!o- krrldrd,
Pi - rrhrt.rt (rt'i'Bds.l,

Yni, erl

elfu|BqF].Aldc]1n43315

rPrrD . r1.srldc1rr,

irhena.dcveporygonndippdwrhrh.slrhe dd Hodgnd:rgqiL\fr,

!1:sTnisd.mwl6oFdippedpalyed
LPlaydlpFdcoarepolBos@l
.forcnowmuldsPlita0mePolrconinbso0moreowxp.lygds

:.n

3 15) and

prd65 Rch

iaf akonftn

Arcrher

lovd

plnysd
b modiry
Nsib
iry i5

rhe

suiherland-HodFan

saGn *par
*p,r,b snons o'lhc dipped 6n aFa,lhb may
ierh., {m" pdr,. i d$.!..1PrLn3
rry 3hd1d be Ficd or wherhd rhry
: en dippd A thjid pcsibiliry is ro us a noE sm*al p.lyge drpper
ns ben dEtd ro pu$.Nave
r any.lippne bdndary

-.id orErry idorify ih.

il.tsAth.rton Folyqon Clippinq

=16Iaa'ndGdth(,oirexFl
:.'hod ws dryeropd s a lEG lq

idmdvoB vGihL ,ur'aB in

rhe

)
)
Frrs@ h

G)

uiq

6c su6qbod.

porygd srchins ro! rhe hrdcF rha

muriple filI rcg$6, as h Fig r231'b), .,n

be

jdcnriri.d and dnpbyed

a5

Fpa

Er

uffidPol'soEToffndlheedgafoladlPFdllirca,wcfollowaea'l
(e hq ounrercr&kwGe or

dfrui*)

arund rh. rilt ara ihar debus dons

dieefethdryboundirywhgrewraNlvMed*rccslotheoubide.:
r*adlPPhgjwindsvboidkn$e9F.
slhgefte*dFdnk'iolor6cPo''gonedgA'

\
Pdyg'nr6'he.GsPtodK'dh.
ealwm x

we do rcr

pE6,

.ds

rhe

so

rnow

rhe

rcn

th.r the polyeon

llts.sdvftlis(6deihedlPc8]m
unbrl&ks.edidonFonl:
66<doPol'o{inwpne*hg
(3) Fom rhe v{rx li* ror rhh wrion of rhe dippfd fil aca.
(4) hr b rhc q .inreruhon poi aid@ hEpresinsrhspoll!qbn diPpi,s
of 6e pory8on

e4es

rd i .rekwce

edee fraveErr,
ig. 6

hbrKt

idend,i6

eoryeoi ed8e b.foF

rhs

veftx rh(

11,

f,

aG),

or a

d.avd Pdl$.

uc woutd ue
rhe

.c!

polysm

dfkr .
ve..

Ech

f1

"

as a

.rippcd Esion of (he disiial fn

i:l

he

bp diPlns wbdow bordtr

dg"'nn*dDar4 @Fdpcr!Ilfl!+ld'ppq
raandwe'icr!pinleEdionPdn'4

.J

y ro obiain rhe

d6.d ve

ex

lk

14,5,51. we
ro

:rpoinLa''Po'[onEt6fded

um.

de pEvidGly

the Pory8mede

pbe*d

point

l'

.qon Cllppinq Usinq Nonrecranqular Polygoi Clip Windows

'"'.fiPJe|'tPGno"ol'leboJdngF.$lF
fs.Gmti'lntily$efillaEedn
i'oucideL\.[ppingFlyed,wean
.

- L-rcE
'

pd

:r

.r L-a 6qu'dnr

s all the

Esid bsb,

a!anarspda v FryM rirr aEagd*dy

rL kmq

o!

ocE

a5

in Fia. 6-30,

$iry

we

$lv Pah

poqan*haFd dipphs
appGch

thc dgeh,vereir

counrcdckNr*

(or

do.kwi*) orde.

... p.ieF-r4",) L.. pp,s-j

,nds""

rh .F deliied wjrh Pol)ljon bodcr

Polvqor Clipp'1q Uing Nonhlea' crippinq-W4dow Borndr'r.\

'l

GIEI
tus*d h

CURVE CLIPPING

tk Prb6 sdroE

ro! obnds

rr'hc obie
<lipPhs ocrhd.

Il no', we .duld ch(k 6r obj{t sr,mm

rhe bidt &ePr/nja cns rorenfr

^rroc

wc

onnd

njd

the

ianohr{ragain*rhediPPigbrNr:
EjEr rhe onrrcob\.

hen'y dePbr

smereh

drur

ftlr arca

dippirs bonrs (or oubid hc rop bordr), ihe nppq bn

'io

(tr

rh. dipa:::

h rinear boundades
e

dde

oth.nis

o- i, !( hi\,

rliji,

or

re.tu\) in

5 ror rhe

n jun .

qu.dG LaboQ..-

iodh$rcq$don
'he

h Frs

for rh.

objNibff:

obhd an b. norcd ror

hh. :_

Ehnsurar window For rhb enPle

.lPpedartGnbu*dbfinftdiPPd(gio4b}'inrcknglh..irl.atgo::
se@d Porrson criPFq

qion

hs diPPhs
o,,

runrd obFd asan!

'h

fteob]{t'wenalsdlvelhe5inull.a{

IEXTCLIPPING

.o? J,i3..,,P'43 ,ha!'&

<hown

tPpbg*bdaw,wedisPlaytlEmdF

drrus

r trd'dF^d'Eo

nlidinsRhnsl.aE

dT e\. sd4.lt s?ord n'k rFi\r'

within rhecrtPPhehdN, $end'3

.dplebly

md.Edii,p;,Jstakgy'HePueelinPaF v $ide 6e! iPPug drldN

ch*-windos hundary G.limiMrEd.

\ftidappMhbtncliPphgbt
rg.,nbPd'd6lh.nut,n?kdFPdJ olllpPed.ful..k8+gi
'. iE+d 1 ..o Nlrpn. r d d.\dul.ha,cc*$e,Fa J Pptrg

jos,$eclipolldlyLlrepansoflhe.ha

:3trourltu.n *r ronbddnedw$
lsfgaFlygon{[PPie,Igd$mc

um

*r!nt.Ep**d

b thc

eJbycdnpdingL\eElaijPciddoflhebdividulPirelginL\e.lEadei

i,lrlgrl

I:EIT

t'm

rb

SUI\,4MARY

md rtuy

$led pad

t\&

& rd

or a {ene ror dnplay

pdg window aE baosrrcd b

6r sp.ljt
objd n

vi$ Pd'

'he

frapPed

b nar 36phr5 p{ka8e, hdepend{r or

rhe

ljd

or m ohjei, ihe vawpod

an ouFut devie ushs a

dipph!

vi4

dqte
Pofr

e ih

frs, haF

hscltPPlryvhdoqAndweon*(
clippbsalsor htu

aE usudr) imph

viewingoPddidsrhdaEhdePendc

nren6orihenomalred,syfr

r
dipphs aBofthms

odnu6

b. an aN or major

6de b idendt
Fdidq of a rh.
'hc qion.od6 ar d*d
bourd.lies Endp.i
.onPlhly hside the diPFnE dndow

Bk algonihd.
dre

ry

Pis

1b

to

uem

in

omp(e g'apf

qn lyidqdr)th6e[resrh*',

BaELy

appionh

nmdrn equridr sinilft

:llos

ro ih

cyru-

lolahmsbyEhsmoEqld6hns]:

PDDe P&ariernc hc{riPPin

wjndows have

reh.$ura

runcrbE ror speitrnE shs'c pohi N-

'o

nus becalelrhd Lidgand

ale bq deEroPed

a&tutan

sPdn'diPrhFry

l]dnosdl

M.dbabs6Fere's6rr
qsPd

odrotoEr Pntdbn.
sPait s.rE4rsdie Fndd hl r

sp.drr

oduks h

tu ie kft oms

or

dccry

sFi'/d'hidhisht'dld6puyddq
.Eab!di+h'{idN(*hic\66iF[debkF
idsr E) sd sFu/ a diPhr,rd@

dde

*kP:ru65dsb6ng,d6lqnd.,dr
spc

&4rtqid

sFit d

Rc8.o1or 6! !

idddia tun6c,o

dtebr

r dGpLy

wdw.

tuv 6t

s'dily6ed4elnqhfu:d6}bydndow$d!

kewdtrdb3hl6bdeddb}hywbd@'
sPdfyafqrtbddbb69uvokwkod+lry

fuvdseolF'd+lrywido,b:ii6n
sPqit r bb1tu drPhy'wbdow iq
'

hlolerIuEd@b(@taPtfuE,hh'h.d6'

bde wkn d! 3/sh ! idh

.ft k'
auq & ryrdrbdrryiidinep
sFnry: tudi@

aPPly

sifihi

lhe<liPPing h*hod5. H
ow the dippd edga

rhe nexr

dipp{, whnh r6ws

rhe

to

be.@n(d !.

6ur dippins ourinE {etr, rjghr, boroh, a^!

bP)

robcops

at6 disFhr $dion' rhc surhdh

argorirhfr, whnh

in

piiilrel rhGi

ins in

ondl), diPFcd w h rhc wcitcr^rhcrb:

u!5 a bunddy-havcErt .pprerth.
i diPPhs windou usi.s in orensn:

rr
d'e fin area igaind rhc .un c

eorygm{haF.d drPPln8 Nhdo$! F

eascnbe.lpp.dag'nd ndowswiihno rlE6ound rbysinsae.tygo:

prcesrry

all{i

diPPins mdhod

ro

none

sbatc}, },hnh comPbt

iPPry enhq Po

edlorsPdfyiigasbidaid,tr.bngd]
na'6 ar

hrckf

paffrdlE ftr

rhe

pmjcro, mdrix

Ptuiedhn
modc

Ne*w{f

se{ify th! yrwpor,ushs

lable lor

rui.

jousdkPhy.windl

REFEfiENCES

LncdLpphs

in

*rhig

rsorihii

rre

Lhq ind &611 0es)

dinlsn!

slredr

c$qr rdu

id

sr

rh{LM

0s),.16 ar

EXE

irroFBtbsho'sclredqld
!]DlphrwidowGLlr@di4aE

EXERCISES

dt'*;-r.-rd.di"*

tdruk''ll(bd@dgNG

. 'c"is.odia6. siyh 6e ushs odi

nbo''d@4'fuo!'o'vnwd

-,."* b,n'*e-F''
!,6;bftsFidnm,N'l?td{uE

ct'n\'o'6ro6iq".lcpllB

q..r F40P!'on. \!' i,q,.r'rc

r'd {xr' \.ri,'d
-,"";he*6@crcrc"e inPrnst; to soe d(emi d, d r

ih

ie;h

FnneEu 4 ad 4 h tb

L4 c*v

i tFLu

Dbts

ou

riediPPhs akqisn

'dn-!rA.& 4rr-6riP rsrs u

fuv&shndvbiE6nid@slol6apFB
,h@sos hirs cr b 6.odsdxqrosd& ivPLe
llcNthlaPPN.hblhdiPpltrg

odh:ecr4ArFtutu:

dftErt]i@dAb'iqsEhd!.bidiPPngNfdo$

^&pllkLhigedyh<liPPhgdpddnbPolyptrdlsi3
oFl}eodippns{$njiglEl

tediPPiqdde'G!kaqtiisbddFih
tuvs ihon&n d ehA'rrNtr Pdsm drPPli3,
I Ldh dn e D 5Emcd drsq G@\$ o (trxnd
ItdE r rcdirebdip idriF! hdaddd Pd'h.s6n r

."F.*;"-,h.

tu p.

.F-d

hebpin<liiwalso!hnlhdi

kmglhrtud$f

Three-Dimensional Viewinq

7n2oFrcLoPfoolc[pPi3Ph$s

h^-tr\".1*-16.*bd."*'!
Eihft;d'ppmaNmd;\ md,h.\trtrpo iMcdi"-3m,L
P..bs d,pr; !<se d maP5

*:,

or

rtu

<de o' ." ."9"i devi.c

OVERVIEW OF TIIREE-DIMENSIONAT
VIEWING CONCEPTS

cchobrdblheaenenty?icanvde

:i

ri*hlina

d.K6 iid

$ decbnd

io , Thr.e-Di enslona scene

'I

/,,

1\,
nD

(h i,! oLrrvi,ru,,,,

d,r,fi.r)(Pr!1rrdLiij,.i

lt'.

d,

i.

' drniheba.korc!.hdirDlav.dobid
Nh4 a wiefli;c ;bied n d

r dur

. -r4*;b, mor-d

6Fn.

,j6lifrhdava!d.play.dwit
.l by.hmshs: m im;m dani

J:$odtrhi.hlhein6st-aislo!a41

'ber'cp{dT-'rou
.,-dp tdhft cnew..h;ig.

'he

V6,b e L nes and Surfa.es

PcNliedororoI oqd od

yrcndennsobFd$ 16us's'hcLr.r
Lshiing.md io6 b) 5Fdrv4 6.

$'

usr !.ih PcFParic ar,r \isibre$r:

Viewi
rbN obj(G

Exp oded and Cutaway

niiny gaehrc

F{i8s

Three-D mensiona aid Stereoscopc Viewlnq

aaTt

THE ]HREE-OIMENSIONAL VIEWING PIPELINE

tq\
-

a"J

h-, ,h.dd *" mhr r -.'"d

'h.'u''''1''l''PF'd'''}"n

,.;- - rtu:"...

ra.d s pioied.d orb

; ko u mh,r. howd !' I

mrvehisrEsJh cmorierrbi
,t.i,-r " *d! N h".-p eranp
['. or.h(ru b u* e h.irP d Pdj{lor

rhe

dn.ra lirm

we ned

pmjN'tonPbre

&d

rhN

ni

dtPPhs NFi6!
m on'

dm,

-o
h"..

0.r.

'.

\dritrs PiPdhc lsttndi c:

pos oi ! PrcjEbd

{.;c icdrpPdigahn

h*;,o cbo,',4 ;dc'c.@.-..

.,.

FEP<h!! pojdbn r'

$r'm0'hclim
jmensi@al

vt.whq.io$q{

or a

n.v

of 6c

$r

THREE-OIMENSIONAI VIEWING-COORDINATE

; r.r '',a'

:\od{@din*ePcnd'1=ll],v

rion. (soncrim$ dre

f,.1:,\hth dcfinGiic tr.- dichoi

Fnri, ) Aid

,t.w-Pl:n. Normal Vector

:r

Pojktion rhm, n nomillv

-:lodirrat v,ru.:,

ildig

ihe

d$
i

...

Ne

vir

Poitrr

sp{irY

t ils

a view-uP

..

\'

o, .bEds

b rhi ..w pb".

-'"\p".d' t

.t.
'he

*aE oN A6

enm'!r'oR bd

up

dlortrFnor

r{ror v

;E $dsweoutddv= o,l,0r

r!.

uvn Vi.wing-Coordinat. S.ference Frame

r. ewned' "d;mrrGh.":
r-.trg''--L^lftrElPEkda.bflngbnElrmlhlnewnEPdi
E!oTlh.lmolaslBdnAhlh4rdedriNn8ly.fuunft'ommd'
bi L* h qm onmri m a
-"
. E rD-i " oerF ro de w't dtlv oe rd'ddP on-bb- ro' borh wodd
$ N cr;nG. Alhous r" e lr sraPtuo P*kr8e' d?6ned 'w'
-. .od;6*i'h
r k', hMd6
' ot6elrtsh:ndedgDddFn.f.
*.'.oli"nu*dE*p'*a-

-;" !* di*'i-

i"" d."

usiq
"..* -L.

.uded'ie;-gFtde
value toi v, Frndidhr

rrusbd

ro

bs.6ordi b nr.de rnh. (fi8

i!tinq

rhe

i@,

borh N :nd u,
the

varn* ror N and

.lo.s 6e pcirive ]&d

ot 6ir axb !#

folwh3 et

rn

Thr.e-Dif, enslonar Viewing

lf f.cts

* i*i*une.mn,turc'?msF
.,i \ b;k..;-p'".d.pLj.*\bsormur,ip. r in3F.m. nd
.idensrs disPlay .bd ror . frDr
Fre'. 7:
-, ;*iij*.
"
"h*'
&*'a-Br
**r.rh."

".;'
irss n!^ i\e sm vishs pdton. bur wiih

yi6s
sinildt

shitb in i\

'rBht ,lisplrrr
rdm r .onFire

*.e {nd-b.h,n$en!$ F
-.,
i dEn.dk apdrchms, tuffi;lv
.. . a.h,ns;i o, .^F "hn.".ha$r,tuo,E-6ro' \ wrr$r4"

d'
I r\d/ri :
'ir

EEI1TI

'' r:''n1'tSl:.:::fj:T;l:
;.'..,r,.]-',patl'
li::[:::'i"*i;,i ;J:;";"rr-'
:i:ll::::i:iilj.I;:
h^1'
F
.'

*-i,gr, . '.."":; uL.'*

li.,"ii;i:;;;;;;i":,"'

,n1

". ""ied.

"'i

'

'dNN

"nd

"

-4

TRANSFOBMATION FRO[,i WORLD

TO ViEWING COQRDINATES

.r\r L h brrdqobiddlldpronsl
@o(sh of olij.d d.{riP'i,n\

IrD

;,i 3l,l

ll
G

rhd dbiainln

as ihe

pbdud.r

t,\

Ild

t.dahd e

L\

vftd

dor pmdud

oI6!

dgiro the viewineads6.ln orher wo

otuhe vrwins
e*i @odinaba {'he.+rive @m@{:
i(f on,..nDone{hor'her
ofro

!,ew,ie.edina'6) rhe{

oqd

Elg
d@ b

desnPn@s b !\e

iqiis cfeF:.

PROIECTION TRANSFORI\4ATIONS

!rw4 (EdMs, djd ddp'ios

d$ pL?

ac prci<'d b
'he

ha

PdLr

PEF.rron,{@rdhde Po

Pren6 Frana

rd6

e panner

Pnj{'ion fo' I dnLr

pbPoniom orobte.

aideddEfths dd6lgibFdud<:1.dawin8solihceiiFdidtuloqe--

AllPdlelliBinal@arcdisPhrd

projEdon. rx@aE so sdeal ndhods iorobbinins: paGlll

obt{': we Gn P!o'd aro.s rin6
or rc cn p@iEi * an oblique aigle ro
vEw plde

ptujddd

r,-

of m

Foi a

p.6pkrir. pDidiotr objd 'he

posi(ions

arc

trnnon.d

'o

pDjc r

Pq(do ro a sha
rr. is eivm in ris. 7-r3 unrike a pahuer prctdid.. rebF
du prcjNdm dcs nd pttrrve aladve p@podoG ol ohjEb. 3u' pdp.c :
6.dis6 obi.ds h llr rsjNr.d dtrF,=
P'e of a

p6PNrive

ordmrs

pr and

r
FGURE7,r3

P6Fdv!Fi{6

ORTHOGONAT PROIECTIONS

-.-tolruiid

or obd d., plrlD b r vis or? clmg u6 dD, aE,u

da?lare mmrr vtu N n.rikd d otrlqomr em|Rnon (o4
urody, dhosnphk e6je.{oi). nrie Plldue a para[errFkrio
foimrmh n.h 6. PDjaiimliG
rcsour pDjdioc ft har dfb led ro prcdue ihe rmt, sidc ind to?
Iof objd,6 shen h rig. 7r4. FMt sidq drctqrh%dalprci*
of o ohjEr !E sned ddrbmr d i rop qrhoRDl ercidd L c'ned
! .,m. E$n eing drd.EhiktuEt ddsinss 6hnd{y
proyrhepo.
s_ apht PtEjEdN, sine le$rb dmsleraErrurablydepi.hd don
I to

rh.

orbgoi, Pqd@

d e oltdr dlpray

C.pinq Window and Orthoqonal-Pojectio. VewVo ume

b:icncD'nalog'(hctyFoflm
PU6sDFhic5 aPPftdims, Ne

u*

dE

vbyin& iun as
':]hi.sP{kagEtyPi.Jly'lonly for
by .hGig
'hE'dinosroMr
s onhhddel ddiiatu
i3h'oGBFolrhE'dtnsiou'vt$.
q :he dippig wiido{ is pGidnd on rhe vie, plane wirh ib dg p'allel

Iie

edg6 oI rhu dipping window sp<ia

$. :

md y linib for the

:.orotdh'b$acPelPeDdrur b

,.""i,,,", =-

pa ol

rc]um.shnh;imh,{llldprcx,ePild,NshowihFi*'za:Id4w]-.

p6,ble pra.nen ro! the vicy ptaie or vcw or 6e sse

oly rhcc objrtb wnhin ih. eew vd
viewvolunee'inh'dby'hcdieeingargo[hG'

hdudis

Posiiions

{ur

are

r rhin

oii::

oPPo

Noina i2ation Transfom3tion tor an odhoqonal Projection

obbin rhe pnFdrd

pGrid

or any

{e

(Fis

I -r!
Pnjdton.mdbik,;nd r.

5prat Fohi {r,

7.3{),nohari2d.ddinrsrso

'b

y,

r*

sime\ 0,

:.!dhrrs

inb poibdtu wjihin

PLr' ftu we.:r d.e

lefi-h

ilt

rh4

randenld b

terr

PqRhaded

-aEfodnS de Rimsrlar p'aletepiFd vilw volum b nom.ti4d

bry

db

tr\e

rcrurizd

synfrd

squac.

rr

'

nom.tiaddn

racfon,,

r,$clrcr: , o:.,rotu n^ rom Ibr,.$sn.rdtdt.hoc.

ionomrlldd ho*n pNido .oodinds

6rm*en5iri!!NDidd md dib..

EI'I

OBLIOUE PANALLEL PROIECTIONS

*,rc.'c"'

ri$
Drc6rbtr.U r^ ir1:

dndion eLir . h

pLme

iomrr!(br

whln th. prcicdis

'he

0b ique Paralel Projccton5 in Drafting and Deriqn

I ic

P,

f:

rhs

tr'hosoftr p+drotr poiir rhc obriqN pacer prcjnijon rrc rrom

'

h F' ro od' '-sh;.d e

6n vary rrn 0 ro360 wf an

nale d

5ortr, v,

panner PrcjEdon

r.anad.s

equ ids7sas

L, =

0 (which

Nua d
'he

PDjciion

nry ransfom im (&.ron

5 14)

-t

nt$*u*tn**r$rffi
le Plojcrt 0ds
r,pc,d i.A,oa,si*,itu:1. itrd1:.:t:1u:l*:tiil;lji?iili."!,ll,llii
lll;'lii:i:,;;'ii;ili;;;;i;iil :;i:t*..r,1 :11 :iH;
l:ri:'t.Ii,i
.^iti:ltl':::i:l:,l:1=

cava er and Cablnei Oblique

Pare

ltii:,'i::; :: iiiill'l;iiili:ii;i;;;c.r4e-, !,'ti.

..t " ".l "i;'.,;!- r,
'" iir;i r,r:""i-".'*.'
i'".il$
i;l;l::l:iill lil::"::
"*'d"- "
z r:
gr".
d
-r's
-r
-u
ni'.i.ii";'
;i";;Jf, iil}# 1g:: ; I i."1 .: ')rl'r'1L^'.:"i::..:;:ll::

,..i.4 ::i'i:'i;:ill,lir;;"

;;'\

1='r.' f.i'ly::'"119;:'il:

;:l'J:l"iliir;;"'':"i:,il::;;;:i'ii"':""1
1,. o

,:r.',,:..";
Pa,al

Jtr:f,

el-P ul!(hon VL(lor

{F.tr.iI

LL''

:i

p
.,lll:i:*:1:.1:,:::':i,
'

{nH

rr(1t

unG6

obl\Ni P
=

x,r

pioFdion Irthc Prcjdon

ird

it,,

Prci4rion ofa sB{hlpoift ro

rh. rojqtbn rcdo eratre
{!, ), rhctu v ,/v, = bnd
or

'1,

q.

:] : I
.'' : 'i

pnarrclPNj<hon equ'ions 7

t]

X
F6uRr

r*'kd
tn

bm, d ** Prci{h

vdr s
\rlrl1,

nE obli4e

Pnidid

a%4

Fallelrmidtd oditur*

.oordin.ks 7r wh4 v,, =

4,

ln 7-12

dre

ro

tE

odqG;

=0

Clipping Window and Obliqu. PtElkFPbj.ction Vi.wVolum.

duc s

in

d dihcodi pdmf

be

*l.d d

iPPms huldN on rhe

\i{

Dbmw hqEE d';D6; -' "..

* t,pbing RLd" rta bP btu4
.gt .i,"*
r"n *a
-d "
'pp"
'
'
voh;e aF 0d delmcd iv rh. ditrrion ol piodion ind *P ed!
"rdFvi
I^ .ddind, t
;f rh. drPP-s *i

"r*.
pr.* ""d FB 7 $ rhhn'eobLq-"ds:
dd,.i,.;, ph*-d
"'",
o;kdm
vw voluft B rn oblLqu FnrdqiPd
'oD[qrp
dlla pqqrd. mi] ;:da h b\ ids6 r rf, PG1^ 1ie bb" \PRi6ed h
vrh o." *. &Fd;adm" rbprq4od'd'r
p..r"r
p,"-d.
.h*;. "*.6r,q* lt*
.'-t** -i"i r .*t_ "t *" {mooh n \our diusn tu F6'
p;* .lipDhs
p*
ih"
s
"
""
'"
N
vor-"
or
df
.h,ns6
,h
iud
'
"hip!

b,

obliquc Paral!.1-Projetion T.ansfomation Matrir

-E',v"
,,4,,-.

.tFin
I

pos

ib$.ncun(i.n,Ad rv,, =

3ctroir oLritu! Pxr d ProjNdD

. onhoaoNr pRrj{ror .oo

{, =0,v!i rioo qoGr

c!

zaton Traisfo'nation fo' an 0bhque Para

kl

ProJe(ton

! obr,qu! PrirLd Pliidin !q\d

Jqu!

rd

F&jdnD n

(t!rh tl'! .r.rproi

EEI

PEBSPECTIVE PRO]ECTIONS

L3 P..wtuP'br@.
rphididFfeenePoinr (:r/,,y]"P:/"?).

.:!

quarios

devnbins.odin.re posrios lrons

rtds

PeBpedvePrtiddon

!
tueFcEo.i.. : i 6PFd,.
'/ = (!r:) ar
r.Nearc
FinonP
=.
rh.
pqF
onrF*ftPpo.'r.F
"
. : = ?.r ard se cin she L\e : equadd
,

ror

Ior

'

pa6nea,

?nd y'. s

ihis

dhbs

p6itid

the semHL

"=42;3),(1=)
"='(+:i)'*,(*=)
.lL.ulaiionsfolapewdvempphe
-.

oF or ,nr .

o^iu,e

or J,p

.pid:i pci on n eFfoF

U ,

G n4d

::ectve-P'ojectlon q,ations:Special Caks

:r:ioprtfydreFBrdve.:r.

anoB. rhe prcidion

',
nneh6 tlcprtidd

='f

+":+)

rcrennaFo'

(?).

eleme p.d odd

"(?)

16e

,h.

FdF ;" rtr.i." Po I h-'.h.

'

t=1111
, :vlrrl
! l:-l
d thc

{h$ a {oc !

PrejNtrd o*o

Ptujdrbn

aiccnt !oin' on the:'

1a Pn,fltutandb

1491

F:r[';I

$rorp@j*dP alel lifts aPPsE

*t d prcleced Pa.arlel lba hs I

ach

.FP rFl4* ori

obiN'

'

:riorprhcipn vrGhhs poh6 htu,sooi thF) nrh rhe dhhiiu

:. mclid imq md p-pfthp prctdio* aF rt.odinsrv da$i6ed

:nts

proidion

is

equil

pemnft

'o 'he

of onePdnr and

Pohr

ih. obj<t: ab t inEFbd

pndu"-. dR pobi PgEFdive P6j{rion w h a.axLv,na_
I ";iadon
:r Fo! rhe vPw shosn h kt rM pioie
odipe^PdivcPrcjEdono ais
1ll
d
:;\G
unishhg
Fbb.
-IG
r rhFFint psFdiw PilRhon @nParcd to r h ePohi ProFdion,
<.i

rrdhr,o,hefrobiedphEsth m\

.i{tve-P'olection v.w vo
:ld"d\*\duleb)'.F4trs

ume

:.\rtfumcPolrnLldmaview
.: ilnhiE apir* rhce s or psF.tion (Fis at AllobiRb ou'nde
: f,mld arc criminded by the dipprns !du6* A PersP<riePsi*rion

u{d \; ;1d +oqh

a}ond ou

,1

"''jz

iNrft;r;

M!"hift

-.?nTjx'fii,i:"",:lriitr"i-"""5$ili;ii:{.ql!j*ir;T:r"1

*ii'*xTt+lt+lr**'i**-t:*;

..ru\

mrh ,\e

;l"*-"
=,.-

rd dd r; lpp4

p.d,. .iih ih" r;;

:36rbrepFiEdoi,,e dld

lEb

lar

nm

rhe

pDj4ti6

c;;

Plm6.n equiEd h r
radr*

ftd

ins

pnjf

sraPtnc
ion poinr

al$ us i\e reaidiPPbgPlatr bbk.di

rd pftikr in'o mR%nizabr. !\"85

E6od

lohr

h?

rhai mighr

Diaemnr

or

pr+d b ffilr do6

xa

pLm e'rh\ e

'lr"
oB robeDh!_ddnqhftsePl
ai ronord'pr'tdmIercponr.Itrheviwpl ek"thind'ih.
=h reiere pod, o6j4 @ bvered

4ctiv.-Pmj.ction Transfonation Matrix

tu:e

elPrcjd4komotdi

:aksdequaiioN7-lztolom6epdFdive-prcidio.m* xeltrnb,

, sdsE
R h^dd dJ
gfu{m'nh,e 'tu
EPqLic @
! the F6rdvepftjdhdn.quhoc in rhe fm

v,=+

\= ttz z't)+r"tcr -t
v= y\zn-2.!)+y,4/e+ a

rh pA..p- \-P.i('cnr.n,,o ..
rr'ehonogenous.@dh $

iion

rr,4

usins r

ri.(AdallrrheP.6P(r

I@6 .oodind.s.) se.o|d, ah.r

pherve dePrh G.vruc)

infon

oihe

ion.

,b

ono

FAekhYePrej<ds

run,'.-

Ae

rTna.i.Pi)-

nahi

PEjdu ofdinds HN&( dre

FD'hrPrejdim. r]]is (tus rhefa
'udunviewvoluiefollhcFBp(
paGlhr prcjEiion .ooldimes .ortrrpmd b d ohosomt pmjdm ri :.

.o.sid.i rhe* eo PGsibilid6.

Symm.tric Pe6pective-Poj.ction Frustum

3yind( tuduh

(wi'h respdr

ro s.hdine) 6

in

Fis 247

<

ru

[, led

IFn able

nr

A,iifr@idi6 t5

ebw

ia

' 'ne h d,h dnd hne o. + +'ptrs

'
..qF'fuq'.)Fhbl{c.lh"Poio

-'-.nm.El.eD.o-,*d'sm4:.n'AphohFdPhFpfudjftd
.
. p*ei^ p- ..* u , 'l-"n

"

'.d.rsj.'N\'hFime!.Lto

1-

-+ i

rhe .onc ot viridn

b apprc:ir!

ricld dr vrew anste to

sptFy aisd re

lor rhs trustun

ry?icllv,

is'; d&niffi 'he ktehl or 'he dipphe windos (Fis 7!e), but nd
':]h wc re.d ,n dd ionar pdamer to derine dnPlelv the diPPing
,

tt3idEfio(nidrh/hei*h()ofihdtpphswind flmIheushihbosla
* rbsrad oI Fis 7.1e, we *e th*

,,"rq\ = !E!4

J-=---

il

---..\

$ ft.t ii*.uFirg

window heieht.rn be

ftercr.n, tls dbsmr el?llnb widl

Eph.d by eirhs of * iollodg eo

olcdaH

sPBddc

+,,,,_ idlr/

=ffi

qidn d(t/2)

Ini)mdaphcllts'r'lifdpdhG'FuedMdf!wPledl
a ,@k
s, ""id; ;telm DM!. o
FF?srn. Pliddn r
*'.w nisre $. spd EEo or rhe criPDut
;;,;, *n.d b" ,i" n"r.-I 'hn

d.i* ;i
pos

d.;".

d"

rh"

h\.
d"";*
t "rshl}i
,"!-r
"..
**
--.

;pptd b oE

sPirir-

or

ipdtui':Prlit
rlsodaRsd

i6melo*ltd
ft! Elmpr',bleb

;fi d{ qe rnrle d(rtls df h.d r oI rh. ! iPp n3 HrldN rnd *i3

affi siniL'rJ.6li'&e
- *: trrhod ro.drgD or imalr rsrdG orhoshr
(a :mn ouit ard it

b* dippins{indN
aroft. Po6r de h rb ds Plan

I'ivifl

ale

Hulb

in

& rLd{i.EPanela da h{d-Ead

nni $e pE Rhv.prcrEhon vi
f e r;.l(miom mcp

!0eletip.d

fteenb

ire ot the

fn
[]

;;,;;:1,:; i;;

OL que

""

':,d,',,

s",.".'',,, -"'i,r lr".ti." ry'i 1tlr..,til.5.:ll

P.rftrt!e Protrl on Fnrnum

d;bneofihcPlang'6nisF.i6d

,rnrro.'hco-oh.uonFr"-eoon Adh. Fd i\h'dbrmi-d!

ftc.onpubrids lor

rhe shRring

haistooarion, a3 welt as far rhe pe!

E arc grady rcdu.d it ue hre lhe
m

rrc.bd Pqero. F

-'cprciR'onDom..\a hrhd.k)
hr

r rheodrndem&n

6hns ihe pmjErjon rcr1tR poinr e (i!/

lenenb ot rhe RquiEd shEdns Badx 6

:o rs sinprify

rh

rj"pG.hd"' >encrrhd

e.in' n s

ercnQ

lemhb

or rhe

&

4'

, ,

(0'

0), we

obhin

papdleprcjEdon m'fix.

b mm

odindes

(0,0) on

lPpfS wind4, b

iI\plane,snedbchGevdGI0

lit
rhe

:rthn,

pifhe6

ih ihe

ror rh

prc'dio

stuann3

Efercme

hanilomau

d$eviewiir@dhdeqrsrn
Fi pbre,
perpdiepddon
Ew

rl

:li ;l

concarsfins

i . rqo

rhd simprided

tssFdrye,prciedion nahr z3 w h rh!

hs obi'qu. p"EP<ri!.+loicdion ni

v"n,rg.m'n nd" PG1'o

l*

lrl"
ihePla.cncnio'lhepbFdbnrferenc

rr"e.To+.-, rpo nq r
9tu' 1I I' rbednrh.Prc

, urr-{.trrrs,ded;

nf.D,..

Nordalized Ptup.cuve-Projection Transfomation Coordinates

iF,
pdA or kdriom. ln

oonE n,rh

".

!r obr,r

rq \u .mf nchru

6e

".tu: ercft

+p6'h. . .!.

;r" "ppd -+pF b, $ y.". rc-"vdtub.-",ftn!

" (F1g.7 3). w. ME ateady bduded rhc nonaliahon.;.h.id
crEe frame
p an_

PqBriond, ! b.i nej,ined

b rh*pdarcni b 1 r*" ."n.bnhrh".1 -n"16 sine rhe dr
nc of rhe l@$u l
e n!\L dr' no rmsr im ! neded ti f.

f:i
l3

:il'arion Ddx

Ddx

7 34

PmdlG

aFlwriv'pbidid t srtudm

(or

rhe

idllding

:1,,"

:]

ri I

l,l

L;l

til

t"t=""*t"
s

-Ltr,!+1,(rohb

lufu'2

+ 'q#,,+lv{y&* + y&."\E
tt=i=---

- n-=l!

PdFdive b.srotmdd, re wd n\. Proidioo c@ i

salize

inis

r : ;hh

$e inpd

@ddtu6

"'mE-1..;q'i!ffi!3b,

coon d'* obg '1,,}. 'y't

, = (r/tu' y&h! :6). TIEF
ta'd p:'imkau!4'l-*

don
(r,

drnoffi

Antr rh. iPmenb or rhe iorhatrcd

'H

Ir

'he

P.6p&hR prcjNlon

rhu!,64

Eq5

za, wih

\ iew

vdlu

'hep!oj<'rm

E cm.c poirr d rh.orisin rnd rh.

i'

!e{J
*(;)

FGPedie P!+did tuldind$

EIII
ona

is

'

THE VIEWFORT TRANSFORMATION AND

THREE-DIlllENSIONAL SCREEN COORDINATES

lee have.ohptehd rho

kanrr{lnaho b

are

ro

pc

ids rdhn

lenguL{ vi$

rcD#rd poidbn o :

d+$

(: .oodinah), and

vr :<

IocPcLnFD|q4nodv)da{h|fu|k|''Al

,
:dilizd@ldiMhtrheh-

r'd =l!.-1la
i'

..;.F.

rhe

aonr'.'d tub. . drpp.d

"-,@'

_:FFdsht @ftr

G ar

aF .\ap'5.

lo

tr

pGition (Jr^,,

He \ploE

yh-,

0).

trrgo

..P6tdd !\e ed sule't rrdmines.lmiu*6wedrdidrtuG

imleppti.rdds Iilowtr-lgfi .usordrytt1dnsdyP'aed
ths lowa-ld( oDs of the dbplay
:r And obi*r propdim an hainbined it *e *t rhe asPRi ctio ol dG
lFdad mbe rh smeas rhec'pF4g wirdow
Op.nGL THREE-DIM ENSIONAL VIEWNG FUNCIIONS
-1.ncl, urility

lib64 (cltt

,.FPajF' m

bdud5

, fundon

rtrF

roi sFet,}1ry the

rundion ro! f,rdng uP r srlmedk

ohn t

'ft,dlfuum
r:Lpnidim, obliquep4p..dve
Foi{rio, and vPtr?d' tusror
'he cLuI todoft
r arc cmbbed i $e b*k ormcl 1ib6+ In addiiion,
(sedid e)
s disPraY tudo{s
an

Vi.wing-TEntformation Fundion

:h'\ (oM'ruc l, s9 ldng

''ombredy'ud1ys@dY!n'
o ufdm objc I &hPid\ b
he
.d.rui6h "*qffi
'*

nilhPoP..IUllI'bJ!b

nn

6 P"r=Grer, rrer, z!ef),

!\e PEjerioD p.nmdea.

co,

and rh. vjcw up

6d

we

yo,

!0,

ihe a.ercni.

asro! v

F6 c

= (vx, vy, vz) T..

on

*;roarcd rhev;hq onsh

rhe

L:

an,,h" *.r,.F,,.h.;".b.
1m..'h;d:.r .rp!- I qa.
Pd = (0,0,

l)

v=(Ol0)

openGL 0rthogonar-Projection Function

n'EoP'1lerol.'fT@,'re*':
\r -s, ffrr invo.e,\a mode h_rh .

odh.aqul.PreFdione

rhe
p

afrec{e

e.tl!.'pPFgnToo\.m'd'u6d'
rhe rrkins oneh Tttr:.

disian.a b ihe ner and hr dippiry planes rrcn

dr-rr\i]\"1o,\e! + p.,ia., d.r " or.r.r;o&H nd6 L, j.

r

el pftjKtiu rhar i5 PePendidk ro

plae thc re; dippbg plft)
rr'ppoB PlanF,rd riP
,.. i.l.D!..' m \p\ rc'uN h *a 'pe.
'F
. . .do; rrorrlr

.$

.ivJFbcsFdedd,nj/PErdonk.n5fonad@

TpbFFntr"-dtuhpo1ren,

dishme kh',n" lne vicwing oie4arons rhcr6idE a d

any
valua (pc ive, re8abve or zrc) ro rh* Panneec,
n
.an
*sisn
r

--el;d{daa

. ca Fd amd'Mtr pc ' oDh.+'n

-.i;iilhi. d.,y'deh.nomariad
rnadrTzw ha.,=
lhuu pa--"6 all6 fo, o?ncl oithqor'
'hc
- {$ \oluFerhl6
^-.";du
*""-r.m
d'n,E
rd.
a.k- 1\

Ptu'fttim fundon aE

L0 FisG 7 s sho$ rhe apParan.e .nd P6iddn

-qNirio),nd4,=
. j;"r odhqma'-ridm vis "o1"-..
eds, sror Dtu dolblpFlf)
.r ;di, do" ardB-F,".d..d

..; d; opeGrb Jd- d ,h dnmr

F.norda.al bdodM wrrr &e

tugmobrqEPrcfts -oP'ui e
lrue.pNjdm vh of a {eG, *..ourd *' uP dr oM pojedon ii6r
:.t 7 i{. rns *. *d b rak thie th..urcni orcr pftiehon nah,
,,i. -"d, r.-.i*" rbt *...pr.*d
r rf

dlro.an!

rmitrh m m

wn! iah!rdPPsPaitsG ' m

'h.is

0pencL Symmetic Pe6pective-Projedion Function

nrrc:ru'{olumdos arhbl. tor etududns i pcrp{d? proi.d{n vis!

or

rhc visrving die.don (ihe ncar$,c:,r$ *c). rh. o(hq fun.hon 6n be usj
e hq a srnmdi.pcBpe'ie FreFcrio or in dllique FEp<ri. prcidi'
{bdhfh ho.. . P.i..ronFr

symfekk, pdspddvcpojdior f

h each of rh. rdur

Pabnde6 6sisn

-....r."p.i,i.,.,..F 1 1,.'ur" . .
i. !n'c ld'n.
ro'h. r",. o.tr i.pp, aetdr. r,.., .
bohr drpPns phn6 (Fis 74) rnir mgle an b. i$rs:ied mJ, klur nom i .
rrc\ ay po'

ruc

PoraFEPcd

rorihAP<r cdo

(,idth/beisi:

cPrcldimroPdr_
not apprr 10 in odhosmat pFjc{riotr, i
mjedidnotanoqdwhmrhcvawPraft

iotrurL.d .ub.

shown

ii

Fig.

'+,..".. |he ,$ .oLi. i.,i-".J

a4

-Fo rmui m .P8d ! r

0penGL General Pe6p.ctive-Projection Function

r the viewing posiddn

n\islsRi$hdsthesimetaRftieGdst\eo

nd'heri$'wop,nDcbFsPlfrr'
the iea! :nd rar dippng plin s ald
The

dippiF window dn

e. obbn a syhmekn jtu$un

sF{ihed
(abou

k@dinre

or

\oss,! a\erpr+dN

LlnoqcLrhtdnwbdufuB.|lh83a,
!

do id *priciirr invoke a prcjdon @mGnd,

orhddal Pbirtddn b ihe

rgrn. ifwe
defaulr

nGL

opncl appt6

Vi.wports .nd Disphy Windors

enE dr n\e notmlLed dipphg

windw,

: hdm66lPb?oas{oaf @ ?hf b. r 'rcrorbLnr' dft rhe

f!wenotdh&did,atrr.npbrlielwrisdeGndfrA*Elollow
$ . .LInd \pRh

,n" hFs* i'm PG idof rhe

dr. to\e-hr, ro.@ or rh. dBpb,

Fn.

ro mainhin

(he

prcFdios

or

obi*b

:tvbwpofrequlbn\eap.dftioo

in a

nm,

we 3d the

ap.d iado

sgdwhcl-lnhlffi,ar'dtt
tensLr
aa dinsd
t'id64ftedef'Ultvispo"bopdc
nus dLplay

$6dow rLr.hos in

rhs

clur libn./

iGL Ihre.-Dim.n5ional Vi.winq Proqdn

rapedv*pmjfttion viN

Eknplt

or a s,ruarc, as rhown in

Fis 7-st b

',sr

F.

u!-uD tu; Eor r

\.

mo\e

rie,,N a - r ;E ;d o,h? d?'...

dnPhy.d s r wiFfraf. objkr.

EEE

TI

L|fudDQ\3fuhlclibiqAlN;/fulrs

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CTIPPING ATGORIIHMS

rPrer 6, w.

dhed

rhe advanbSs

uP\ $@ dihmiomr
,ren

vorum.fti5tl

rpldmred

in a

mr dippds
dipping aboriihn
s

dE

k
predlft

audn'his shilady,

mqiry pipelhand rhe.lippbg

higly efiicist w.y.

:nd :tpr!.d bcrm F a uhng "\"

<d*th X the dippinB phn6 have.o

e

eqstio$

for the

theiinecidal

malized 1ini6 ror rhe.liPPhe win

rpine

:n-:

dl

..q

algdinm

ohs

tur
arc

'nai

tlnenineBM

Ln"b'd'

pldl

@p.'d,ff

'n
I\o d m4 odln.+od. ' "ne
w volume i.sbd of rh. sbii+trire

oubde rhe vie

in Thr.e-Dim.nrional Homoqen.ous C@.dinatcs

ihevi4hgPiFlb4ith.anveed

It,

aftn: pdm- \$ ea*d

y, zt

hrcu8h sr

tx, !,2,1J

s'lruh. v,Nie bo

ll

lll

rmdm

dEhom%lil*sF lryr4mryro

prciRkn F:

ot

.lt

rhe

vada6

rftftirDboB

FapGgrkdobPtsLJtrmDdh

@'dnkrrtr}e3:tra"l}x!'6
rhe rc ror d paathlomidd h,{l,rudm

p?rFir prctcdion eF
dr . .mninde rd;F
b hr%ms\ Pa,ffi jr &en ti
'.sddE lrk nuF I han @rd,Er pG
wpmikhd
'd.DeFrd
Rpoh' 4l!o. EEm .prne Fpffi k@c
bobjar*,h.a4tu
d
mnlrd in hm%ellfus .ddi@6,
p6 iva or ne8dve. nENtw, il dippdg L F{Gned in pnjRdd .@diD
I is a

Bur

nf.b

o:r

anerdiiei bythshon%d6u5panrursr,sofr.@ninarinfohihr

b. ros and d4Rb tuy

id

be crieed

ffidy.

oblid rcpIRnbdoc i:i b.ppry $s dippbs Duhns b

.oddbab EPffihtim DisPad,l P
and

r lrdraE

b !.'p obiNF y

l-ootBu ord.

ft @-Dimcnsional R.gion

h<

fi. hoddq.o

dF cr 6e

.i,mr

Cod.s
od.

(rf rin

F7) b

$R dllmsios e !

crrpri$Fr,c.Tnus,wenNusaixb tgid.ode, * inshbl

in ra. zi6
sji pBidms in d$ Egrdnr-ode sanpls aE nunbecd hur cnr ro hIt, rei6
en.hs rh. r.fi. . shr bah. bp. n4'. od ilr .[Dpr8 plar. f rhd (fur

(on,FndligIotheqifu.bi

fud.DnBiryl.Iinh2Alvilhw
cqdidoE id! *rdg n\ bn vah4 in a Fsid .o.lc aE bsicarly in ane
se.tio 6Z plus rhe tu sta ddibns ioi i}te mr d rddiPpii's

E rhGs in

n6i6
lrbed

ro rhe Pot{don @tdbakt

spaG. aJki $e pmjRrid
nslolmnoo

ech pobt in r

*G

h4 rh.

tudponenrEpNebriooP= (4,!,4,l').AsuminsrhatweaEcliPPing
d s)mnebjcob. ([qs !3),'hdaPohr
! -i,le thn noniliad r+w volldo ir the pnjftrlon .mldiu or ur po
96I!lhgfo[ain*sixirequlitiE

,.4.,

,.1.r

ft vtue of rhe hmogam Pa6ne

But,bertr
inplnmhn3
E8ion{ie prcdlE, ue co cEt
E: is mco.
I lor ilr pNibili(' or . hmoEelEu
5 qGrely sh,ll fraedtude Also, dE

and we Gn Ihm

. Th

i3,

s simPry

!*

.sisr

Lre bii

valG h

,PP@lh a.u
$ sign bji of

rfte

rt6

.ade

h"j'.m.Jml.LP

'\d|f |'gD' ? | .s \a}' i?f

i JiptrgusirythesondstotirqGl i6h716fr keoldneadethe

-Dim.ntional Poi.t and Lim Clippinq

:jdrdpoin'si'io*!dnEteh|x
r'rehnd'hrPo,*hdffffD

'.ae,FhAr..

ro'

'*re.:

-.\.torure,r

Fe'6

rp

cod

'h.
?C,or..deor r0r0{)
gon ldP 0mm0 indnib

7 <7,. rnu.

nualpointwhEEsh@dennat0(rl

bb

7f7 6 meah\ e

rhe

po'nr

'@

a Po

*-edinssion \in$

'r c.1'

\'{e

Gr tiri t6\ iht liN endpoin! r!"Jon codG

ft

15

h 7r7gemntsa nesar cvdue

' '\ iicPuLc

"

$mc:h.".

.''P-rtr!g'-.'3a'lrhFBl

''"F6''''|hJJrc.'ldelhr.

orh& dippins pran6 for posibte ieF.hon

,.nm

dd...p

tor tunhcr

inbM'ion Gldlador.

! rrrh.doo;r I.r.A..r,.

'Ihre-Dim.nsional Porygon Clippinq

h5en6dut.of
',rti
F+urc

7 5e, ro! cEmPrc,

"gi;phnsobicr.

hjshlilhb rh

b''''pF{jnd'.di'\dl'"'.hq

"b,'''FnlF"l'lPP'4hJ'd"'r'

'r!r'
b obhh noe Qne\ rk6

ror rh! obiec

objei

dcfine
'he

snrts

APPi

-:

1r
+firE

poryson

bbr6,r

@dvit

uFabd b add iny

-:*ro nnpriry fte.r1Ppnl8 of

rh.

:on!r5

Ea.h

and sharcd{ds

hhnslc*ip

ns Frys

nldonhrfu.tw r atetrr
su

ac.nd

ro

Fryp 3urla6 ar ofrm

nbedwiihtbngleshiP5vlbGn$m

smehr polyhdE,

fplrjtr

rorMcvep.rwos,we..napplysp[dsnerhods(sedion]15)roobbin
or dinsr, rot ebmpte, and rhen .tie rhe rian3t6. Arkmdivlr w.6uld

ffi]1uf::i*@mePoly3d.uftg69wilerAthdlodguithm
-Dinensionai Curye Clippinq

rd

HP

n .bppiry.pkre eqsdm.

I I+

,,rded

or oo.lson

.h6 " b

rd

denm,F w\e \"l re oi,ir' ..

re kaF dr u ERhm s n

ihL

tffi, mcr sraphic pack e

rn.bo.oadq ee:F

obFl.

pro*.,1d

rhe obikG

aF ren c' pp6 ue

.emde6g Ptledum

aE appried

n arv

.o;a,,
nrios ForA,rd" *-sh,"r.b
'eryor:pp
13!rv,n,mohd..t,dDrerdo,d
{"F4dnobtques3t.
qreFd : b .h;"
, obF
' "bs "
";

'-d,

.}errppryopE nonsGnb.p.rfodpntrb'h.pqahorhaGM.

r,ppf8prrnp.rb""Fficd4rn'mplamF.ffh43,a,bd
rEe

Itur ric m om side ol L\e pr.ne aF ciiprd of.

asumi4

that

D.

obie

:thepr eartrobedip!d,rhmanyspanalpcirid(i,,,ilDrerrshd
Ln'iry bqurlil' n elhbied arcn rhe Rng

elmPle,ifihcplanepale@aEly h.s &. v:]*s (4 R,C, D) :

snsbiry r + 3.0 < o.o tot
+],L.xpP.dnmihes.m'
.lipping plane q @
'lbfuoddPoinbb
ineqlari9 7 e in a vdr ioii sine re DhE

rrely b.hind

Esd

rhs

tse

N = (4 t, c). rhd, ror ! line *gnent uth endPob( PosidoG

diP !k 4lirt lire if b.tr\ ddPoinb s6sfy

PL

and

N.Pl+D<0,t=t,!
And

Nc'\e'hesrrclne'f

borh mdPo

nEqrt y

N.P.'D.01-2
Pcit

sid6 or ihe diPPins Pbne,

'{

IP, +

(I1

P,)'n+D=o

tr=l\].lP'J)

inFig'750,ihcli**gmcnl'lmPlb

prdu;. er*G.o

4 hed

hth! PP$PLiT h?

0pencL OPTIoNAL CL PPING PLANES

nrfc.!

rJ'hc

ftc

Pr.ns prtamdere

4 ,, c,:nd D:
pannrs
ine

art

rhc

do not

it6.t fic

dipping rcuiines tdi rhe* pl,ns

psible ro a p{rnub! opmL inprmenrarion yrh

f an

ineser value

eqsl

dcE d 3,c, and

EEE

ro rhe

nudbe

nored ptm!

rhe

inquiry

DaFe h*sign

I
!:

inrees an:y rhd n b be a$iqnci

or o

dion

r th*rhe dippdg plarep

SUMI\,IARY

obicd ddaipiioN rmm sdrd 6ddha

kdPfions aE rhen Prtes*d 6Eush

beloclhctamfomaiiontod*ne.

obled

vFwinE

mdhrb objd J-

dcsiPiids b

eiecr.c

Poinr

(h.

a viewbg

canera

FL;l

psnjor

vbw pDne non, vahr N (he Gmen rens difthon), and a vin up \e. .
v (rh. snera up didon). r1E Ytw
vrwhs z dit d objd dsriprions :F poie'd ihn phne Er:.
'he
'o
p rllcl-prcjehon or pefp&hETrci

Prallel psFdionsatre hqoihosE

a prcjEdm rdo onh osnphi. p.n ll.l p mjrthois
dcplay tr orc ha of an objm' ae crhn aodhdft Plojdo6 'ha'nomdi. r.a
oi
'hm
an obFd n obbiied with an donmdn. ercj.dion rhd ^n
forclhdbd e:r
omnmly u*d oblique Priecdos irc
aslier pbjkdon and ih chinct preiedion. Pc6pdie. pmi.dions of obr"
fied wnh

. ,hd w(h |loj.dron

rht mcd rh.p!+dionrc'eEnapoin' Pd
pdspd!!.pbi(roNd(eas
pqldi,nind nobildpiopodions,b
'irs
.,!or drsb

:5!d

-rhrb

PqtFdiePrq

pild

rh. rfc rmn

'rb
id

obieds

An oblique

pe*p&tv. prcFdion

'ho

thiR

dmddoi.l nnc.
rc

FirbL b dre PDi{'ion lh6 and

Nui iid r,r pliN Gr$olllr

s!5.

i
tdl

rid brk phnc)irc u$d ro.src

ipphs

i n*5 ioLrNms rh.

plqdbi

rd

rio,

i pcnpdnr l,ntcdioo, rh.

illjd!'hn!

ptuass obFds

i i

mdcc (*e rabh 7r) rhE l$ rv r5o

ffr.rr pusrNt \.prcFdion hanstoF

:::ih

ing an

onhqapht rtuied,oi,

nr d,ppDs

*enenl

Fspdi(

.u- d d

onh,somr

proicdi,n, ind

pFiGroi

opdotul dippiry plaG. rabh 7,1 sunran?6 ihc o?cncl

vising

f(dbi!

REFERENCES

r^d arkon cerr,

kib cqo),.Fs
h chlsq lrm), Aru0q), KrL

0!:

cl'.r.|'rl3Lq<lBt'

EXERCISES

s4:P{dHPddoi,

h anr

*drd Pqdn !e'd

P rhrprc,ehoi qs! d a Poiyidor :
po PP6P&ht Pii<to^ d.^ qd
orr tsBPede poj{dq dd 6td
.Fh' Pg^P*ftt Prqdio d d obtKr
EPe'rx P@j6'i@ iNiun b a 4!:

74Mod]l'6scdji!fubBlLui

dihefuiqdlhes?3li6li5F1[d4JrtPeJb+jPld

Zr0Md]l'6sodinnioduo3
F]'hdqiebnisFcicdrp6!FtndcPiPd

7r Mdit

PqFn.!nPhnk'io 7n bib!

pqro aEpL h sdn A0 b pdw r vtu d 6y LFd

irod'tdEp$sabdEFed!e:.&b3eldre.ft.porrs.dn
dl mdnio8fpep,qd4
MdtepqrmberdLrs!'!ebsdsbitu!f{ipd'l*i6
u4udriqEP{d.lri!6.

rdlt

6.

FI

t>

n' hodsolobFds and

! Pri*rc

mar

\rdh N;rb

jeb'haiNi|cludcallrhc
J, obii!.

h.

ohjE6, Ph)'srdr'' ba*d nodetnS

.rrorapieeoi.rod,oraaldborielld;d

lrto*nb'ion $he@s roMrid (sj(

bbina or o6jcr inro

*i

df

uall,

noovdhppins,!o isuoussdlirls(usmlly.ub) A.onnmsPeePaldrbi

d-- Prd o ,'14.d nn

ElN
snpl'rc

POLYHEDRA

ow'

is a

*'

ot

su;{e por}so6

'h*

ddG.

;,Bnd" q|dd
an often nrercd

ro

tii

lodc.-iei b 'd

obied

'h.

For this @sory

in?

'io5.
li
9ryttr.rr.^.

i!'o

'P
polaon

hbrbi \r:

i....bi. ..
p.\sr de{rc'

$mc G*s, r Pdy8oEr ,.: _

rsr

m gl

"rTsu
obFd$nrte']h.re&:odinl!i
ons ,rc rhcn $o4d in bbr6 (shon i
'hP\

sonc sEphts p&L:ga pbvd rcui

rnobj(rsboundinssu

e,or $en I

dpibirfrlodlpliyjngamllljonornorcshadedpd$os(u5u:lLrh:ngir

-El

OpenGL PoLYHEDRON FUNCIoNS

lundioNbdnPhylhe'tEcgulalpolyhcdn.
opencL Polvqoi Fl l-Area Funcrions

notmobjds {e,oaQmD.
(axjal)

su &cola qlinder qsin*aqua

Pyonld&ddb"P&'fieddhga*
GLUT Feqular Polyhedron Funcuons

:.

oryhedfiaI4u.'an.dFod6.F
porvhd ra.tured.ordjs ro

!r sd:xb36beFs br6d?.qur

tae in ei.rr ol $e slidr and rhe rjve Esl.r Ftvhedra ,Eihe

(or riansular pydnid, wi6 4 fa), rhe rtguhr hexrndmn
darpdm
aJl
rcn(3hc,'lheRbldodftjrEan
: re6r. ft
reslhr ilo{nn dn (r fiGr

nunbq of

{6

']F
Pmdue

i t anercd

!4f,m obs.

at rhe

am

hri4h\h i',

rie

i i rG! rrt&

'he[ghbg.ondiljoGdtiwedfol
*drd.@diMe odai.

! Edi6 (dnbre

ftoh

nt

cdr'

of rhe

rdahede h

fy ved) eq@r

fte sn6ided r$,jld hd'h.dm (ob) b dLpbyd w h

\?luandlheobkgFrtddft($diMEoli*in'
TodcPhylhgeisht*idedcEul&cbhgdmqwholeilhtrofihefollow

Nr\Fedffi hE.q!, aqd raarydr

orish b

ia.a ot thr,

polyhedM n

{'rd rhe rollNlns

Fnbsd.

so tudids *ffirb

f) vd) L r.0.

inpl.

GLUI Folyhcdron Pregram

btu.

sl'd\ w

ro['wrn8 Proer:m R

i-J",^t .*a..,"+'* p""p-rd {r,r' d L\e*P'rvhedmn' \

eld5 n p6'hoerr ntu oi d 5Pb

o/lcLd'@N|h4d|M'41

h@'Diwl'lw]ob|'lR4edd!tr

EIEI

CURVED SURFACES

ndaR6hfrrPEh?ihgl

pFdir^8ive.sunmryd@G
ps,o6, ad nnp,i,rertr npreqjhm. rb r"T; obFs:
aE orb usJur in Sraphic apprtu i.crude qu.dncauft, suFqu:d
poll4mni,l and *po,1stiar tdi@, and rpljne rurh6 Tfie inpur ord
d&rlpdd I rr"i.ruy euacd b pbdn.e pol*.n ftsh appbnfr,b-

af

E!l!

ouADRrc suRF cEs

A lrquhrr) u*d .la< of 06 ffi .rc

wilh gsdngeequdoB (qsdiari6). Tneybdude eph@, el[p$ids :
rnabdloi&, :nd hyF nobids. aurd
sode aE@Dfrdn el.lrb or3l phr6*c,,.dDu&6torgedatus !
pEdued w t rad@l splin.

ln

Cdldu

diMh di*in

djrE

&Fnhbd@

r lp'etu:i

is derined aB rhe

of

<

tsinb (r, o

rh.r

stut

rhe

quhoi

x'1+t+]=|'1

riepdfunepffihtminEq:
a@hr pdalrfu e ad C. alb
4uatu uins $and d s"hencal.oodimB, whee an8re 0 t ,p6iried 6
ol.titude Gig. &3).Its! d ! detined d dr ranee 0: d: r, rnd, .. r
ld.ls er up 6e qcbhdor:
the

par.N6 ! !'i

! delitud

mr

he

tr8. ftd 0 b

1 by

$bsrihdns o =

Ellipsid
d

valu6

Ed

lhF nufuJ\ p.?c

(FiB Ht rE c{ro Epteo

whry lh. Udu tr

^mu6

ol: 9h4 J

(i)'. o'. (i)'='

fo

dE elipsoid in

llft

't

the

laribde snele 0

rhruilhjpdooF.l3'Jlallm.0
...\" un!"rar"dbr rcbqne:arlcs!nrl'F4abNr"@Pror

jelh'tLdMlbtltontl.lEdeliningparamebulorsldfuaethm
-

e:^i:E,h""n h F,a &5 h,d

ihe

\'')1+?

=,1

; .au nur L\e : dd(tu ddon

i! EEd@

ro,

'x
ixis)

in. .ic*.danai

\G+t

.16 KrioEl

radius or

And ihe

we

.ompondrs paramkn

duld als ghdar

denobd

/r and r., we .an

rdc

dq

6ta
hre \'i'h *mrm:iormd *mrmind t
snrd rhd ell1Pe equnio as
by

Lr\'*/rr'=,
/r
\
/ \'l
'

bede*nbedlilhthectsianeqult!.

)'t:t'='

ElE

SUPEROUADRIC5

rhjs das or obFds

suP.4bd;4&elomedbyhol
n? b

I I

'o ?d'G ngobF

I I -r

'

h"o I

aqt Ladn

I Pa6neb

en

be

asigied any

c.;Fndhg Fdndnc

td.!d, q4nFttut@B

Ei

qudds ior

!6 illudnk supFl[Pk

'!tt(

the

$F.nip*

oI E+ &e

an

$P

shaP6 rha

:6dnnprcgblimfdra$FclliPii
ao,d by Eorp.r.rin8 Mo e Pmnr P!trd6:

IO"'.O"1*.(r-='
r=r,.6!r.6!!r,
y=,1d'dsin:d'

-;."d.

-'lzrd:

s
'." -.P1"..^ r*. ui

d"p

rhd'

ot tum'tur'

OpenGL OUAoRIC-SURFACE AND

CUBIC-sURFACE FUNCTIONS

5er4.d sins turcdos

.i;dh#oF.Lr

rhat

L'ir-

imBional +adncsunae ohi6k on

rhe oPicl Utilitv rmrki
,cr u

!E hduded in

bpot auidrclrt .. cLL

rrndion

nld,hs(rhdb\dnr),iill!:.

GLUT

ouad'ic-Sudace Functions

oancLoue(.sttl(. rctto sbt'reFwttu

:l.mhdehtlsingp'afre!bas.andh.iEht,E5PdivelyA,silha

:r'Ph@,Pa@uiLd3ltld4

."d!F'13|'.Te+Bmn'J]m8the
of'clehLlbe*Fm6amund
i nh ihe .om aiG :rong rhe wodd: arG.
\rre,lEneo.su/aeuhaded disPrays

. @ onLnc

l'm

o 'rlirr!eEr
Ard

rh

!r!
'

oi rhequrdn.rbid, tr rhp ap
w.'h mh'8e' .:tuafrr P. tri+

oitor,6'.. t.rrF (\.'h.-re d'he:as)ob.L"do

{}rhcbruss

1.l'* tuo palfids dsisnde $anumba

L beh,r hrMd

df roru
of

o.hoe

pc

'

d\

:i Cubiesurfae Teapot Fun.tion

: the dny derelopffit ol @npua Fa

3F h4qu6. rre4

ob,e.

u.Ldtr

'.
indabaFt,d{.loDdattheUni:

411

tht ddn@ dab4 RqHd n6

{b an display rhe k,pdr, a5 a n6h
P.ths,ljngenflof'hclol]owin*

(sdid s!). hEGk!

GLU

61ze

sb

rhe

Ouadic-Surfaa Functions

Togmdkaqud&gudaeusiqc

mdeei d &nsub

,d the quadnc ervak rhe cLU dad,ic

surfae p:r:Gk6. r. addirion, se c

\*r,.-!

spdE.lnFrcd d.,h.

a nane rd

rrre

funrhd\ b

?+rc !i'

"-b{md;tsmF.

quad;c obi{r is derined

'

sPher i5 dnplayed in

P,m! ur"'

sbrhenr,

rhe fiFr

and, ror rhi:

q'

wiF tbre fom wuh a niighr lhe

ts

*iFed

*ermr bes

doubrFPn.isim

'
thesphen,lius,andthesrhrtsufa.ebdividednlba*brpdE

$lur

ha:-:
olldgbdclin6andhtitud.lrcdElu6fde afr&6iloi.rru&5
'h;
t
de

Lc he,F.4

ui;r, n.-r

qu:dn,. n&ed!ponrDld.Fo, rh.fh4.rmD'bd'spli)4-ddE-h.iz

withdt rh. shitrd edse be
wihrheqmboriccmda c!u,!ru,ssdjsprrv
di5Pr.y

shd
we gdqab dispbys or rhe dh*cLU quad u
spriniiive sh:n
lo Plodue i \'{ o'd lm .}l'rc;
'
ihe

Ftyaon rd.hes 6

vc oqt Lanets4ft, nctutsttlstFqwtd3

.yltid4wercPlclheslusph.refundiddd'

fol rhi5dtdn

6 r! iq phn (:= 0)

..id."'*,daj,du!hel@d

L!1qp=0.O;cFl,.dm,il.Iop-!B4.,sedbhina.ylindeiOrheMis,

4ooDlapm.ionblsh't:lFEnrgdb
p
.'
d
ts d ded ob i numbc' o' citudl ) sp:ed
'. t..4r- " '"
n rbg.' .alG }eistd E
isplaFr

*"

,r";* *d "o**. It 'r""..

i a. rY Plam C=0) and

radius dd :n ouB G'liu wirh

= 0, rhs disk c $lid. orhdwjs, it

bo'lhedBLTnedis*su*i@b

th.numbdtaablsliestobeusd
MFic ciftlai rbgr Bp&nvely. otuniation for in
rc rtu zrt r \idi r4!4dtren-q

dg

is defined

uiur

$6me ""-pks1. deob an d8!l dnhlr b de36 rnm rhe

-p;,idd--"^.sF b "r-.r"Bretrr+ B'.epeslc.Fdebmpre,ir
hFs'tr or rhed J lr' $i
' -;'4 mmoD o-., cr u q-od "u {"e cn F fr u'nn a'd \e
."

.M ddnc tJr rD 1 ba-l

d,e{N b' by quld !u/,e

n rh

'h.

.bdudgn.d"ftficlu-oualDad
o!$rDE Fd(hen , didbr dne ihe de
l wPo{
'vPl,n\ldbo.' }ed +)

.1s

dit N+r\tuhui

.*---.n
{inr olor \.lu!

'

"d-" 'h*rd
ior

b. s"

slh idrcl,

$L u

'h.dhs."di-'"*bb."PP!t".l,

E\rnD c Proqram !s n{l GLIT.nd GLU ouadric-Surtace Funcl:

rr. rGhi: dis $,h*
rhtr. obi;s ii. pGiored d'

dhd\,;
rho

6 aN&LatdftlvhQ@dcrbt4tia!Fr,.li4

oruqudrkobl icrllddorr // sri 3.16 ror clr 4u..rrc objerr

411

E!'I

BLOBBY OBJECTs

ift4 sutr smoe

je

8E3

ur", .ru

F! f r+i,,:

{. ..rr*.

'}.ry" "

s"-," , -F;

"r."pprc

h6;idi--dE cT

,rT'i"r''','hsb'-

C\,
\Y-l

o,. b..,

.r:mdhdtrrBursd

bloLiLrr

5lridM

oi o,c nlo obieds

ohil

ii F.' q!idr

- !o6j('\i\Qh6i

M
g

(,

,(,

: )'

,{...,i

sdrobiedmoddu\6dr!ndd.i

u{r

ci

ri(

ror

i bl$by oh{r laieL{ u!i!

nt.Dr 4qonla!\tP+t&w F

EIEI

sPLINE SEPRESENTATIONS

rn dnrring

ture

15

lmind%r

a sptine

d6{ ft e en

spr,?

ir:

nip u*d b ebdue a smd-

nextbt

nnr qrsiii

trfecn b

ruire

dhr :

bmy@mP6cowefomedwilhPol

i.pr.".j^.F th-j.r -,-,Io

|h''b,!''o+.d+'drM|.'
dr5, dhomea;phm$
lnteeolaiion and Approximation Splines

"d5-hirc q,r,\. r..ibd Do,nrta,

fe'hod5aE!$dlo.onnruddkFoladooileerclfdbnsPlhe$d:l:
ukdbdisid4dmwi.*solb!}
s

cEab obl&' shars FisuE 3 16 +ow

A sprie .u^,e o! 5udae b dehned,

de

rrimnty

used

a5

d$isn

ransioitug th! .onhr Poinr. rn

aba .on6r p.inb ro aid : de5isftr in djunins
by

obrd ,hapes
'he

.u1c

\ ro.rrg!!

indde

(F8. a

rD rhG,

onvex h
'he

'heda,. mdd.u1"o,ur,",,on - -e. " p."

.

-.

rr,"

-.r.

rG

ttuj4tPqtry dh6

".trat'

"^---.-r,

ue*p uei. mtinui.yby mthhs Fnmhic dedvadvG ol adior

'he
bo{d{ plrBdc co inui9 Epesr,r asc0.mtinuftr near:
r,

cL

rhc

erc

rhc

if,

and

: qzr;

d.rp.mtd.onllnllty'rcfmi:

inre4rion. Hish@tnd

*o dtaoi sdoG cd

anedc cmdnuiq .ondibc

ot rh.

oie

(Fjg 3 re(b)),

.bnse

anehc onrinuil' n

ahc

h in FiB 3re(b)

ro rhe

ndi

$ rhi

rhe

(Fr&

&Fr.

sffid5h::

scoddderp
.ude

uily,theekdfch'gedfthel.l

frih,jBkdgFdndnconhnlity,

rhs

hs fiEi

vftbBoro 4dim:Fequ
k,ndddG rfrdrhry noh m. tu
'he

larue ot r,

FEnebk de varivE (bnrr riG) .:

poini. sond-otd.! p.nF.d. .onrhui9, q c, .onrinujt :

(mrinuit, mans

0n joinjns

ro rhe

equ:l sbF in

pna@r ! youl.

dj3ndu r in {r {orion quene Bui il rhe camea N*:

eLneards'!F prh.r F,g 3 rckl. *e f,re *9Jqe ro, rh" n&d .
prcducinB a

5m@$ y han<ifion

erc5irebolndiry

.lic

Cont'nuity Coiditions
borher n{hod ior io1tue rwo su.eive.uiye *doG
Gcof,

tor3.6*ic.o inuil'-h disds4we

livesaf$gfuogtiocmprcpdd

G ro

sprry

zelFddgeon.!i.Mllnulty'lesnbdasc!|onfulily,

zerc{igPaffit@nbuity'fu

.dd,:

ss

'.---^
f@

b*.-

-rFinbiidry

w hG)F indd@nhuly d(b)g@

hw 04

fd@ biid

huit'dc].d6nuity,n.:nsthaith

dfrnd

Point undd

c| .onlinuilr, s.od{del
h

. kd

r.r pd-.- bbr

rv

$F

conljnui9

ho-bandd'U-dgc.o'ln'lty
* the joinins position.

dnuitycondidois!sinilarbone

bur\

, rrdFru 5 rh. dne.Puledrd

"F

glm.ft

ht

and

.qu r:len' re'hod' ror.p6'

d rhe

Pdahd. cddnuili win\

.mbl

poht poqh06i 0)

a rfte splim; or (3) w.6n shre

*-:r,a nrdiou
ndiotr, th!
:..u^e aE (rnhnd bGk!laF pG'hm5almg rh.r\e p:'h
(or b,sis

rd

r{1) and rorthe

rlh..!ns

bv

vrrb

s*
'he

ro'
srd'tuFpc on.
'h"mdpo'!
pinneti.li6r dsnvdiv6
L\e odpoinq i{0)' dd

lid RntiB & 3r7

tl:l

sdtu

Rqle'ti,tu!

.23

hfuDilr'uI|or]RP'..h)h5

erus (boundary od iont otr sp

'ho
hnslohslheseohdftdnJGinlv
point

oldrde

vilues:nd orhd g@ne

rcsb'ionltrclnb&.$rs'odb:

r(o=u n!i.
Th.

r.hr

Poinr

M&-

M.r,"", .hahd.dzing : rpl,ie cpltenhdon, soFed@s anc,r

r@dsd$

and

noF

or rhe

orv

snmr Prafr&d&,

such a5

.i

rhe.oar

Ir' Le brr'l
rheporyrcnnk8Fr(,lorr=0,r,I1anG edbr.ndjnsrun.tjocdrbfun.tioB b.aue rh.y .ofbin (brdd)

36phrc aPPkdid' indudhs

Pr,/,,) =

rhe

rhe

3@nedc co5haht eru$

'. -

tpr/

sFrol)BFr (ri

d9endsonihty'.of9lincuN6

Trimming Splin. Surfac.s

c D appli.arions, sud. d6i3n may Fqdft $ne fedurts rh*

' hy adjun
eeiry inPhomhd sihPry
rn

-: -

GIEI

E5

CUBIC-SPLINE ]NTERPOLATION lVETHODS

d q P h!

j(r

tor obFd Dohon! o.

dNyh8, bd

intrpn' ^.

lhiDit[unlaL].JRlrehlr

dricjeds,, r,.,

and d in rhe

palyiofi

'Inihelollowiudim,Ngdi{!s!!]

c,E of

rhe

fi6r sprine.ftra ro

be d6.-roped for

sdphjG apprkdioN r\

n.urybafarhem

hadFe ore

qdoE har

rhe

,l

eqsddtu

be

s'Lftd

bv rhe

'o

h,thePcldonoflhcbcFnninsoflhg

"

,ryroidn,m ea.hhdofrheqjgjtulord-po squse r'

mihmdtar noder fo!

\
A

o"grd,ormrPonEdFik o,.

5 13, ,1'rer. ns\ >..d.mr. m

Ior?.ubrcill nenFrlolahon h e bqd6dopd

seon! lPrin! (E!d

afrsr rhe Fie

Pql'll'lclhlfuu"lfub..P'iT

trrtPtenhr.. !

the d-=

c,h.slr. ht.*6pt M4td.

Dpr and DpL, sp<ifyine rhs valua tor rhe pdinedc dedv.riv6 Glop.
rii..uoe) .i.od6r pdhr Pt and prri, Gpeiively

trbonuibi}'evdorquivalmtofEq

a 6e

Mpwnt

of P(qJ

!\,

=a,ri+b,t?

t,r

+ d,,

l:]

*,*",,[:l
m.b, I irotrDrc""drne wo?qD
ondihds3 24inrhen dx lo.m

fP"

IJ

=Ll

:l
I

":1,

Ldl

tr

- ljr

ollo,,

121

rht'Dd1BblarrJfuP|1lblir.
Fqroo-3)o!!n'hL.e!'

l,lwor rl r'
plr,

ro

.-o

r.r 0 l''t

r ,"

or' rh. %. , rdnDh-i'd

' o drybs
. " bo.ndd4 oBtrrnN.; obLn.-

=prc,l 3l+r)+fi+,( xt+31)+Dprtur,2't + l)

+Dpr+n't-

't) 4

= PrH!(rD+pr.rHi +DPra: + DPi+

may ndt he roo ditjcurt

b sr<ify

kiKurbH.ncd*d|q'-d'*

or

appuirlb rhc.u

ddps

3 :.

cttt qrirktaddiq,Mdr&

:PfteduGf.I'he5Plh6@m4
nDhPosihmsof'hcGtrdpoiNr

'Ir'e dffgme G in wedonornplrd*crGtdthe4dpoi

]ndhalsPlbe''t,loFdlob'ts

nd

.lpo!n6nur*rlopElan$'lto

r(o

lo

pG! d in

D(pH pi

Er{brhechoi5Ei:iFF! FiFiiFis

Fis.

tj

'l tr 1l M.

lhe tour

1)

3.26)

amtrrrnc.[edrhs

!:ut@nfulFin'1Fisc3.2716ta

P('D=l'l

&2t thm

6nsmb

hl
fl

a'

:]F

"L

,!

P0,) =

ft r( s'l+!/

+p!,1(r

r/ + (s - 3)'l + rl
,5)/a+!trI+p!,(srr rd)

pdc -

kr +

2)l+c

P!-rcA&('r+P!cAR(f)

P*1c

H!e,.
4R,,, rorr Po nrbL(
(b4ts 'h.
fun.nd! r,sul&23s \arprd

of

l}b",.hi., on,to.!r'd."

aldinal5Plhc btmdins ::
dFEiq r ris! eF.3-r0 d&11 rrri3.320.rour.ard,ur.pl rn pldted 10 lom a ded .usc Thc liBt cune did is smnrt
cdrDl.point *r lh, p! E pt, rhc sd ore n pmdu.ed w h rhr :
?qrdhd nmrpors lpr. o I

.ufl.sohhbdwnh:siqlecrdin
In

F1g. 3

3r, a

poin6 lE,

e,

D,,

Dt.

rn Fi8 &30,

r.i

kPosi'juoflhegoldconhd]
is prcdued by *
:

slrhhsktins .ailbal.spline kion

se clb sliLh *blnvntd\

rl

pollmmiars

!a qb5io6

or the

crdin, sPlba.

.r1

rht

D1

4bdPt djr,

4 rtdbr

civmfou.N6ryeerclpo

P(O,,=;(1

(r)-,

fr

+o

b)(r

r)(r*, ar,

bpctatd
Bns, r, L ui?d

badiun fte.ftvarma

.ob

!rDlgh' vtr ddtu

) ol

as

in th.Grditur

!:

i'yb'hesloPeoldecune!.N$:'.

(eheL.BaneI55P[E5w@d6lgn

vtue5lbrpdaneh. ft&donc

I:'!!ti!

an obikt

cn b. simulated w n

ic:

BEZIEE SPLINE CURVEs

sdevlopedbytheFfthengiR:.
B'lzidfolu*inthgd6FofRenaul
nun$e

dl

prcpdk rhainire $m hiehly u*tuIa.d onvenimt

rney ac abo dy b rnPr

(or

aed6Bn

d.:

bdslddmstngandpabdgPadig6'
,rhosh

sonc siaphi. pa.k,g6

lirii

the

nunbd ot.dnbl poinb

td

6-

fj

'

try Lts! Btzici

ihd'4"ws|h[b'"oL'h"PT6'

tun. p:'l u rr\rin'Nd'h.dh,porbus&

ol bo'Id4 o'dibh Fd qeF;
nberotohlpdrbhbein.lnts.

1ontrcl-p.in'pdliN,den&das

:qz'i'|+'laryi.s'm0loI

P/. bh,{d*n,le w
!..

Mrins B.zer p.rFomilt fundion btu6 pi and

Frh d

!(D=t*BEa,(!) o:,:1
!rur

brendnS

ni.don5 BEz!,,,(i, aE

=C(4O'rO - tr)"
die binomi'r (elri.ienb

BEZ{,,(O

fdrfth

C(,, r)

utr(l=tukl|-

q!r=),huL4ir

:n

.rbe-

.uivq

o^e

of

ohr

Pd

nc rhr

Poin

deIlftba
elftdm orqhl poinb in ttR ry plc C = 0). wrh
ddantrb howafr. w dh "r des4Fn" B4F FlFc

d sd

todr. Fisun

3,33

lo! vaious

i itrol Pmr
tu ecmots a Ba#r ,u.c*ikd
e jh'l'm e8fr
!t p6idd prcdu.c a B.zitr ".we"

Llllc(,,!_

1)

A15, rhe Baier brndiry tunchons sristy

nr

c(".i) -

:i

BEa.,('/)=o r)BEz+,,-,0r)+!BEa 1"

tu6iw

itt\,

n>

cH^[i0nEDi@WMlo,idi?Eqkifu

amp e Bazi.r

.;'.-.b.

CuM-G.ncranng Progtad
Eol4dnBluRdogandsdtr*ng

-b. &"*d*.

..lhe(".F'6hcltl",d$o'4vJElq6"b'nmullelli'bE
Dnd.f bi*"brtu.!r!, m'r on Bh PAbdN rr6s
-k-raw
'i
ptrmuE
,^. p"6:;4ld,Ed.
d pdh6' cE llo o'd -"4s t}P cmcr
ur.,,mdp
'rdb;frdur

- h 4;,sh!,r qiob bru+ pd6 oI:,pLrud e.Er'dd_n h

,n?.m!h,Epsb.^aiadE
.m&i ro. *".;rDb. "- rd .od
-c@'.m obpbyd b'um'hP
'h.
{eN"q"r s &14 lt ve nr'"r a {i
,
po';r pa sm.ur.rh
'h;.rhr

tdlzt Nqmbt\w

t."!r.dr.i - c trl r roy (q, D r rq, {r '

ftJ r " t.!tr.idr.n:

4rr:D .rllPrr ({i -

q.

310 &as/"uons

iery$efUIpEFnyo,!Btzlcrode

rr&s

for rhe

paEnedc rid denvadv6 of. Bziq cufle

sciieFhiryrhe16rsoo

rcr

eobb. md

rhe

ar

ih. endpoinb

srop rhe4dorrhe

tuet Dut6t@Ft oqat Rqwdn n4

P10)=tr(r 1)l(p: pn (p, pbt

=n(' - l)l(pr r p,,)-(r,i

P11)

r,

^ndh*ldPqbniPqgdyofany&z

D".a
$ rhd
sido6-

any .uru

lrx

poihm ; siopty
pDp*iy ro

.onvex hulr

"to

=,
dhr poi :
de m$cs th,i ,he polynor

rhe werghcd sum ol rhe

s.zrei

D6ign T(hn'qu6 Using Bdicr Cuaes

Fig. 3-35.

ako, sFcirying hurdpre .onbr poinb

gvFroFhsh'!\a.m''nfiInl'

ar

'

,instc .oodinaE

p*,

fhishidestrmsomettad.!

smhb4 rhey cn bs fomed by doq rqdh**vqd 8zi.r

,dndorer'\.\hrP.or,]E!1ru! \
e Dr ponb, n e,y b mr.h odc dios (zraqds .onrindhr
ac bb

&.8.n^e

ha\.

sndeoft n dog ihe

rine

joide
'tur

b. a

anesmhaslcob'Poismd
rhn

re m ch.we hng66

rh.

endpoinr ro rhe

adiac. onrot

pnd,q *,ion (";. B r

hy Pra.

rr=p,

t(P',-P,,

r)

hb obbin cr .mtuui9 by usins rhe e

merri. s.dd dedv ivB for so adia

rh,i\
f tu. df. ffid.od", torMuit i
PoIl,ddla\F'"dyfcDon'$

HoH-.,.

r_.;ss.o

!
:l

L[&!ds,l'{cl,6{9

:, .hdnB p4r.ss pdde fu.dos fo! dGPlayhg dly obi. 3Plii6

ibws rmble<l4isn nahi[ry while.roidins dre ituEed Glohrids
d wi6 hiphqirdd rolyndiab. Cubi. Bed .ud6 .E sneEbl *idt
.ontul poiib Ire rour blddjns run.tims for obi. B i.urv*,obbid
{b5'rtufu8' =rdbEq &r3 aE

firdm

rE 8jvfl in Fis. 3

Tne

Dvdtheranreom0blAl,:0,

mzo blmdbg tudm is BEz!

mrv IltJEb tun.tion is BEzr.nl) =
nds n\.p6idodrdhlpohtF,rneodEr
;i MrdFi.r p0
'nd
Fly

,tuPe

p: Blndhetuft iimBEz,

rt,da"nnn,

dra -.FA F,,-d- , beb

P(0)

- 31r

po),

lLre

lu" d b'rmeduE

1/3,aldBz,r

bm

mum

ETII

F00Rr B

we

1 rd!

e6

an comkud (mpre\

brdnB rudDN 6r tuh QFs (r

sprde

= 3)

.ury

'mtrn''t}'"160'Eh''nbJv6.n!

op6d5turhPblmedof rhe f u
Amatnildiuladoifo!dEcubn.Bd
pandi$ $eFdFombr crpffiions

rd

Pl =t'l
'| I

rl.M&,

lrl

--t

.:{irc B{plircrrs

Em

wclr

l.plirct

nmdc6 b rrrow *junmmr or orc

e mriPolarhg sPlie! Bd rhe hdc

BEZTER SUEFACES

Gnbu-d b d6i3n oqd {rrde.

P0,

. :p

' =t)]e

spFryry se rmdbn

or

, BFz,.,

rb (,

(,)BEz,,rtr)

+ r) by (r

r)

dtulpoin6.

$tgnaPP'nadmsTo5p<ifyec$G
bn.welhm(ho6elev'iosabotlhe
hdwithPolwo6ind'haded6tng'he

ndnu9

boundaly lire.

'he
:.:rLlyGobhhedbyfd.hL$o
-- 1[y L obhhed by ch@54 ankol poinh along a lnjght

erc oder

litu rtios ihe

th 4 Diw+

@nt

o+t Rqivtdtut'

fjEA

B-SPLINE CURVES

hElPrn.

araon

rhe

h6r {rdc

3.v.hA?,r
poi r"(n

'h

BrcrJrcd

br dppli,a"i.ne:

.:;.m:,

ui Nhba o oi-

ed, tn!do1'..nd

B-spl ne Cuwe Equations

Prir=tpiru(!),
nflrdorr- rd
bnm+re,oiNtorulsnnorhce,px,q.orus./.q.pw.
wh+rh! P',F:n

.onh@!ed.fulhednA&'l

tu
b

des@

rhe

atb''

Padhee / crn bc *si8ne

of mrml pdids (r + 1) A.b:try,

iunbs

3'

/,tF|Fom J.o'o;

we .ould atso

dE

rrl,:

1,b

d'tufle"

ju*

Pdid Pld of ihc.onrrcr

'hn
Bsplnei5adKdbydehniiglltblcndmsld.doB

blB{plrneoPsaRdsiedbyLLtcojcsffdu.

Tr nh.r.u

1,= ] lls^,-

6,

1x1

oYdd subintads

or

rh btaliarye

or tr

j.'1'lmd@{''''cld'bd
& dh6r;rhe rume, d orho
i ' A +p4"rcb' d dd'oB !e;
r - ; ole ro.hcl rhe cl! nen6 oI
'i"cd.dcBo"cld,ladomN.lur
r.tur3Jr d-mtr rF\'held;r'o_

- i.

"*r-".-..

E"pr'. " r..

- - **itun,me,d." 'e:dre;
.

Tne

'r.fulPoissinelhesi4of'herndvdl

6haw'h,rorowuspspeds:

polynmbl cure h6 desR

d
s

Exh blenddg hmdion 3l

$e rnge

oI

piiamb { !

i5 defi

dividd

I aM

ci : rddnuitt

over rhe

dexlibed ujth I + I blendins

dnc

lurctu

"Dlrrlqlab(|fu|,,4dD6

Er.h

sdor

Any or.

or rhe.P

ontur

poinr

'tulqne leB
on ared

ihe 5h

Lb r't -

Unlform Periodic B-Sp ine Curuet

I r5,

10,

0 5, 0 0, 0 s, r 0,

2 0)

t0 0,0 2,0.4,0.6 0 & r 0t

ae

d;-r

'm,

\k u - "...

to,1,2,3,1, r,6,7l

|h.$'A'LF-d'hlury'$eo'a

u. i.. a-d-'i"Bri*
tu illstare fte L'nukrio or BsPlh. blndhg tumrions

ior r

un*m,

1o,1,2,3,L5,61

ons 3.53, we

1,'

ob{fi

L\e

frEl bldding

o.o...r

1."tf"-',o-,. ",,...'
j,,-

".

theDEnbrcrd cq Pt drtrdl \'

rbr!nsnrmd+hiB]fusbnfispc@9uPby]

ft'-,.

t;
irrr

,
,r1,,/r+:i,i

t,

Irr4 rr
*"
ffi,:I;li *"-''"""'"" ""

(i.

,.

t,]rr !,4

+;0

],',-,ro ,,,.
{ 's" Fis- 3,.r:_ wrdch

r.

derun$Ek

,he

ro-' rc ue

or D

"?rh6

rne G,,

i,ruhe5,he"h;Fd rhe,Dir. :

t!-2ror

< h6

bsi. hrNhrmr.he.

d$eiFn" h

lFonial.ungE'dD]'=
P,k

=rrpo+e,r

ctu =

iP:+e

md$bniuinsihemdpohrsrusrore ahe.

',

ti* = P' pi, 4.,=p,-D:

-.

ff"d rhai

,-

lre3afdb[mloPqob*lhte!n6e'yPlm.
'' o'odrclPJ ns ieno", " Pc
l FF c.
' '\irlda.aqudrar.r
by

sr{it4ry

th

Pdshon murhPh

-",.dbitrp*-#,ms'hebh

l.pltre.-4'odi."PiFdFPa'liu6n\u*'
i:! st.ring.etuin do*d.un B Fo qanPl.,

: iE"rd

the dosed
or the

edbB by.ydt ry spjry4 rou

h.dmAl"oh"dmsdePc

]neloo'b'anbv.!ngw'\s"'

rro =

lo,+,r,

oo, =

l,n

*'"

.o,= 1,",

.,

*o, = 1,", _",,

oae h F,3 344

ni (mtor poinb

nft dunQo1lorN

RqtN td dD

be3hi$ dd -d orca.h nd. F oo

m@roanF ft.8\pue,.rye*.hon{48r'pG,oyi

p,;dcnc.r

lfll

t;
',-'t;
sonng.di'}lheBglr$u
ft.rri. b.'reF,rc.(b. B.erF,;+ s.
,

I;l

,1,.,
r! obi.in

* eenodi

@brc B.sptine

blodbs

tudim

der

rh.

F.-Pwu,f _-Frci

pr:
':

o=1,r ,r

8,.,',)=

f3/

B'n',)=

:( e'+''+3,,+,)

".r,0

&,+1)

= 1,,,

open Uniforh B-Spline Cun.s

!i6n espth.tadlicado
atn\e{d'whercknatvalu6aEtPdl.ddtims

ForL

ai -nh

.ollsinsaE heEmPl6o(oP6, unilm, hre8ardwbF,

lol=2mdr=3

r,4 3.31
10,O,0,A,1,2L\2t
I0,0,

(dd=2andr=3

r]
Fq my valu6

ottsarek6

d and

r, we

cn 3dne

an oPm

lnd

uniJod

,{
nu6 ol , tubne ftom 0 b r + il. wiL\ dts as(snnEl tE fiJ$
bp.n uitrdm B{priB h e
"r'ft.b
or L\e polFmial
Fi5 h hd, qho I = , + I (derN
-?o&aa.Ph*.rnoildtau
r . ops Bip he (d = 4r md iour (m

. nLcdppa,mn^ oF.r"\" 6a
5kairht

tG 6med

is

"),

oPn

.-hrpm,

rhe ria,
by rhe 6rttuoMblPdnb, and the

tldohlpdftGFnlllblh.ltr

iry.ude diN

k6

aE

36drc

p.nrk
Palued. sloF

rE

$.

sme

* 6r

llNithDz{046,wifyinsmuldFle.mblponbdeenaMidi

',..nen.

q rolPorrardmo d

rh

:i iollowin8 aight varus for n\e rnot

16 w nL a,

..-.-e A,;' *
.h;!
ft6
;n 4 = 0bk

ta, tr,,

r = 4 (five .onbl
l,ful

Poinb),

abtrin

u.,bl = $,a,o,1,2,3,3,r\

a., *t"d *tr rE sudlhar, .uBns

4,. E" dhned Tn {
= 2,.nd 8ri Gdelincd rrcn 4 = rbq = 3

r bd
E ltt

ndDu,tutow.Rq.flhthn'

q$, ud6n epLE bhdi4 turtdq

polFomial

*Psim ar

obra

l1^' r,,
ll ,-.,

i,'

.=..'

;,,a-,,,r;.'x,,,, 1.,..

f. ';
_t
I

,;dB-or".,-.-:;d"mo

b d,L hhnd.simih.rrir
-; z -L
o i. *a ru p-rt" u rn" d* contur poin, d

""-

nd

an.lhe

shap.

in not !s oNeiihtlY Ssmbd 6

i5isdlelolhemuliiPltityollid
is.nthebqinnln*iidcn'lo''heknottdoa
s

Nl.?n''FIJ)\,u6rdhba5

orlll g:.u^.

..fft.ed.d.r|'1nd'fdk: e F.DL'erertu; 3, -

trclne!o huit

b) rrorc{h rePar dri Padnubrvnce

cPen

.: ns

.e,ruT e

Fhhonr

v",

3.d F unF! qofa

r,4D4qihn]ab]41fut!!h|h\

I
EEB

8-SPLINE SURFACES

P,.,

6r ,3,,r,)

=tIP

Jy'heP6bNoi'he(,','r)byo

FisuE &!6

shows ori{i nodeld

EEB

EFTA-SPIINES

.n

<d

t Fanau.

Seia-Spllne Continuity Condirion,

on. ,odi ui (;!.

Fndddei .dhnurt ftDr kr{dr d'brr[v), c
p

rl rr,=P,lr

,G

obbhcd by

eL

!6oDr, ald lne udr t

*r6d-ordd

stiNity Grm,lE erol @'ridv,

ai\

h t\ +

6?, ir

nFr veb6

inp6d ntn

'fte

kP r \u,t = ?)\t t)

be asien d any l nmbs rnd A > 0. I'e cuF.he vtu pc

masuE of rhe dout of b.ndins ld dr ode ar p6iid / r. $,]ld
= rdd e =0 be?rG Eiu b D.Prin6.
P ame,, k alLd rhc !&r rdd 3ft. n MbL rhe *!@ oi L\e
E Fdr6 > L rhs.ae tmds b tr(h
, ldrorr 6e rrcb ro.0. p

,: .m

d..r ot r' d tu shaps ot the splift.

P rnm r. b dllfd rhe +40r Pdln2

rld

dhds \.k

gh'iy 0'

'
Ar&iffi,thecw.appuo\6!\.
'L\esplirefibrhohl36ph
dEoftlFPlldshotnhFrg're'

P.iodic B(t5-S!lin. Mstrir R.p6enlation

hs th. H.+pline boud.ry.qadrds b a abh pdly@irl drh

=;
&

-ori

rhe

d-

;l

Eeplhe rub [& wh6 6

^
rrffirutn. Ms (E4 &5o)
whn

obtin

=lindt:=0

a=fn-,r

And w h,ve the

EEEI

BATIONALSPTINE5

.opolymd,s'Iiu'ando@llPliit
de{nbed with ihe Posiddn

!<ror

)1,

d$

'P.r'.,1a
rh valre of a

pardola! or,

rhc

dos!

ihearyclsPullldbled'hetdlP.iPltelsh'dbylhprnmddwhr:

Ea

(krion
ro a

7.3)

rhh msB rh,*

pGpedile

vinns

ion ror

lloap6Fd
we

on appry,

ransrormdion ry?

.sewbqhaElomdi
F6pdi!. viewing tramioh i,
on, siaehic de5tn pdrass

sprinarciefecdbasNURBS(r@etrr6,,4,'om'3

quadnrt

sprne lundion (d

quadrt.urvs koni..

3), th

I0,0,0,r,r,11

slrtr,o!NURB.

!*

u6 ,o sc

DhodadD. v.ihug hoo d;

f Btrnr)+tl1
8ar(rr +lrl{1

!F

obtab

:h

(F,e.

thevanors.dc (r4.

&5t) by

sns q = c

.1P,3,.nr)+EBdtr)

-rlr,n')+ t:n!)

a-5.)

ntlr th.

iDllowins

rn'l by chm$ns
'Ire

valG td pdam

obl

Fdnb as

Biq simiLr ffitol-Fint phem4b. o we @ld p6dne a smpleb

i im $e 6Etrqd& r ntion lsins ssmekk hnsramatiqe in dE
Fr Aanplc we c.n pnEt d\e oft.qurhr &dft ar $aur the i
!
'hi}sbPIodGthe&ul,r:sinl}!
a hono8enus rcpffibhon for a dr.ihlai ar h the nsi qua<lranr of

lill Hl

rrTDuvLnl@f)R1radotr

EIE

CONVERSION BETWEEN SPLINE

REPRESENTAIIONS

+rrc(1c,\.h" 3 YrFnjRn
f isnrd6iFaoncEiqB sFlines
lPf.cri'n tu dFP:r obiR' r
'F.

P''''-LMP'Mls
rainb

(tr

exahpte,

@nblpdnr

d-

G'N
u i4r,i.r Mrh:=rr

Mei"lL

MM=Mi_:,M.d*,

MMr

""1

11 D@tqitasPtk.ct.6qas,inb L,

ol,r

tl

ol

t,

ti
rhe baGbrutM ratnx l0 .onverdns ,tqn a dhn
lorFiodic,.ub.D*pling4'anirtionn

tu

-i

4Es'

B6ziq

li

ol

I
DISPLA'I1NG SPLINE CURVES AND SURFACES

.5e

or

nd6t

sulhe th:i prcid b pilel

min d

ior darGdns a

po\n

polr\mblspliiFfirtdmhcl

h'c1F.!on'}rvloLlio'o),

F.YaFlFonialoldegcn,lhcoandF
t-nddple,$ppG'hi'w.hiwa

nft

Din4,@d aq1

k{4rdpt6

pram&r !, ss &al6h dts polymmial

r('D =

in

rh.lo[6*ins fadoFd oilel

l(ilr+tL)! +.tL+dt

In.ctuirmoIkln v,trpnnui6 \Eful

plGbol

drd rhR

cure quls nire murhpli.ariffi dd dE additim.

rdditiml faftdgmdputahons couid b. apptd ro Edue
.r pd:d@ EquiFd by Hoh.' r m.$oi 6part \ b' txShi

o\

dd1

nmbr t
olr pot- i.
rdoM6*qdniNmrbGrc r
rhe

dftbrcoloLriotrdspLF3ubdN'mmrha&'
Fotued-oiff.r.nc. Cal.!bridm
4 16' rerhoo ro $ rtuMg potno-ir

rdi6

c*?r?.1as.

s m

rvp \ d

lvrartulad !dlue"' m Ah P''

nex' varue shpry by rddin* rhe

tudt

i. nw * hn|rr
t q te P
lhefofl,ddJferclam'hcnF'!
^pr+
dE@ltus!d,,.nb.,bul4a lorr

for

subrndin8 rhe

\ r..mdmF

b *. rns int1trrhi

Pc Fo

onsd

^n

d eah

]ng-plr,

ko equad@, we obhin

b drk c*, the f.flard diffcre is a .onsbr wd'

,rProa,ddrGm. 3 rqk.FtFo
For rhe obicaprbe Epeshiim h Eq. &31,
pcirions hN. ihe porFmi:r rtprtsbdons

highrcrder

FlFoa

tuo (sNe kood

+rr+r,(4 +O:+..(,i+O+4

di=,.r!t+,}l

r) +

2,r,l4

@,t +r,r: +!,r)

F {.tue^,. BrPolynmla

s
I

Pudua h obbin

Di:dr!'{srtituc'tutus\4n6

sKsile v.lu6 of

eosbd.xPBjo
L:ltiqs&3],&39,&91,and3,2P
or poba ildgrfte.ubt .de sbdn8,t q

aahhm

6,

ihe

ft*

inli,r varue

for

i]. : od

wirh a.onnanr sbp

ddar valua hive bko.dmpurd, dr cncdadd fo.

d.t sKsive

w.cn applyt'wardni/-6 merhddsbderdtup6irion'dos sprbe

5 of any deF r Ea.h suffiiv..lodinab pGitim (r, e z) is warultd

f iErprialrdiri'irtr

pudurcsaF u*d b Eperbdlydivid.a givd .n

hin, iftreahg rhe nmbd of.mr6l p.ftr ar 6ch 3b?. subdivriim
hod5.c u*tur lor disprayiq aPui
sriphapptubtr\e clryepaor
turpodnr .@iliMc an tn be ploted s cure Filios. Anorhtr.Fliion in

ould d6ign r ghqar

b, s

dn b\d DLe

ore

hlpohaior3haphgadft'TnG,

shape

wi

lft rdjushob

bl pdE. r{r$ fi.

added

.onbd

splire$bdivisimisnctdlylPP

oft

rhe

besi6 at

tu

onror poh6

68r conbr podnt and 4d5 at dE rBt nrrct tshi, ih

ft

"&a tuush" b

rhe

ore

pda. Dds subdivbim

4st

rffi' rPrrFplYn6 onrocBe/q$pllryLoo.

o) con\e

(2) Apply dE'hesedd rubdivi.ion alsoriihm.

(3) Covqr rh. B6zkr E?nsiadd

dF dsribed

h rhe

p.btnh.6d

nb

e?tr.nL. _fi.
'd*snr
rhe ssd **'mr n d.kd

pj (s), and

ech of rh tuo .we s3m6b has rhe

digmr .ua!. Are, rhe boundaly cdrdirim lpcidd
ra

fiFr

rd p'aodi. st.f!

3 v* u.6',' sdid@, ,.
mhedt.mlrcl.PojPosi'ioG'Fg
rou onrrcl Poinb ac

rd rh.onen"rrurvetu\rioP,,,, Tnr

*gnhr,

dE

p,.,

]1erp,r

",.=i(P"+'?P'+",)

",.
And for rhe

smd s!@ni
"."

io*,p' *r", * ".,

we dbiah the rou!

cmbr poinb

],",,", *,0,.",

4reff!flonr/o.onolfug'Fn

13 oFcL ApindhtciE ht\thF

n(

idd md shifl (didsd bv

orlios

2)

as

F, =:(P,+P,)
"

i,",.-,

"'=j,".',

tu ptRdbg eepc d b epeated

e ro gah ndr .mtul
tE? appsrmb .une p6itiN whm
.jL'llyFinb,rea.hifub'fte
r {h
r

tr

rtu[ m$h or" hd o

d nthg

ro

poil'ord.nscfrmtII$Gdig
6r is ro chaa dr

"snfficihtly" smlL we on d@ $bdividine Arcrhs

ihe

"F

pohb

*t

of

ry

mrrcl Finblorea.h

Flronial ofde*e tr -

p,=Itcii

1, rhe 2tr

on

,P|

L'

P'=nLLa

t\pl

?c(r,rrdc(tr r,, rareihebho lcrlrine

fihg valB

rd

$e rnd

v.&.

Dut, in gmr.L

th*

mthods

OpenGL APPBOXII ATION-SPLlNE FUNCtIONS

gdziq sp1h6 and

-f

33plb6

bs displayed

6ins oFncl rM.fioG,

as

oFicr u Lh rclur ha
'\e
:rcvt& a Biplim hkl.r.s that {'csg oFncl poinrplothry md ttnF
. md

th4

Diua)

hnrdiat RquahthE

OpehcL BEzi.FSpline Cuwe Functions

,L'vPo :m+,,a",pa,6rd, L"

ezhcuryercl'PiJlyrlto0andl0,respdivelyThelhlediheE.r(anr

mutin*, we Red to evaLar

'n.lF" d FFr.rn: dF

pc id

ordinare psnid $hg Eq.3 3i

-' otF'

urin
45aneenp]eol'heopcLB!zic+.

to

bJtons

Niur

ukx Jdiiq ihe* FoEl

3.t3 aqlcLA4a'iddhn.stnvnudiD .6

pa$

is

rhm dbplayed I a blrc poly

si4 s (ri8. a-53)

Ed poh6 or

4.Ddlr@4|dqlR444d)o6

io.ErdqtrJ t -r'rrr"s"rP
F;neb-,r.- rdop".cr Dnid
bPl.dle,elord'bml\'Padpn.mcb\alua'

i"..*,. .* ".. -t"-,pu-m,\"torr6uB.ode F.eprod

L" 1

opencL@n1rund!iPequpaslb

rc.1[4lb'dph:r"Mm8lbB"

".d-.

b,Go-;tue

siBd;N

h'mar' " rd

-b-h-6'

o,i,

tue,*

bid'd da:, dsro$Echqcl.'Tbornr^

uPoh.JdF'\m'b
rcfid;|;'
-h-h&;hh"",hdl
mdalvRioEissPcjfidbamyct

er

un nouin""..-.rt

"!

evnhori.

@sbnb

aE

u*d

*ir:

;;bpb s1hp1 t'frid, on be d6{e'r sh bNGrv. and :

sl&a1kdr rhdtJ'd@dab:
+l**rt
-d
-;
rhn
db{s 6 b 3fnftd .mbin!
qp
t
n
,-r
"r"".rii.'a"r
*r i*
-"ua.

313 oscLArlwn4btsl[ttuu'a$
of rte

sliiaeFx@ 3enh-

Biziccsp ih.sudace Functions

r0 rheoFncl
ihd ,nd prader 5?< K

nGL

'o

*h\.!deolr6dbuldwi$g1l
FPftJonlollhPdruv!lu6laisunrfiesr'l}nffm'ld
P amtu

r. The

thedimnsio.l

.d.n'61-M!lqPry,!

iEk valu6
Ir b

fo! .dd6r pddi P,r and

sivm in ust'1de. And dF hFser

o(d

bMen tr be8inin ol

d rhe b.sinnine ol

r . I is*iveninvs*lde.Tnis,n
oer dit4 sd dDr *e n d ro *cit

only $e oaf*b

.ordb,t vilu6

lb

c@ldbik

;ddrre.vr.lu! asn{$revrlq?in*hkrvrFonv{ obvn!r.

rcvRror!ic.uvlr-ey-G!rr

4=^!&d;_'

u=

rhinkdntum0br0
Id dtsplay r Bfziq surf'cq se rcp.a
by a

Fir, on

be

diql,,d

ae a

st

465

lheDltrvdalar4ados
of

suhel! eed6 6ero NhSd. rlroM

6.ltrrlnurbta.6 u
s{in,Eb,4dslaPd aqiec.

eLlrori crrrhs t.t r{j

cl -

ra,

.o! c - 0: J <- {0, l+)

ro. (j - o; I

<- {0r

J*)

IJBbido'ufi8L\e31.va1fu9.0 ftr.hon,

we

c.ngem6hevmty

astrfd,heEru.c!_PdM, dr Lr
w

h nv rqunLy sp.ced

8-Spl

inMaL b4 lfl vi rd v7. nu oGMdDS r!

s nu b qn md df @Pono,ns ;"sn d
.,

Fdr ! 3ulrre rh.t n b be dbplard * a sdd or polyliG, rhe durpE

3uapcriufd31rva1tr*h2Lrhetreasrlprc[owingpt rln$uE
e\.Fp fo- s? od ,on\ rhr arcio frnd{d .m. a rrtirudo6
. b.s,r ns d ri, rmF. rh" ,;-

irauncLAw|ndbr.5qllv|yfu6'
r::!a1coo!dr k db Gr, vr). And
.:tvslcoqrdr is si ro (u,, v2).

ro. (j - iwlr j <- i!1: ls)

J rr for a $da
.LL),

*$ed

rlE

d ad
sr spcrid, :nd

of fiudrolypn ladb (Dode =

dbplayd

dre ourPur of

or

und.o'f.voidinAddifu5fo!dt

digtub

55. ju$ a we did knh 8r.pr. sinir4

4P,coloR4andcl-uP,_NoR

v,r6 tq

eymbori.

orhs kjnds

cmh6, s!.n c

B-Splin. Curc Functions

i- i" clU B ?lr rcuri,tr

rcF

')".oru B,prire
f nonrarimr

!r

lne

spLre

To

seiqaha BipLre (d
cLU 3+he

{h\ re

'he

rhd

h* unioo

trdcni :ii $6 dfhe

rhe

nq. Dw Fpnrotit,l F,rt di!,

@om d hlue

or0

ba$iBnd b c

.rnndea

sluBegircu!velsluEidc;r .

PF-1.'''@e'!'&'h'.'6""

beeeen

!lo"

dhd d*a ryF),

'u m

sPr'

ihe

!.ru.

rposirionsae.onhfl ou5lnorinbsp!:<
o

rF:,

oluiurbBohj 1q!icBe!curv.;

nous minnds (&,

r,a,t):rc

rhn

usd

B-sJ

r.3oql6LA4frlh3li{.5|rftF|,di4.69

$, iur 6 ue did

an

de

d$

'b

31!aP r and

tutuhon ftjr @.h data

9F,

,:]saPolylincbyth.cLUmuhn6sutrvane''ofBsPlincandenng
'..d:kob-*eded qjl -pe:Fd clL m rh. ro[dvDg cr U tu'n6.

Lr

$isned

CLU synboric

osbnr rhi

r:,Nur6!R.Dd.!.r 5bhdmt Mdt

idendfis rh.

dr the

ddedg pdpdy

ptupdes that on

*r usdg

B-5p!'f. Su ae Functronr

ror

luhiple su rG, dch ui$

dcliniq ! &spline surlae ac

F.it a nlnbr or opriwr ,unde

EFe, o b denred h
a
'ridei rd
'trybs
6urrrao-h,\a.y{anqh*,\eF

n4DIo^!4ld]d'i4^\.ihlur

pa!.md. ,

:ndrd nd'

and

! di(rions. we sp{iry

.esPsu
on{.

ry

Fr,rd \:ru6F m
elehnb i ea.h rd

rhe numbsr or

rDls'ue.

L we

,*

,h'

ndbs.i,

s{q!_!;;&E

bNF r" i, d.,ir.wod;r,r

Ed

bi'r m%", P'nmr*us-rrd; d

ro

.,r n mo.

{,G

b\e

em

(sruDeleie!udsRende<d wcu*
A B{plnE 5unaq by d.laurr, is ebmadcrD display.d & a sr
et ror a B*pbne !urr{e. As an da-Ca
rbrnmb spdfy a frFfi:ne do
can b"

sry

di*ed

eu sh!

faurtvalue).willrrhf

ruD

of eotj

rha

rirll;i

gr

ar eLu-oorlrNB_pArcn and clu_.rLi

vduee!! ourirN! .lrcH.rear$obt;a{r

MoDE

ny

wcs.!e

pspd, s$ne

6e

a a polysm dtlbe tn adiuho4 rhee rr,n3n edh

u5ins rhe
u!b.caubektucdo.orh.iul!;fore!,

play 6ch riansle

dn

or

rimmis ores

.unbfl c .dPllrs Pcn

rh

.,.F da-h r

(rhr

havebe" r

r00

rao ,a

o srscl i4e;r ;he. i"r^ -" h"

h''}+cPlo'"d)GLsdPt]|ca-coolo<oF'fvhoh5uddet
LlidAbbc.a.-eo

*r.,$ pEo!-\ clu iuLLr{.mr\dccl_rru8 ie rrn-.hf

4 Bobm h' dto{{d" lh \;.
\oum._bd6ur.ruero'.rLcut'19
.-. IALSB Aid rh /r
3y

-d*'hn.JEotr'vleo'iB

,.

rr3 oPtcLAwivtd virttud@.

tsaspi6e<t

srlrneN&.dd q.opertt, rhe@rcsPonili$valu.;6hrd

' whd thepn?e!9 cru

^utu-loo
(qplriera', loddeied.t

mhr

pmi4tio

u; in,b.dpr na fo.urne lduA

tr, dF mb"
-"n modehEh iid Do;'io1$

objEb art

Projia.

n*rii ,nd vi#Pon

br i 'Phe iqa ft.
'

PllE*'l

Bing

rek*rb'derc;.

;,M d, r'-+* .,.hF m *F

I (r!s END hdr{b, r'teM d ht
;-i"s ol. pndd* in*.

msbnr suh a, c! irNB srRtP

"
"Fbor.
lRNelrs,dGL-QUADSTRIP'syhbolncoG'tcLNRB'-wnnx

d*

th.(

$Kiilmsioml odhr

dah

:E

ro

b. euppried, and

v'h

slduddrbcrluEhqm$ppliedby

md 4tbeN.re is sje.d

$e nane or L* sPlie dhi<i thd n b b.

*igned

lisr of

'lrb

valG

Surface-Irimming Functions
e

!'ih

lhe

lo trngsbmenE

Borv6Espindfola}3Plie

indep6ios^ninkgqofisetbetr\g

cLfrort oure.trirPt.

clilo.i iidllrlrqPd

15l

l,r -

r4t

tzt -

lll - (0.0,0.0, o.o, o.o,

SWEEP REPREsENTATIONS
p'ov.dc

-d,l h

h' qu*
d'tr( mrobBbtu

r nuab.' 6rtn4nlnon k

-.h.Ms,\c
".'.*;Ld-;,* Tkd@.-dFs,,T
;.,;*bmrur
i ; rFm o. "F.e A r cd -n{d p,mi,i 6
;bq';, -" bei,svidcd -roF{ep rcpRnbdo* * idu
nons d qc5.sdmrrdic

of

rr*
o*-

.J-} 6 .
o?tions

$rd obt*B

d'o. we rhr pr-6a : hn{ 'melseP

hdi$ rhe ohl P.inb ft thDlgh pl alo$ r
$pe.ifi.d
,dlhre Prd' p.rlndNhr ro /r P
.er
r Fdrh 'c@' ilb".o*
b
in
rh.
didid
or
ih.
swep
ai6
:

i.,

defuF

' F.

rhi pm@. .pl

obiftr.m$

'he
dnbre
by

()

f .iG' $r-

dfd rbo' ,.F

6.d

rn r

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r\
r!,/r

,.i-----1r'1r,,

lng@a''4F'in!P{dy'reePloNt
.Fci'v6e'urcnn.'mofuab'l
Pa6 tr he mdve $c ;haee rhDu:-

EEEI

fi

CONSTRUCTIVE SOUD-GEOMEIRY METHOD5

osmfi'cFwoba'

dim4sbclobrdsingad4qa

3d.tivc $lid s.qn&r (csc), .naB

op.'aDotu. r'e

3.trJ

LF3 3{r.hN,rbrer

J orc

d1o

rhc

.sc

pa

rhc solid

ldd P\oh daFPh.tdd!@ !

dr}rm
shen b ris.

a '.

rcw obi&' by aPPlyins th!

id in Fis. 3 5(b).

a6, we.d dial.y

rrcn

-:

wrh a di(em..

3.53k)

a F..(nsado\ p''i 'dor'hftndosioMlobF.!

{ho, n rF.Pl.re.u 4F
p"cs.ddmu {rRdo-. o bP P
.omP

slEt an oPeErio (unim,

nirisb
o hnrlcrd1d drg
nrE tuw obFd
b loft a rew obtd. 'hop
bjkt

e.f drinE

rkR.-rPuri:E

'his onstu..t
haF $a .hl shaPe ror d'e obFd ws aF desisnns h obFd
rhb prccdurt is eptgted wirh a bh:ry ft, s in Fis &9.
sd ro idPLment .m$ru.:ir <
aE
op.6dons
vh4
obiE6
rmerry

tffi
:j_;:3 .o r4 o oar 4p ia o6FE G, un &
r-bid bpidu@qssrtu$dF.bpa ohcr
-.nrd bhk stuts 5bq b G), udq d toEre

tuuiiN

k-".pbcsk

loDs

iandgntheinklk6dnPoin6a(
The surtae linib ror rhe .mFire
'-d .- oo?:b. Mr mPlrof rle

ior a

$rRb

obkd ar dEn detemhed by rhe

csc objcr b Bien in Fis kl

(a bldk and a sphe) and tho

--!up1tn by the bva Dhjkts. Fd thc in

i iibliol rcEh.o6nm lo boi\ obj

nFio ol da ohikt tom rhe dh.r

in rhc ssion whcE rh! tuo

obi{6

'he

'l in ib

'

hc

rried

r,r-o rh"oh- rud.r'rgru

our lo! rhe indimdut

Prdniv

?ppiqobiRbaFs&d ordhsb

oM rerr (noderj.s) cmdi

dcbmirc rhc coitosrc objsr rimi

rhlpGedurcG rcp;kdids.h pr
ro

o,dr(Eih dcrob@mbfd$

our'"r" bi
s. -l"ne rrl or rhc objed fo. i .m$ *di'i
@nrh(Prd Frnbn(r,,)s
'. loo'-nF

'F.'.'*''hJ.''{,i Gtr 6m

"ppoxinle

v,:r

rh"

^:

h*hFd"mtr^
robl vorune dl
'hc

'h.

csc objdt

i_ '

v=tyl
,.

G enthcdcEiVtundion,r{!,
nas orrJ rhe fy tom PoiiLdi (,,

dn nis

or rhc

csc obid n Ihm

for ihs

obj(t, 3e Gn apprcimr.

aP

r:l' I OCTBEES
asriga.d orhc! aPPlnr'ois

dcplays or obkd

dos stions

.dnr

rh

a.

r Educ ibas. Fqufmnb rq rhR diJr.tu'drtoqa a r i$ pu

..!nved6t ftPcsbrion tu sbt$ ii'Jomrdm abo* onjd bMos. 'dF
qbEio of
rhe cre E l*nbdon fo! a rhlFdimGidar abtk' ;
dm s.h.@, aned qudft m.od4.
(lrdR,aEsens:Fn b\ .6 E \eryd \ diryr NHrmft.d ryrco,u$h (lis 3.'r, t ..t ord' d+ F b3
,

lonomosFro!qud,.rtlu.lm

ulddnr F nonbffi

I!iLhqudaN2orFi&.anl:FFd

rhe olorlode lor

x.

hr;vrrh.
hddd n

'?d.<
cu.dEnlLhl'l@ou.,|noilRd-.
Frs.364 r]le orcP6ndins dah ttut

dsqirhm f!'glfdh1g a quddrR

whina*ln"bdfuonilmjmlRgjd
rdish ilef toud,arr r 6f o Ernrs,!eh.. rlnuholn,F<idrmr

.+adrR h6 qny ooe.ode. ror

hdebsellms rteioo of

rhe elam,

rh.

frtDhrwha

'

@jd

F4/utn6'

aud@oodinasrsvide.onsid

a sinsle

valu6. Foi

a[v

a .ube)

an arca

mbbbg a

aPlenr

a lae

fr

by 2i

sba

$mof

$ie.rimeuoGr5P<e,*

d
$.*

in d.h node of rh.

Fi*.3.66. Indi"iduar subtrgrds or the limr subdjvided

inb cbnb ad

asltu*-bd b

mde dn

eishr dab

erom6

Pul'@rFFrsd!Rb.gUL'd'
41f,dd'ffilhp@ly!'
\P.glq.E$clh.ohFh!'hn

indld olo4 fraknar l'F, dmsil, a

ph,i robrmhr {'Ral FFrdor .pdeorjo
nm obodt oF\. Fmp\ q.m

a.luiJ.nl'd d Il*o' {

tm fl !-. .uF s r @rvs re

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otu ror
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ts

dor,6 b

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cre 4?ynr'

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.\a.onirucrhen4 tFGmBrhcrnu.hFrh.hudhE o!" cr

mr ior n8im duPied by oe ohjEt
ednlbfsharebmd4eloPd,T}Ee

'!lFbiqorq'.ghb,+a
.,d*'mrc.
r,.i, {tr *.b,

. wc;{p.-.L

arJ

ro.dtuFaFmpied

F*leitrdrbssr\

e{usdlffio .Ih66rob.
u8hi\esPa'iald!b,ldtbba.k'
an

he

bmstund

to a

quadk

'd
BSP TBEES

4PFqErif >,nre b .u r,

: hb tuo paiinoG

(X1m

'o
ai 6.h skr. w h
innad of eBhi

'boni4(0sP)ft,EesubdMder50!
rhd dn be at any pG ion and onenh

biory 3pxe

lh Pcryndnla PlinF:I3ad \ irh

lb3U1PIdd.afuTglfilrfi
ibrrion of rhe

obj*. ftn

Gn

rcdG

$iiae

l0

Pae

objd a\apa wrc deffibed widr

qua

lrifying Yiibh
aoMg

and

dy.ts cinsrlsonrhms.

FRACTAT.GEOMETRY METHODS

.e-b]dEPrcfblloT\Fhdad
:d.an'seomeby nF$ddsi ftar k,

. tr@rF>uL,*:rd

io

ide

FaJb, sh'P6.

fttbd. repl*nrations

ro!

daniEd\ h ri( Llson.t'

:ion5 aa urd b modsl obi(b k

suh obFds Ndmal obj46 ai b Fn

mdhode. 4 h.+ Ptrrn -+. Hrhs th,n
we

rcnt'onorrjcE dcs

ru:toha,m-

bed

ldhRrEtr,

::omo.' s,,

"
P]il.1J'li'ohFddt,d?l'

behr dbjd h6 s! b.st.rafrt

enab sr/J,rirlly bt'wen
objed e;rb d6eoenlreatur!.,
'hc dt an objci Gn rake dirfeE ior
sc obFd. rrr rlljnih
y preedri*
A

ind

de'1 1

obn .

ob(E

.is{ smcFFdi

eo

,uoer' \:r',

;.rq-o 4ih o oQ j.

h.. , r,
ha

_q

, +p! ff,P A mo.n;1o ,

sDc ii*ed shape as wc vics ii ro.
dFriid.loqpcifion(6s367).Aswercdihenou i, s cr !r :
'he

:od'

'n' n.'m. '\"| 4

wG i* d rh. --c sre w. ih- .,
5lol6d'doI'hedb]Eiuddlsph:.
io..dua,

aih

rGbr oh(r hs no dd - !
d6ftiehN,6e dimo,: -.

obted

a'hd rhelnd,,/ dzu^@ ufrikeEu

sctmd,.,i/ ir, diri.r. uhkh

js rhe b

-eer. . k,. i-;Nr-

-"-

r6ekxhft, d $frdiE ju$ b mrke ppry pa(a' b dhE disiprc,

abl Fktr have ben loud in e
v,n,toBr h nuft, h
efiic

nowr in ulban

ploFrty

in

udlLad

F.ctal Gcn.ration Procedures

\ n&d ovR' c ssda'd by E ert.dry
E{rim b Finb wi$in a E8j{ or sP

3b* mlld

apprying

! sFkt6ed tatuiddidm

lrfrim 6 be rppli.,r ro a spifred pobt

\n48Fdl3h'L'6.rn6'oldlnA
*''luft c Endom Pmedut lh.
Er{rftdon hfrim 6uid b d6ned b klc ot sdeki. bstam ids
b& blsbdo, rchd@), d n dld n'v
ln senenr,

tE fraBl(,rudm

AnhNsh

bl obid,

by

delinil4 snbin infinib

Erffiton rMid a rinits number or tu,

an4 of

debil,

oP,

*
the

,Pply rh.

ohi* w

NlmFsubDP@.}Ea"d/

d,

tl.e numbs ol

6mr Faprur dr5Pray ot

iF,

a objd

ru p rdm?d
ded vr .ho

m we r:mor display
B-r q dn Ppcibdlr

'sm

tr

dn

obr'nbPaffiovcoPh.&'n3

6.NAaU +:p. heva u

, or q c.n u* d,f,flflr xa u3 tutu
obidl rt s aL. ipply i:ndom vadlhG b tr\eoledidm srbPatr,
b sid ro be n'|ididrv 3,ljr'ih rhe
r@
Rn6. +:tu' cly *[ !a

dei.

r.. r

,.

ro

and

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h dinecnic@ldtuk didim. And ven.ko idud ran

obhin ra,,s'tr rtslt{ft

?rs'rrue -alqdn!3F:tu:

as

nfric

the

in .omplex

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tu rPEm ld rhe hrdld,ffi

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I od !h.

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b.h*n tu *'r3

ot a unir

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= i,rhe$i,xressndlFts.rli!.1

lfti

divided inb tuo equl:lmsih s!bp4. F@ rhe 3im stins

rhe s!
Fis. 313(b) ir dividd hb tour .qul..u subpd, :nd $e .nb. (Fs

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of

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Fig.

rhd rh rensth or dr radr on.l o

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Stat sticaly Serf-Simiar Fmcta

-$
-\

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odd obtcd

k!

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ims an piinled blL (rh.

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wh

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SHAPE GBAI\,4MARs ANO OTHER

PROCEDURAL IlIETHOOS

ro an

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b :dd

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PASTICIE SYSTEIIIS

EZE

PI]YSICALLY TA5ED [IODEL NI:

id-Fr-'
F

trii-r

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vlsUALrzATloN 0F DATA

SETS

ds prud@drrr obiqE

Vsua Reprc!entations lor Scatar

Fietd3

lp
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i\

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for Vector Fieldl

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Vsua Representations for Mu tivar ate Data Fieds

.\aALrdE r,."-r{! Gi;dN,'dd!d\d

uht

1.1utrli iild!

Nror,.,

'lr

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hare

bffi

f,r*.:, a rhk.didftimar

develoFd for noderirs rhe wids varie9 of

obidt

quadrk rlaes,a.hs+hcbd
shapes For rhe
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th?

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sdon b dbin. B5plin6, whi.h incrude Elzier

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Por
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is pioqded lor rhe seidahon oI

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REFERENCES

rh

dr{bi{r mdd * d*o$d

.rad&dsLo4),sqbr
0t2),Badyad6"yo4r),&$Lr(s&t(rh
Nibs oes), Modiei os), F{6 oest pq.6 3id Adrn5 0q), i pi.:

aLgq6mdo@rdqqdh:F]ki@5!F3jv46kdIdT064
sf Yir4u i xu r, ad rqjin{r 0q), rnd 3l1e' d NiEzo os) Gdq
d cf!^ oeD Pllgr 6P k tu
ddr * Mrddbor 0r d r@),
tu 0s), ftitn rnd ehb 0*), tu$o
- nutsoes), ran,g'idh,.d KrdrFd 0s), hhsd tsan ory), d efthy
hi(4rr2).s6its38ntu6:EFnd

:i5ns oe2), ind padh rydlG aE disd h be oes). hFrrt ed

ndhd! aE plEnhd h eEd 0e2)
-nhs
d6tunsiwnhranad &k04r).
Eiid h6rutbn on ip.di( wL*udd l!fuqu6 qn e tud h sa6h 0s),
k{n rid cri* 0q/), DEbh, ciF6 and tuhn 0*), $bh 04t up$n

ftlmrio

ae

ds

rqft 0q, rtsz ad

+(tr16!oFicleier'lhe,B4|iE,d
\dd4hG,?dsMq0q) (ibad oqr d<usftclu ltroE
^!
iPh'iryFlyhd@8,qudru.u'q
FoP{lfui@u'M'r
EXERCISES

ir

up

I dpnrD

h@bad*hndqlvnbih
ro @nvetu3 r 31v4 drt$id b

s.ruP'nJ3oi[frlortrwdig:3]v49M4ba
sFnipd bi Fry36.nd tPe
$t qp :n :honrh rq owdnB ! n.bhr dic' ro a porxofch qc
er

opa4drhn 6rsNfrqa

3iv4

uP[9roftr@lPdibins!iyPh*.

ssryPbickedtudimadtu'it
(fuhFfuktlqrelhdngl!ffiBh'6adfulFin65Fi6dh&
ldit

rh

46h

elnPD h sdd

\.dily'6!Pn{hnqrnP]hkon&

r',gtai:dd4inP<@l@lFfuieiyPbE'
cohpr* d! qErcL l,@nnns s.nph h sfu
efusrycgiwn!*'dld!hP@n

&a b dier:y ar

obr

ntet Divrhnt obj4t

Mdiry

pqry dk6

op.ncL prcFn

enpL b k'i@

&ztlqru,giqasbtrouhpdqb

cr3 b disprar an/

sFtir

6.^!s6eadPcidodolth!
Fhb6dd*&^olrleoreaesbg*iFdaiPu

Mdit'bPqnnqinPtshksn3 l

&lTMdily6eP4onqahPt6ia
3lv5:*'dlosf4t@nb'tshEb$eryPbq4h3

&r @itrbD4nnhtFeelb
wdt!@drebdiPb/:n/sFifuen

tbharddjd@*lolasivsq!:;
&lqpeduEs'dFd!dngi&d*nP
6p FnnerFrh ddnerhedi*rh
hPu' PaEnehE

&I hii

&! Mdt

6'

dd0c

h djd ir rm d

an.&.n$n tu geMadq $nd sjeb * onbotuN oi

rsrsn h rh. PB
&3r hd@ ,n ikq h 6 od
'h

&nwnbr@qdi.'o4Ng.aPd'goi

nidFhHlPLcRqlffi'g6as
i!!.(kahoolorrgi!4iqfih

r rsd-vtrqu"4rffi 14-

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J4 e qr<lJT

rnb6 n,

ldfylhPoFfusq'rPhh*b
sspbyng$.bu44im.fridtr!eiddh*i
\dlytFryeh'!Pe!b*g!@
oldh4ljbbe'iv6*inPqtkIB
6dry qi@

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4n

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rk Ma bd *r

6didd:b*'atuc@blh
dtrdr6s'qsntsda@wEpc
n4.rrw6ddfl@l@l@dts

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fr.loronsids

ion in th.

actro io.

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:

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or obicds to

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we

FlEi

b distliysd, av!
h-d

d. tn

r '. !d.$n o,i{mpts *

CI ASSIFICATIO N OF VISIELE-SIJ RFACE

OETECTION ALGORITHMS

:arhes irc oued

obid6pa. rerhod

",tsa.di!;,didi

.^4inscn

h,hti:rrcii io r r..t*a,

- ;!" n{od "rmuah 4 Lhe

=.Gbb$ -*h*-"d*

vbibir

decided

Poft

bY Poinr

Ahndsh rhm.E

majddiftire

in

llPbdrapprcehe rlkenbvrhe!+

b impmvePdfomama sodingn uFd

rB rhe indivdur$rr:tr u d sEe c.rc,duB b

&

hdiidual kin rrn

.d

be

rhnrob,te Flm ;. n

qF.+d b @nbh brmals (ms) dr q,E

otcncung"h'efr@qclln"
a D[lhcd bes m

EE|

ih- oh

BAC(-FACE DETECTION

Atu*,ndiipledbjkt

Paenerhod

w\eE,{3.C.andD:f

d ns

f l lc AFi l' l' l :':I

.nehFro' \epdJso

n rimg d' xre ot sighr'ryprdner

b ihe su i

renrl.

w..s imPliJy dj bmk-ra *r by .

]/tfu N r0 a Frrud sur,.. rr v,i

ELifil'noE.

ir obd oemP' m ar
ou vi.w4 dftbm n PJ'ark
Midsorv rhe:omMm' 6rr|lenomal vrtbrN.
Ii: l'3hr h'id.d mNms syiFm w h
dv :, ais Gis. e-2), a Fryed L a ba

Rnrc =0.'neourvPwh3drtrhdn 5 sEzuu rhr polyglr ftus

vale l|,r 9t9fi6 fu inqu:riv

A
^'^' Yt \

9*-e

d&6b9i1EdhEbvi-

^...,.,
\,A

V1-1

!lff<dn**r

m Eid{Lbdr!

dploy

L\at

eB 4

lefi.hrnded

ie6g

c, and D dn be cLul'td
r .lo.ksi* didio! (iGhd d ina
B,

polygmAlso,br*hGhav.mmn

gPondonaideiddtiledbyc:0
2trlhevtki4didionhalNgL\pcdvg.'xis'
d, we

dn nmediably

i ndg sine

il6r6t

rd

pl

surtu* dsebins

dly all the b..k hss. Fo

ea.h surfaa b

hd

ehsh

drer

an

p.ly-

oh

FordhaobjEb, .harheooEPolyhdmhFi$Itnocbc-"{

;Loo'iqobiRFiolarh"borirh
rbsuEd dbrs an padlv d onplely hiddm by odB objEb h sedal
rrcabar hdyoIrh.poh8m.u rE
DEPTH-BUFFER

MEIIOD

Jfimdlyu*airugspaeapF@chfoldekfugvisiblesurGjglhe
iefdl"vB'}!uB]b'':<m
pftjdion pbE. Eacnudeeof a *m bpred
d.h eire' rrdon dn
'rr

..,-P.h

\P4 qun'

y;d

rbmqnod

P:+4
{iio. ri* r-h
Find b

pos'don (:, y) on

ryidsly

pcsd

i!+od iru. otd

dePrh

iqdisbn,ldgdfdl'.gaPhic
plm r}p su rt6 n h pc

'iew

sudc.lf a fa.eisdffirhmmyFrtvL

*rFd

bY

rhedorsunae

dc

r!ftesd, m'l $. hane bufr sos

ibn rdtullr all sifiom in rhe d.p'h buridad to I 0 (mxhlE depa),
r sd F:nc burrs (aft5n bur'ei) is initinri?d b L\ ba.rgtdd .oloi F,ct
).clnldhlheFlBonhbl6tsthe
PielP6id'lhGor.datd.lcPini9
!aoaorh
t, rhir pue pc r
'ullei

'

owlheu{rb5P(ylhodeprhla.:-

dcprh:

nd alnadt

rnolil

sud&e@idm (i,

.i

O, the

deprh;.a

lbe (FrF +5t adjaeni h

:. +t md wnicrr i w'u* q adF.m,
r:irion (i, y) ha bm dehmind b
anv $an

ih.

*n *ihd x.6

Lk

rbhiddraB(r+,.
/

i eN;'he{rwb5

arada-,4/ciscondant616rhsu csosu.cdbgd.Pd\e:luesacGsa

:qd'09.'.[tr*[eP,.'hd,

!*!

ol

. Flysd' Tlm, ug ould Eo6iv.ly

rhe r aluc io'or besiEing poidon mr.h rrn
di di.or
'heFlysdi
s .alolaEd
frcm rhc bqinnine (ds.)

lic

rsoirhn by sbtue

',=.-1
is rhe dope ol d'

t{ge GB e-4. Dep

a rop

o.

rweaftpbe$insd

n a

vfrh.al edse,

L\e

slqs c iitrdh

and rhe

Fa

ror omnDrB rh",uthns, vr; a oq{r

d 6. -d
ars, rhe medrd ar b .FPtied b .
.old vdu6 at 4.h sudrc Dbienon poinr.
ror porygtr 5urrae rhedeprh.bqtu mesod h \ ery e*y b,np eni:

:lsm6n

rsh bufiei

sysh; ki$

Eo

::

d9'hbu+.w'$&'hP6lrfodjhmqfu'g'olbbFeFdL\.i.
of dap'h l,rtrltns @ded ore !dr, E du-e {oras. FqtlruA k I
iioG ohiE6 aa pud in an a$ia,ry order so rhar a .olor d be (n.
b' r s
d rh, !Lq Fp 4E
'r'J&po
DdEhrrj@au*, badjG.'r? :
tusf rqribn b\hrg. flu\ar{mdnLdoh?^.fo adnpte robep,.
1. w. .odd .cn Adudp ohn,tu

v.t.lcbwooixr mPro. kn

arsonrhri-ry!.uJ "n.' bs cl.onpm- qopa{.rNdrohpde.d,!,

EIZI

A-BUFFER METHOD

4ne,kcimof h6d+-r.

,!,brdcn

rh.F,rcNgNdee$jfury|h.o'
inglF'b'ltyJd'immdhodd-.

iadtyo.rurf,edib'iadd'obdePlhv:lu6'

ad!wh&r.

de oech.ouk'

q'Esr,;.obr;aGddiE

n.l

AsdhjFbk;hidr;retoi
ui$n& deo6.;bi;nd db
ql;drr
mE
o@ -i1 .oqhr'e
be

frrutunre 3bd Ei

G)

'h-

lor to b

d,fleFr 5une

ob6

lor

.qPlhd

as a

bftPaEnq q anbL:ln8 effk6

onbin'dd

stm I @l.nunbei wlP (P6ida, nqatiw, o re)

slrh.e D.h Field, sllE surlae d,b or a poi.6
br 'ord d tnir PG dr ttrde9$
D.prh Fbldr

oR

-;,hi,
itu, $na;
; .m

,he

i!

'n

A+,tsa

oloi

$ pirtl

Fs

oP

dr
dah ',d dEr
L'Jma'ron. $ch s,hs su ac. oror td rh;t Firioo,nd
bI'g oob ll rhe deP$ l"ld ror !

'ie.,+o"*rsdrap vrad.rr!un4

Tne

e o(h)

ny

rFn'e

"
ob!

'r'^sb6
lieH lnm

s'nrR inb*hon

PaHmd (PeI6t

or

Fhrs

rh.
'n

to a rinled

lbt of surfre

a4urrd induda

bnsPid.y)

how mmh d 6.h:!fre @es .rh

lins. sd(a.6 aF 3ubdivid.d i.to a polygdn m6h and cliP9d .grid rhe
tada6 and Fq't of sliIae covqaSe, the
I b.!ndad6 udn* $g o4jt
s'o tor d.n pjxel $ d awnse or the on
eins alsdi'hro .nohh
'l

SCAN-LINE METHOO

d*,0.RlrdIo'denryhss
..;-; 'a d'" *,i.*'-' I "* h. " ry' 4<*n { rirtsp6egd
F wd $dR pm'ddds hEFnns $it line aa ebdn d b d@hc
n

Fbtrmkrennbfteh.lmbuli]d'
5{''GdTPlqt#d6ry'h.hffido.noFd0lheDojvmnE

rs.b Lrr

{sr

lonbE r@diniF mdpdn. u;.ii,m,.

ndpdu6intod?'-rfiGblgdr
idmtlfv$esudaGboffibyea.h
Pl'ru .o.ffi.66, suiae mdl Pt!?dj6, orhe, sulhe dit4 ,nd pGi

6ve ?d8r
ln drder of

fte

uore

[r !mb'B dl, 60* dsF

r]ur lcs ,]. ffi

; ttr r
addiro4 q: de6m a f.e forach sflace dd ts:
"6" d "dff" b indicare whedE a posiiion droc i ffi Drt n insjds o! o!
rhe 3ut{8. r'iEt pdd@ a.Is dch $o lire ft
lrcd rrm hn b !
a uE refihklaron w h rh*ufaepmikdo of,iuv*
eor]p. rh 3u
n tuntd d; rh. i8ht inklftdn poft ahe lhe ;n l;E, ii D
'lre
wi$ n\e sufae ni3 d ro "o" behe
F8@ +r0 i|luebab rha tu.llp melhod ro! locrrdg vbiblc podc

irene

r.

rn

ob{mLtrbe@ed3tsA3rndBc.dtydrfl4ra,.,rrcn;m ft a
m dep,h .arrurr @ aE ffips4 rrrd ob rtu6 rE r'turaad h I
3urf8pNpsri6andti3h6scondirioGiorsuilaet.sihit rrybd&n.
EH and Fc,d y$e0:sfesude9ism No odE pG im;,brB sa
r hi19 I eJ,rc { $c, dror ror rhe pr.* I f e b,, rs-am {td
s Fn of +,f u d,ly;b drN "
For sh rn 2 md 3 b Fis. 9.1o rhe rhle edse l;r (sbrns edFe
EIt BC,:nd FC Ard { lire 2 fli edse AD b edse E4 dly rhe ft.i
.u",e q Do sretlRnedE6LH-d 3( rh"fl";.f,.b"d,*,."
m TlmroF. a de/n clrluLnm s
,q;
,.f ch.rs=

'ffi'ry

surtucs.e.6@pdrob16,rhtrrfidrdr,$$rororrd,iator,u,tr
dcssigmdb$?Pi{ll.ftlhfg
rnm $e 3ufte n4 fd c se. d. :rld rr oth rd , ;R c F \w e_

icrrrtu-:in

e""

i,*

r retEminsbehi

s,

oe

we ha

s r.rebwF. IJqi.c.0 ao' n.1hA,hr$rc4 \er rdrdssl tJn

uir.dinrnchF*n !rs!i- rs1
r m{kdedhc al:r' b6md
.,h.,J;onFL -'" d+,-.n r an aa. ' rr o*e.oroF,o,{'b i
Anynumbro'dglapPigpolxonsU
dopl s
d.."de."rcdq--' dd,6mPc omdd yd'hedsFoloe
(/.e ft o&lqasoil., oni dlr i niL * d"m r'' nrcush o
.dlie rydio y Nqlap a.h dlrr (Fis, e tr) ll any ri.d oi cydt oeilap

i n6d ;
;hed

ElE
ttrrg

kcic, w. c;! divae I

1in6 in dd5

DEPTH-SORTING METHOD

bDth

Fnms

698 indkah whft

imrsc*pc

and

fie iDlleh8 b*h

suda.es aE

dhidip
lurc'hs

sded h qda

or

decssins dPrh

surtsaEsan.o!.dlinoldei
'EoP4a'on!,n/-rdod'1'oth'
p,hk'b ise
h.,ud.ry;ei;o -.iodntr.ck-dbi
'\"
aiding,aladli6lPab6lhgb&L'
und .0106

Nin, $e m6r dsbnr

oh*

ae added, rhen ihe

EaE obid't

badgiur dd h" n@ o *rd

ins depd'

od.n,

we

"eabr

'hc

obl

surre odo

trE rians buffs

oE rb n,

.-

lh!lmJ6l'le'uem.&'.''L'
.d

"Ld.rl'r"d i,.rw tu. .

'ihmreFirdfo''\.n$''UIdFn'|elL|A.

(2) surf.re s L @nPlercly bhnd dre

PG io

,)FEo'alapPre{'be'ryP
(4) r.e boundily{ds. Prcidids

o1

nGrdch $ ae.Notu;si..
5urfaeo\e

:Pued8of LhNd r(1

96&?'L$ni{fu'ds9

,br

ub

d; !@tnid

ror au

rl''di porism bb ftat 3. we

refrnd or s inro rk Plane equiion ror rb

;". * ".\
: -i",
nlveni.esorsaEinbekors

qu) siniL ys nomPleblyihcad

u N. s n not.onPrerely behind s (t2

(Fis

!$rh!p(rtdme(giy$hFlg.,j
wc hde rouid $e hth$

,.rdn rhn

."."J,

d"p,h

.'d". rh.-I*. ."

nqes,andsiogdlhethRsud6inb
t6'ins p'oGs 6' *"h
b
";d ^'p*' 'he

El'I

8SP-TREE METHOD

A binr,r sp{ePrniuonins Gsf)

oqer vLth y by eah63 {a6

nEme

Poh{

lhanFi bd

rhc

.bh\

oqsF, b"rorPLtu4-d
rrt"hoq- tsrF "dryt,."r,

o,P ard he r.3 no Da "b.hrd

^ro,!

pF-L'rf +d.n0, a.06 a

,r noo.. { rh.D, ohs $ ..r

:/'\,'y

Fdr obiE6

d6rib.d s

h Polygon t

.ooIrcitr'Fltpn.u?4
- isodn frrlma orc iF\
P ygon ' '
"; ,*..-^;
. -rnqpd;,o,'+
wh.n,r"
d--. *-'"h ;*n"'
- I o'l'.r'oFFtrd^oF I dFP"icd
. -.d"-^,;.*"
d-b*. b-

E!

AREA-SUBDIVISIONMETHOD

s with

-.

id *bd;id"

ft; bb' !Lw.

rh"

bhr

"""

wc aPPry

i"b

".;ri.i

'he 'c
rr
ndansres

k5b 6di.ne

t6i

'he

...-", -- -, -'d, ; *,h-

' ^""-.""i,ia'*"i,r-.

n'Pr''Fodb r@4b\r0!
\'E";a
'*""
";"dh ^ .,h .4'" r ^- l{br-'
"",;d,.--.

:. bLlow,rsd65ifionors(Fi8

2r)

sp

dv iGidc rnd Pa*lt ouhide

rb

G surfa(sarcoubrd hciFa).

cabrorhcsubdrv sio's,{, itrd

OCTREE METHODS

I s cr{ i"rmA'oundo'.*n!isonuu-d n4_r.0.Llddrcu 46

\:,in,^,'kduia;FilhbD'h
ic r$ dns d in rhe ba.* abnb (4, t 6, and T) my be hiddsn by L\e

\t

dn

Fffi

the

dtEnodcaoiFis. e24 h

rhe oider 0,1, Z

3,4,5,6,7 rnis

solderfo!echdblslbdivbid'
d@ node. thar.olol n svd in rhe

trkrrJ rno s r\dq p ev oG \ ben

sin havein %lP 5oid" aE iqertd.
i i;e u-t t' --plekly obkded is eliminrred rrcm tudhd presins, '
jfi!olFPoEugq.iddnF6rhP\

<dm'dll.oo6nbi"aTg'ono'.P:G

qq:dl.nll.EobL'dlror.nfurA

ircm3
3

6ids

qhn

o, r,

r,:id

'a in rk bd qb s(4r67)
eup obtde

tusePrr6ord E:l'gd

wh

Ef'khvPoh!b!'tybegEU

/i led

4r {*

@rq.

do nd

pffi"

rhe

dd tu'. r- 5tr;s

"

oflnePaidr Lorft@lP,eoIlrl:r

dll!rEmademlor$etlEcbnt
D'tr*nr ds! or obs FpEfrrc

a3 Gffi.f
b. obEiH bv,pr I
bnorfu.EqiotlhPobFd:6o.d..

EEE

BAY-CASTING IUETHOD

nhilhab}-Lutrxm.\itrnv)trF

inrelsd pobi is do*r b the pner. dis rjjEr

uRdElweeifuld:ledhs<rioi:
P4 c\Mg. a.d visibiiF{Md.@. i! ur.d on g{trbryE.. r n
'nelh.r4/nfunFnobeol'
pG r G. we. n r"4
[3hH D'rh.crtradI.mrheF\eLhrc,;:
su

as dE

wh6.

'tu

efti{nve visib

irriehdon ndh&

er). In dp depih.b!ftbr akonrhm, se pt.cs 5urrae ons at a dn

\ dr h for r Dtwhd p.,nB ovs rhe u f., e. pp.ra

drlur.bdlPr

b.s"u,e,

a.h

piv

rn

ny.etua re 9lws o.;.ryd a hr

ih.prcFdop,inbrh ei*t.

dins aB0jrM (sdon 1&rl) ud

:.";,rbr" dy F'hi b p r -psro

6-.
-.-dd;..h.i-nr,am Ee'o

*h , d ; fte eft, obi. '.

if &E.oFd b' (i)11mn ohjF ! P.;{.r''

EIE

'hft

md

-. di".6, dG'

COMPARISON OF VISIBILIIY-DETECIION METHODS

eim

rerhod deFnds o' rhe cn'adoF

s6olaFniobaPplcsm'Ili\csulfesinasreaFwiddydnhbubd
rnc,lt nry m otirr $ bd .rpF i! rF4 r'* dap'h sr aP a dadn_

-;.-Bini;-"d.d
'"*."phm.u_lin"D :Atubdr dq dPpft h
r +:@Fartsmlonde\f,*
\a*;:r'urqe,b rdep,h.$,r
r.@riene h"4 s.h,q,@
!: i"i6 *i,.v h'R +" .-a+ r
-. -n"-, " ri whh ! rqe @n
r-k adne b rd4E1 6'br. { rc
6.u.eh b \(a;! n up 6rva:l'l'oust Fr,3on !url4e4 wrh.ft
!r mbn mor,hm a 6' $ou$
rb deoih_rh4 rcrhe h:i -snJ rdNrmt
d {-er"4m ' n*r ru'*
-";ir"..iu.p-a-'.,t'"",;h
; ' ^ .r d'e s!r'aa,, :ffis dfts
a-ph.-A 'd ciJ '"y h,sh
>lelrfullhnddDles$,
**.* 'm6 x r s@" ;'L-.tu
* - .v.*mc -o*' t 'd-tb . s ble Patu d rhe Qm
nagy"4thevnibililydekbanPr
-,t'h.r^-;nNbpdodd
.jr'lney.--.mh,n'udlb.da*g6mc'.}r*
blelo dsp'rl

* b*" ,;tur b, -h,n'E.**

whnFndh<htum'

l'y.bdubl/msDddlljPIIfthsJF

{w me1od. ?:i
.bv6 b . .d $e a oq
r .;d w\"n enKsba sp?.d F -.r 6
5$srbof atuMed vio5forn ght,inubd

h,'d$

"F

./{" F

CURVED SURFACES

ffi;b

md eh $e.mrl'sr -".sron dhb e ilo$ rh. pial

ririo df d'sohj*,

ro)

aIlnihle sufa.es.c id4dned wiih rben pllssins

nFd e s vF

d
'd

ftbflr, hd,or sr,r4

ued lunae<r rl{br"ppDd

B( ror 5m o6rd, ch sehft
A

aeu.b b ue

ray csting and

6.

eq

CuMd-Sudace R.presentation5
or wirh a

pd:Jdic rplenbti.n tAppddir

obbin

eipri.it elrae

gbud

p]are:

equri4

as fdr

A).

qanple

selk srde6,

'

for

eer:

h.idr ru(don owr

'"tlPqd!'ql[oh'i'dfu+

&

od Ey<aii$ algdrhN ofb

nrE

d uiin

lEl cr

vana6

rnbRrim equbN rq

To

obd d

6nse, Gb3

mo'ry

nuftdol apm!tu

u*d objfrB.

er6dmd poErahmd;tu,i.r
Ehrddmbydf q.rbt!Pbdd.. .

ry Pror ol

ru.rdit

sFcified inrwat

&

su

sb

fte016nm"ftd.b"b'ck"an
dd. kri@ on $. $en by faF?
.r' P'eraPr,a$e. r!8. urr sb
6n
c'Ewlybddfi,ydEddb'.N0dd

uvilu.4d Er

invorve

ondihhtghon'oiwiihasakturqB, bdudinB p a el .aLubdons rE

dr od

r.$a. +i-and

Eq. 9-3 ror

8ivn valE

ot.

dsadddP'o' sdurhe.n.

pai cnd tN rh? bod!

'or
bprcjdrh.dbdproiobrhs::e!:pl@
Fis.e-27showsddan*
pld' !h

rib.P,oicdldodoivirPhnciidd
bltiod

EIE

r.\

ousr)

dn$ (\!ibh)

WIRE-FRAME VISIBILITY ME'HODS

dspb or
obi.d lcIutus rn!
'hc
,i rsrisbdtscayrrobjcdedss
e6m'odbrclfuiha5o,ih!otj$

'.-Frame Surface Vsib ity A gorllhmr

fi* e aG)

r i!rh

^ndicrpo$ibit

l.'*umrs,u iN ir.on\c\)
s

rirya[ihehds &5

oi m

Frg. e 23(b)

Gewciavcid.ir

ob]d i..'.1,.'"1,,.rr sc booldi.rs

W re-Frame Depth-Cu nq Alqorthn

t",r,:;:::1.

rd,

ri

,j1olrcLgJ,//+&b'biElfJbEs9
he

viqing pd6on.

inun

dprhs

6n

be

values lor

st

to rhe

minimun

mrmlizft

t nuliiplied bv r!o$(a) ftls, trar poib aF dnplayed u h htshe!

trih6,mddEpoi s*d'.mximundsprhhavDinhsityequ:lb0.
G rrLor

ftedeprh.@ins rundio. ane impl

lonbimdeprh.Ehsuithahosthe
oph rlus, an oltedt old .ould be modined
!

by ih

deprh<u.ins

ru

ndion

OpenGL VlSlBlLtl'Y-DETECIION FUNCTIONS

nd rhe d+ih buffr vcibility-bins

IdePrctioedh6ebAil'bD^ol

cl'ln;od'trdwdnu*oP"(l

nGl lblyqon-CulInq Fu.dions

Fpdineqlods \:q'3ndtuvilk

laF du \rh.n3po.ror s heoe a bud't fd PumDa thm

bw only $. back ra.$ (rhe dde or the mmn h$i5o-,we@uld

:eI

lant

hin8.

-.

e!

rhe

errgPc

dt

ron of

o yw t b ltw orha
rd ud^ ddr.fdh. r,P qmmh

diepral And, tn'dmo\6oubd.

ff apprGho$. we n(ghi

ncLrymbal'..onn, cL_lFotrr MD

nGL

rhc

sAcR

0.pth-Buffer Functions

trcl -,rh:Llronh

lydfrimnutin6,we66rnedb
n,r.on6

iedePthbuffe'dwe''afo!'Icrtfi6
LoL!!

si.c

I cln i6.

d r ossri

DcPlhb!''eiv:ru6Gnlh4biniliali*dwilh

\oftuj

hr

deP bu,tr i..ninctv

brftid ead rinc

n4 tafre h oFcL

sanr b dnFhy :

nohrli,tdbn\eraneefloh0bl'0,
dPlh.bullfi\,u6blhcma'lmum\

dairr

vrF

TneoFcLdqihb!({avidbilydft

AndwededivahlhedePih.bul{elrculiBwith

wesn.re

lP ply deprh-burfer usibirily

'''EnltNFnh'h.oPncl''

with rhs derauii value o.0).

aedp.

s6e srira

obFr dDt ae bryond

funclimc.nbeu*dbsFduelhed
omd tq

sr<lfied

h.dr'!h deF:

'he

nmy dGrmr objd d'd aF bhlld rlE tqnud

rrcjFdm odhd6 in oemcl aF

obi{b

l'0,andthedeplhvih6besdL\e
6mrri4d ro rhe Erse lDm 00 ro r

dippins plart (d'a p6i6n pland

dipphs prare. As m oprion, we n adj6t

d** ioftrLitu

valE5

$::

dtranFfrcmo0lo]0,itrludin*ng

r{ rh.Pc hd3drhn4 r drr!

oPhd:vJible noPencL
dEde?d'bdf!udcvihsFR]fy'
Anoihd

cnbdsignedanycoflhefo]ll

LEA!&,CL_CEOIAL,cL_NEvli(nopoinb,rtpt*sed),ci ALri:3
Fin6 arpl.G*d). rhee difieE G
mg

ltudda,lr !a

@ ro' F".

y.o4,cLuguLqe4,dlF|,db'

an dnly

biclFurrd wih dLpbF

'ed
:lpund in the depth

6 or wiih on.

obid

ir ior ihc derhs of

d.p*

b.

ff-

ol

trri*

va1u6 idr

.mpand

dirre6' rd'.gbuid ohjdb. AIb sdbg rhe

rhe unb node and pu$ rhe rc.

burer we disabls
in

'lifimrr

Nri

ik ransPdr5u

tu*d

ofr

or oraque

obi{6

ror visibiriy

brin&

hren, tri

Wrc-Fram. 5urfac.-Visibility Method5

{iehide djsplay or a sbndaid sEphid obj{t cn b obbtEd
enGL

gon node

hndon (sedd +r4)

:r

in

oFicl

for exanple

te.fumcd6Pk,we6.emP'oy6e
14 $-i F. HP h^' .Ps'iy rh" b
'e veGion oI the ohid si4 the ioEBound coloi rhs w. sriry a! inbnq
b: lg ound o o t', "\. dho I
nL\ tu
dep'horbdmssrhdrheb Lmund{oh nr win rc, in,e;eE
Lerrane dnphy o' an objd uinB a

op.ncL Depth-Cuing Fundion

l1,e d vary L\. bi*htu .f f ohixr

as a

nf.dm

ot

di*ne

ib

rrdD

lelst0d-"hdd*'w(h'hebsor

flGeg poid EruB,

auhouSh

bkg.r

wls

on

bs

lkd

ff we

cbose rh;

b*' r ahr6phE otor

apptviq rhe ti@r d.
i uahs tudo. o6F,hcph*.q
b ir,$b" moJrpd od dR .:;
bb

In idd bor weon u* rhe srsoE tunlhon

be cmbind drh rhe olor or .n dbj-t itrs

EEE

SUMMARY

Th.<rPl6lq.ibi.ilys''!dfbdl'
Bb'Fdasbgle.tnexFlyhdffi

F--vrviffirrcm,ur
duuo"qpr?Ft

.omMlv ed oeJrod ror idmr f)4

deprh bufffl dr3d4m wnf apptpd a sEnr,rr

n,,,

'dmil

d't'

'

hp\F obFl1 rh! ,

eA {-"Fq.rEmnb. I\otI aE ru.ddr m b rft pipt oloBaid ore h sbP rhe deprh vitlE 6 he:
b dh3io. of rtf dsprbuffq appd.h n rhe A b
poid6 iddidoal inf(nftrimrd dlpta,,insanriatiaed dd rbDF

butreB aE updahd.

qhi.h

+\oa'olJEdiriltynfudFj}Ed
srinshsthod (paib3 dsonlhn), obiftb iE "prin'd" iib
:(.dhs b dEn distu fion *F v
idmnrvrne sllbb pdE or ! {Fr irct

mdn.d!hh.hpq{lu6hlr!l{P
6ffi
p6r m!.l4 rh* p'qrd ric tuvesM8

fth6h

rj

nerhm.

rh.

hEgdP.nofay-hinealpdnN,whi.halldw*rchbdi$layd

lribiliiy'dddd hedro& aE als ued in displatns lhejifre

rD.dn'trg3 wrhrL^d!dre, w..sdtso nrou ploE. rq b F
^

sFit tu'

o bc* PhE d

pdyp

abordoswhodivlEdu6
sPdit

$e

dqNbe +ndN

@dr

0)

d:

warE

r@

Ghs

sriid

by

sFify{ddqdbdkvdG
sFit i !d8e io rcrurL4 d.P6 qrE.
sFit i ded.d4 (dd6.
5?<ymdktbdiFdbhiddmliab
awin]lue&eEywrln:&dg(tr6ll
sf< r lrdr de'i4liry w.dc

v:fu!
\ve

-ry

Pd3.

en imdemd my vislr[vnekuon khem.

ror

back.re emNal

and tne

depihilfd

Fumhms lor poryroir .uirir$ and

fe depiMrftr

Brins rhd

is

be pnbrmd.

dgtr\eoFncl polyeon nodeandp

Fsac oPslcL sn6 sn$ deerh<
GOTtrCL tuftjoc ftjrvLihiXv166g.
REFERENCES

wF

or rhe

.una

appri.adoprclm

@pub
vbibix9 dehtudrc

meihod. ln

-4ailablei'heoP{GLcrltbqsn hic obi{6,

Ep of d.prfi

ft6r

rher

highad

trdt ta, d

a6s displats

horh.

,e dhhtud

lhe pol4on node rudionandoner

0q). a$rrs dds rE pEs d i c@L oasri.d.ahdr t1srt, HlrodA6r!y0q),?d$ iBindstrisroer) $ii'! d<qbwiq ndic: l
^

Arc 0er), hr! ue:r H6!5etr

itksdisonbe6undhchqar:oq),:id pdth oet N@, Ncido h\r. :

'io!^id:!@PrdcruhAdtkops

EXEnCEES

twlidst'in&!Ebh6$.-

hP
PrejKdq b lin r;ibk ric d
!e ebtu
Pads d d obj<' aE h r@r or sc'tu

siis ? FrtsliYe Prcj{iotr

'. -

w!!,PsFanbcdue4r^inrdq
Fs5'hrcu|J6s!.bjclild;|r*

brErrwPhre A$!ft
'hn&oq{'i
u*inodhqnPhtP rdPrctNtrotrbn

dyowd!j,cs'owqjo'$.hc5mb'
eqqiEnqbiqfudglhbig&&emfcdlom
MdylkPuduEhscPNdjsg}cd*bdi5Pli'ifu

obid,

ad u* @FErc tdrnquF

to

!
bErhefrn ndeobid.-:

0|16<k.hnis$bgdstFbt,
kuprp@r b distir vLibb snle
'h

@Ns

Fiyhdq !:.

d.dry.ft'Ly sfturdln8 ilAc

'

hdqeibd'hn$
rr.a

or

ii

vddcrr3iY

o6td ry rFlybs lb aE!6ub

!lgb'@ndmobtdf at n.bu6

eti* { lbq

hn iq

wftlouftbp
os$

Mw

{iF

YtdB

3iisb

sPh

ucas la<abnrpb'tua3 qrqd{etudid /rf,

y)

.LFshs'ni,F.by'qFnB

rne dGehF n!qh'

e @.d

hiddtrdF.d'tuobid.b44d4ed rk

o?6clFlE@<u[hgfuddEdhed'hP.lJle;be3iY5:difd.
bFsFddddhPdvdu6

rifu'u'iqlhedePttsbqfilre'ib

Mdif!6eFFnintrFdiig4ld*9sJ$ed+t[niged$ed?th

vodry s?

p{nin

or

rb

pEd4 rl4i*

b dsphy

sqr

FryhdMs

'in

lllumination Models and

Surface-Rendering Methods

FnlFarlasy:lres4abwhn.:

s.risrk drPraF of a lde 34 obhircd

PrqEdons oroqc6 and appryjne naba

hGlhnal's,ldtsoqdd
rh.

su rteofd objd a

delmbe

rhe Pnel .olos foi an Prq

cn b aFPlid to ery Prej
nnbaaonPlishedbyinfupobdnE.

:on nodel

Itrc, ima3eserte alsdihms ryri.alty

rbrFelario ahmet shjl 6y krtfg ngqidm5 @r

{ s"-.,
re

,iclightintnsiiyiiasinEle5ul1aePo
-.ri./. and ve Ee
icn i/lrn.. fiddi|l! b
'hc

n.

E.

illuhbado

F-"d"r.o'a ui;s

pFeduP

for

aee\hs

qre
tmsParcmy' snae 6fuR, d shidd;

of !a ,gh rd.

!,lrcdms,

q-

invore $e

nJ

rasndr mersy uirh rhe obikt sud:.

: tri$e6 percPdm Pr(Es rh dc

!qc.

obied' an bcompced

or

op

dhq obj{r' md

rhe

leabEs

or

6c rsrrr

lruL\ Mdr.
a

vadeq

tlf4,kttnlB dtd'

orsufrea@

pafretu.

LishteuG,

of

srying,ruFs,

al6

Pd'b'dbL"nbPlvGei
b,ffie,dre@ldandFjdoEof'he

lightsuro,andlhePci'iddoidh
tidt hh5,9 PEj

nodrs dkurd !\
in

3ri6ed

vi{iq

phFicnk{sndd
Moe

aor.k

diEiion.
be

phicgaao'lenaPDxina[oFi
srr{elShtin8 etrd To rcdu...onpubfi@.

nodels, su.h

b*k r(ghri4

hoders

rhe

radiG y alsorlhn, .mpn& rlght n

' :dlo -FB beMen,ru L+.

of'6 u*d in

'he

lor aprrybg rhe righdg hodek b obb

IEIE

LIGHT 5OURCES

ilr* i, em rins ladianr oqy n a u:h.som. ih*.mbhG L.

elii.b fof dhs oqd h a (@. we can modr r!+i eucs \
va;et or!hap6 dd ch addisti.r.
Any obiet

rishring

tu L bo+ a rsFr suf,1d, t.3 I re' 4ro' For.umpta. d.

hcundhs
c r shr burb b.*, " tua sd +.14 E r dr rrcm r.n
8rob",
dn ohF. r

lheglohee@u]dalgmdd6.Fbbe

rish'

uru.

Bd for

gn

obik6.

$.]l

beh@(qv4if,lbd4dbe6sul
A lishr

sNe dn

be denred

with

pali*htsouft'hatemsdirleqt..
djrr.6i dkrio3 Fd Empr, * ould dc6rc a rishr soue !h r
Fd lidr on onc sidc and a *Rn lhhr on rh. o'ha side.

in

PI'ighh!nodeli,u$dbNoi
em'hnepop.de\'!'gi{'glr!d'e,o.ed.}ol'heRc3!oo.rcmF
l'ollh.lntNt]''dtltltlo'.
nmr. color pa6nd* and lrghreur@ nodere,E dis*d in 3E@ de5

nre simPrgi moder for an obtd in

.o!rt. dri a sin3re 610!, sPedfi.d
poinr

$une tor a *ne by siving ih

rn F3. Gr, laht aF aE

shen

th. 3l$ledDr sft. pG}ion. l.lis tsh.Nre ruder k a Esable

4prenmdon lor $uE6 wh@ dhGM arc smn .mpand b fte sLs Dl

ftn

in ttu *m. w d also simub

pa { m oi: p.h! {ffic tr M
Dr r@c or ro d, tu. k ur
oJaand
erodffiiJE \hch obia! 'lF
n* 4ruar lrum ekd by tu,'n'll1lDron
.aL!ar,b ,rE Ls, d,ds b i Frekd obje {rf:e pcihm

6d

rlnnitcly DBtrnt Liqht SDur6

br xSht $ftq sfth s $e su, Ih.t

is

v.ry rrr rrcn

*re

an rl5o b

li dFnr b: 13] qrcm$

ka m aI sid6 ot in uc, a @de
djftt]onTlelishtPdhfmmadnbltghl&rcbanyP6td6hdE

e is

@ny c@ret,

ae

illatared h Fi8 1c2

r riEd dtudn id' the lignt dF dffiting iim uF $uc. o'ry

se misim diHtim, and rcr dre p
n.ho eiqllaho5. ildr8 qrn rh lhr{uie oloi

the

vdoi

dial lntcnsity Attenuation

radltoqyfmmaliihlsu.barekolsatdgEughqc,i6an
b aMuhd br $e lad vdi. nis

rud any d5bc 4 lrm fie $re

ftlhrtasuilaedebthe[*htsou(

. v.tu ?. n*bF. o Fodu- PLdn

we.r6ulo a' e rhs inksty dh@.on hh "a o n' cBE+s.
;udrG aR illuib,bd frrh rhe sm h6sil' liom r li*hi sie, and u.

!tu3d6

cble'liglayg'f4beneultFoeE
arp aftPtiat b@dlappbgpc

rha

ad
h

d'4dr,\p6due!' p,frF

inftitvanarid 6!obj(6 L\*aE

Flaave

dEtue

Alm dF Lghr

dm ftu of vd; d$ a Podr $rc

rhe k. u .. rj ens o pu "e b

nhtniatd) Mad, dd

st4a(j dtil3turd,

va;a6 dhenilr b ra$a Thrs G b..aerttualrighr h(s aEnd brin F:i

Pojfu,aiuumining!$rewilhP
rion oIrul8hdS etrRb. TaSembremorcrtarbd.dtspriys shgFohsoL-r
recndklude'lghthbElde,frth

nt, i0' ij, and d !\.n b. adjun.: .

',,
Plodueopttma'afuuaddel'*fu
4i when dr n vry sm[ io psed ld.@(dt tm banhg re la4e n
*sgned
-

ro

6.h pahi lht $uEe

rtu,b .b-"6eredErn,eb +i3h'!4nf b nd+,orIk.

ho!\ Erub md rGr rshi

euG,

we

{.r

i
n

cn qpE$ dE hhr9.dbn

{
Dne(ional Liqht Sources and Spotliqht Eff.ch

ben

of

lahi. n m objd n odside

'he

$ure n b astn il a vdd dirion

FgionolsFewilhthgligh!$ure!
(Fig 1G3) A nuktolor Ffu liehi m
muxiPre

diKrim vero6

and a

difftE

didjmr rrn s of rhe \Bht eu..

and an ansular rinii il nsud

varo! h

rhe

diKrion

tln

ni\c'tghlgucdtacdoandvqa
rhe bgnt pGihon

an

obFd pcition T]'n

r2+dglroFrhpmgrla dEbne orlrtobF.r.Tm + rish' drFar !6

r r uc 6eict th s!t& *b dl an, lighr .one so that $ < 6 < 90 , rhm
ts wrhn the ?dli8ht if Go > .64, d sdn in Fi3 10!. 8ut if
-r . oqd
.v
lish' .me
rh < G r), obFd L oubide
'he

'he

r.9u ar lntensity Aitenuation

i:! dituoml lighr $me, we. dhubtrtttshrhre6,\'aryubnyabdt
rhe poit{o!@ position This a[ows us
! inulde a otu ol Lght that t nGI i
I::nsitydce,iry6wemoElidh
-rbrinhc y aftnuhmfiNion

igndsmpc

one

jlh in6ityn66iion

rodion

fteEaE*vqJsFda]a*5b6

ror

ive

vale and ansls t h

/6e,h(d) = 1.0

n, c = 0, and

swn wlue

or

aryle d >

nodsul atuudon tf rhe lhr nre

! :.r diE ioEr (nd a spo'[sh'). ALo m ohjd is nd illuminded by ilE rrsh'
orrhe5podight.rdd&rtuthe gular

(obFd

ouGide rhc sPdlisht @ne)

Anobj6' uF6d

i*r.imi'
!.d-[rLb^rr""
! n lniDi
Ls
r
s.-mdd '."q1,.. 'ioiJDLir r-"c
nii I c !nM!'
.h4rekLc$r;
L. r r^! r

'

ElE

SUBFACE LIGHTING EFFECTS

----_i\'

,."\ il/,'
4'hgobr{risllunild!'lFihlhi
: or rr.ob6

^brudj<r,rorei

]!dhbahtghljKhi,qbrighlsF.',cl

:].ncdbyth!rc8Ebd'lshtlrcnih

IEIEI

BASIC ILLU

I\,I

-:.uat! sutike lishtiig

tre ftf,&'ed rishl frcm neaby oblftb

lTtclobrreicdedlighllDoasunae

INAIION MODETS

dddels

.oh
d @npGidon

-!16,Nd t
6lia

oqkr. ro nhplily rhe

inprenorcd h mGr shpht! synds.

dldb in a baj. ilrun
o palkiga po, ide add idal fundio's
Rrh diRronal lid'ina (spodish s) ind qhnded risht eu($

L,ghremiting

:r

or an

t)rtrul r\a

uh\1t ' Fa!,lM,ta

aninrns vpaam.d

t.[rth5u

acrn rhessersrhmilumhabd

wirh

:,

h...-",ro''..nlde.".
bd hou ;Kh

,'h',ry,,

ab$$cd

oF,roi. h&pr;dd.-.

ne+d,"o.,rra., ;,Fromd I.
4dsolF Lh. n, N.L5'ii, ,
ftonilo.osc!

(Fiq t0

r0).rhehrr _

pFt(trd rRa

(Lahbq'hn,

we Gn

-l!!!L

si a Pdlmer r

dq rdiffv{Fn^,nr[ rirq : .
np 5 -dr.pr,{bt rh.d .pI t*hq .-, " i,o."nondn,o
hid'y rea{'n" snae,

wc

*'

'h.

niolbdby6eambiligh'l'thdw

!i!

rc2r(b)t e {!is rF nrely

md

]dfdsndiRdonRa\and.li*h
$ biillh, ngrrc

- ridEhnreue(P rblh@DinF

s,

PDiedi@ PelPendnuk b the

(Fs.1Gr2), rhen

ncidme n in

0.0

r.0).

ihn

Eyr)

sr{e

!h.$Fo:lImf

lcn ir*bds

whf G

rhePrci<rd

Dnsr
'hc

ea

0 ro$ kosrr

hsLePoi|t$uifuillumh'iotr*i

lrirrN.Li. N.L>.
t0!.

P,,,.. (,,,

'''ru.^'p'.'"''o'''j''''no'
hch prckd.d pneLpolron tu

drc

sfria; i$iqnd

m inrdsii

rrL,

lo-.-'.{solg

oooooo

.,"- .-."., *,;..rre

L5hg p am.k, r.,rcci N,itih. td

":.,,
ronormdd

,i. borh r add(

....Ph;,\rc"n

drP.nd on

sun(!

jrcular Refeciion and the Phonq Model

)
.

r-

"trh",;i -,-"1*"t"-, -b"

.-",
.,;
'
''fR''d.'iln^o

aroFviodR.ouqd.(i -0)

diInLL* ircdrotr

utr-

4.tt \u td'

hrrrf iondedo

. rer! $;

-"lonP!rl"''l!Gje^.
'bs9'h'(lGo'4'6'!nU
9Feofsu rte

'hr

we

Mn'

ro

dbp

Lsua,

ald''14r)\.,,"i

r,u.'

- r

19

whec 4 G rhc inbnsry ot rhe rishr

i<F,

i0.r'n.

qLrefledrr.;6. n .hr.,.

e
F'"0'b''"o'Rn

r',- ...q,

ad(.
".'ptd.''".!.noLl.
he lthi eurc rs

t.

bchrnd rhe

hdo

$;ec rj.

F-

FlobdG.odigi4d'kdE|u6b&5Fh

dG

rqdiridr Nhd,6

r1!.nr t.R
trl
tu

::,

.lkubdon w

h rhe

enpinGl.oso arcdtion

(Fis. rG22). rhe h:lrway

.?

lrwq;id

rodrh'sN),rtrslcoh6thcrdued/: whenv,L,rndNacndcoplan:i

, ,/2,

rho r'shr

surci

aE

dpendins dn rh. sp.tial

:rnbined

n al$.onnanr rora suna( Pofh.

ll

ehrion

ffuse and Spccular Refections

:;is6shPqLiFhi$*e,Mon

=r"r. +rit(N.L)+t.4rN Hl

nbt

En' if

rhe

l$hr $uie c behhd

rrac rishdig efleds piodua,r by

:'tusr

rhe

and Specu ar Feflections ftom

a

{d..

For

nddPre

Po, rth,

r=i"-M'+trri.Ji+r*.r
=&1,+ttl&irN

L)+N 1N.tsr'l

flins rishr, 6 Ndr

a:$sh6

.hissio"

reflltdng l,ghr

Inn

.rnrellichb,*oc!Fns,andaomobile

we

on mp]lrcirrv modcr sulfaa rirqhFmi*bsb) srocy hcludds

b"-'..,..*,, h'h.' .

iln ii..fr. !tr )i,Nlrr

i.r,

:Ti.l
:'i

lumlnation lModel

with ntenstvAtlenuatlon

'1T''ILo.'ml'p"oo'o''sFl.

crhd5 Gpodi*hr), hdnihsoure,

/:

/.".i-,,,-

+ i"",M,i +

t r., -r.iF$rr.i

{+

t.,Fi ,

r"

_.Gdiar bnutbnflnddn,.ii,,!
f,laro rhc dirtu*

rie.dd rmr

sunxe Pdrt

' i.J'' ,.,

"{

t! ma\r!! ,N.H, r rhqu'a

.* "--,i,u^ "-,--,"..
,,-"--. d i..-,---

rah{ wiy ro.ompesab

i .d,i

.tohh

.1r

ror

inlssi!

p..r

N-Il;

tr

b ndmrrvc th"

-d-idul

hr

u^\14'''shle}'{ur"'l'--'-"
,

::B

o;"d*qr { nE*in 't,6"ft

Color Consldrations

.h lishr

euEq,r =

il,&lnri) sni

|$D!girmGpeblc,iddlbN

: -rr Co or Represenrations

r!

(rirr'|,,n'd rLrnuift!

icr

nh

i4drn

tud.

Md

oturcB

srfL tue4 Mdtu.

nnse of fteqtqdet

lutudc.

1trfr6^e=

vatuc is

.ohpud

^h]0rr

hrbIhqctuytrh k'adbara
fFqlnr a it.umturh tryt Ie'nF!Ia' on Lpturmd r, d tr .
ss dE frqhrt rbg! bhed 0 rh.I'shr

hJ{. rreBfor.

rhe r.

m.runo

mM( mobjueonpltrnE;ha

or

d- RlB .oia,

<rc

. N}iic..v rompuN

5.FhrcetEl'ghlJ346bJFi

II!t4

N1-4"-

TRANSPARENT SURFACES

.,mehb"FFrqr.i..".
hdilfugdudldinkn'obf''"ns
A Ysp"ln ,u-Le f c*ar prod
I&hr Ine.ishr ts:tun d lrloah F
gbs ind ennr preo. mrer4.,

TnRMBho ?obiRFrndtu6

Bo,,{

d,l,ue

fd fd

h,cmsd

b- rdded L3h Pr{rs rhus i

b4\gtundobiRbretr br.ftd

.:dEbJ dnhbuMg'rkFit.onf
'bu
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ddbr,n rm ssros.;nd dr

-.

i.,6 in liPFn,n lrr r0)!{r

rr\!ridd:r 6r),Fe i! 5 i!'rri

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tl,l,.eRld4ts tutd'

loipd,llelpalliasitem{Ffmmlh
dsqomdft fui.rims n &. s ,r a

olrdb'PF@imabdby$nplysh
aPPmP ak ammr for a grvd frderot

g.r0r weanobb'n xh':

\L

'=(;*'-')'dv

eu-*

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rhe Lgr

da.

llob,xhellldlh.rr"P'nn'

nDrcdu.ch'gJlHL+o.P'.'
FeDerhodsmodelliAhibftr

dsplayd Nins

):../

EyiairB

aledjthfrs ($cdo

rcn)

8.iic Tran5parcncy Model

rhodsP?fd-uPtr.do anonor,r,
!y efr* or thlr. pol4m:l . r . 6

l,\hcanltrDhbedttaNmitbdindtyl!'!6$@ehaknspak

c fron I srs]1rlm ohft w dr rh. rflR,ed rbnli'y ri ar | ".

(rig 1G32) 6ne a bloP4(y @
bdm 0 0 md l 0 b spe.ify how nuch or rhe b4lsrcurd t(ghi is b br
mitled.Tel$i'adhbsiiyithen.ar.ubda

1t5 A1nqt]tEf,4ts
m (r - &) b tr oFrdly fedoi
grd n\e valuc 0.t thfl 30 p@i
md opaqe objRtt tr

obl*

ilF opaq@

eEople, ir tr\ frNPamcy rafu ie

b ksDund rtshr L @mbb.d wrth

a5 we Pllx* ihe sutag i! a dePd'

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ttut aEbednd Nd hansPrmr suftG. Sdldl),

::NF!dr
rn

For

ol the

utrobiia oqft6 tr.d.

r s4cuAoqsrhrmay ehh

d'e

oruF

ror hhhry haEFEnr

hlM'

very

lrls

dhis,

we

rjsh' rrcm

ssi
kgftlnd

objRt' dween*t&ba
b allow tr b

b a tuncdon

of

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psormobiR'11tu
rofd
oi rhe righr lrcm rhe ba.kgturt suia6
\h on b! mmified b hi e osPaHrv
t dr r dmB \ F b' itr ,p
'
d.p'h mF.
^r,itus.dae..n
sur!inlrolyDrdn$Urdb''hlh

i.c in@ity

df

i:x#:-

obF.6 bhind ii b ohhb

'h.

prd in63it.r s.h PEjEbd

cins a modided dph

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r$paF 1 uq.+ rF imFad

ro

o. \ r-4 p'v

depd brJl.i. It any tanspaot suiti.. n visible, ib rcnebd

si9nGkdikdandonbindw h the oPaquasuhE htsiry PFimly

i\ ;bdc in

rhe

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r!..b]dn*Ild'im,@6gflddrdePbfdofuPa.ffikaflP
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rF \

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ol

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br ' ombtug rhPtr surrde

intu

vr
I

e,

appd.h b ihs A-bufiE med. Fd ea.h pixel pGitim in rfte

ne p'a\e. qdro.ahPPlrs
dFr and apaque "u repahhe rh,
..p tr oeDrha-rombd n 6p plm- r'ilioilty on- b p'odde rhc ff!
Anorher

a .u

ATMOSPHERIC EFFECIS

a "ho+q. . on ir oGr s !o or 4 hrv rb6pt"rc Dl6 olo5 rr." r'd

aePldnnsrna@o']jdspcitrlunctubmodily$ r..oloE
'd''clorimMlotoELmob,d
.-pt;" F.-a.h'.p'*"h".'i

51t

djNrs.b,rtLx 6or

nimdiDer{!

mrsh

ar$tr&ii5imu

t=l
where 1 .,! is d,

Elirl

e\Poo!

SHADOWS

,.n

rtl +t t rtt\
0

rr

hircrcF\

tr.s Dxt
ilyonl'qwe@ddombitrethe:nbjeit

IEEI

CAIVERA PAMMEIEBS

ItrmlyaldedoqEkec ri

.!i olos mo4ed

IEEI

rb

dhq

'(s

djas

orhddbi<6areihcn norcor

t6so

or

b prcduQ a btu.ert p!,tedion Fdtcm nris

DISPLAYING LIGHT INTENSITIES

: nrbutinq

Svstem

lnte6itv

inrnsit sruc inus b..rnEnen b

Levels

! ddoor$cesrvc

one

inbGiiii6isb

,,='

Irc/EPr*nblhe]nkgiyolonethc.orot.ompoid6olaliehl,ftebw'
-: ler el rlEr an bc dcplaycd G rprcsdrd ar 4, and rhc hishcd ia ilpsdr.d

itsLirh

hr,,,hr

Ms

r'n'Mtitu

Nd

srl@.R.t6t tukds

r\&c$ drdraF

rhe

r:rE or. srFrhevilJsololnorror:par.ul

1x,m \tr4ri_ 0,;etuts

, r

(+)''
rh!s,

rh

orcd.rio lq 4

n'

&.

ro 3

b/"
= IJ'

a mAdnpk r0 - : birysh
htu5$Lu$.rc1.1.1adro
rh

and

row. 6rft 5

Fri.4.rv

'n

rh. Eng"

ue r"

to-

4rh, - l\eha..r - r4orh

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0

0)

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rE6 Phceho6. nree

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snnlmelhodsanu*d,jihRcBol

(^!)
dd ,

is rhs

nmbd

of

inbsit

tevcls.

Gahm, Cotrcction and Vid.o LookupTables

!o\ d bnSi h6, . iEr d. mm

rhl RcBoo, o.5 0,5 oFjmL.

i htr3 m@ nFqsseh
\uuJ'rNc'' u lFd rhddc'Elhm\m?d nd odseliJJs'rbgF
' tug'n8 rr 0 b )r5. 4'h d" bvF fo, ea.h ot rh rhR RcB lrrporr
uF
fton

hbsit rile is ar$ ljn4 3o dd a pixet wth rhe vate (64,64,64) Ep

onehalI rhe hreEiry of a prer wirh rhe valw o23, 12& ]a). Th. etqllr
nds

duebnehti<l4eL6offimDh
Fre. roa rePfm, rhe dcptard hbsfty vrtug (64 64 a) woutd
b be ha} a bryhr 6 rlE Eruc 0r3, tr3, rx)

nd ap

d8p ard bknnty and praturer ! b tu coru5podhs el.

PaEmek , ad ! dePed

varues ror

rc

inrrr

jii

h !n.,r

l4'rijhF. )..

.tnsir_v

vru.

3 Drd4i{rhrhr4'r6

eprr...r-,-p--

r, rhs volrage

lal*

tuNLoidrhc

b psdrte rh! inrEiry n

'=(1)

mmroftktjdoldhd',aslmqa

nu6arclyPi.auyin'horaieelDha
inem comm re lNrsc) sisnat s

:.du(

a rokuP iabre. rr

:.t 10-34or Eq r0

37.

,n

ganmavrues

bdh inrhsly and

hbganihmiiobsilyrappi$lo
an in

Arhmricrj,

siry 4

coh a hbh

ot

viu6 .Fakd w

wc

[*'(.')]
i|trw..ompu'.ihenhsilyglued

u= (:)rlu6 U cn

rhen b

plaed h

rhc r@ku

'uc.o q.ourdb {o,.ddn

! , bganrhmic hrms r $lc follor.d

by (akulahdn of rhe v{ usins Eq. 10,.13

s3

D sp ayinq Conlinuous-Tonc lmages

tror "p I'P

JR\

-.41

'0

romt

arc

e r,|di a frr4rd./rnr4r.rr,4!

s.n
inrcnsny nsioE krrcd
'hcdifforcnr
visibh h ric 2rer

.hny

Usjn34[bEilykrcl'scb1"hil-

l16olhoftinhsiyleycL'.oilomiig

ftrlEl

HALFTONE PAITERNs
ANO DITHERING TECHNIOUES

blein'd!lr'lelels'{eatrm&,naP

be

dnplayd

fruldple ,nhsjty values

JinI4''}d[Rplfilud*,

:nhbjlregion'D*kqqjonsa

-hd

sermorisny {ilch.lfi N

(mqe NhLh 5prta F1grtr t0.37 shossaf

:ipd:ndlo,.rretuf

on (aboll25

high.qulliy PaPtI

u5lng aPProxlhal.l,

ro30dohpq(qdmeb)

ne rPPnximation

Prens,

, p;els lor 4.h srid

o.

iu* Pnl

otr a bllev0r sysbm,

i]ehlnpalm0,illpelsirulufl]
dpp

dbrrrht...
of,wac,ndisPbyl.tri]bFityhvd5

s5

:ritii',t. ,ill'i

li' ;','
a
i

ot

a
aa

Il
\oodrc!

pobl.n {nh pier

:r lo\dr Esorudon

grLds

rh

(6!cr pn.rs pcr.mrindot,

,

r\.ncdsh

r0{la) rhin
Fis r0 lLtb). rhe 51-mn

:l]ij!}'Icrd:]Forlatd6PIoutFdo

we

h*\airv

hu*

$&icd slh
FqLuft re6'

bc

drsrrirs

bv aor of rhe

srmD.rjc.t

turdbn Mdd, nr

|fi.

RredB MdLd\

ffiffi
ffi
ffi
wvirhj singre

Lll
bn" p,kl d wuh

tebd "o" p

ets, as rn

Fi& 1s42,

5h

b,pPLd :Lo ro r(trq* rrr :

sys6s d' an aFbre of dbpratns mee rr-d
inhsiiiBp.lpixel'FtrexahPle,oo
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hdbom q^
Prh. JP !.
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srniL y. !e on c eudand Pil6
bo of

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thal.dbtsPaghdmaoldsys

.drb.ddqneddnyoeo'eiqh'o-

.oloB (incrud ins bkcr and $hik). tur w h 2 by 2 eireLFid eafrems, s.

l2 phosphd dob that we ar up ro rcplRni i olo!,6 sh(M in Fig. ::

TheEdelEtrenslnonadilakany.o

r!

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hiFfr.4

ho.r

ieFd,oao,'.crd
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{rhn33 o

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tutfwP M'rt dhitsM'i'w

inftiti6 b bmk !p mb6 ft orbn

lgodrhtu haE b6 u*d h smdb rhe
qdm dndbutu rc .fEr ie b .dd mie over s h8f pitu,
which
tundon valB add.d b Firel

bdsb$frEinbsiiyba6dana'

nappins of

Fin6

n'

cbinbGi'y%dadNs'dla@
s6. b p&l pcitu uig ! didid Mbir D,
onbb! . oy I dmhh rhl m N8r.d

F{ah'06inhjtylrl5widl

't04
-r

ve co

F@re

dr inhdt

hv.re

l:arl
rh. nrbir dlmb for D, ind q .F in !\. tre ddft a die p6l 4sk for
di$ up 2 by 2 and 3 by 3 pi&l g&r., cpenrery wrh a bit v.t
E debnnE 6! disprry inbnsiry v.luB by ffiprdns inpd hdd6 'Fb.
ro ilF
abir ebffie E:.n hpd h6dty G fi6r sold b 0E ldse 0 I t I r:. If
6. in@it i i3 bb appired ro scn pBitis Ir y), R orolah ina F .hc
F4rion (@ rnd .olm) h tne dhhd trd a

F.

o'hflk,

> D,(/, tr ws toh m rhe pter rt pciiim (!, y).

of, prGr G ofi.
RcB 610r appxor@ rhjr pto.da n hpbmmbd tu op inbily ot
re indiidurl olor.ompomb (nd, sffi,.nd bl)

-hof
Elenmc of dE drdd mdx,E:3d34d

b @odatu. wilh llp suid.liB

rnrr ir rc
rdr * 6nbun'e. oda drdE pdn Mrhr b@ y .3 idmtiet b
5o* g@dbd frdr pix.r.eid Fh
pdrd b t'c n' *F hallidGappbtudd*rid dal van iw hlm rh.
FLed dnphF 60r * ih. bound.ry of ko ditum! int*itr :Es

i5.usd,q ix.l3rid3

Ty?tcauy, rhe

nmberorhkchy

[4D"i+

hitrr

D1rl,

lewrs

bra

ro

b.l

mulriple

ofl Hish*

bLrEd'rmjrercder tffi6mB

r,ud

aD,r+ L!(r,

r42]

lno. *o,,"',,." -',ru,',',,""1

u,lrepIl5b rhe-drr" tu6i('rleldEnbft1). ftm.!mpt

aDr is epEiiar aein Eq 10.45, rhh

F5

'.

= t,l,
to

tr

srr

tuivL Mddt

s,ftut F,rd4,4 M4d.

1rcs8 m\od

,of

tuppn3 | pnruF H.* .'

b1 I porn4 b a dFd dr I
f. h-ubebmf rPd r;tuq
valE d rhe prRbd in6r9 lev.' a sivm eiEl ectdm i, ljjs@i
.l'fiu9d-oPc|P6b5h.hflsntbohelo.krunnlpl\cPo.!
s., hls w
mh\ M or nnr'r !a c obbrnE bv..,tr ns; phoior .
'F,
w" do rl!\ r 6Fr ffiS
ift{ I

rhe disprayed

nhdry

elemts Gbs

reEr d e4h

rhe tollowins

pill poddm b disblurd

irsd$n

ro

nsightr-:

sinpblpd

!r!or-xljl&l . r utrrl
r tj){L+rl -! 0rk+rr
r tj+rllk-, -x B+r rr rl
r b+!rrkr - r {J+rl trl
r

lj+rl lk+rl - x lj+rl rr+ll

eiFd
bd@ rh. 16' mih\

inr6sit-tw.l

vatG5, sa r:

e,. - 4..i-d u.br q.t.)rem rhe e/rrm

'nts..

$hsfvih.iollam.ehioEluo
o:E cho'e ro, .}e P--d rfrnon oda#eF d4
/E. :t ;..
6.' /'d
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.u BE
ru
61

'o',

pdffi Erh eh
h*epr.d,.rior
j;uoifru.
^.
on.on.tulru. 6 rtGh

iPtu?b Fpdrine or echo4, 14

tr
ch by lnmsln8 ! rrE\ tr rrF
'h*

.sndhodlor jmp'ovinspictuEltualiqnbalem crhe$'ojll8olnadx

isfunltEkrolellandhl'6i3hl

-:,

by r aEay oI mknsiry

ItEItr

laluc

is

POIYGON RENDERING METIODS

@xicbL\e

inbsit

.h ptuift'ed

sr

a' the

othnsu

l[nionscEPhi,Packas6tyPi,ly

,",r.- i"k^il}' d
:r poryson r4 lbe qdddg nerh
.-i

by

arcuDtus

:in $ rs e

n6'

6cidd

poini to!.uned or

ihc

:onnant-lntensitv Surface R.ndeinq

:i. sinPrcn ndhod lq !.nde.4 a p

}idon'su.hN.vcngo!'heFl$d

UB.iry.rrF''Jd'n3]"s'fc'e

;rmt9 -.L. did.n4dn $

rae'!
nerhod ior dispr'yins
:Le

Frys@

g.^-.d"g ih. eeienl app*nn.c

"rr.k'y

on m obFd. whnh n be Ea'!ur f,r

or a oryed surla.e, * m f1g. 1r!50(b)

,hrud0M
n

r\ 0d

r4in'rniu,& Mdh

i rqu r' I id-' 4 \"' drrc

Gout,ud 5uface Fendering

dfins!, hmib.hbrPohrd!sr
,

u" , r.itsi !br".

,PP'..r'd{rh,FiF
inro'hP

dr,e"a rci!P roo.a

o) fthmine

nt*th

vdx

ih. avdaEe unr

I D,. .,

'

i'nm'$rh.fbmwdihmul!:]4

non

PG ion.

oIarlpn'xoE b

*.-:....
rhsr/{e

m6h

rh sharurh,vs6,;si u*i:.:I

Ii=
Li-

N,
Nr

ineleolde'hclcngalusbobbh

ee iddf ihef rires iPo :.

i6w i! N FqGqad$/re
A";ho F., e"e"-"Fd-

ie

.}'pl h Fig. D!3,

rhe

p.ly8o

edEe

h endroht

ved *

posiho6

nEEity*PointlL'o'eiPolatebe

r.=!

!4 i, +

tu nhnq d tr

!r1r,
ns

'

i k1tr6

or

dr.rn

l're

lTc F".dnltyroroFq reFsBorq mpa

''F. o*icrhet., F'1P u rs

/"=I ir r.+ a::!

ndeling,w.cmFlirmlheinfudty

sloladoEaie3tdbgEqs.lG52sdm$efumilybysin8in.ruenbl
ndhods sb,ains tmn

sn

ld ,ha'

tr!cnin@enhuyobtahinnsity
ex.

ore!echnfbre.ffiingrhcro'

.--

," . o,a;:nrnP "",ppr,

lAyandy

in Fis. r0

1t *hi.h

h64b

de

or

$e Pokm

vds.

A$umins (br ihe Polygo laeb aF

inr6d rhe hn edg. dr i P.lyss.Ir sar

r*{withinbsityll,lhdisy=,jr,

d-.D

r=l 1,r

.\

ir5 o\

pojdrod arei
'hc

'*t

Phonq Sudace Renderinq

or rhc

porEon

InMMtu@'

s!,/@34&n3MM'

simdEPhoisrelhodhbPobhn.n

bahi.ngdnFlchN =

whh

kc,r"

& and c

ft

A:+ By+C

debnined hnh dE

Nr:A&

dE vetu

eqnads:

+3{+q r=tz3

!, ddi4 r prqd hi.nste @6 pehm d rr oFr erF

L\. Enedvb rnd ihtuddo effiH, E s; qiF *
.!l:ddlqlishhmed'ffa*EndidfumaUh(FhlG'ds
q'rh h..

oniMs

kUl!, }) =
|L|lq

lL

k+[y+c

,lL.A)r+ (1. B)y+ L. c

tL A:+3y+c

Id|, +4y +

JC+t'+hv+it1n

q
FiFny re an expss rh.

rdda yr=
w-\.8 .a.h I* n .

rmdd

dotffiib

in

rs"+ rrir+
of

ih. frioos

&.

10.60

tr: r,ytd ed6 qp

r,l+ r:i + ny+li

pddreb

in Eq.

ros, sch

I j

L<uglqwrrdo'nffi'telhmevllu:Fcq'10+2qvanlyho.ddlb
I,. rr oe rlP dbJ fofrad.d,tr flrp
,meb,. I
bm 4ar@rd ArhNsh df drdrns'iNd Jf rsrphom;,e. h N
rlE%on8lufae mdrusdkulrhffi. 3h 6IFrF6\f-di ture:..

6 !h pi^t pdod

Eimry. tud

rnr

bk6 :bod

ba!, mons rerhod BLu rotu.d.d,ffrru

rire tonser dran cou.ud rcnde4

Fa{.FlngmddisfoldtfugEf,&dd
ubr *fld G using sin r :pprn
6

viNhS pddotr

and potyem3 orhq

tu rirst6.

.{jdio

IEEN

RAY-TRACING METHOO5

:*.dd320,\'eintoduadlhcno6
,rdile sorir EsErry lor loGhng sutuc inbrstioG

ifr4.s ltssle arraG h

lde

I'iy r*ins

lcsz ro.orrd
:trNjdcs

inple and powdrul

:ren.y efi{h,

:r1rhr

havc

rhe

mdeins

is rhc

varids

a1d3

ri

isi.
.i

oI

inrsity

viewt

ben dryeroFed ro Prcd

*eG .s

ffldion

f-n

rechnillue fo! obbhing global

ssenc F6pdiePmidtion

cxanple of rha clobil

ay

sdqniadon

PiRl

d'.ba-

en{.

a aaot)nosc

be highly E Lri, padehny *hen

: :NE!
-.j! objel' bd Er'b4ln8 ako!'hn

oI

the

il

{ene .onbhs

an

Fay-Iracing A gorithm

l0-54

h the

pbi<don

ietua

ilgonrhn

ar rhe prcl{'iu ErcEe ponr knk

,i'
. e.c", -d -"hies db rh. glc

:{in,6

q?i.ally sd

ol prci{rion),

uP

prs4

+oM

h
a

'hEusn

t"..''

i
sj;;

" o-n:i'h
rhsu8h

i Phiorc.im.n.

"f. 'rh, ! - r

roi ?8F., .F"." y"i,o

rc

lGn&rrnri4&,d5$9

r.dvelyhllsbdsu a.eisadd.dtoabbrynrbrii,Sh.,ash nin

id6'MafuUndeplho'enrh.in3

M.dkdsauEropdo,dn.

llE 6y

tu k

hhI:*
has ben

be detemined by rh. rmount ol dodSr

id! a piEl
ymeorth.

bindy

src $

ir

cflEnne $dae.
Senechd b i6 nrxinum rllowabl depl\.
a

lisht

c rct

rhe b6ic illuninaiid nodel ro d6

rh. $rfae inens y .mtibu rion. rnh intdity valu n sbEd rr ihe
{dae.node pordd b Lh piFl G. A ny rh:r intlsb. nonrnEdns [8hr
eurc dn b sispd the inbn y or tne 5@a :rd'oqh liehi srcs in iir

lqba

Nsiccy'hcrngalgddrhiiEau[yFi sue, d pBftrs by@d dE o

n\owlas!d*hkKhdbyanyand
ignt inrmsily

dl.uLdoe

untYdd!L

Mrpro

) M6r k

dd

\ttt

*!tu118

ed,

*1,:{'**^"
inlhedidiondflheeyPal]aN;the

LodvFdihcyhdqGkda:

rhe!.edhsd,-.,onrv u .cp' dtdsrh-drrimd t . rh,.

Pc, m..,.44d{q $ F,o... r
e ii.F..Grudd*..r. d ruf rren.o
0

i3h.'Fnf,deo FF&.d

6 b.' on ov trfrg

'xoushrhend"
d.aondny
ru

'

rr-

"F d4.;i

r e., lc:F,,.o.i!,

shoninF1g't052fteu|ittaftncstonvftdTanbeobhlEdfiEd'!..

(*";*,)"
rhe

nrfthns ndeii.r,

epdidy

of

^ryte

trcado! 4 ..n

om_ Lrnfrl

tehPnbEil}}'8.ed'o'h.P9

b.

ctQhkd

de.,drhL;e5_, .

y-Surfae IntGedion C.lculations

tru''d1Fde<nb"dh''nJn'run,lPo

br yPcF'Pnd g l*
IoINing nr .qdih

or it

dld

be

d: da'.n(

.hen

td b thc Prci(n
p6ihoior dEpL.lthrcusnwhi6'hEyps6and

ior u

ray

i ur v{tor

this

dll

sidPbly $mc

I' d tPrynFd s
" rd' pc 'an
; a! ! L dFuR trm P0 b J'r 'udae hry' Fd pohr rlog
'he
P. md u rp L pdrPd ro rhF <ord,_)
\i A.h i.@d .ub{
'R "^ 'Folthemdalyny'lhetnFdon
ion lor q n r and the tanmGim di
mr .

n @ ind Fne6h

rhe

*ir

Ft

ol ren

Erticishiy*uil{eincdiora\sdilh

b;-b-

dF

ni {u'ion w

h,he

qu'rons dernbhg a sffrae md sor*

:yaqJrtrf ibrh.rtu d

emb{t'j.h

obj{t

j3

dltud And inbEcdo Gldlatus

;av and su ne eqGtions inro

triic, hi.c'l<6.(mbrnS

sPh

ux

.tuk

tor 3 @oPler

Ia

li

Ray-Sfhere

riNep(*dl

rnt.r!..t

ons

fi IrPad

^rrV/lu'lP)]dP]]1.

:r!

Po

yh.dron lnicEection5

. -'ol.i'''i'
d.;

h^.

nu nLo Md1\- d\tr)lLt R. !4sMhd.

N.(P]+5u):D

rhG posidon

b poroh

nay noi be in5ide rhe tstyFh boundxics (Fir. Ga). $ ( c I _:

insid@bide r$ (s.cdon 3-rs) b ddqin! vhcrhd rhE .:

an

Reducinq

0bircrlntc6ection

Ca

lht

oul\h!d;i

culations

'
ore adhoo

n}ntl<'

1 en'!f

i oh' r. ;G'

i' {

-oi1!M1'h...,+;o,1.oo. o1r"b^
"-r,n;

... - ro.d

-,

,+d

vorune

;d -ry *t

,he

bte

;pace-Subdivision Methods

:r

l(le rhe .ube un'ir

s(h subrgion

GcI)

.on'es

nd noru than a

PE*'

nd.

'lTbcdd-Tn.db}'hP\yeofse
bagh'equrr5i4im6*ea.nsep,
thc. Esic ot

ior by subdividing only

*r'lfn14!4.'''@31
:sdred

is ihe msible

ilfae

lor

rh

crz

ftE *

inerheEy

N,GN-m.

tade olt howereq be

ikoush ih!

clL

ft"iE sL b be k*

nndfa,he hitnr eu
-" rhd

;tu +'a r0{.

'. p.F.iu.rd,F u urrFc.,

, ,.i. ,", -, a."a."
r, , d,

*"dryih"pd-l;'*

sl'oP. ta:a,

'a\ "n'n
"
r..-"I"-rras,hcL\atndsryiheinequiit)
.

ue

nr)inro Mdltds!1rrrtt, \M td.

fteeliP6idoons6sndidihPDnelsob::

,Pr-".,SndP:r

(.{,r, xlr I

ii I

\rrLr

-l
.

e r r(hn,tr.

\hLdi

at nq Cam. Forus

i drq

rco5

i(l

r,,

i r.:id6r !,,!iLh

! r,. lrr .rrl It d, r,,'

ni

llf.c:

'or
loiediD
phrc r I \ ffrnd{i

c rhor

{' {

dr.n

sonr or,jldi h .i

{!nc

LenBrhorar5nmaror is / = ru:

,=+
rensth

/. b

se<ir). rhc Gm8.r eeamdqs For

tI't
I

Ray.trciry alson$ns qpnaly

rlrDdq/

:!is

dektu.

tmsing

L,hedGbne hom rherm5(@h.b

ftnti

obj&p6i6d

d rs'he

rne
$.r obied is i
'm,
e sida or the las ,long a line
$mgn
Ois. r0-?3). rhercroq h icE m a p&rr.ulI obied
io rhe p .lplaneatadbhned b.hbd
p]a.c, wheE

amr d >

'

d, the

pr+dd point eill

be

tut of

Phne l.he p@jcrion of! poini

Posi

,'-t:i!
4,d'd5hirifusdiM

iilhnnsEdhodswc di${sed inkrtof I

e.rrd,

h!

r..

'hP"'";s,hrv e&d
' nrim !D! rcrrq! r :
..I. o,r.,,... "..^ol ...,
. o ."P.' 1
u.,ts"r,.:

$1.i,

fisuc s-z rrsrdA

t h ap0,ndhsod

5 ph

p{rei;prhspm.d,tu

H"-..,..

,rulityJndar]ow5noieaonbno

iitoh(ts Diiiibltd

.,,

ny ta.ing la

;....." s.,,.....-:,

;e*.,*,,.L-d'.
n" ,.Ddc,.- '..

r,s

ndrs

r'Bslr'

P elirca

obbinedbyi teins

lhoserhej dposlionash -ri, v-dv),

rhc

r'Ihe

jnimsirylonhburionror'h

DY

wheF (x, y)

(a

uni'squd!

rhcot(@rd::.

isrheenhp^|

fte

narc!inh64c,ErthsbpkL:.:4

}'i"'"'FpGlnhon.o

da

ny c

pq(td bb

6e

*4e rr!:

-,,,.,i,q".cJ'-.,h-r-."o
tclsinB

pbno, a dshi.c I

in trcn
a thc

;.rd,mJ , +^
'cod$
(Fis.1031) Thc nlrinun

modcl

sPaa

hnnu.mcy (&d$n r0r)

disfray for oui{r fd.us obi!.

rl

o-t

Extended li8ht sources aE handled by dishibuting a nunbr of shadow rays

r..r rhe area of rhe lislri source, as d.nmtrated in Fig. 1G32. The lighl sou(e
: ln ided inro zotus, and sh.dow iays are assigned jiller dincrions io ihe viF
r
z(rlB. Addiiimall, 26es .an be xighted acconling to the intensity of
:.light surce wittjn that zone and ihe sizc of thd Psje.led area of the zone
-ro rhe obj<r surrace. MoF shadow Eys are lhd senl tlr ?ones rviifi hi8her
. .i!hb. lf sone shadow Eys
opaque obj{is betur rhe surtmc and
psion) is Sdorarod ai thai su!
(partly
pdlnbra
illrninired
lisht $ui.e, a
point But iI all shadow rays ap blocksd, the surla Point is rvithin an
(conpldely da&) fd that light sure Figure 1G33 illusirabs ihe
-f,bra rcsion
+:Dns for rhc unbra and pdunb& on a su ac partially shielded trcm . light

intffit

::
::.

mate motion blur by distibuhng ays over tine. A tolal fiame time and
:. lrane tine subdivision! ar dcreinined according ro ihe moiion dlnamics
-;uird for the rme. Tine inteivah are labeled with nteAcr codcs, .nd ca.h ray
s trsiSned ta a jittered time I ithin rhe inhN.l .oresPonding to the ray code.
:6jeds aE ihen noved to then positions at that tine, and the ray is haed
::oush rhe s.ene Addiiimal rays .,t used for hiAfi\ bnnPd objds To Pduc
We

Fr!.InlrrMrtnl.

dhnM r11r r4dI RnrflEMdM.

In rh

qdnbo ndd

of ri8hr, rh. em

len

\J

n$rtd h hqb (.y.tc pd knd), (ha!&rcn,- >

ololoflheltsh''Abluellghlhlah
whec rhe reqRrty L

al$gjv6iheoailladoE'e'orlheam
roht ercryy

ro!

nmdhbmh.

dry of ihe hghi rcqEmy

lighr Edhrion is

t
nr6db

erryy d a pannuk [8hr requ4.],,

ts

als [fca.d b

* a +q

t
r]leanounior ndianr eneqy

bffin

aeFJA.drrhkDi.}'hon.r.h,t- ul. o
ho,vg,ble6il];deljnedsinplya
Iined

rmPft

inrccity pq un pbt&-kd
ddffr nu or rhe Ddbdty pq un $rid mg!.

rhe

rrom rhe

Th Sasic Radiosity Model

n5nonas!da.4theradicitydd(.:

ron, d6rql(r,i4Mdd

ffin'dPaque,id@ldl'IEcn<bc
ws appry r]

iadicity

frddr by

dedne
r

.E sudG. h FB.

1e33, shich

egler,

in ft

rE djtie@dar atrunr

sre,

and rhm we srm rhe

irlEbdcs dE radiant snew

rsftr

of

ta,

selBt
hlm

rs unir rim,
Jheinhft yrlorrhedinu*radiddoindidid(r,r)cnbd* bda

Edon Sivd

by

and d wjthin

di(cmhal slid arsle

nit Prcja-kd am pa

dt

do

sJjd msl,

Bumiry 6e surf,c. i !o id6r dj"u- Enab Grion r0-3), we . *r the

rnsrr r b i .msht fdi arr vdi$ diRdds rnc, /r/r'@ i, prlporrioml ro
iEpEjn"bd $rr e a@ (FiF 1G3e) ro

Esanl$eloblrelg],@@dryh!
=

L_-

r'IiPnddlllu$eJr(bl

'L^,
@

,t""t"-

6n

be

qpftd

as

(Arndn

A)

,drnL@ Meds od

,t .ekttu|B ehd.

h;PhcEed@6t!+xcPoin'
A nod.r rd *e r4h FnRi oF tmm
"trro,uF" o,,urf.es (Fia rGel) 'E&h5u
efldi anedk(lish' ou@), or.onb
up a.

ebrhetrlcmirei.

bdi6ilyPlBneEr3rarherohr'ahotndihid4)rEvinssu reiFeI
iohallsurfac.sintumdGurc&nvins $irae I pa

unft rime

pc udr

Hl=E
slft pacrdd

Frr r,

dlled

rhermt

ro' fd!

lgy

4d{ibedn0'rhndjdtyequdo:

=4

suraes i ard t. Fom rad(

{lm sudie j rhat m.hs su6;..

rh hdbrt @B nom su;

+aDrr

r,r

ll<u.laY!3rcaL3h'sune'henl
edfied f'm 3udc r tsr lnn aa (wdtn?). paEnd a n tlE rel1
htrrfdsu a t (pffit.f hcidmr liEhr rhar is efikred i a[ diftcdonr
flnd!itJla.tolkGl.Kto'hec'la
sur{res cmoi "R" rhtulv6, x
m (i.b ftr lor rhle surlrt6 n 0
To ob6 rhe inlfuado efti.6 ovq
d'G \ 6qJdbor t, r rs.nru I

t 4F )!l-e:iB,F,t=\

k=

t,1,3,...,

re dpn .onved

ro

ll::li:l

jntmity valu.s 4 by dNidms se

(3r , 36, Bs) usins the oror

=rrn'y
B.roE we an $lv Eq. 10rz we m

Fis. 1Ge2).

Ille

d.

hsryr

ot radiant enerBy

wlG

3r by n

dstm$ltadIbsdae

lal[ns on a snrr rurta.e ehmmr d&

hs

of rhe

Psiftrion

r
:derore, ws cn e\pe$ &. 10.e in

adi6,ry

rom
'he

./.].=d"1.-"6]."qd,1,
i,.6r, cccld/, d.!

of

am eremnr dlL

riehot Mdd.

1rF4 Rnlt

n tMdrd,

o5r,Gd'd'4,

rhe

h!

Il=LF'r

nb36ls n Eq

ro apply ihe

snall Flysms

daGse

\eith.

Ihe

(lnilormliKhtcrllrion)
G$urins onry pbre

cdidiry nodel Ne slbd

Erlrsri. appsEne ol
s; oI the polygdn s

n{

*iof lindr

6uld!

re er

=1' rorari (d*rarionof

t,4,F,! =rLFr,

we

10.r0s

cd'.o5dL

(Pbne)

su

delgy)
or @nrx

sulfae paths)

rhc dispbyed

litft ! ihPD\.: }

{s. one
P6i6on (aPF.ndn A).

Alhnah\di

lith,pprorirab valua ior

v'uesi!IhcEdiosilyeqsdon

3'=L\+t L3 r'
sbPioob..Ncih.jmPqem4'in{:!

PmgrcsiK Refi nedent Fadiotity Method

AxhoughlhgEdiosttyG6dPdu
5idsable p!renng hm s nedd ro
siig ],Drnsn{ rurt,.'r,r s. .an

B .

nicn'sykansGrb qrwosrr::

:r

alu6foiinolhel$leddPath&d}e

LPla) ihe

Prd8r$nr inPrcvqe

rd6arl,Ned3r = Eirqnrsud&.p .hes werhen+ldtheparhw|h

::iighElEdicjtyva]ucwhjchislhcbisilstljghiemtthr,dGl.ulaF'he

1r

iPProhnarid

rd rhe

Edi6ity fo!

amqnr or righi Eeived Iron

'he

'hd

. rj1 -rrjrrdr.dl

lor atl suiiae

paths

::! io.q, lcat and 10.96 Ratrn.i

:i!!9 nddel to p'lduc hishrr cni

Tnh pmgEslve

Elremni,lge

dJr IJI ft'fu

JilrD[!tr liNl li,

.rq
r c4rr- . !
'

,J U4ilirv

olri

r rr e{vr.

IEEE
..j(L

rqr

r.l.o

r irc

r1r,,.nr

r!

irr

lir 3 rlr.!

rJi

ENVIRONMENT MAPPING
ren,nsr roDd
rn*oid or Gins insobild

1.Ifldlii!mbmobrlthi
:r<'idn rappins

Gkhou*h

tifupi

..

..

1\: ind othq b{\lrcund obied5

n ircnmon ,nrP)

shcr! ohid o i srcuP

rf'G artoundhs
objNb h a *sc.
roandq'hc$rf&eormohjd,Nepr+dpndaEBo
'hc
o'rrobjda'.r
d En rc'lRkxh rrcjNt.d rirel iFa onb rhdeNjsmed n:p b pnl uf a

ae inknsiry valu.s io!

pnd. rf ihe objd
'he
ft&r
!rca
b
rhe
{v
Poj{red Pixcr
prlms
'h. n! Er]!<rion or a Proi<rd P

rs

rmsprrcd, wc on rL.

himsiiyisddcnhedbyavcEsbsth
rson of ih envndfar mP.

rI'!ZI

PHOION MAPPING

Axbghibadbn'yndhdGnP
ihe@mPleriiyda*4eiGE6$B

rft

hon

rh

gedtury

LlEhr $urtes

o{

i kde. ky

dn b. daisnared

parhs aE

bded rhEush ihe {enr

-c

poi

lphoront,andrheraydiRlonsaredBMbuFd ndofrlyApoinrlighrrL:,

dieional (s"dion r0.r) ror dhd

lmn

bidbi

lighr

i liaht $ures h addi6on, !,. ,r

mrcs, !;ndoh ponhds

liahb ihan ftofr low posd

vtde obj<r

on rh!

hbrmadon wrihh blx!

ii -

BE

A)Lr

'!(,(L

rA(

L)iTAL

EI8

MODFIING SL]HIACE DETA L W TH POLYGONs

thni prat

M tr

a)d

rrqn

Ft

h. r\ r ,td4

"_

'b. PFs. on. 'h.P"-'

uhc ncvisibr&$

I oo

lfor

-,?r, Dd.r E{

IEED

"-..;rr
tre

,,.d.

dd{rion ai:

i.!.h , iFd. !"

TEXTURE IVIAPPING

{'h uq"I ncF\..-Fbmm4b d. cd($

t -rrqd ic

oi. rdrL

rhd modihs ohi{r

oros TnjsDdt.

'[r'"ledFo40Ad.{.@''Nodh.''

"ro\Tn. ib-o.oro
rbT o.b q..'d nu F.8r oo
RLB.q

Pa{r d: rro.. raole.n

b r'-" .;-"..r,.,o
dd{rdi_r'

ian3rry rom 0

e5.

'd

co1o4,Gytot

rhe

fi6(hnc dem{b

.rh,-;,h","- \
.r*

";d! e.'

of ihe aqav doE the Ra3

!do .qy Lrt, d(olqrarcytrt

d o"r'-,. ro,.i r r.,b;Fod.p4,"rp.-.

,,

]dr1l.nv.M4|its621
o'ng![F3P4q'.onlfrEi,rEr
!nenu*dbrry!Jmjltio'o.rd
blFr4pinspordJf y! rrb u
r, , m, ri; ; b b" sid.o b 'l1"
rrd u'he rT !ft1,pd r orc ror b"F!sa"d
;*,drkrmorob,F
pu.k.
d .+ ansrhorrbrf.tdF/rPrc 'rF
or
icFmns
l
Fbd
sannshRcBolor(kRc8olorelemnb)
Nrdaroilinareldsesp
rrmnv

;deb'@fiara

pi:iers6L\erirearedrsprayedhthatoloi3

.iI5aebbraPp?dbiheFG
Esnedro6.h.oldAko,i!r$mePirlenaymPra.mvPGiddnsl.fulo
c3' obB. wdtu nhems an h "
alb-rn.ly rt'sl hraPFd brP& robary
"-\ :nolff@-.n@; Ma nrov eG*'" rd {ooro
ol rhe n6ct Mo ol
--.
piddu6 :ll
db!ffphs
S.m
-titu6
,

,.ehurdD..;- o'a o E-bmoba'q*he r'tured,\r'e.

,di.
; unft h.."'. r, - E
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tsbk,,*
o.I!, fra
'h;\iued -i
.rr;"de' FhF-nob. o.
r'4"1 Ao orp'cd u.E lft 'hin 0 ts tns Fq ro 0 irr r' orPui'd
nlues6binanl'0n@tb10.

bxhe

lor

surraa ana rsonmonry d6nd with

Et'grlaiold Pab,

$d db\J uc $ldibo;be.n
r4sa "F
-! ne-ub{d;nN

f,Fr m r$r[Bh";aaojnru
!d irn rrcr oro ro. Fenr'lry
-odb;dfteRun4

na?f

-ordracd{r6Geoedirs ls onPmh! in rFe arr d "r cn c +

5, iN. rnd 6'hm,r.0. ro) Frf"
--d,dd-nrhersrc4d,h!
, hbitucald ddrs'cB uw
bn*
B. pb. bs *r'i'*a"-d,srd'md**;.F.p"#*

r- .'riimir,

e",r-. tupp'ns

.eu*d;,.;tu$r

Pc.d

ifr""k.Mm

-a.'er;'i-*,.o..."-.,*;,h"@*sdp.*,PxrcdiF*binewdeolatiDgl

objRr

'e'

B e$trPnduF
6,.inbc"*s*d

mll nt!! rwr. td

'rI,. e

1,

\\\rnr\

I d Pq\bdpt. rc. !

' pa.i ' '.'"

h- obi

i..o,as..o4! ri..

'rh'l'glor'dF

m". od

- .q .

r
.|h"|'{'"kdf'|uPD"'h'.'JvooJ
rd rc. \haryuf.,ir..r", $!;"f
<
m ho r u 4d F. u_ , 4p,i, n . . :
L r.
inr;fs., 4, -.s..tp n'd:rb4.rr",".
L ir. ns ptu{.i, ro p!, ..
um

o.u d'unr,nro";.sh.'F;;,F.\. .
, "n,r,c r_tr.,._.,", v;ii. _,

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v",.
flPPns

rM-n$

ehd!d.-6."

Pilihi6lJo'hehfP6b@.o

tu 4pl*n

by

;ppins

;r lnhrdbrhs"unpx. "e
db a qrin&idi lutr.e

DJ<E

&6nd Pdbm

ffi
o,$.Frntu;'tr

co'p?mgweogderf.n.ffl
Fs

Pmr6d'he.yllndisldtdjMG

"l

l..
1

'+;:l-

by

Ptri.ds plar

tu

u4drc Md t nn rt,jL-

ii e1\ rrttu.

_ sal2,

rhc(a $hn rehRne brrhe.i

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&kl4n lnRodtu'+ orr06r,dodrclL tunc
:.r is aFtbble d apprvins rhe- b!
btuoioru,. t--oaquoa.'.'q4 qpn^t+rupi"o amgtrrb'
-"F\tu;,F,- n';nLchvorrh.rouownsru'on:mochrettq-d'
rbj<r, as dF bor insdb 3-6
io. L !\ tume

T.xtur. Coodinates
1 rouriiMsional dtucaPae Pcitio

or rh

riomogeneous

i5

3Pifid

wh

qsd;. obt{' ltwe

nr ut at a1Mtu c I

r 5rqt

tu

!1.1M rF*
singa4byl m rix

in rhe

sne

way

rf.

, -. rc..,^;-d,--.
ja'm.ymdudeabitocparcinercdu.edw had'crcnrpebp<dveprcjls

Additional 0penGL lexiure 0ptions

d'''o'oFnLlnl'.''uitr2'-''
. P"h- fbf obF' r, ii'
maeFms on by simutabd m opencl by crcalig a k\tore map in rhe shiF
, F. n.; ci.!rm\,;1m. p".
J.;.r-d*b,turcJpe -ho^.-be d -r, msrcd

IEEE
b

5UI\4MARY

sercDr, m

obj*r

rudErcd B
4r"i

d n d,b\

r
P

tany kaftPaEnl

. .d...

o.'!,,.;1
bp

at,r, rbn

rishring eftir

Light]n6jiy*asurldeD6ilimsca
appFrimrioB

si.

rod., . --.sden..o;-se. +.n

ol phystr bws rh6e lighdne okul*6s rtuude ! r:

ruFiedon modcr tyri.ily aaonnodds nurhere ridr

rc6.

16r

erG,

$uG d

d iedr*hc. Aoi

rcdhlcNiiyfolea.hRcsolor.o::.

l{'.'kumilceft'1"'
sany aPPrcimabd !!ng
droush

a.oea creti;

"rb"dd"db]'d.'flrA'F.Fqin
drohiioN necery

ror obbinins ri*hi

rshr $urce. Ars,

'M

f:
!i: l

a sioPre

dfe.E

ftflEhor. :

nmsirv

b;E

sFtn ii uR. A rosanrhmn bh$r}

*tolintNitylqtL'haiin.rca*wilh
5'Ganda.olNlio|faPPli.dtoiibjll

datrabl on,he dispby

nuestoorHilollhcnonlineantyo

rdF t.hniqlcs ro sinuhk ,

!d$

of

*, *;"1 od;dd,he
-.
...".,".,-;,""," a.d.-.--

:.a$

c wih

,-';a hd

Msb rEsitr,$

rc

poinb
'o

liahr$me p*td.is an hr tom

'he

rr ploFdd PiPl

Positjms

obi* r a <mc cor

:\.akulitin|hl45yvJu6dpolyg
d'hepolyson6e'5nEq'ltbaskiL

raos E ; ndhorl ro, obhhhs

elleds
by r{itrs rtsh' pdhs rhrcu8h
-Gsbn
Rav

'

soe b FRl pci6m:

Pne'

EF

4,h6d''ou'on!^lIn4['P

ici$ ;h6 ac @Fbhed tom ik

!d. oq(hnr6dFn cturahoG i

.ubdivlshnndhods'haiFdloloy{brKtdledbsodywishsbngiom

rd ;. Dlrd
i.ncE,
'roi r
*dbsp.du'$cndicityal.ula
inr by @mdnha o*s raErer I
R:d,G r

."cd'.

i,.m, r-,".,

.1r

hsr,ns ro,m{'onJ!rr-"-.L{,'4

hp ihrneo

ft-'!.uir o "

d! '

.m.n

sudae dcbir on bc added b obic.

PD& bunP napPig, or haDc nappi

misofuoFimdqfuhbyanon'hgfo

'..p'o!d...u-rilol'}r'.op.

+r

l i rish'.qu@ PloPcq Ebe

khi4 Pdift'fr uLc.

5P.jfyiynuc6t&oPd(sePxJ-..
sF(

ry

sber

&ds oPlY,rro 6! aPrns $r@

Mdd4*hdi6PiPPqinni@

D$ge,q

d4uP!lqd iw.i@r

rFt P!6n*6

sPdit P{.ndss

d {tDg

uP

6dim6$d

Pmn&E 6r *{hg

uP

teituftiqd

sFit

sFtP:nbdtuEnuEEFhs
dl--i"otur'wad,ns5iqd rdi'tuEod
sFLt

'qtuEoltditr

+</v ruE c@dii6 i

P inks,$.6

a Lts'

'br

ilshd

(on

'd)

rtqu dhr

Mdd. tur

swtu R.d{Dt tuMs

h i ,Fird bd

6! a oFdiffi5r@r.

ilo.

REFENENCES

lnd i+nb rq) qrd-dbr!

F$
m
.

LryTFi,

Fr, .rr , un,r

a], .-.". r,nr-,E_e

'rrurr$r..* $@r , ..! h;.

t"oFcllstsUsPdeIB.'d..fu
bdlMlh:hnP7lk{w6aidu/"Grch6/ors]}h'Andi@nPtr{..
iqdo?$cl

hniBdm dd Edqhs 6idoE

tr

prclidd h

$eb{ (M}

EXERCISES

h'irr@@@'nptsrFlLqlG:olqfuE&furuq..ql"F.

;*&-d.h."!e.--.'d,r.
ror dch d fie Fryp 6 Md i@:
s {e
hbs4 Lshk;; ftdry,
'd
:!lMdi'ylh!iou6EbExsi*lczbd"Phye5Phn6l${eujqcdala

::r tuit

dda

rhe

h EEEF

1G3 ro dtsPhy $e

5P6da1{ne un3 Pbns

F.' tr . -;. ""d d'r ',,ie {.-r e ,Fpdr sF Leb o !

tu"q^,d.B;;r;d.e;.*r-1"d
a 6, s. ..b-, ., "Er LahhLG , ?!tv r . . riehd
-,*i.
,"cb

:ri diryltulo
:!7

Mon4

&

iR

in

@16in

perdhsqd*bdtPby edlt6l*4!q
deP@dLsqed*

h3

ii.l!&a rbar hhsiq/dbudon

dtrnebiid!&Ml{h'$qGin'b
:!, tudt ik dse h &
r.m t!l:w te

drneMce

Predhs

rd

e h 6 iPPe6ie or lFr e
dbgFeEkoNdeHwi$

righr rpd b

hhilynddlo!disPh'iqiddF
@$rePidro6ld.^8ft E ylGit

b|

Prqr

d;

ert q;E
r

h!'6d

tu.h

d b

RcB rynen

!d

d
a 3

br

Ptd sndl

dcinkftiq! Eh,uirshdtu
asutudqs qrh 3 by I ptrr side ad tu inhlv r4d5 o. 1)

r h..q. nipn,o
'ysFdrid Bqeiu'

or

spkEs

dd

Nrr;5;d 6irunDadr., -

r ;*+ru -G o d Fro,

dsL whs

ore hlide

Nb$G

6a d

j5 a

'tu

rishr;uN.

ModjlytEPdF?nhlbPedrsqer

1c! Mdrt 6PqDnh

6e

P4edh&*Bq {

tG'w.9iPrcganbeeagjlqonedinoliooj
Mdit
'he

runie'd

eqbn

by

rhe

PKcdhs

Ni

hrclidreqr6 qcEbbc: i(dGi sircd

nphdh'hNo$d!gh.!Fddorc6[
Madit
PqEn b te Pdi
'he
rG! Mdit pq6n f tE PKedi
'h
rD$

'qwb.cd+oP..-oqb'

ttu

de,::-

@loP6cLbePabbd4bya
Dd'd{hbe&drdmlbl@b&lgod'
04kn'epbsr:nhdPFdhg
bb39u.Edtuerlrcldbvh!
whEAtnslddr;'oierylFd&sdrndeF $'&dsdd
lMModi|'lhPl!bnnePdhs

lD6wxydlPreguh&pd!E
3u6Gdd!clwuFl

lnteractive lnput Methods and

Graphical User lnterfaces

-,I-3[alcl4jfi6dmo'In?u(

-3rnPutFfuforcrap]d.dDb

l1-coFsclhu*tiv.Inls.D.vlc
11-3 D6(e'r's i c6rr'i.ar

us

-5vifulfurltyEnfuM
re.m.chd pngram and povi.te inptrt .Lta *
tF nerhodr aftt psgnn .Irrrrruds drsMsed in rlE pFvtd;
.n.ph, h F ofb rhr b b able b spEiJi gnphical hpd inre' .
achvly Dun$ |tie eKri6 of a pb8.@ Ior xmple, we mghr
h d b \n.ns" rh. viry pohr or tF l@b6 d M obrd 6 I *m
poinring lo a ren p6lltdtr or we n'*ftt wmr b .hrrye a$rDtim ?a6he
uina mnu shdioE. rn daien a?pli6ri(m, conbol poi.t odimres fo.
lift otsttuditu m c1xxs inba.tivly and piclrlE e oiten otlfucEa
inB inh4evc panaJlg or dr.r ing melJlods thft m sdl
lfde of d.L
loe8h
ing

im

now involw ex6ia inr6.1iv graphj6, inctudins dtuplaywindows,

mmut. .nd a mus d oinE oMrifrhl
d.viG

m
,

Srdphi6prs.a4 d a variery olinhEcrive hpliftdD&

devisd fd pMding $e d.b valu* In additi@ inirra fd

us4dbya

t6

GRAPHICAT INPUT DATA

phis pegr,e ue sgd ii.ds ol in?ui aah, .u.h as drdlnab pciritu,
ibuh vJG,daractesbins spKifi Gti.ru,seonetljetalEfonatio v.l@,
aryi$ cmdiiim, and illumiMim ?ahnoba.
y snphks p.ckAes, in.liry rh lso ,nd aNsr sbn rards, prdide
exhEire
oI inpur
pi$ing Nch dab. Bui inpui p@dl@ rqliE inbrdio with <lisdayinds
ud apR-tIi. hadbdda,tE. Ih@iore, !m gEphica s'B
''llfigs lh@ lhat pdide trinly devieindepddmt
tm, panicddy
frn.riore, ofh
indude r.larively few inr@criK FsedlE for de.ling with ir'put data.
A elatulard dSdjzrid fd inPli pre.tms in . 3raphis pa.r4 ir b
d@it the neb@ a.erdi.g to the ryae oI tlab dui is b be
6y 6.h
nrdim. Tnjs s.r@e alros myphysiel devie, sch as a kybdrd q. noE,
roinput y <lai. da,.lrlflgh nGt inpur ddic.mhndr.
dira iyp6

tdiN

prcd
sd

LOGICAL CT.ISS\FICAIION

whan'patJ6.dln
b provid

OI \N?\II DEVICES

deified @ordjn8 b dab9?, anydwiedEr is ued

Elsed b 5 r lqi.:l inprr d4ie Io. dEi d.h

ih speided dah is

hrqrd@ Irp,t tuthohqdcninat

u*

n4tu^

q1x rrelbndadrosi.rt rPutsdr

sp{iIyinS one oodiroh p.siiim.
srr,6 neJ *r d.mrd Dk pc'tio6
A
de\i@
rorePeobms
'
hn inpd
- A dvic lor sp.ifyh3 a sGrd vahe.
, A devie for seleting a men! oPtion
A devie ror sekrllg a .onponnt ol a picture.
A ded.e lor
A

Into!,chve

*le.tim

dNie

of a

for

.ordimie

poinr is usuany
n a

r..m?lished

by positi

dnphyed sMq atrhdgh other me

su.h as mdu oPtions, could b med

joysrick, da.kbrrl sp,.eb,rr, thubwhpt, dial hmd

cuhi

or

digitia!

forsftn{u$rpositiming Andydio6but6ons,teyeorsw .hes.

indi.ab !rc.6shg opii..s for the -leded learjon.

Keybcrds e Ed tor lmatu inpllin pvenl ways. A Emeral?u,I
LetbGrd lrually 16 tou. .unor<.ntu] r.ys lhat
lne s@en.u]u
doq rer" d d -i3
.F .d i no\" rhp
on bd'rw
diaS..ally s wen. Rapid tu6o! novdmt is acconplbhed by holdinS dsr
seltrd orsr ker Sonerih6 a l@vboad includes a oFrir( iovdist, ra
or thumbwfieels for p{siiioning ihe sreen rtr$i For sde appli@rioru, ir
also be convenient ro u* a Leyburd ro itF in numsical valnes oi dhe.
to indicah .oordimre pci6ons.
oL\er ,levic6, su.h as a lighi ri hav al$ hen 6.d lor hkracti\
pur oI odinare pGitioro. Bll ligbt F.ns remrd sRn pos:6om by d
ina tighr fon rhe srm phcptron, rd ihs pqlNs sF.iat inptenm
ro

This .Las ol

ro input a .equen e ot oordimk pci

dNi.es used fo. senentinE lo.aror inpli rre rho wd as s

lo8iol dvie6 ir u*d

d ilE physicar

de.e Curu,ou"To\m.ro dtu,J 14.oL

jor\h r o ud
inb a d6 of inpur cmntinatc vatus. Tne eraphi.s tablei is
of rhe noF .onmon sb.h devie. Burm :.rivarion cm b usd b btae
tlblet inio ".dtinuouJ' modc As the cusor is moved adlx' thp hbhr si
a se,n ol ordimh varu$ is Eeneraied. Tnis ptrd@ c ued in pain
' v m. rop rrF d'rbfr u!'3 \rnou. btuh,uol". I n3 ieerurt.r
als. use ihis pree$ ro ba( and diqftize raroub.
is ranstared

5t.in9 D.vices
prinary physn,r deuca upd for srrins input is
shnSr in .onplh.3raphi.s appli.aiioB aie rypi.ally
The

oihs phFi.al devi.6 cn be usd lor generarins .hara.br pattem td

ctarehG .m be skd.hed m the sree usi
.Ft-, lo,do' hppo"s c apdhl'mSr rnp'oF,m.nm "rpTb
.h'&h6 Ehei,bed dicdim4 of pEde6ned ratum!
cial apprictjons rndlvrdlrl

Lopot.t6itua rn

graphic PrcsEm io

ld

Lf

h Dad'

$alar valus ror

nebic bnsfornatiln, viwins pa

appliations, $a]ar input 6 al6o @d for dtina Physcal ParaneteD such
renpfratuE volage/ or std$etain ra.bs.
A tylicl rhysi.sl device uscd to provide valuabr inPut is a Panel of conhl
J. Dal-bA. r.,ro? -d. prcduFnume 'GlqruF " u{m!qr
fined ran8e. Rohiy Ftuhoftte4 .6vat .ti:l daiion into a cshPddng
lbgq which is thm nmlad into a nmber wiihin a debed salar iange,
.h 16 -10.5 b 25 5. Iturod of dials, stide pohnonetss aF onerines r*d
mvd liear novenah inro salar valuer
Any Leyb!:rd wirh a pi or nuidic leta .an be u$d as a valuaror d*i@.
dDush dials ad slid. pdenhm.teG de nore eln.imt for 16t inplt.
Joysti.lc, t{kbalb, hblels, and oL\er inhiactive dev,G .'n be adapid tor
me

oy or.'pd13pf*ur
t.znR r.' 6pd ? danofrovcmrn.. st ler baE\, DP."mBqlJ
h. oop6'Fdiftond{F.ls hr{rd rPd
lue.@
'r hpur.Mo.crmrr
for \e'l6."
ue. ?F Fd..lu"m
ilu) P.iJ d d U-

Hor.nPt.

'

'or
eP'
valcbr inpui'lflis to disPlay SraPhical
1
r
mflL
dr\c."1{m
or.in8-.d16
and
Lo^or JocF.butun-.
pssibiliiid
Cmn
tor *al. Ep@tdioF
?Gi'
sE ll'1 shk sone
ins, usins a mu*, ioyshcL spa.cbalt, or odrer dwi, selds a value on ore
rh sl6. As a Hbac* ne.hinin ior tJE er, *lREd .olds e disPlaycn
olor baE dd a selected $alar valu. is dsphrd in a sin n wirdow nexi b
Another khnique tor prcviding

nb d rt"'.nl) u*d r 8'rpr(, or%-.tr,o sl.r p{e..i.g oPhon'

s4s !, Ja. rd.bja,-hdpA,l-d r- bbeu.ed inoLrr' r 13J pi " a

lrs sun,.d rur h, $ill uyoo,d,

pdcl o' bui on h.\
'oud
r*d ro Pnri
r ")bMm Mdion le^ u' 5epa'rF ouhon boe ra.rru pktimr F:.h blbn or function key t pDs]:lrmed to seld a Panicular

&cdbnarcsmll.hlrgs

hkndid hptt tuttu oacqhat un hcth.4

olcradm or vilue alihough pr*er budons or reF ar. bndines indu

Fr,. Fpr

,n

i.\ bc s a,.!, rs,ho

po..no1,, ..\ *tr.red. B," ompd?d o he
mft nm. A nenu iien wirh veiicar and hon

orldFd mq, op

p whena- Fn.ruFo'
"lprr.
naic r&ns or er.h lirhd

b.u'd,nA" |1" .,o'dtup vilu- .o ,-,

bPd.mdin:b\ $r +) ihe Dqua rles
^

mdr,,.,+leed

or . aq ,.dih Ft"u , tv ! n. olotuo.\pt4Fd.: bL.h pdd b

mnlyu6pd A cqFd <Fnpr'rciImh@Tdro
emotu,lkhE
I

'r'e

rdivdrl

menu oprioa.

bdd

r..r"tcrodrd o\o;eqh.r

ddrdIAbord.rbfu\dro pemr.n nrc,o-n"ri opr f .Iorrhirr.'!u+r vmu[dh3 ran bf.

'
or Sivd 6hoil idhiiryin8 nam6. A simnai tuodins
s.nem .an b usd
!dipn.ur.rreN vor "a p'.pr'r c ityr *totsnFnr\enrnbc..

ei*lFrdpr
dilfMt neL\ods can be Bd to atRr a onpod
disPlard Rem, md y jnpui lrEh is( urd tor this pffrose is.t .
4. " p r d$'. p vo.r.r
o,., of rhm. r,e o(.fomAd b) pc.,o
-. joy.r
\F11a u"in8a m^re
oJn 3b. po{h,'.q rh"\@.tul' "i o'\'r3dbu b;oJ }"J ro
o,\el m,d,a",e. ni-ynmpc,bf (an rhenb. Fd-o.cxidnp,b
a fd of a rslrakl surae/ a polygon ed3e, o! a vedd. orhr pjc*
u+

okr dar

in eme wa} svdat

imlude hjghlighti$ s.hcm$, Fk.ting

obi{b

by nrne, or a .ombi

I {ng.F. LIlf pN,honuE"ap.d, h.rp J pr {uar.L drup:

1Fn pGrior o d wold{o'dinl@ l'(a'on unrS t}e n\irle.ArsE
14 her,ps fiad n4 I e ,.er. "\en ber

coordintc posiiim cm bc .onpard to rh .oddind. *Enb of .bis

Fick posfiid i5 wihin ihe oddi i. ri@nh or a single objd, rhe pid
has bfrn identified 1r obi{t nde .oddimre, or odEI infor4aiion
obPd nJPrber b:polv$"d4iFd brr,btuhd d m arso
Bu' rh! p !( pc f . r'*u rh. iooiiiture rEn6 o. Mo o, moFci
furrhei te*iry is n(sr), Depddins on dD ry!..robiEr ro be seld.d
conpLenry of a se, sevfr.l lsels of iirch my be requjEd b idmrn
obi".r rorpv .o. \.dtrnFmpin8 np,,alpharh rr{ordru;
ov.rlap tne oordimh extenb oJ son. oiher ihre-dinensimar objd, rr
pcition ould bc conpaEd ro the .mldmab ertenb oI ih. individual
Ia.ek or the tuo objd' rhjs 16r r:i15, the .oordinare exknb of individ
Wnm cmnJinaextent

a ton

bB

do

rct lniquely idnrJy

pd obiRl

pi.r p.sitio b individual lin. s.snenb corld be.o

Fiam 11 2 ilurds a pick pGihon rhar is wthin rhe oordimre eibnb
line F8ffll' Fo. a tuojinenstlml linc seanenr wiih pjrel adpoifl
ian

rhe

otsr.n.P\qrdFd

ma"P'J

hP
.

y)

b $e rin

GrdlaEd

e?dr- ! -r,.nd6y 9-y odrr

end?oint?.sjhoc. have b6 ptup@d

Pi.L

prtrduG

can b

rnrcthElq cnPhBt tuh

,nplified

viihin ttu cordiDre eienG

,r

mplnods.. u, h b mrFnaS d,.!nc

sinphry the liFpjckngoPt*hm'

to

mrditurFr6e

r <an{6
oa rwo

oran obF

r.

tshng n tut .anied

w\Pn d. p'.I pG ool

oi noft ohjeb, rhe pi& pt@dms

Ebn a lbt ot all cmdid.ie pick o6jecb.

I
AedE pnrhg Eluiqu is to Miar, pt.k windos wi$ a eletd or
pGitid the pi.r frndo* n.6te&d on dp.frsd pcidoq a shown n,
11 3, d .Lipping po@dftF ae @d fo dehmi.e wnich obieh inrerst fcUREll3APid

ply

pi.l windw. For lin pi.hns, w cm et ihe picl-window dil]rmioN u d

b very smll valu6, $ ih onlyone lire sestui intub ihe rick window
e g6phi6 ?a.rags inphst ih@dinsiotul Fcldg by e@r.!.idg

s.ru

sins &e visins

rd psie.ii6

lrcr r,\l B m,hfti-. b , [p

nB prcrdws dr
d.rtrue wtu! h ob,e. b rF " lninth"p..\,..w
lMe A 1j3t of jnfmahd Id each objed { the pi.k vje*
voluhe crn thd
tuedfdp@ing Thislisr6n.dbininfomadon .h6obje.ttu@
deplh r:nge, wh@ the dep& me. ord be ed b srRr *F effir obiet
rlc JpFn3 \tudoq \orhn3 b d ?byed
dppL.pd ro

Hthlighiing cm

ftsively

bigNighl

5m (d pi& wndos)

drs
A6

u*d

facilfi.b pi.king. oIE way b do rhis i3 ro

wh.&
obieb
oordtuk etrdb overLp, pick?osi
ach objet i. highrhh4 a rs 6'nd isrc a "ftje.r"

also be

to

a"aNprrdmEingreybo'ldk'5 Ihesqlmcdopswn6the'gacceptr

. h4Nthrd.bjflt a rh pick obFt Picling could als b Nonptshed sinply

ty 6u.@ively hjdi8ntinS all.6ids in ifte ffie wihdr *lering a eMr
pcitim. rne hid'iishhs,+4..f be iniri2bd witn a btu d nhdim
rey, and a smd bftm.d be Rd b siop rhe pllrEs wha ine d6iiEd objd
; h*llighbd. ff very lj y obj{b d b b trhed i. ihis k, ad&rional
budoN .m be Ed ro sFad up the higl,xdrhg prc5. one bfton nndib a
npid su@ve hiSNighhnS ot .hlclue A e.6d bur6on a a.h!.hd to etop
$epnes, md a third buri@ G ued 60 sldlyba.k trP ihsngh tne high4hing
prc.s. Fin It a sbp bu{m 6dd b pjwd to.ohpleb tne pi.k prwdft.
llpitu.onpd b cm b slebd by l]ne, ]eytnrd i.put cm be usd
b pick s obid. Trri is a 3badtfoNdd. but les inera.tive pict*ldid
he$od. sme 36phi.6 p,.k ge ,Iow pnhf .mpmhh b b?
ri vr.
'lmed
tu6laek dow. ro the indivi&al prinilivs. Desiptve trms .m be rs.d
b help a Er in llE pi& plws, bui * s appffih hd dleba.ks. It is 3@.
dly sl(rc rhm inrn.rive pic!.iry on rhe r@ sd a llg wi]l pnbably.ed
prcmpls to renehber the variru srtuctuF name.

IIE

INPUT FUNCTIONS FOR GRAPHICAL DATA

GRphi6 pa.rag6lhat !s rlre logjl da$ifioion lor input dvis prcvide

*val tunctim6 for plding devics and dah class. Tn* lllndioN alow a

|q60speifylhe'ollowingophon.

hbinu

tnpt Mdrtu hr ctuph.d u,n hD.t 4

prcs and rh. ipu

an, rhaoA'15.,1nuhJdi"-h.dboft..,

'Ihe inpur inienciion mode ro! rhe

sEphics
_

rh r cp,oa

'
sinultaneously.
+hhon d d oh)

rdt da'n rJLr F h oro\'d" hpur ynu r

o,'rv,,,arttpdcblc r+d i d,r.rrd!!,.
'l'd ,ou
arRuonolrhp
lo3rr,lJ

4prn,

Peidenn) noru:x

In Fqu6tnodq

{Ed dra tetnr

mode,
dppL, ,no' paSnm

1d

Jh.c o,d"d.clE

n'inprc'i

mFy

wcr

orrah

arr

'h
\druc.d eqLehd prllF.1r
,.u,pfdcd fhts, Trtu.Td v". F
eived + .np modFm eooid!hFe sp d DL.or,.ihor tr,
poAralming lang$B rne pro8ran

and the input devies

rr qnpre nodc.,hc dpDti.,,- pledm a1!l up dAi.tsopadk

pcnd,{5 iou Ja i6 mdv ba op4d63 r .l " v ! im.rh ,t-p,op
p..i$nC on4 daL. \ek \r r- ob a,rpd,'m hp pdda,ed;pba
\i.Lrr up dn" dlu. wrn rheprS-" r cqLtrA, "h drD "dpl.
onent val!6 inat haye ben soft{t hom ttu devie mDlr
rnamr Todc. rhe ip'.dcvd, nr.F dab npL|o drdppl db
s,f 5.po3'"h,n I Feinpu' dA...."3 oridF.o1tunnr ) bu E
inPutdevicdeLiverdabtoaninpurq!4e,alscnld evdtqueue.nl]i
dah is $ved !!lpn ihe pr.g. rguiE new dab, nsoes b di data
9E
Tvpr:l, an) 1rb"r. rdcv,?. 4 bopcar BdLf.vmt1r.,1r
drdrye., nodes rmr,dnb..oa: ndfsqTp p -dr 4tutFortq." .
F:,1r ne.4rodaq hp ndqd
.h- fu. iotu m r; pdrb,dydar!dbe"$;,s.,
o.r,
rhc ro3r" d,u.b$6. 1. npr pre{,am
.p;
i\;
p"
r"r
-

!o\a dp

iured

pnrcrrs

ro'

iaer d.ordeur Io m';F h.

wDrld oordinab positid, the inPtr po.ca@s nun pro.e$ an inpur tr

Iration ba.k rhml3h $. visinE and otur ransto;a6.n6 ro rha di
worrd n^rd iiF d+ lPhvn o, a f
folmtion from th. dEptr! $,nd, s rcuhn6

F.qu66,an J.rdx\ b" a"de 1r

d d" id,". .'nm Ml f ' F w\
dhp,\edMr\jJ.p".ir ! .oe ar' bIor..dbd,Lrr
r. .ir4 0r FP..I qndo-. r"llff

udp.

!.

. n.o' r\eryDco,hiSN'Shrnqmbahp.]rcdrfgp I opa",oF rlFE

(hin and nix) lor valu6 input, ard rhe resoluhon Gcale) for vatu orl

Iode\'.piraepend- nrph'^D4t"ig.. dtmrd.d,i,purM,rox

p'.\'ded nd1d,tilidal,brd\ rnpurpb {'E.anhaFh,rot,
d J.

tunctios (S.iion 2-9) Lh,l

qrn sofNare The Imdids

bYa Ptugnm qheat rPd' "!mrod' \'
tuM pPstr'A a mo !P burbn .rp?<'ng.

inkr{r vnh

le dlirpd 4mbae mdiryr

th

INTERACTIVE PICIURE-CONSTRUCIION
TECHNIOIJES

Avlmqolnts'ad.'"n"hod!:?d en 'n 'Ao'ared 'n o,3r.or".. p, rrr

rd.,; *r dra. oon olp'.m'. Rour t".m h prc!ded io'Po ir:ming
^.bred, appryhs oishainls, adjBtins the 3ia oI ol,jeb, an.t desisnins shaPes

wtr I

ivar .hora.lruF
Po$hoPorr
'n4:.
d.affnle:hm ho" Fpo rnon "l-fioePen&d'hc*14bdoG
ing oprion. Tne .oordimie lo.ation .ould be endpodt pc im lor a n$
10 positim $ne obj<t ror fdd.q ih s
*s"i*t, - it o,ld b"

.rF

nB

datm rhd

ne$ pod..'on rorrhem a d d -P\.r

dE l&ation 6uld be ued b sPRify ihe posiiion for a eir shh& whrch
dbemrr Grlcahono' - ould brrtsN m rhar 'mhor A3anadd

?86'pr
d:Fn b"ri.n"ord ""ed

*. 'a,*r' +lded N qoNunF^ cdmh

, p.it*s.a.
n:with rhe-ehed'- oordtrh varE as a suide, a sr onld nake small
ra.rive rdiEtmenb in the @nrinah value usina di.ls. ll@ kevs or olher

oihd inrEciive pcitiming rehniqDe i3 b

{ ldarion. Usirda nosc ibi nEbna, we

o-, a m;"e bu rd
.,.b; F".b|d ts b* d,"Pl,].d, h

elet

positi

.n6.
r i5

dilp

^.d

i. nr"mm'are

P.. r

nP$

objed and draS it b a

rhe

oMr d

oe' ltuhon

rhe

objei

U u:x)

yotwuPfo Jrrnx lpn 'ludr,E vdluB roobstr d P.rh<ul' on'n'

brdnr l-o, MPIq dmPurl'n"
- mr6oe<@E"irrJFbeno
-.[F.-r d *.bl;r '..id:.o
i,mr.lor.nnol d' JlutahdrI'3 llr
lrl.5 lo'tulcm .h.. F{Fot r.h r wercTpde l'.nPu'mdide
i ,.. h..'d'onb i' Lhe dfta-e i tl e v \ dlu6 oI m" Na tu
'^
nsn,nuxarh.n'icddn&"-r'c ! v..'*'hoi4nul nnrbdEpldted

vertiol lim is d$wn Ihe honanul veni.al .mtlraint is u*tul

h
irohe, foming neorr layor6, and it eliminais i\e ned 6r PEoP
ibonin. oJ endmrt didina16

tri*,.

oh*"r-d"d-d h-" .^b.tPPr{ rouPn.@dtur6ropodd-a

.ieeoIil.me b. I iE -ard b..otuhaffd ra F^ e i prhn r 'ld _ 'u h
r,..,r,,ip"r.--u*". -,r" r" 06'imdt h? rlmB o*d.Iined pas

rdn4e

tryut ethxds hld c@ttut u*,

hbttu*

Grids

e.b.8!l.r g.id displayed i ene pd

wi'hf
.npurmdituhdF!
^b\{bd8r'diotun4d
r\.T er gndirb.qhor
l'guFlt{'ttui'" et'&aruwin8U.irgdsl
oh sdhd m rnrdnSr'd in
poinr, and a ljne s dFm behs ih6e tuo s d posiiions. crid6 facilibb
[r" dn bf ni,ed Fa!l) b d P,er dsrJ m
Anorha kjnd of snsbaint is a

ftnd4

by

&l{tina y p6iid

near tn endpoinr snd inrdse.iion of .ne end

d!pL\ed Ltr. Sp,, ing bck*n lirld

hh n.hdopbon,rd Fr,a.

gfld,s'$d fernr.pd q ouldo.red 1(e6'5ftmaEr

I se r8n+ts dnd olna bds. lhdP 6 4 msRf,.d d d pG ooned

rubbrband mil\ods rh.i arrow tne sizes of obje.b b b inrera.dvely
jdproLrr ci rubber bdnd m.om ror.n
o, tolrdlhd ficu

Fraai-k

spa r),n8rtxr"*gmm' I \r dL\pdfr 1p6irn i.et(edto,oA

ofthelin rrl4 5s rhe oer llw aFmd, rh line is disptayd rom
po.,hm ro rh" . in' pdho or lh" c' s- r\. 4dd en,lpoinr or dr
npd w\enJbuddo-..yi.pTFd I trg,n d.. w. o,hd,n
0ne whre pre$ins a nouF kela wn6 d\. now rey is elered, the tiE
n onpleied.
we cdn L+ - arb' tubbe-brro n an
od' qs.b risD rr3dhocharE rubb". b, o mn.h, b o, i

o
rn u 9 ffiarubber.brnd itrlP@BtuMr l\e!M hPlnmr tubbeF
| .-@tuN
ii ",nou wayr' Fd {'uPle ti"srBP? and Lk d i Rbglc

be

idiEErt

tot;

by

dse,

i.depadddi rwins.nly

rhe

bP edse or the

*ngle'

or

me of the ede eds6

Ficld

Ro 6.mFt lln5 ',r PGihds

b. dEt]rfu ol 6r@, w. ff.tlG
vM rndpoqr dur-iE rcr { cnd inFidm sim n pGibm 13 of
3.rq d; d d.Mnding iEint @ b dim.d, a slaPhic Pd.se '
nd a puedN tlDr .mvdti my inPul p6ition rud , li.e s8ftni hto a
itim;dE !re sins.Jfls.yf?rd aENund dE line Anveiat<tPGftio

hne 6

Mlti t. o h tntl)

a1

Lr-l t

F45

wnhin ihe sraviiy lield oI a line n n.vcd ('sravihred )

d the l,nc sav,$ ficLd ara dou.d r lj.e n illu*EteJ

crav y

1i

litu endp.inb arc edar8ed i. mkc e.*

,c. rtr ardP.{ .160dPc o'.
' f.r
oIr5c6'r'h I'co,r {'ir<dro F.ipo,n nr,4

fierds akiund dra

siza ot Sraviry fields is ch.sen tarye

.nou8h to rid posiinrninS,

bu[mrl

rher Lin6 I f many lims aie dispraved,

aFas can overlip, and nDy be diffi.lx i. lPc.ry

b.undarytuihes v,iy6pldisnoidjsplaye,l

poinb corre.ilr NornaL-

lnteractive Paintinq and Drawinq [,lcthods

opti.ns ror sLetchin8, drawins, and painting .one in a vaneq .r roms s
lin6, pdrysoq rnd .in re .,n be Fns*en widr nerhods dk.lsd u rlE
' :, r. aho,,
a" dJ"\f8.p,^r .f b" prc. d". n.ir I i.i,d4d.

lncul ds md splin6, or wirh ffehand skerhing pnai

nhndN.t orotrkd by spdiryh8 r H or n,nhn poin6
.r"lrr .\ I rh" i. -. h-a+
'
'rl.5"p"or
the rr of poinb wth a polyn.niir .u^ d rn freehmd drawin& l:Kes e i

shap6, such as

spli6

ne

enhn by lonoqinB ihe parh ol a sryr$.n a snplnc iablcr or ihc p h (

sdeen .usor on a video nonitor otue a .urve is displayed, the dsrgnE
after $e curye shape b' adibring rhe positi.ns oI iel{hd poinh rlds rhe
r

ods

"

wid'rr. r

4.tr".

md

d\

'd

h*

oprjons ar inplemenied w h rhe Ed$cusd jn:tehon 4 s vdio s brush 3rll3, brush r*Fns, color.-i
d d .i Jti . F. , + pd ts1.
"? dL. "\d,l:bt,

syncms,pafri.ursrlyih.sedesigned:s'd!fswork aiions sonepahrs\.

."1 I l.'dx rth4o'dJ .,.rc

o,oTrorhcIl'i
o" cr:
!" d,, rhp .n .,.
'
dosanon-r.r."m.a
: pdn rd oq.l .S- Lln auo. J1

jed sh,pe, diflerenr sula(e e\tur6, and

varieit oI liglnin8 .mdiiioN

ir

|J|llcLhhr^lielrytnD4d.udi6619

VIRTUAL-REALIW ENVIRONMENIS

pr
'.4
rhe onPlter

rl lz rn a:.
Mral r-nJal ?t l anUsmAnt F ixu.artso.n F sqaoi2!i

aiio.p .',--r,,"*',o*-t"

hdda"Bro

"

ive i'

$N h

iApins.nd noviis obFG displtyed in a virhal *ene

mhd r; js dcpbyed tNush a head nored vt i.g sy em (Scti.n
1) as a emF,p]'r: pbjedM rb.kins d i cmprh the P.sitim and
le ot

imkhon

or ihe

aad;t

e wirh d s sydm,

3nd dah slove

us6d

nove

danve io ihe

object PositioN

ttsr8h dPslae md ftar

ge

in

rhe

obie.i

reatiq vidual sen6 is io dnd:y $eFgraPhic PG

i-" - . -s!.r -.'s.r *nh tr," e"q ersgdPhi. viws dis?byed on alm dmuel "hNe',Phj 31d'-,
fte .t:* i" hn
ir\. ob"i m,roul,rcn ."1.sr. F " .orpi-hd " 1 " o.u sro.P
nmL\er neih.d

aua-^

Jor

ncd.,Fbn

onj

o .f ePls F{don4nd dhbroF Fl'h.eb'T

0pcnGL INTERACIIVE INPUT-0EVlCE FUNCTI0NS

fl'o\e oal c irpr,n r op{Cl prs"nbhroledx t oL i' s ir rh"

rc .ne. ne ro mhrrr.c wir5 d I 'nd6
to
b;. h GLUT, we have fmchds '..ept i.put fDn sbndard devnes, sucn
. nou* oi a keyboard, as welt as fnn ialLeb, sPacebalh, bufron bots, d
L ror each dsi.a we $dt r pc.dm (rhe .'I bacl Imction) thai is ro bt
oledwhenaninputd6trronthardevied.r6 IheGLUTcomhrndsat
ed in rhe Dai! pqeduP aros wftA ihe o$erCLUT shemh$ In addin6,
rheCLurFou* tunfrd

ror

prl up!t.

htdtrw trr4 Matud.

ctdphnrt

k kk446

Mouf Fun.tionr
we use the fonowing tudim
GLUT

calld

whd

rhe

no*

ro
Poinbr is

sruruo$equi. (!oq6etcD)
This

norlba&predm,whi.h

Peiftr brtton

weeheatro!3eFcD, hs tour

GLul eynboln mn dt $at dm.ks

i6 asism.l a srTboli
.b.r lnd spts,he! whrh b!(6 J tid he \rr b F ro bSSF rhe
{dvarim Nai. Arbwable yalu6 lor buttdn aE CLUI LEfl B
CLLrI MIDDLE BUTTON dnd GLUT RICHT BUTIoN (llwe onlv
Mobrb noue. rh.n $c re pn $e ld +ub 4nd r$hrbutu dF
tjom, witl a.ne-butrd nNs, m.m d y @isn prran*r buttdn rh.
oN r Ir,.nsh .. iiol , f be , sSned e'rls s- T
the

is

.$igned

tlue mNs bnrbnr

and

peamE action

fo* bufrtr or \ htr b e FLrq ,r. wlFn pordur .o EFc o n svori4

dFplry indN lo aoon of rhp mod*,uMr,e 4tohed.d L\p m'rlDc
"
n
Pldtjvc,a lt. iop teF-()lmo h"d,
',
window,ethit ous e is lh. pnd dishe
lbm tlE tetr edge ofthe disphrddrdyxou"- i.w pilerdisbncdohn frcm rh" rop o' dr disphy s
B) a,r. lar nouy burbon whrh heftn or{rts ainin r}. dr
window, we c.n *let a p6ihm tor displaying a ?rinirive 6ucn s a si.gt
, Lnp*a'lb.d, hX,s we ol'l aL. r B'" mo* "\ a Pl r dn h.
onparinr rhe tued stcn po6ihon wiih ine mrdinare exlenie of di
obi.rb in a ya. H()lg6, qpnc! d6 pDvidc mtiE aor Nina rhe
as a Pick devicq rd we diro ih
A3 ! sinple exahple of the up ol rhe g1lttou!.!uDc routiru..heIoU
pr%rm prds I ftd p.inr,{iih, poinr siu equar b 3, at fie p4ition ofthe
tuan ir dr d?bv windoq a.n be crar we prs rtF .lr mod* butu
$e.ddifte onsin lo. L\e Opencr prihtti tutubon6 t ih lowa-left
of &e dbplatwind@, wened io nip ihtuedyrou6 e vrrwin drc p

-4d0'9inlei3ht-300:

i,4

llr,r

a.i p!ejcctioa porooerers ./

glutrritriodcvPoitlon 1r00, 10.)

{rliRe.haPeF.i):

rhpnexrpm8ranexdpleuseshouscnFutto$tcd mdpohrposftionnn
\csncnr arconnKt.d b demonsrar inadnc clnsh.bon oi i Polylhe ln

t'ened htu

tukads 4d c.qrnd

us hkt

bedfk{'rh'hcl"hmoJFbutu' rosm4iFthef'Fr[r.8+mn| F"]

.,ipo

r..

dr"p"'s*. *d*"

rvr\Pr esn"rr
- r,s

trr

'o

rhr PolYl'm

elcrealcolor (0.0, o,d, r.o, 1o)

sterrrftde

(cL PRorEcrron)

slcresr (cL coroLsuFili

!rrr;

clhr n4Eeisht)
/
/. Re6.r vlqort dd projlci1oo plr{.ters
(0,
idnsisht):
o,
Dcdidttr,
srvr.qort (cL
riorBcrldJ,
3r&rlrdode
sruoltborD (0.0, cldouble (rdidth), o.0 crdoubre
/. re6er drrplay'vi w 61'.

(neYE.rglt)

):

AnA

r-6

ir (burtor -

GLUTTEET

ir llurten -- clm
df,!F"sarem

r3lr.JUTroN e& actioi

opftcl

hr-did til Doff Fui'rb6

631

rtttuiuhp ute,

u\'.

tnd cnPrLd

Anonrer GLUT

nd

htth6

miine ihr

we

cn ue i3

Tlis nurine iNor$ fc.Dosonething when ihe nous. is moved

display window ,ith one or noEbuihs aciivared. rhe tuncho thar
in n\is case has two aumenb:

wh*

(xto!3e, yto!6e) is the noN horion in rhe display window

the nrp+ft oner, wh5 L\e n.u* i5 noved wfth a buron pred
sim arly, we can p om some acrion whd we nove rhe mce
display sindow whhout pesjng a butm:

Asain, fie

ne

l&rdon is tuned

po! onrdouse. voEF Trd \Frorhe'oprp1.o'n

Kryboad Functions
W h L"yberc dp.. s. L* drc roucrg tun<io o"pe'D i
k r^be nloled when r te\ \ pEssed
GLUT

Tne

sPdifi.d pre.edure

has

p'moc

rhe rrgummb

, chan.u vahe or the .orEspmding Asctr

Ihrd' pr\ -ndo" mo6c ,\aoo1BFr,npd + p6jbixqo.s. /ro
laijv. to ihe ioplelr c..r$ ot the display window r{tM : ddsigrahd r!'
P.ramder rey G asignad

Pl@d,

we. se the nou$ ldation to itudah

me bftoE ae Pesd.

whther any

sone a.dm, hdepndmdr

ln ih follow,ng odc, we peMi a sihple dnedDwiql p6.ed!rc tsinS

reybo'rd input a freehand (rde n sfleired by ho6g rhe noGe wlhin the
dispby window thilE holding down the t" ket ']}is {tGplays a squnc or rcd
dob ai ea.h re.orded moE psition By slowly n ving the nou$, we cm obtain
asolidcurvei rine Mouse huitons h.ve.oededu rhrelanple Fi$,F r4s

merinpleoul'utfr.nihisproeifi

31c1edi (cr .oLoR BUi.Ei Brr) i

// ser poili

srze

to r

0.

(clrir nedidrh,
/'

iegPt wrclFoir did Pioje.

sluorthorD

(0.0,

lord Prolrdrit relhr r, clrit y)

slveieii

(., y)l

0.0, Gldqubre (lertseighr)):

d ar cqrld

ue t

kk4n6

ddrch GurvlP1ortuy)
PlotPoint (r, y):

(inr &!.c, char,.

'sin
3lutrnt (&srgc, 3+v) |

vold

arsY)

("rerbqa.d cu!ve.D!arllr lxsrDr.i)

For tunctjon *ers,

amw Lys,

and othe.

r6peclrlkEyEEi)
Tlrp speGd

pr@dr

re

spe.ialrurp.p key!,

we

h4 th. ene rhR

:r3rffb:
GLIDI yuo$e)

4 sD.c,q_R"! i5 a*,sred m rbse{dtdad ct Is

"4
+t rrj tuturm k')
l}b 'sn 6LUr cw Pr). ro. $e dFb ]q.. hc u4 oEtrts rud
GLUt_*Et ItP and crur Br Rrcm Ofter kels cb be d6iSnated

bur ,oh p"

06r
up

t. To

md
h

ilu r,.k Tlebarktu4,ie

rh' sru' {.vooa, dr

pe dd *4pe

rdyltr b.d6'

u . Dum"Ffcdrl AfudedhuriF&

An intea.tive psgram Nins &e @!e, lrybMnl, and lsdton kG

dmolh?d f *f o rd 13.odp. uorpinpr.sLfd rcetdd loao;t
Jk ro\s.lefi llntr d a ,ed squf. I FyboE mp.I b ad b r ,. dri

of ihe squa, md a new sqlaF is obt jned wiltr

adr dicl of dE tit

o|4lcLllt.ulel\pdDNur@lid'637

lrder3lr - 3oor // rnd,r

dbpray.,indov 6iz.-

g1ct.r!cotor t0'0' 0'0' 1'0, 1'0)

stxsr.i:iodr

(cuRoJBcrroN)

200.0,0.0,

150.0) r

.1c1!rr (cL,c0L0r,!DF i-irr)

// drear diserqy ,hdoy-

eLbt nedelrhr)

/.

ne6et

viqo't a r.oj.c
!.vudrb, nede4hr)

3ua*dode (cltroJsorroN)
BluorthorD (0.0, cldouble

(ndrdth), o.o. eLdq"lre (nedeisht))j

/' Di6!!ay a rd 3qhrs Yitb

void fllrsquare (obr burtob

yr-vid.ttr.

if

(6uttoD

yxou!.;

cltrr_rr@_lu1rcN)

crrars!s{us.rl

h'4rw

ttplt Mdh'r, hd cr.prd uyt ht4tL6

The* tmlaiion di3r G aEnoimLized wnhin dE

Sinilarly, . spaeb.ll mhiid is Ntrded with

And dE

irrR-dhsio..t

raigJrd 10m-

mbtion msles a fhen avanabb

Frnction
Ilrpt tlrn a buuo bd b obhhed with

dE

GLUT Button-Box

Burtm &tivaiion

is then

pasd

ih larlowina

io the inlokd

slatel@r.

tudidl

Tlieburmsapi&nrifiedwid\inh8tivaru6.a Ebubna.iionis
GLUT Dials Functaoi
A di,r rdahon

In

dis.ae,

we

Emrdd wiih rhe

Frhe Gllba.l fmciion

lirrdina mfine.

ro

idenritylhe dial and obtam rhe

vord dldlBr.n (e nt d1!r,

Diak aE dEtmrd wi& ine8s values, and ine dial shtion

ftMed s

Op.nGtPicking Opcrations
ln an OpmGL po8r@ w. on intehctively *ld obiNh by pointinA to
p6iids. Hmevn/ dE picl$8 oFrarims h o?6cL ip d sh'thr{otu
Basi.ary, w. pa6on pichns Eiry a dsiBlabd pck window ro t6
F .*d r .s . orlrm !\e ,"5gn ,rbse d.ntiF\ ro obJ.-r5 h 3 ldc 4nd
idshfs lor inR obid tn r hrr*r thersi*dvi$ volm arc sbrd j
picl+ufcr da} thus, ro us rhe opncl pi.r tertue, we ned b im
d'p lollowing pro.due inb a pngran.

.
.

ceai. and diplay a wm.

PicL. srm pGirim md, wiL\in the

hd*.,xb,.k

.9uPaPrckbde.

'

A.rivate the pi.rins operarim

(sldion

mode).

rundio4 do

oFrcLhkarvhrylDlurutlht
hidariz
Sa"e the

sNif!

s.k ln.bie.t idenri66

ID mn

curst ri$trLs d3en'ticksfmaiidmbn

orr.wudow br

th

m@{ inPur

J'ir 3 thc ? "ed

o-* a"",i... *F.t -a *Pde* dle .Mc
lne
p .r i"o.-n..
tLli 5bftd in
id bftir
'i*"'ot-"neonsrdl\'er8 rrd^grcncui _h Nbdrunir
RsroF
'fo
M4hrc lh.nmba rrooRb $d h,\eberPiled rd 4m o'1"
mtul Fndering node.
r

. Fre$ tr

Pick

i.Jomhon

h*;;;;4.;.,
s'rr"-.*ivn.olun -'*
A Pjck-buftur

arty

is

FPrcdduP b{tr obFlritl'd

nx' r d^;Pr''\Pd bt 'Dfr'r'irythc'\di6
l Fdd or dc' sn'bs ' Pi'r bu doe

s.i !p sith the comand

rlsalqqthfr.r (!icthtfsize ticfrnufre'j:

w h p i'L{i '' ?r el
des sndh' r
'nre8e'dJv
u(don d;{ be;\okd b4d b o?ecl
::""-;:;l;.';;;-i;,
r"aq''d ar mLbE'Nn'h m ri.d
ilili'i.iii,i"iii;;;"
-":.
turL+rd<r tr'me.Pcr rm
l.:1.5i";;i;a;";"' ," *:'rob'*
;'.;,"....n bc noR.a r rh" Pi bJrr F'dPP'ndrE
;";;i;;'.
radFm'dm,hepLI Gq mnrrtr
L:;;;l;;;;.."

".'

e)

",ndoh

in th'
or
fte dr @dlon or rrP .l'F ' " hi h ! $"or numb6
'amhfFr
dr(t
pi'l
ed
*." .t.i 'p r ,.a .a'a,"g tL pcNd the
Th

nininlm

) the n.xnm

dePrh of rh Picled oblecl'

dpo' of L\e picked

obi"t

The list or the jdentifiB in the nine sbcr

b ihe idendliei tor rhe Prcted obi{t.

tun

tlP

firi (b'tum) i<ldti6e

ha Pi l burEt ar rhe ongsd' valu* ir rhe

ft nF*s dPp,h \:lur ! od n2'I
-0br 0,.,lbpl,.dbY
^n"
ih.oFnclPtrkrsoPerarLmsa actjlakd wis

q\!noHnsr raee.5P'lgdtuiCl
A * od or infom-dd
,i-ili,p";",""'.-"'a-'h"h*pr,) ed enbd'"i
h' rc' tu @d'ins t'r E
ijliis,liilr,,i;.Ji r',' u*
.

od, usr e'a6

mode

"
Ftum5tl*nmrr o'P\r'd
li."irl.p'.il"r"ir..aa"*,t.6;*o
Nrds n re Pr ' bune' ro
.-r', o, a,o' mationxe
!il" i---i
ok h sr P"nde vode
L.i..,i'*i*]l
--r;;"
-"a*g-.ae rhe,rei'dr"
c--smeo a LLd oPr on b rhP 'umr
,t. ."*i
-6- i..
""-"
.b'. i --*,* ."a .t'. -. *n- ., r*a
*
.i
'J";"*
.unF reedbe. mod' b *ed a obrr d
'"-,i;?*.
if"L*ii"-ia..'r,-,E;"
;ii;l;:..'"b;6 dd.b.p"-'*-'-'h'"io'
;;;;;;
.

tntqadtu hptt

datu,

Md

.ratu@t Dh

ktuiks

l\'uerhcforrowuS.hmFnrroddv'Etheirdse tDtune"4l

ftelDdd.. ts nr rr\ erpry,nd rrus 44 r :r b. red vrr r *d on

ro p d c.n ftjSncd nFs4 rdtu o rhe.b!\..F cr,;vore rtu, or

Thi. 0l,6 hp vatue o pa'dl@

pEviou, hrp lrdedowr ro h<mr
EPIrQ $ iop or the +id ll$g

on

ir rlesh.( l1e.d

bL xp limd u* h " mnn rd b ptrF a.rtu. o, dnrmpt),a.r Ad

e i$u. ile (hm.nd

4 pick $ rdow

rhf \ iewpod lvhen

tun d

jh(hd \'ryp.d r d"Fn{ b,ns b

rol

k,ndor Ftdb\. b rlF

ih* lmrdf,h

dts gr\an

towe. ld lolE
h h mouy inpu,.iha m
dhu.f n4dbu@

oordnda F elrbvc ro he uppfF,.Ir. ;s

mpL v o.6. vdtLe llr doubtp.pRNol rdtuei tor rlp wldrh ro rh
dr d(L "rdoh dF \p66"d I'dr
Pffdg wA, + dts'9n"6 d h esd rnr) mnbr$B h <erdx-dp pd
'
ho md si, prruftrr
m, rhe(-lll.HrvFupod. !\p(r obbia dF\lnd
paFh{e6singrhesrctr.teserv6r.rlon(scrion6-4) Thispicrkin:
i6 tnd ued a a dippins window fo corerld a Evisd vis voi6e iir
vie lSbaJBlomdbotu lnfom"tion d obFs hlrnFdb\tsT\is.d\'
vorm

is Placd

in rlE piJ^ butf?r

weihGh: e!tolHLt p'.tngopeshmd

he bL(MnB

rL

Fo3lam
ihp<olornblSle"h(rs m hS .t-dFa sDlayed by rh* prc-d.
Forrb
picln8e.dpi..weL*rcby.pio w[d .andd;qigd;t, I whd6i
givenrirr'noff mplr fi, EIoF wcRdroinvdlneuputeyous..ltueD
inc rh. r',cwp.d hehr. wl .l1 B r}f rou h.len4rdd,!pdmr vp!.,ay flsd
tu3r.isN3rEdlD - r{,rheb,_eFdd3e6sj3fdtD -t0.fd|JE8lq
drgLtrd.gr.d lD - 20. oendnqm rhe jpi' mou+ p. o\kp'J r Ral3tc\ m" ftngle. koor $e ddn8B. or r lecbgre.
orFbc. Ihebkn3lp.d.nr lesda.nhFdmoterDdkJ inhe.otorordE
ed, bl p a'ls rtsetom whenh"p'@$rp,.t{Rqle,re6,tdE
o b d,.t p6hd nurnbF For.dmpte..j.h"rbd Fj
ho.

nlrbs hh!(r

'he b

r. ddgte

. rhenR.pm d $e p, I Eord. E 2 m w. hJve p.-t d

th4 aF Ro dranste idflrihq s lFdd Eendo.d:

ard

n.6oytcLkb.lful|||lDereEfidir8691

n6[-RE
rlii

turh*

ftdd Albmhvelt we ould r dt hn miry in dF rer4 which L the iden'

h rh-".dnphPrcFam h" imp
dtra T,brrtld;hFr
d"hFil'1tl-erepLrP {dlldePdv" r^
\ehcodqf
or rhe orr d,rc'
rr_r ro. mou'. mo m'ion'hir
n
e\rnpre
d0;'$mpk rp bsn;
"
No me hnlm b
vo
."*,
bdd he Ed
rtrd qmal'h.l*.dtv
inPub on be
turbd
of
nous
pFvided lor bfrin:tins ihe Prcsnn, s ;y

vord !.ct3 (eiebu !od)

.tRscri (40, rr0, r5o,260);

d. t@ta

ht{116

pickBrffr ! t)

ro. (j - 0: j

< D?rck;

vold Pic!tuct! (crint

GLlnt

{f

j*)

rltran. crbr
rrrch!ffsizel;

oPlcl!, vp^rlay t{l;

(button

!- cllfrxn bhroN

/. obtsrd tre parareteft

{hPichat.r-

( ouse), cldquble
1.0'5'0'wPA.!a,):

(crdouble

(vo^rrav

aruoftro?D (0,0,

nPicle

glR.Ddertode

(cuB D!r);

prccasrPicrr (nfict6, pickBlrferr

s]c1.!r

(G! coLoLBUPf$

!rr):

// !recer picled qbJ.c!3

// Diseliy ti

(cLint nedrdth, ehn! !.vHeisht)

/. Res.t vic@ort and lioi.ctioD psre.tc!6

slvilvport (0, o, 'edidth. i.vHei3ht);

sfutli

9de

3oo.o,0'0' 3oo.o]:
{cdo,BLvlEl);

'/

lecransles

ichr

NcB I dlmrFc!);
(vrDridth, vbseight):
("!*a'p1. Prct P!osrlD'):

8rutD1!Pl4r!hc (d&Prry!co)

('id.sb.r.rcn);

N@ber

EEI

or orte.t' eicr.d - ,

opcncL [rENU FUNCItoNs

In additim ro the inpd-dai@ muiin6, CLur conhire variG fuditu ja

addingsinplpop,up nms 6oprcgnm wtft rheFtundiom,wd *!pa.d
r(Gs a varjety of @u md as*irlPll sunnens. TrE clur nmu onndn*

placd

?red@ .ain

along

Fidi dE dhE GLUT fundi@

Crcating a GLUT Menu

A PoPUP

hmu

i3

l]ffid

srutfueat.isnu

ddr

stahmr

the

(Den@cr)

Ecn 6 rhc@.orJpl@dupbr
vhepp,tuffir.
sbb.Dvofdwq
d fdumhy j etd"d rhspE
btxJr.thuFSe,
vaire olpondfs b the p6ho of: et .kd ornm
vold !.ndcn (cLitrt Denurtdubber)

Tne inbgr

val* pasd io ra

qnLwtundbE

ar
Psloh $ne oPadio wl6 a hmu fi l]Hted, it
rirh rhe .lll:gr d*Plny windo'On e { have deigmhd the lMu idim tEt is

r.'dcn

is

to

aMi.teil

Mu ih 6 *l{ed, } md rp<xy rie oPb@ dut

ll4ru b d6 *rL with a re oI hdts rh,r lisr the
a.h opliu. TllR shtub lsve the S@al fom
aftter .harstrrls st{i66

&nurtedmner p6

ple th touoving

tiai i6 b b airtldyed in tE mu, tnd

tE lErid fd ltur 69 in thE lrmu Fd

text

eh6b @d a l6u

wirn tuo oPrioE.

srutc.eaiereN ('.nutc') j
("rrrst xeru r!6"
("s$ond neN rtq'

1):

,)l

nsr 3p6ty a nde b!tu thit B to be usd b

s1..1 a

'lgu

rrrtAt!.cmru (bufto!):
* t.srEter Dttton i5 dsiSrEd {n of th. thF GIIJT svnloli' lnidb
moa th lefi, mddle, d nst tfubub
T.,[cb"h rh. @rhn rd e of , cl U-l mmq ltr toUowrs PDg@
id6 tu @ts ror displayhg the ininid fill ot a tiangL. Ir$iall, *E
ard , hn.ob &
eh E defned witrl so ivlnh iPdi6 * rd lfr
;Ed by d inbpohtio d trF tsc\@rou \4F F the sishrceffodel
rri6(sailtral4mdlGm)bPle.rat lvso{r6llrhilbeilhEasolidoLr
an intqpolarim (coMud R^.tednB) o1 $e wrtd .dos A tunu i6 @bt
bcsa *s ko opbffi Eins rh?
dEr sltoh 6 b d;t
ur6 K;u
h, -;,; h"h *l'- lr[ ru
de l5 mide rh. dnd,v wiidN Iht
ut mu E displrtcd with the upt+ldr .o'rE ar t}f P.!dd oJ the 'i@
tr; a ixdaEd 6 fie. ll. lo A IFU oPb 6 luEl igihd srm w mF

FF4 offq

dilprayd

ln.

@1

,ro,\,':t

ti r,.

rh. F' './ior |

.o

glrhadenodel (r

slvertexri (D0, :0);

-..t,o.. oro

r00.0, 0.0, r00 .)

1!ode);

The hishliahFd oprion

lcot . i

_ts.r

ii

ihen

scl{r.: n

,r;h.^..,_-

IG tnG!)
.',*'-o*u.'mo 1 !rsc6
ruo
rto
it*nrna*ro"'.r.
Ir
'i'".c...".,'"a."

"t.nru*s""

ErtArt*u4!

(ctur Rrcur BuroN)

gr"rRFhaeeEunc (!ehsteFc")

Creating and Managinq Multipk GLUT ['leius

\n.i.,ndL':
;;"-;';;-;

'".d
;;,,,"."

uhd_F'o
'
1u i"rs','oJ!$nd

i'd-

qdrd$c

1,,;..i -;.,: ".a

*."
,h '-F o'IF' r-L
.i";l'al"'i..,a"'ie.!a1'eq
:rr
db\'.el
rff",.,*"i --.t"
'
^,..*'
5uch
<bbmen
$irh
$tr
\alue
-";".aoid

Fre!

a5

-n

mmr bcones L\c .sr.nt dn! tor ilr. 'uront dnplav

mmu fo! dre.uftnt dispbv window, we use rhe naltnent

nn mdu rhm bNn6

iliaiiiiir"i,i.i;.*

rhe

.urEnr

u"".. u.,

which sin poP uP in rhe 'liiPhv

has bm arbdrd io ihatnenr is Pssed

Llr'rq

md4

ri dd

Prr\ nn

r' ^

hen

hds'i

htddinhp
,n

M.th.d

tul

cqhidtusht tv6

ldtowfS frfttio i. r*d b obbin

.ftecumr
djlPlay windtu

ttu

nE

.ddifis

to, rhe \

lllar

At.1F. 0BFtuftd:Jnomruedisrb fEdbpj.yhirJdollrh

.!frr nmu wa..rinin,Fd vjh rlrg-urDes.Ioitrou
turiu
Crcatinq

GLt[ Submcius

A_{bnhd 6n 4
sru u.ea

}6Hpd

*-N.d.np

wrrh a

knh ,

NU

by

mr !Hrnq

the

rbreT

$boptim. and th; tjsbnn F. \rt

dstr rdd,hdDrorhm in hctuin *, v\E"_
rh",ub*; b,neor
,Br 6{ m: n n4u {or odF bmmur 6jna, <cquekd
"dd
lbhmb!r.t
r

Ldr oJ

slud&letry

Tfu s-u,^ddguor" u

(.Fir6t lenu rrep",

rundd d atr

1) |

be u&d ro add rhc auDnFu @

rn d.!
lotlowlB pl%ra4 w. L6hrp *F @ud o.a tubrnu rtu
An4 stu! iBn rd dqrd ot rle prqob m{u pb8ro. dEpldrr , ,$.
riu. pffde u.* , ord a\ores rbr;.
r"Jr r- r." i*i
e*.,
"
or tF hi.n3h Tl. Din mmr 6 .n tiehd"^a
w,rh dR optim and ur

ii,"i

FIGURE

11i?

T1F

oql6Lu4|hrli+hl

;l

slmb l o rdr:E
i F nL8hishhd :s

b. d"cLFJ

'h* fund'o
'L"r.P\ i! uded
grutPoe!ieduplay
firdion ,nd dP subn,anu lmction

rhe Pnd

!snderiisoPtioi)

ca'e,il.Dderlignod

s'itch (coro!oorron)

irca*:r

*a.

e,

nnd

cnPh\d

u.t htlta6

31ve.tea,1 (160, ,30);

srcolorsr {r.0, o.o, 0.0) j

31vart.!r1 (ro, 100);

glloedrdentfty ( ):
sllonhorD (o.o,

vo @ln (1rt qs, cnq,a4v)

(clm_srNelB clur rcB)l

erurrnftrindoePo'ltio! (?oo, ?oo):

(disPllyrriansle):

s]ut^ddeiusn*y (ier.ed, 2);

/. sercr !.'! oPtron usrns .

srut^tta.ir.nu (clur RrcEr BonoNj
3latR*haperunc (r.!hapsr.n) ;

Mqa ry q ctup t1iu1 u*t ttdtt t

Modirying GLUT Meius

onbarLJedb*16 ranrroPr d h'h'd

l'jfin,b F n.n.h burbn Abutu
-.-,h.*,m;uHd'1r.r.n
rhdl@i is canclled 6} ihe.simt men! wfth

P"idm' noueeuu' oo isa$8Td

l1ru anr ur ds
ioJslY "hJ'h'd b rhr melr'

tPt I -n

ii6- l}F''r"

'o,don" l-iir 6.hne;mu alaLobirMsrd ror?.dPL s'

m rhe o ffit md
deleh r
"ption
rherc

padekr lienNult

Orner GLUT

ruhandu

--.-;--"-'t""

IIEI

er

lsgnd

rhe

inleg.! vrlue oi

4n

dt nsu oPtim

nodirv &e rons or shts or nen6 dthin

o,tu' ro.h3n3! ln" obP ")"d
Foreffple, be-an e;*
o.tuF h.,F n" mbd or.l'PoFon o' F.hrse'n

Futims allos

us ro

DESIGNING A CRAPHICAL USER INIERFACE

rcmPrd

o' ! m.h oPasr,Ptu

al
'nraL'e
u*' 'naPP rns
roxo,
nd aln'hc
'd@
d"-sn"d
r
..
dj.losu6
*l^ r" , .*--. o-4.- 'pmdlzd dhiJ
'F
.pl.^ "- *ie Pd bi' 3 tutrula Pm s idrin " Pd b't-lr
-*i'r".'1.o.e.i*r
r"'" -.r"d.i,,.t -. *-eem* ddwl d-ruB bNne$ s rPrnr'
mrcmic 't@'rl q Pl r'ic orhe' o " 'dn'io E {o' : f I inFr
Flo6
'am,-.*"a,,i.' ; v";oi" "l!rr aer' eE"F'r' @rh. 'drJB
"",i

Ilr.

User Dialoguc

or

*r dbigt

ol

!h'

i.dPri5n d $hrr
F dbPlaved sd
' r

whar r "
& tve" -.hd! 'n
*-"'-.,* *,,t""i t'
'"t*
ro,;.dor the *sf, n _ bbe d?n s ba
*."'p-a+
*.u'.
ii*
".,h. -odel".."-'.uo to" ,hep,.."c"6 o' *"d
-.-.i'.-',1d..*
^r
otud.'rodEDla! \i;'o{bLjdinFbvPc'borush';l''ddF wndv*or
m'rud" {'
..i.*' u",ra." ---*." e -" -:.v "tod pa asp nsh
'rr'-nr
Fro'ued
d
t-i'*"*, J'""*irt' t'" w!o"'ro,Pdbo.inc
h'l
J.. - ' '**-'n-'"u. ;r"d ! ( a L,aa'iqn pn&am Po'dBer'
elelldts
n
delebg
d osl sr b.L .nd rh- PGn6 ug opfl daol br 4ddf 3

d.r..i. ;v m-nbi

or the aP'
iif;na66 i. rhe us dialos@ is pKred jn L\e bquaseertim
ar
dic,rion.In ar r.rllEfud' d6's p".us" *G Tp s L\drdll r
;h "H "" , h --t rd*l e;m
b6, cmpniernphiG etu, or odE oncPts tAai nrv be unraniliar b d

All

nhrcrtu taPd M.trd\

d.ntrdtt{ttnik,

@. tc dljt:t|t hhRntrr!@nr; t) fird M4,.es, hq d su mrurd.:l

hor rr I pd LJ'h tn,

and for fhei.rions

obN.s.ur d<,o o" tunDuldpd

b bepdormed on rhe,ppLGLd i,b (E
rhe

o,

dpFt,,"rr

hc pf omS fd?..

rs-,.d3J.hp.opc_,oL"fr^d{r..no
trr .sbtr. d, !,ocbL.,npforrs rJ
sch wilh ib own wind@ mser whnh.oLrld b; shdured f.r a parh.d.r
applicarion.
r,a. -p? rMroJ_,. ",
' "r
df offi ?bl"d rJadTPtk:rion
Gts m:llih...'h
o .an-nd nor
Accommodatinq Muliiple Skitt Levett

u.Lr .,nrlr r\- grioiat

r rm io-,4nplc rmr,oroj.lb..ppnfilooupo gb"n,on r!trg
"
r o, d, {n u poo up a.ru ., }, nrm8 r L }mJ.J.d,n&d rtu..,1t,
",;
ro
PacbS

4(u]mod e u{ts th:

Id a I* qIEneGd r&r, inreiace wrh a lew easjty uidecrood op

satio$ de6il.d pFnpti$ is fdE eir{tve rh one ;jih a laJs4 o;
frhq sF:pq?' m 1, a .'noh,.o q o, m-bd d oFo F . ed r,. tsm
d*'r, oI dr nh'L " \'nrh pmr -d..r,r F:;-....F,
*.-r
inina,p*en... J"e oIr rpp tdror.oa,lJSp T\eF,m rh,rr qD,.Jro
p-:d.,T.,..9 n,aDs lne.oaok{F o; p&Ls
t--tm{ h.Lt rm ni.h dedil
r.oai-^ d l.F.o,r;o.ts rnd q?dDr -dq.pa d \.re,B-r,
o{npsddtro m ii n Fd.eqr"...do,w.
r.d,b.n,t,.}.
qcbE,l ds tsJ h..FhD I onlq. .. hlnut,ruhplpfoL
dnlou. t. aqndno b.r *t
^
bunr rc,. .r "e\pa F.pd r-"
- *,*,,r,.* +. ,,,- r,..*_1
sinild\r h.lp lacilujs an

..n .arry on

be d6i3nd on sevent

a dehned diat.Suei whjre mom

lNeh so lhar beSims

eipmnced rkB .an rJu.e or

1t3 Mi4i4 ' G'qtat us tabrtou

prcmpb md msa3.6 HelP h.ilftiB can also itrllde one or noE
ap;licims, whi.h pmvid. ns;s wiih an intrcdudim fo $e aP.bilih6

hjcte

bd

de,F.oBida,hd in flnhd' e n cmErfl.) tu rcn !h"r

di J".$ u!; " "nsle -effa rJ$F BH 'crqjls h ef[''qr d trPmt
ioN u.bieb depodhs m dle conExi sone otnd ebnPl6 of dcistacy
always piacing n6s in dro sme ElariE PGiiN so rhat a lsr dB noi
h* b 6*i r.' ;@d..r.. .pn-, arways usins the ffe osbimiion of Lev
dDo*4nr

ioardkeysf\fanailim, dalwatsBingihesmecolor codr$$th't5'olor

dcs nd h.ve diftamt renings in diffdt situtjmB.

Minimizing Mcnod.ation
tuiahfr n m inhd.-e $ould ,Lo oP dhftuFd $ our Lhej n !v b s_
&u,md r. clmf bn oh. f onpttdbd m f" .'nr' fd :bbFvbred
ollwnd Jdmb lead b contueion md tdrrid in L\e e{dhve dPPlirion of
th $Mrr olr \er or bL d llq b dx delde oPsruh@ lor Mple is
levrro'drnfldr rmdso d"lde

--b.hodmb';r"nddoroftren'
6 nininiz nemodzatim
ars be
***.*
"T*::" rin&*"*"*izd
dilfedt windoffi 5 that
into
inJo;afim
6
be
eparaied
of
Dnarent
'ddufv.1d
+oulo
b. G 8D'd d s'ilY
Fld
Fms
l@
ru{r cdn err
I
d rd 4bd8 ro
obF1"
Rondb'. JDD6tEiaRrldh'l b#plidhor
'la
(d
tLr
L\at
eiblP. p;hcur' rd;n. r L*, +ould b.abh bvR he
8a.k!p and Enor Handling
.^dedri forudoingasqmcotopraridsG oth.rcolllljulertuor

inhrf&e which anow; . u;r !o exPloE th capabiliiis or a 3vsh4 krowng

$aithe effEb ofa misbl onbcoroied Tt?i.an, sysbrocan nN udo s.v
adim
-al o@tiom, ihs .Idins a us ro 6d rh s'srm to em sP&ifralwfthout
F- d;* *d"* ih.t @m{i b" **s.d, su.n .s clclns an apPlicatim
snne .hre6. lnp shM r.ti b' d \ P.it. .ho 6r hc ecxaEd oPaarion
me$is. helP, Llg a drtu
r"""aa'i'-. g."a
".a.m
".s"-o60 ni.inize ems bv anri.iPahg
cm
aiehPt
rhe cauF of an m. LIbIae
And
lffi cm be Mmd { thev aP F
d.h adims dut could lsd b .n dr
qu6ti$ higeus oi indmtactioc, such s aitemPiin8 b aPPlva PrreduE
60 ruriiph atPlaation abjds

tr ifplfu' lsfoF olan mtsde P,dd

qlerrrd
u*i a, .rJl .!Eol 6 ", hpd $mc F?offi J D'id
tdl! Ior d
b"F" b dondq r hd L\c', ikm B do lc d
.
b.;. *. oh;
'*
''jshr
'*,
-;'h",,h" -" .hn hre "shrd
r*au.rlonuee'o i".-r rolm.skh4rishrisnhnsr obALdF
,,re - -. ", .";"8. ,.d dJ'pbFs: -F !'d menL oPbon r ' dirn'
i"r..io,. !\a'- *" p--i.' c"t. Fq;e.d rrion D Lrsih) Lh"dEPb) ord

106

hk.tdrc hqt de3qd

c4Ph@t

u! hr1'B

nes8e-deL hougr's, d orher pogis indi.aroris inporbr rrp:$lb!

rd r\e syshr dhptay pdiar sutis as dEy a;ompreed+9
F 6turdi.Dt:,
L,rdr'lr
'o
i!b, iup,p'Rddrr"
rh""r.h tuSh,.i,;
b inp' orhe . olha1d, o- dab c tute mp D.tu(nd E bmi pfrF...
'H Standaftl' synbol &signs e used ror q,pi.al Lnds or tdba.r. A o
hlMing fa.e, d a ihmh d()M synbol is ofbn Rd ro indicar d, ero,
ne (nrd or r T".mbo o d o 1r ns r L rt qg- i. u.d b.1d :b
r i.r m L bPinB p'oeie'd. FB \F
ll1m spe.im.d wr, bnl ih bsim.r my ned noie dchird fedbad(
nor only defily indicac whai dr sysh is doinq but arso whar the uer
nahnrg

cl4rn i5M. Fe.mpo anr.stun uIfecdb:.r 4hF--J.Jtob.

udc-rood.buraor.oovrpo\er rg|na rh.u*' .6nn;h"hon .trer
wilh ru(rion keys. te.l}'.r d b si,- a3 *dibl" dr.k * by tiehri,s,;
key rhat h"s b.* p*sd Ardio Giiback ho ttu ad"*i"e" thi iid*-n;
up*lIg,p,c.rnd dcirro.v. .h.lF.dro tr'nn rheborr
A h\pd ma.J3. aFa. r _\eo { hr . rcrat$,yr tnow wM. b b.r
r'*86.bur nd) b.rovr kseou m.m...4bp(. *oor I Te
rlh.wdr,EneJrhcr,, r.-db., l."n"t" bcdFitav{ -dji"f

ro dishnguish

it fron other disptayed objRh.

"

khofe{b:.L i.orFnus.ut P"r

bc qu.Ny derq Fa BL h.ra d", up. rcr b" {hFd nhqr
scJrli \: J$ Ltur aF *tq Fd Mrl da, o, hm d iptdr,co &dp" d?

.d

seldd

of .ddituie poinb can be {hord wilh a tumr or orh{ shbol d:

dpp4d d fie e,xFd pdhm. Fo' noF pF M mUurs ot* .mj p".,dq
rhe .oddiror values old ,t6o be dispt yed on ihe yre;

IE

SUMMARY

Input io graphie

prgEnscm

oft

ttrn mny djffemihirdwaa ddices.

hi

eoiohs rhe tr. sq;" ."$ o- mFL'.ab u4ha

rpu bcboE f odr d6slE bb" r;sDfld.
F"rtl*,T oy"doDq
! rosici lrdec.,htr r, h4. da,, *. q a*n " ,p-n.,: ,-.a,,e i
" ". - $. r(o
tylp or grplx,.npu.. Fc', .ri..l d-..*.*d
-d,*9
'he
.bda-ds r ? re, o,.,tut".,kinc elub ,Mr. d Fi.l tdb@rc
inpur a
mordruh pGitsd. sftte d.vie. np a sitr o.<ftdmB
'rgJehpl.rp{ valubdpv
sh Sdeq
a-erd \ab, vatLe Choie (w -Fued fd lMu sktios. And pic* d4ies allow 6 to sekt 3oe conpon*
Dvcndepsddr 8Ep{.. pa, r!s6 of,r a LdFd dpr d in4 td m,rtd
are

defiiEd,n

r dr{164

Lbrary

noq d*d m. outrf.d41s tuquBr mad" plc

npurLndo lh., mtu nrlheapphuionp'os-r crot, moi"..losLh",
d5i.6 ed PIlgIm ro oFrale.dcumdy. Eye m;e arows inpd da;F
rontu'"ddh mh "i, o b pqsirsold3b orcbehi\erhsrdrd*

ro aloaj,4ldev'f .isddrl.pa'1 raJpht\i,Japv,erob.u*dbentsrdE

das of &1a, n'pd hmriotu aE usd io enlei dab vah6 inb rh pr rh _rr
aPpli.ation prcg..n cm mare si4ukamus e of sml physical;pui dAi6
opeting in diftedr moaes.

tho&dFrcmfoal\ Fd ndtJeh cl

?".r aPF Ttec m'tods Prc!'te

* a-g. -a "db8
;:;;G. A vob6, p.^'r;- ;Nftmood'oPFdetuFd
"-::;;
d'N o pd robf,+id'r'mr,
*"",.*.,-g"-;^"
".i,,'!'nr')
iiii, g'.'r'y nJ,i -a .iu.--t'"d ndft& e ued ro aid in PGihdi'g aftt
|)wrpnuT-mh
''-;1,;"44,;.-k no10P
'aho sb,.ad tsatocor:opr' i iotu "orhr
1
".i hm r\e s, modr hh!hdsnbathe
"1,,"
,, l"-,.i.i,r'"--* "a**ro
+pi,., onipadse ^ erem"nhor t'.ddr%Le
;;:;;;.;.-" l.n4qqe
"" ol $t ipp[(d'on
ne osakdn lhe
-'vi,-"."
; rb r. e ^ h D^*dlr" br .*P"Lr
i'';"
"-"-. *, -";ruc.q.rlsdoJ"fu dab"dNsmd
"vpi
*a."r.i":..".
h {imort nulhole whdfl rldas.6

pr".."-.

.1i,

-i'.i-i...i.1i.-,*, ou.*;dp.ie a*er e s ! rar* Jro tu brL\

Pr':? r'3'.d ro rdinur rcmbr'nq n fr
Fh {ae
.i*.a,i.ia L .-* -. a,rn t r; 'r,L rv.rs rn dddr dhpdba,,
';E
Mds

ropd de'-Jrtrn'
*--/"
'o Lns dP'bll'tie'
-,
hrnd
b,.r@-d
"*dinpd ha'r;F F dv,bo'' !n nsrdive
rmrri crul
dddh bo\ rn dd'
,*^1.';.";;...
'
i.-t"'t -n--r"r
*ru'
a omb'n
i
" t. i. '; "@oMs
'o1o'mPur
irBr-"
4P"rd'*d
"-.
"iir
"-'u.
ili - -^'*1"."r",l-,a n uq";"b* 'nt't'dD wc r d*Phv
*" u,.i op-'cL
;;.";;;; ai , r'i'.o . "ll$e
"L'lrb'd a
h"cLUol t-.b'
.
a
U
""a
--""---*
" -_* r ;rdu nndih B s'"tm n thP rab A I r-r
o^"-t'np'
!'li',*.i

;:i;;;;;,.
-Jd..d-*E
' - ';il,r

".

srrMMAnY oF O!.GL lNPltl RjNCnONS

b.M P.'*i
"
"h- " --*
r'ht
N
@B
alLbad
sPeot,
; .,;k

+6'y r mdEeihd rm(bn 'hr

oqedwbutP!*l$abufui
F'6 r (qkrd db I bddidErh
;b,;bled "b: "bdid ro "
bbeWdedwhr!P&lpu]?o*w
G

e, luctun

ret G Pnd

htodiE lnqa Mt6e ad crqna uv hnrprc

sFdt

bbld cirrbkk

tudm

dEr

s?<ifyahhldcllbkfrfddllEl
s b b

hd

whm

bbLt.9tc

s'd1yalPaeb.n.d.]badfu6o

ddisbbcinvokdwlElsptrb,n
bdbbpl@dwhilellPfuueoffi
bh'dbphyqildd,qud'qmdE
dlP'ry-wnnow edqron ngaod

s!6f),asPdd'enbacrlfum

s!iylsP&ehn@ldfuifufui
!bbehvordshm.q!.eball

sF.ilyabubbolanb{rn{'iondd

sFjt

sFify

5@ md tuEe

^djqk

drsr

erbd 6ftim

dEr B

rq dE

i.k buJj.!
tcr oFGdm 6bs dr

olft shk

A6we

gle

Pud

oqrtt tdodnd mb

ohjd iD

d\

D 3b.L

Efu!\bpilmonllflDsfuL
DefirtaPtkwindowaafon'Fjd

ievoluftlolsepi.ldjts@lfu'

MMARY OF

op.ncl

FUNmoNs

MENU

ce!PoPuPouud+6'lylPclduetna'b
hFgqiddddatssigndldL\erddmn

speiiy

opdm tur L b

s!<iry dk

nd*

blrhn

nd(
s b ud lole'ulg

rbd in. porrp

'r

sPdly*!cq'!6ulo!ecurrqldbPlaynjrdow
s9e.jJyda.'.if&affiulhalnbb.'tnh'61,

spita shhu

'h

is

b be hdud.d

ii a nmu

crelalPoned4ouFbuhah.hfm'fot'hg

HebisFifiedqfuii*Plq'lqD

REFERENCES

4oluh ot dre .om.pr oI iosnl (or vjtur) inpu dsc b &cusd b {b]]ae
rnd srbin (19s2) lnple'mbtim rq
0976) i'J h RoRndEL Mthci6, Praff, xffi,
adN n'pd prGlu6 aE sr@ h Gra8sd 0q, bo (rer), kr 0e2t He.b.d

Ih.

0e{), ard r&d' (res). Addi'iomr pnx6nvMs e@p'r

tudm6 ii

clu

inpur

dE

ctseiclbau rbEry sd DecLU tbaty

:d hud Oqt

od reyhdd

3ii6 hshdnfr
d

eom).

rl*

Oex).

plGnkd h sftidemai 0e36t Apple

clmin3lEn 0e3e), Dtsrbr 0e3et @/Morc oes),
Fq n'Jo@tun d *E x Wudd sysEn * Yo6s (1s90) ud cutrq

0e3a, Blser (re33,

d rmr nftN n lRd 6 d*il h Kb

lus noG

BoM

md

EXERCISES

k{El

ahdirhh dur aros objdb b b. F6ibmed m tu 3:!!6 Ebs a

obj6' l@u oi 36mdc lhaps L b be pe d b a lq
whonbserdm obid rd I Praan{
nu!$!! o{ oba+ b be pciimd fd' : "efiii.e" nsid b 3lEr

lqab d4tu. e

iiddEdbefoep.s!o6grreun'lo!@

denu 0ptid6.

hktd@hP Maha3q

!r

cnPhiut

s.r up I pmGrua for

u*

tnk4ara

hrndwry srtrhi$ FrhE

63 tu
a

&vi.e

hqPloyedin'PaIun.ltrgdfupdetlr

@rch inplr chan.rB asand

nundc

srls b br srEbl

a sbrcd

by

p6

rlbi,ry

of

sh.p6.

ioniiS rhe srid aloxs *E

3e b! lL

nwi .mDd t.id. b *Ld incr6 (h d!rG). he ansukr vatE dd

b b. ehed b . bd disph)ed mr tu (ftG sare
s
b.tuh, Pide s a dof srnishr
'leF

rr{

.
r

wiE a dnwfg prth$ rh* arb* prto b b..qrd wjdl sktrshr-&F 5.

ftn|!dameb,gspgifiedendPohb.sdupasraity6eld{@nd@dLE

ln6bdingnrB

tr,Mddilyftedd*ineFkbgein'

nio

evehp

dd*ine pebse dur

(s d+by

F h e dr
thIfu4dPoh6d{dusingal@E
m .rrimar srid

]sngbqstaPi'@bysl!1fugshlghllriE

11r'

DGi

dnains pacr:se

ar,rys shdsh'

'h
l.Bwibapix.dle'i*illqsi
sei.tu@ib e.xhb fcechorj

h, cbFr6,

md orcr8
'o

FlayddcePebydGggrng6.h*ldbdshalehbp6iddfrlhaPid
'|'EhiP-snilPl."Inbrono.dr
rl r3 Desisnapred*tqhplqnd,bputtun.rimsforquatsnde,mdad
11

1e

Ei}ld dc @^cL Fhr Ploh

dloGaugb*ldPos,eandpoid6loi

|-21 l,{odjlyt pt.gffhdie pldhe

It-2' wft m he.fie opncl pftE

uIPdPGthfr'hua&Pbywd@Thebpu'pGihbbb.dFd'gd

dm!fudEPbyIeKb!$bna$Ld

fl 13

!r{

dE bplt pGidon b Ejdd

ekedig qedF s
'h*
'Ialldl'lEEhndecaFdbedlPlayedfrlhhirtdisplayddN.
Modirt {P
i! rrrc

Modirt rlp pnnn n rhe

Plo8En

rced

'd$eddgl.sdupafuuol

fye6'josihad;PlayfrndowT}einpllpcionkthedilbngpGiton

-swdkanibddEoFcLE@ar
ohj<' * dy pcrtui li'nin a drs"'ay wituw rhe dbFd b 6 b Ekd
Dou ol bd! shaF, idudi$ (ninid9 a squE, &k, dd trnglc.
trimssioul

Modiry

dj*

b bc drpLyed, wnh

objNr

*rEd hm

eprtglmnrhcrBrdinsdeebinN o++

tuE

rhe mmu

unt

bb$red trrh@d

,,wdbmdE6di.o?cLPrcgnD'olFidqtadgl.thedioedonn
objd wr6 a dsPray whdow Trje obl
dhs qde b

al-tdw ,h. obiEb b b &Phrd

rch.objed drPhF. rftllde a roh' r3h,

dimimil
n,

wite

{.nc

'seo!ncLptkiruoFndoslo!adue
duiniq sftrobj

a h,sidie.!ncl

Pm

cuft'ftfou@nful+on'PGldm

trsMdilythepqdminlhePa
13{wnbtndiveoFlclPfu

6ulPd,de@iftlptrbaFbbe

zoidht.dL,.gl$sahehr!b
fudsignol.alhk.fue6!8laPh5
wbdlyroJheLPwNldbeaPPsPd

abbloIabefuI?w}d.h@$ods3eb't!6!dqP6idd8l?
dng nenus to a

ll!,9tupad6ig!(olawhdow'nlgerPelase

u3

D6'gn

u*r hrdree

for

Prbdtl8 Fogl:n

u*r

rnd

BPbb urdq whar

!su.ll,

6ndow

tablet adivation ()@s orJy whm the n@&.rsor is in ihe dcPlay

A bftm .vdt lor rabter inpui i3 then ddded wiL\

rd tE arammb

for $e

inrcled tuncnm

r.

similar

b ih@ ior

mw:

cLint xlEbler. crirt vt361et)

$e

ad

wifi

dBtere a bbld
the

bubn dcrio

inhger ide.nfier ea.n 61,2,3, et cerq

but6on
uP
clul-Dow
is again spEilied
ei$d

clu

{ih

r.llllml varu6

md yrabret aE rhe bblei cdrdtrai.s

'blet
bnlel bu{oN wiih ihe commd
&tmire rhe runrbr ot.vad'bl
Ine

Motion of

bbld slyl6

cusor

is

pdsed

vrib

.an

with ihe loINinA tuncno4

(rebletrotronrcn):
rhn {re invoked fmdion h,s $e

'Ine

dmd

va1u6

'ra!

iofr

1et and yTablt

Srve ih

c@dinats on &e bl,ld

GLUT Spaceball Functions

$b

rhe

folloBi4 Jbdion b sp.ily

-rivaied for

elcreddisPlay ndw

The .allback tuncdm ha3

an

oprrlim when . sPacbaU button is

t,o parmd6

sd inhgs valu6 as a bul and pa_

Frs rron 6as,Snedenhe' the!,lu.GLm 'Po'thevaid.cLUr Don
rk cm debnine ihe nunle of avail.ble spaceball
bu oro witn a ell to
uine
lne
aryunat
tlutDeviccet
Tianslationai ndion olaspaeb.lL *h6 rh mo$ is in rh dieplay eindo4
.eban

butuc

iden$Jied witn tne

didmces aE

pa*d

ro the invo*ed

6r.tiM

Color Mode ls and Color,Applications

ft

YA

ruiEd

6t'

u disl:sim
olo! nethodr

Moder

!p b U& polrt have on@tatd m XCB

*hidrw.elor gmnrirydtuplrtr mvid6.n

of .ol@

itu. sevqaloilB..,L.rdsipt''caEu6n,s relin.mpuF

sraphlcr applr{ilm Som ne6od' r u'd 60 dsibe 610.
ourpdon ptuid 8id pltu, slxE e !s.d for taM$r64 dd
rnd otIEB e upd b pnid a me htuitiw old
6fofttion,
s..ld

PROPERTIES OF

LIG}T

w hlw md in pflio$ clEpb, li8h ext$bite r t d1ff.mt dEaeie

, md w d*ibe thep1lFri6 ollighr in.liftieMt w.'nldl$eEnt ocxE.
m en ch.nderE ldn .3 .odiana ener3y, bDt w. .l$ ned odEr
^iant
epb ro d@ib @ paaprim ol l4ht

El.ctronagnrtic Sp.clrun

phyd.al 6@E, .dor ie lKtM.sdic nd!d6 wltl'ii a mlrw tqlFry

d. Son. of ltr othe frequay souF in dE eltuEFdi. tFttuh @
l! ,6 radio va, ni@wav6, inrirtd kv, bd x-8r5. FiguE rz-r
dE lpp@tui. tEqumy rans6 tor d v iesaFGordetomg

ulu w hin tlp visible qion of dE ele!@.edi. 5p*

l(rcpqds F a d.,brt' .Ftd old At $. b"-fiqr.' dd Gc
dr' 1.3 r01 he)
Ed o106..nd d dE hgFfr"qumcy md

Fld tuqaAry

'ft

'JE

ElatrlnlgdlFfu,

da Meh dda

adndbtG

(appuinably 7e: 10tr hsa)

3 sshE b er! tuq"im6 f b d? nrnrpd d d urhviolpr tnd!
colus ranF frm sha&s or rd thngn oraqre ai'l yels, .i dre l@-lEq
md b std6 or Eeo blte and vbld at tre hi3h end.
h tne war 6odel or ellsmed. ndiatim, light sn be dedbed a
.illatis bareve elRd. md risndi. IieLds prcpasarins thrcush sp.e
ektic and nasn.d. riL& af dilrting h.tikion6 d'at aE p.rpe.di(
erch oftr ud b rhe dft.h of PrPd
dination oi rhe 6erl tugdhrde L sivd by dF rrequ5.y t. rig. 1r-2 iu

&etinev.rying@radfu'qL\efugnifud.dflheh.ti.fElduid'h
pl0e lhe hne bken uy tuo (q
up sne amprrtud b 6lled ilE p'i,l r-vt dr fte *ave And dE

r e

dEt rhe wave ha taveled r@n rhe bqtmins or one Rnhdon b

rhe nsi cirhhon b lled tne ddb,r.,, r Fd on.
color (a mdrhDmti. wav, the myelmsrh rnd r,tquen y a inr
proportidal ro each orher w h ilre pDpodimliry .oNhd a d\ sp6a

bqiminq of

Fqu{q is

shspdrdr@bri5a c(DhnrloraLl turer;ls,but

rhe

lishiand ihewavchsth aFnarqial deFdor In vadum, rhe sped orh

veiy ruarly. = 3 x 10r m/K Lishtuvelensths an veq, sman, $ hSdr
3ually sivm m :ncsbm (1 A = tor
l0 .r' An equ.. !|f,
tuff I
r
ldiRqu{fl md "r rhe 3F hn /Ed) \d. " sr
'gl.r
'f
or appbiirarely 730 Mn{'@6 (mt and the w,veldsL\ ai tE oL\er
\n!eqrwlersthmbmffLhir
rle rF<h r .'ole
a

',abour'3om
@nvdidrrDdealsilhrh
feqlm.yunib,spetur@lm*rypnant

lalG iJ'. wom

4 ghr !]l-n4d6dFud.sLnd4rdhou!lbld 3\ bulb ed
faqu4i6 {rdrd th visible r se b pDdue whiie lgk wnd k}db

hm5orrhe

ii in.ddr lpon

elen8tl'

opaque

cr,id, sme lpqumo6 aF

En*d

atd

5ar

npombiMiimof tEquercis pHntin

the rE le.bd liAhrdetmE

low hqumi6 ,t pFdminant
as Fd Ii rhis c.F, we ey th.r th
eve.l listr tuE a doninm. t!{wmy (d doniMn! wwr.nsrh) at dt rc'r
of ihe spfum. Tne dminnnt fqum.y b alm call,1 ihe hE, o sinpry th

we preiw as ihe olor ot ihe obid

dre Enecred liAr, dE obist b d*iben

chologkd Cha,aderistl6 of Color

I pFFries b5id6 fEqueq are nede,r b .h reir our rcprion of
i vlren we liM a 8om of lishr, our eye8 aspond ro rhe {oror (or dmin t
um.y) and ko otEr basic msarioB. oie ot rhe w. .all lhe bd*hh6t

lthr (s{hon 1&3). rn ihird p.icrv.d ch&a.uisric js caned dE puriy,

ore srGrion, of th &tu Pr y de'irbs r6w de a right appB b b b
ihe

turrid)

ity

and t]'ey app6r

dmiltrt lieqJAq

tah

be

mrly

d pare.dm have low puity oow

whih. Ano&d k@ .hl!,m.i. y, is

(hu).

$m ha d aFy dGtibution Lhat.m

iepjed detre tuble rFq'jftie a d F4. 12 3 Ea.h nttuen y.ospc
Rrdiadm edfted by

whr light

'g).rd

rl.. ro'o o
plgt, the nr3y dieribtrdd
Fi& Dr. we would da.dhe inis lent s a ad oldr
i'haierdvelyhiEhv:ruefoithpdr],

my

(ae doniGnt

rftqFnry),

ishb$ofllEgss*Fa@udaIlE(l{ewhich3iv6dEftlerery
it/ snftd Purirr (siunrion) deFnds on (ne aificre b$d E, and
Is. nr haer L\e mry ED of L\e dmimt fEqumq cmFFd b rhe
\ErEh ompomr L^.rhe\sL' rhepLnt) olhekh $th^eapuaryol
FcntwhenEk=0andapujtyo

lahtsumlid'dmh'n!qE[y@r
lbledefuot6.6q@irycnF

IEE

COLOR MODELS

dpltug L\. p6pdi

ot.oloi .o we mre e or dJtuRr mdd.ls b
Any neinod tor

Wr'4

help

&dib drItetut.

rlm t"
r (nhBity) of lishi kom.rch sore
ori.ord,. -h. fp'g m m'\od fo- fordnS

.ombmP th" hghr

nF::rd.ofddd

',
$ftecndfieEi.ry.olo4

to
d

lhe@loig.n!l'or$enodelisihesdofancobfrthalwmpnduelioh

prfury0106'Tsopriffiiafiaipn

hry olod. Eenpls or .mpljlmbry olf pac n nd dd .y4 glfr

iagenb, and bhe ,nd rdrow
No 6nit -t ot rl prhay 0106 d b dnltned ro pnrdn an p.
vBible.olor Neverthele$,ihRptuadtuftddttdnadprp@,

o106rctinth.olotrg,futlora'"efid
utng arendeil nerho&. Givd a *t
,ny roud .old u.ing .dftus

(c'dcn-d odearberr,or@ FrsrF ){sh@"adorrob, @r.4nrtrm

fortheFinai6.nd*Eanouto'schnededlorduceysFcbal
'nE orv6 prord b fi3. 12.5 vm obbnEd by avqashs the iudsnmb d
raq. numbr of obsflm coroE in rhe vicinity of 50r m cr only b n
righb.IFF mc'r!

rhar

r Dror 4mu

4d w..h rnour

oi Ed ltlr ro prcdre rh. b uF8er {mbiFE

sp.ifiedinrhediaglm Ih6,mRGB.old.mibr(]atrordisplaycoloBin
.har

lntuitive Color CDncptt

p,8mmh Dlo-n rhe

iz

v oI r

id?d

hrb,nd trs r $elrP <L'h1s

le FisNnr lor a ?uc cde" ("pE hE"t rh. adkr adds r bltrk ti8l@t
b Dnnu diftbEnt elDd6 of rhrr mloi rlE Ircc bldk pisnent tlE darrer
dE shade. sin ar& dithhi rinb of tne .olor aF obhind by addins a wnie
Dirh' b f,()l@a' (old mrs [shF' tr ruF wru? Ddodqi Toi- I
ri sbr aF pruduer by adtus borh bhcr ud !h,bp srtrb
To ffir rhe olor mprs .rc noR intoiiive tnan dsdbiry r color at ,
d ot thEe nunlbd tlst erve $e lative pDPodms or dE Piinary.orG tr;
hrn] d f:bng . padel m .ora by"donghh'h ro
'a D) $dinsb.ro tuProlue ftRror
lEphic paclesE pryidhs color Pale6 ro a er otbn emPlay so or noE
in6r maers. one noder prdjd6 an intuitiv oror ine*,.e rd oE us. and
rp a$s ddbe th olo. @mP]mnb ior dE ourPut &vn6

S.TANDARD PRIIVIARIS AND

THE CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM

srcs .
pntus
we
oloF, rhft sbdard
lln

no lmib

*t

of lht

be

.@$tud b disPl'y in

Po$ibl

.telind in 1$r by ine Inhaiioml

colmisim on Illminahoo Ierrd io as rhe crE (cotuion intmtimle

Itdailae). Trp ftre shd&d prinni4 aE tu3bary oloE Tnet aF
ind ftdreroh..ly wirh pdrive oloFm chins tudio.s (rB 124) thar
iJv tte ammt of cn pin-ry neded b ddrib any sp..tal .old lhis
enhonror.JoloB and hcc$PTris
mijJg
oth"r prcb'm, emn.d h h
dlfuJP
.oo'
"nd
'wlve.JJe
pnnai6.
rb.tug a *i ol Ea1

np * of crE
FnmdeB x

pimri*

pfrFd b 4

rh xYz

old

nodel

wlEr

Sser.Iy
t and z eplEdt rhe mounr of E.h cll Pdm'ry ftlted b
I'lduc a *lecr'l Nloi T.s, a colo is dsibed aiL\ rhe xYz nod.l in ihe
9newryln tr d*nltd a.olDr airy dP RCB nodel.
In 6p thlF.tilMsi@l xYz olf spr.e, we EpEgrt any .olor c(r) aE

E;
3E

ts

whee x,

Y, and

z aE

.dolahd

nom

!\e.oldrnarhrns tumrioB

(Fis.

12+

=,L.,
=l/","^
=,1""..
P"

d.r' rT

r+e4 Golanon. ha rl-.

dlr. bal lun.tu E"H

{\et

f,lr'sh ridi.donptrm {dinsrrh ar"

(mR
q Pd r
Lg!
euM
Pm,
d,r ndh.e which i*he ele.&d lisht inkdry b a pamelll dkdiotr
Fwirn., , Frletmj
(E+ r0
I@m 0

a) rd dDt c.ror Lu(imNe varu6 aft nomauy :diu$ed b

b 10o 0, whec 100o Eppsb dre lminft. of whib tj3ti.

don of rhe

pnnariG Ei.a unii vebn

rhe

zlororsPtraranadd,F.
we di wnb E. rr-,

], z. rhs,

hdirong

slorproperh6, iiisonvs'jmr b nomaria rlEmorbh E+

a8atut $e suf x + v + z, whrch rprenb rh. rdal lishr emq4/ N

Fpeffhdnrt,u+rc,"rc9am

Ak,,eh,ven@rzdasain{idarene4y,$pal?@i6slandldep*r
JF chmtidry v:1q.. H6 F er p r
y vallc alm. do not allo, us ro cmpldely deib ,ll p6Fb6 ol rh.
dd!e'dMo'obbflh.4rolnsl
of a color is i)"rcaLly sivfl wirh ihe d]e valus , y, ,nd dr ruFin .e y.
EruinnuclEamounbaF'hmGkulakds

z=aY
dry
eo-dimcnsioml diaSrm.

colo6 m

Ihe

Chrcrnaticity DiaqEm

CIE

.o.!dtu6

G,

y, w en

Eplld

n(rru,izd aruub r and y ror olo$ in dF visible s

hsuhaFd {re
crP.hf!dt(it) dj,srm.Pontsa.ongrh.rup.JTrD\panr .oo\'
Wnd
we

we plot the

.bbin

ine

'o6j rf

lueFrrnsrl-eEdcJrdqdFsp6rirpoins ?r.,Fd b,3rf

sPehn. hrcior poinh pRni an pcible vbbl
ombiadore Point c in the diaSr .oiEs?cnds ia th. vhrbLshr pcA.tullr thB point t plded tor a shrh lght $fte kn(rM 6 lllunrd
which is u8st s a simdard appDxirorid ror av6se daylight
l,]ru, n not Pan of lhe

n'

dLslaB

rhc

shntua

h lb sFd

h,Ma6,tue.h@dit! D4,

@106

6!;

.tmndi.irY diagnn b.ae ol

b( wfth rh sane ch@ftLtY

inane
p

b l\e sne

dn'

rhe

duondicit/

co$parq olor smub r.r difte@t sd ol piin i6.

lde i{ying.mplemmb.y6lo6
Hrmininr puity Md dminant wdelddn fd a siv.

old

.hmftriy diasnm as dnishlline s3@b

idmiit olor smub d
d pol}am resroE. all o106'heslds ille ita+hr line joining poinb cr d c:
r{{

h Fig uJ d be obbined by dds apprcpnaE,nounts oI

ad c2. II a Seau prcportun ol c

the

0106 cr

rh rhE.od' o6' @E ft6 rhPPrbrc

oloE iNide o on ihe boundirE edsF ot rhe b$le. Tt6, dE
dlrlGd.iry diaeiamheDsns b udmtmd why no d oI the primtu.mb
.dddvely .onhrftd b gdelrre all o106, sin.e no biansle wdb rh dia8'a
d enconpa all.ol'N. color sanursltrvido monibFand h:rd<apydaviG
& @nvmiqrly .mpaed cn itt chrcmti.ity .liaEran

i d nrg" q'o \e'rF d

lhe

ri p b.

onry ihe

.ob

ror h o pon L 3Js"

shrl
3du.
'"PFqN d dr,hro. cdoad,.sr4

.o, pt"

'F-ry tulo'.1,'

ot a .olon we dnw a shaQhl lhe JIm

[\ru8h dur olor poinr b a spe.tal olor m ine du(fteiy .w the
'0d n l'3
'rr
an. Ihs,610rcr crblqrenda! aconhnah@of whik u8htc d

FlcnlREug

.a6 Mdl,adcb

\Pt|@tM

tuhod lor deemitug donin r wavlmsrh

"8 bsm . dnd d} plrple LT D,adins :
fEh c rnbh p6hr c, h F 1?-10 br6 6 b pdt c, on rhe pui?I. I
ihe

spbal.ord c.

Thto

n { woa rd .016 p.rnb

tn dx..

wP.'re se lomPlffir

spdcr (:I4e, wlfth b dr poinr cj/, s"*.

rh doturt wawkigft. c
ch as C, in rl s diqan have spdHr disbdms kjtft subtR.hve dod
wavelenErhs. we c dtrrib such olorby fllbsding rhe sFbar dofr

ihe

waseldEih trcn whib liqhr

disbnc oi cr

rrom

c .lons rtu

dl"Lnelron(FLlaid/.b'}'o
rhe

sbaishr

lift

itus

b cj Il 4r

dm6

oho d.r/d<!. color cr in ttus

's
siturd * $our onelodh

IEIII

thp

rer disbre

6qn c io

cr

At

pGiiim a,,

IHE RGB COLOR MODEL

A(snss brrc h ra"tr r,'@ J vlocoir46p.nNp.otorrhtush

sdnuhdon ord]e visulp*ihb i. rheoffi or$eriini.one ortFpi

n nos sitive b \qhlwirh , udveleneih of ibdi a30 nn (rcd), amdE

h-

ps!snsjrivlrdabot53om(sEn),arnrureihndleme crcrEepr
brighrsithaw erqth of ,bod 450 m (blre). By.mpariq inhids nr
i,shr.er p wcptrvcdFturdorth?lrgh rL,h{,) or!,.,oEdebs
disprayin8 rolor ou9ut d, vids nmibr si$ ttu th@ pnD.is Fd,
wu cn trplifir rhi nodcr usina the ujt.ub drbed d n, c,..d 3
a shown n Fts. 12 11 TlE odsrn EplRnrs bla& and tte dusonally oppd.
ve&x,wjdr@ldb s 0, r, r ), iswhih. vetu oltne obon rheaEEpl<
$.FiurycoloB,and rhe maininsv*h.* rerhe.odplemmbrycoldpdir
ror

ed

of rh

pnnary

ols.

...\

T
;

rGB IX. VI CHROMANCB NORDINATIS

h.h ..Lr port wirhin L\e unir ob. en be EptEsd s

,h or rh pirn:r/ oloE, sbg unir v.doF & c, and 3l

cdi -(n. c.

Br

a weighbd

v&br

RR+cG+BB

xh@ Faim*e6 x, c, ud t x sis(d val!6 in rhe rMge ltun 0 ro 10

ror dample, ihe na8mb vetex is ol{
falur b piod!.e itu tiple (1, 0, l), and whib ar 0, r, 1) n lhe sum of rhe
blue sha,l6 of sray ee r+lerted alonF
rtu iai dla3dal ol
.ube rrcm oE orisin Orack) ro ihe a}nb tdex. PoinE
'ne equl contib
rldg lnis dbgon r have
c6d h,Iway b.eM bla.k and whire is (!nknr.d as (o5, o 5, ot. rne obr
lEdutuc along *p rio md bp plam or thc Rcs .ub aft ilustahd in

chr@dcity .Nrdnds ror rhe N

Nrsc)

an,rard RGB Pho5PhoB

drcnati.ity oodi@res wilni

aE

rhe C

! ldor cdq

ve

G)

bbhl'adviewls)L
sqlhFy.sabdrr@I.@obh.kbwhfu

F|aUFE14freRc'mlolg,'d

ruic

cr d

ridoo

(0

n0,0

316r.

calolMdlh'dGlr^Pn1nw

IEIB

THEYIOAND RETATED COLOR MODEL5

u RGB s6pli6 mmird FquiE *pd,e 6rFab

ardblulmplrlHbol4nituge.:
AltlFlgh
NISC

olor

.odiry to' roming dE

lor rh Fd,

.mpdh vido .is.al is carkd s

Ii dE YIQ.orE nodel, pa]nftd y is ihe sm d fi Y drlpmdr in

cIE r_rz dd spa. Luninmc (irBhh.s) inrolmdd i3 .mkrd by
v pMreh lh'hdnnaai'n d{mrhm /hu" and purJ, e o o?o
mb th, | ,nd o omRh A onbiroiif or fd. cllfl. ird brE k.
forrh.yparllryb r.yddrl.sbd.nltlllmGb ( !e.!wl

l@L,c
lmiltreinr@ho4bb.t-md.{r'ilekls jsimnmibusonry E y sis{
inlolmiid thar ppid6 rhe nesh-rD
shdin&
p,rd*e! Q c.ni6 31M-nD36b .otor Dfolmtion,
'nd dporft .olor
Trre NTSC
*rur js &nered b Fwide intonrrid in .
forn rrEt (u be ceived by blachnd-whik &levisi6 nmibB, which obri
8hF@re hforMiim to! .

iromadtr

pitu s

hin a 5

le

Th

band{idflL Tnus, rhe yrQ

ds mcoded wirhin a 6 ltrlz bandwidd! but rtp lumil Q an

ch@dticity valE aE <eded on *parak mla si8tul!. tn $is way. rh. lE
frnire sisnar is unchansed ror bla.kdd whih m6iG, ad tp .olof iirG
b

o.

drt
reL
strlt

rhe Y v.rm, is Gveyd ,s ,n ahpritude nodu|dm

aniei sisnai
a bandwidrh of rbdr 4.2 MHz chDiadci9 hfoDarion, dre
d Q vatE
n cmbind m a sc.md .adj6 si3ror th* has a ba.dwidth of abour 1 3
rne paraner
r and o rcfer b rrr trEdur,rim nerhods usd b

'l,nE on dis
lne 61oi inlomrtion

6diei An anplitode,modularion enodjng (.h.

"rn-plEe" 4nr! ta1Mib rhe I vrlue usins abour 13 tltHz or oE b,.+
sidrh And a pha* sodnratid dodinS {the "qudraton" signal), Bing abod

tri* re a varle.
Lffip t,ia F hrnd"d d
.12 r,.trr brndwd* ) dd d,. chnn
05

MH4

a lx3n*

pEaid nrhe\rq

nsn.{

GR we.s ,itm ssily ttekr 6nal b4htus cheg6 dnpatld b sut

roror crran3s. HNevd, tF b*e pEnion ru rhe drmati. y ocodins dG
suuin3.mde8rdddnorrlie.oloqualtt1ar NTscpi.bE.

M. nrdEd tdr prcdds dNnaticity vatu6 G to bbdL\etunjn .etum

dT cd od blue (trnPolEb ot ihe coloi Thus,

r - 0 2e i

s37c +0

n{ a

Q=3-Y
TEnrfomations Eetween FGB and YIO Color Spaes
An RCB .oloi b onverbd b a d or YrQ v.lus u6nl3 rJrsc d@ds u\ar
inpldmb rh crcuradoB h Eq 12{ Dd mduhe fte cdier si8iah. rn.

Th

@ve6id flm

RG8

3rae b \]Q tP,.e b

aMplthed

o8s.

lBl

onw*\ vR velsrd ismlerm b RCBoro !,uequ'in8d

\I3- decodei qlxJr tud +pna6 l}F \id6 ssul dto E Yrc.mP{'Fb
{d rhens\s be \ro\du^ro RLBqlh TFon\Bo fiotr Y a'tuF
\

b RcB spre n a(mPlishd w h dE

tstL,m

,mo

lol

fteYWand
B.aE

ot

YCcb Systcnt
rtE lfld bandwidL\ ssiend b

tn

chr(md.iy jntomrion in the

l dr.olor qua l o r 'rTca P' tuF is

n;Fk \ d"bm or dp lT o tuoory h,r e bffl da el
--"-h'i-"on".u \ orcd'nc'
oH b imDrtiE !\e.ordqur4 o,druffi$(n
ro
dLtuv*id-1. d,ft.
"\.hpddArl-.mpG'F!olo,uJ{l
8dd
Alhmrnm
Lnq
h.,r{rdsnEn;d ,bkru,LJrd r4l(Fhrp
vndb;i d Yro h d 6u, m, dFs err"d \ ( c+ rhr roro, Fpcflbbd L
uF'd d4iu\.ddbdijdmaron.."rd binlrmoEed ! bvrrbisraphG
6le fL,ft6. \uch a! L\e iPEc 6Fh Itdn l5 ,l)

IEE

THE CMY AND CMYK coLOR

MODE6

ddo mitoi dbplaF .old paftm by (mr,inins lisht th,r is mitd Ibm
;htrh b;cdo'b\ep o'R Ho$meihad op delh,
tuff
'GDho;
plohs
.no
a.h a o;';
educ c lob prtuF bJ oMs r pdPe t rh
p
gImb
B?;
ltf,.oritr
olor
FRetu m $e Pap.r bl Ffldd d3hr hl! \
a

$e Prihiry..,r's.re
ai.d. ry 6r bc (Rribed ,s ombi'
'
*;o" d re^ *d b* ftddr' shm hrla 'sh E Flfrad hrcn'
d brE coiponhb,
olord ink the rtnebt lislll .mbift arJy dt sls
g@la h ru3{u
rhe
rr'
sb?lFd bY
fdFrowsubbeE$?
br btkns @.onpolF hor n 'd{'.i+r
blue onpond I mit .ube EPIgob$m for tE CM I nodel is illusbakd in
' rn be cl!,n -d"L ihe.p.hdl pc io Ll.IEp6b',.j'ruc,l
ubMed ftP oriF ?tr'rb {hrc l ch
prmD
oloF psd ue Juda d s! aj dons lh.
Ftui a ]1IMG or &.'. d ;
mu dDgml d lhe ob- A @nb:tulm or cd "rd m8.nh br Prcduts
me'l with rhe

I.

li3nl b@ur rhe d Md F

sl6d sn,ra ,/ . ombh:hon d
brue

9
d,.6biErimof ru8hb,nd yuor
rlr yietds rcd Lqhr
'IrE cMY printing pllrls orren lg 3 onddm ot tN
n* dors, whi.h
andJl3ed o 4 tlo* pr*n .ors h-' tu FLB n@rq LA rR prc\phc
doF.'.1d h p?"b -. $" cvl .ord mod" s *mr,.
p.vlr
u
r;dd.
when ( i ihe bbcr olq pannekr olr i.r dd b 6s1 for^dch of th. pnnE!
.oloB (.yac Nfab, and yerrow), anr dre inr dd B bb.!. A bl'c* d;r ; ;
ry,1 mgdb.and \e e lrr!nPIa!
p'odJ. ronlv 6hde d sra lme ptob: p,ndr d,fi";r. olo, o.b;q:
h ,PE\u: rt. inr hr. ri uR P'
bd, brcF'n4d1 rorb[.] ui.btubo.sE\ ya.pp.obs o .d
'rm
Transfornations Setween CMY and

sdlPTs-hco

P-d.lmf

RGB Cotor Spac.5

RcB

Fpr'fudo

bbdUshgthelo|l4inBrobb\formlioi'

b,(

v\ EP6-

lil lil til

wh@ L\.whii.pohrb RcD

space is

rpffiEd

ae

dE

uit o1llm vftmi

tfl til til

InllrFlEr6br,bor'lhch''o|u
For rhe cdftion frm RCE b.he crry(.olor slae, we 6d *r {
mx(& c, ,). T16 x r subded frcn .a.h of c, M, d y h Eq. 12 n
i,nr ror rhe kanronation fqn r.Myx b RcB. we rid d ( =;in(& c.
Thfr.x is s,bMed nom a.h ol i
b oJormbd eqshh ad ofbn m6"d b rmoD; vpturinsqLdh

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THE HSV COTOR l\,toDt

Inhrr,c rd*re

dne' d " d

linsot6tu I

ino'. we
nodl by st6 bns r .pen dl otq ,nd I D I
b6..dddbrh otor b obhir d,ficF

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of Pnnury

nosb

oi

k\h

nd ola.L

6n

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rhl!'m*idjt otor "p&" bJ FLrins rhe F6\ F'mdx b

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- ro-di- 0.Rh:veheprhrB Paidr#t,16

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3r a dd! bluc, Ioi icre, v ould be $r t 0 4 widr s = 1.0 and r.i = rt

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v:rd < s r a.c6lh"Tod..ry''c J p'''<n rhe.l5vtsra1@chd

b i slorealerkmlaffpsl,dFedi.utor whet
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16 v:lue drinss irc sufiirisr srt this ranse or FrameieB in oE Hsv
coloB. For

Fr@tuP JbtFano r+er b

Transforhations Betwcen HsVa.d BGB Cotor Spac.s

ro&ltrhe F oPe."ho1s FquiFd
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in,&b { o ;

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deFnbhs

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tu tut /4/8tpw

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(1.d c.

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d Dr b.e olor pMm4.F B dF nrs,Frm ud

u. krtud G,?oRrim Tlx. lolor ?ae has rh" doLbtFlm @ffiEb
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anodE- mode b$.d

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v.dd r\B tu, ruh r hue tprrrjj .oto,) tn lhr hodel. H rI lorll'fr
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d
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COLOR SELECflON AND APPUCANONS

dpb I'r F in J saY rhai 4d. us r n:In

rm rcnbn sLdca 4.d orq n \eL
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-. *" *"d b &ai a d w.n mthd.olDs r.ndorJv del6ues d

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p'nrr DbEFdubleo.oaiu. i$r rslo ddM,b rAaLh'reo.oh
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.

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romd6
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REFERENCES

;.l.'s-*tdtirbsdtoet)'Hdetoela'
;-J.Gt
u"v n*1. hD oes) dftvb{rq)
c;:...a
iiirqaso.*,
.1 py-*1.l G:Y' 12 1i:
iili;iii.i' r ;"i"* -t' +o-i^
F.! addtd@' dtuo - &
r"o
ii=iiiriir:ryii;;; iiqr';a

;iJ
L

*,i1,". -" *' p.*e"-

ogg51.

'ishr

o16

R chs* I rq)

EXERCISES

DfikeYPleon.don\dnBRb

6;

d-d*d !6! Lh

'tu

6v '"r'*

fuylhcpqrnh&PEedntsqtrj
!!dy&P$Udnfuffi'ngetr
D4futldp8lchlqwdg
'lsldooD6'4iMhuEr'orN
b.frgl4&o5r6dBALNincB6Fc
,','

;"-,

*. "
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Hsv
r"*.

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D'llwnejgregro'fuiq'lPdu

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Computer Animation

3 AdohrdFtle tuahon
13no ctacl hnadq PqlduF

l3'2H4offut@d6sqEn6

r3

.mnlyUsdbPtldue
minatioc lor

a variety of

aPPlnd

pduEand.tunt, advltilir dPnh6( deryiier

ngstudiB, dhtusededKahon Arinaugn we bd b $iir
(norim

of aninahon

inpryms abiRr no

*qa{e

or

viFul dE4.s

r . Pkft. h

addidq r. dEn*i.g obiEi p$idN rshs tanslari@ or Ehtims, r.omFurs

Fs*ed dimiion ould dnpby tr unahoc n objed siz, olo. Eac
inations orbn hasition one objat
;.Erc, - -d&e txtur.

^dkd$s
trpdqaanal4" b) \a4iry(nfl '
F'.mde; v,hd.pc'q n - aM o tu..?nsrh tud M iotu nl'8FL
;s .n-b * dh* p;'-d* -d plsrud asiated witn inmimrion and
Enderhs 6n b. aed to Prcdu.e co
fudngs$deiatdno^P"bs@ia6tminnlidb:]isnMiny
$"di tPFPFmEtrordD h.P'nr
i! hrdd

fo d:ld!4h"Trdo
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mode
r nfMdadDdbirhd 1i"r,
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r"
ror
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* *** *' *d"p.a",r " h*

adtuiomdioE Horever,rhendnanydrhimeniandadvdbingrP
n

or d soal Fo' P.tr

ibdiien? &rd '
p,,p rratquaablBdn o P; dj pbFd-$P*.jG'od"q,b"rr'haPs
ih"' h"' Fd e, hehh'lpr"Fa,.re urd". dr rlP ErLr of !h. p\) !dl
' Twobasicncrhodstoroctuctinsanoton*queneerrlfm.rimridn d krnFby.fl"ft sin.tim I. a ELfine.mPd*din d6, dh
..oFo Fu. dcnturim 1b b?Cr
b"F5e.hk- r1d
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8*!Fd lrd
.d(,l. irhi r P rr"TF .! bP ft
dnphyed on rvils nodtu ji "ral tun phtta.k" node. sinPle drodo.

dnPb\\aFse Frdxt produ.d.1F:l

mhd
rfu6m

morcioh tr. nd. d ha

Es.itLp.\ of
oi rhp M turion. a r,s. aTrd, c;
'}. rcrpinruh
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i

.Ispl,y

msmohhd$e md b [o] rh.mmPb

s.quhe b b detopd qu([,

IEtIl
ELis

RASTER MEI}IODS FOR COMPUTER ANIMATION

T4lim tudo&

8ur in

3.d

linr 9
h ffipked hi.oug
'ne'
djLr
mnn$m
e \e!d b\ muB
s
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I\errnrbSmrbF dimabfl i r fJ b. howry.. F ned rc Produf dr
md'onhdm{d !r \ 4ro.Ch5ln,rroMK Fndosm.ci!drpry.4
roracm pla 3me oT F:tr or he rl]ldhol.oJ'd ErF;d orrhe E r+
Netm b ron!tu. rn rhar.ds oopr6 sEa ed rur ror.d * dwra\ra
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rm

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'ne
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ot

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ploy e6 4feh

ro

prod@

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bunc rr riany, se roh . rrse

for lIE

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d;rio.

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'oLrin6.nd
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Pelom.d,'valr4shlr Tne rc{6htrdoryNrebnKuhdsbshidr

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ordf ple.h, bsn rr'Dhr8!o.m.mpt+rher h.b;d,r:rrirhd
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6 lo$e u4n rhe aF+ qn dF r rl.4r hm b d-9 a'.d d 1! vi u ic
1116
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r.
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iftcui

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B{aw otslighi:vdiitiN i.

rodh.

h.mes

Persond,

:;or""*..:,d..,\fd,"d-

rhe

nnphnohrbn 6ft iot t rcutim rhar

ub, $n tranes ould hre a linls n@

lne to .mhd .nd s.ft a litk le

.hmF abruprly and dad.,rlr one way ro rcmps$re fo rhts eftu n b dd
a s;n {ne deLy b rhe Pbgian. Andher Pcsibiliiy is b dld lIE mo6onF c

sMede{riPlionb'hqhdE'nm

G.n.bting Animations Using Raster Op.rationt

r& .d also 3ftrah FalinE rasb rnatjos f,n ln'itd aPPli.adDs sir'3
blck bmtus of a Rbnsular af,ay of pixel valu6. This mimiid e.hniqe h
often 66d m @" pbyinq prcaranr As hr hi\. qm r e.r 01q a 3mPL
Prh& b qmaia rn ooiF frc

lctu. T,aainsionar dahonr i

'w alrhouEh w. dk Fhsdr
sron,

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ue ned b Btrnab rlr pelt6r ol aR (rcas.lo! rh@ lixels rhat overlap L\e
rcbt.d blc* sequo* ar rdk oFlations cd b. extrred b Ptodua Eal
time rninahon lor eiifter eoninmid:l d ihc'dtui.nal obiKb, s los
b n th prrd o , platr Tr.1 no qe ing
or visible{urfae alson$tu nd be invor'l
n\

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$r a. m s i,hed by .h-Fs d* rcrlchbr. nru6 e

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rfte

pftediilg

aronS

DESIGN OF ANIMATION SEOUENCES

m aninadon qenccn b a.mplicared br,Panjcurady wh6

itnvoLv6 a $ory lhe a d nuldple abjR6, ach olwhicn on nove h a diltuMt
say. A basic appud i5 b deign euch atuiim *qu@ dg or ronowing

ctuiry

!
f'

Key

FIft

spRifrcfioB

nE.b4b.'rd F dflineofbf !.
b&
d d rF b e pbi . tlP.ro

oI

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ng

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s.

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hhoue b 6ehr*nc did

INADMONAL ANIMATION TECHNIqUES

inahos

vflcty

of nEthods

ru dePi.hng

and

mPhalhg ndion

{uer6 nr*inludeoqdodd
oIE ol rlc s6t jnpotut rn+Jqu6 Id sinutahng aclarahm erf<b,
Fdi.ul.ny for misid o!<b, n qudh ld 6hrch F4@ 1s shws hs
brx

A" m. bd, m ereE

dops, it i5

fisr.mPres*d

r beD b
(squ6hed)

.tu l'hm

'nd

rhm

sfti.n

h. b,x rah rhe noo' and

d aSain d ir addqih

t"rl'" r. hq* "*a W ru,".*"Itr -.inins, hhx-\ FhF 'o nP"P..'

eirovheob'ts?Pn*Edw''l'roP
d;\ $G" r'"*.amaL"h@
N*rhp4hdrhrmobmlni!ptu s'u6b'hrtis lJ'.dh4bPPcition
.hd6 be@ IE@ llll:'* as: bou.i4rballmffi rash
obie r m!mm6 d rr{ be np\E >d oy fl ins Prel'nusry moD
6,r;idF.rrtuprionatrDnus'dM l-o-.\imPl. a6trihaiadr
delr lan r{rm and mhF 1' bodJ beb? dalfus ro M or a.lD :fr niShr
p?iM, *i.drp bc..d*,uJb,ll 'rul"' l, louo*_thdu3t t hm ' 4
dM* t ; .Fe u:,+ b iL uoo! o' a hr d n\ ofi a tufr 'ht s

,bpFd abrupdy. And d dim can h emPhasiad win sb3in!, uics Fcc
b ;ny nt$it lor reudig m r imptut pad oI a stPru, 6u.h 's ' 'ha'dei

IEA
Mmy

GENERAL COMPTJTER-ANIIVATION FUNCIIONs

$6wm pa.kass

h,ve

be!

dryloPd eithq

td gaenl rnimdo de

l!"ula'\tmhmtunluos
siF; la pdolnus iFcr,d "nn,br 'r'r'
r;rde "."DrA abjRr mdim. FwaMs qs or obFF. prcdkijl3 dm
Lhe sFnention of in+smIflre. s.ne ihriihPa.k3,
{a notjos,
'nd toi.x.mplo povid sPebl lwtiG forlotn $e Naall ani_
ch s $r'vetmi
mriddeaensid tnepresbsotidiiduarobidb O*BasF.iir-PurPe

d.ksBrdpad.u

hnF or mndrd slln6a'rhforsmaotE

d&Ns hm6 q 'a 3y5bn ror turF a tubd
4 *r or mulrlF aotu' pmvrded r !8tudarrmbF.|!s.ro,. q.
h3 r r tnmSus rhr obid dabbay obid sha nd s6"ed p idr6
'f llru sd updakd in brrdDrp ob ;bFr 1llllrfi5 urLd" dlP
vodm Gr b sen{Fo
'hov,olgdcT'd}obJd{'b'6
.oi*:-t uJg vc
. drn{om D hR dinpEd l hertuioru $no-d r, nobo, ia
b applied b idflhfy vi,ibh surks and apply rtu mderiry alcddm.
Anorlu r)?ic'r tuncrion *t dNtab cnen nd.meni. $ndard cnd
ltins'lmdU'rv.r'|.e.rnr'orfo.n

I
IEIE

COMA.MR-ANII\4ATION TANGUAGES

,tutlG b G sn ud ldh ,n -rrc- *qJ"IWs hib.

g-sd pulpe pmg,a'mine ldnsuse
lui a ( r . r!p. or romd bi
+!FalTs'a *d n1 Jbd Li g!!sF h,t. bh' d*dopd
rr*.msbgE
wr dn dp"lop

'F,{xr'Drtudra

Rr"pr

rcedrb.4,nrnm@-oi; - bd_,s *
;sr.er
-.ro*r. 1tmb, bd+
sPr.ub---,
4,onrrud \.
{r,o.8M"h

nethods,orodrerFPltnlalim*hemes'
4n hPoranr 6sl
d tu.lon.
,rude, $e p>,boruu 'rorabrd r1o igh, $Ln6 dphmns rh; phob.ft
pan4\ rlshr $si rfthe dd {,rac Lu')]ftb prcp.?r. an
#$ h 4md Paare?'e iPG
anorhe *:ndard rudion k d;on sp{irdrjd, whjch involvs rhe tavoft of mc
oo pddL r' hc ooi4 ind , atri!
qe in3 d 46Tq ti. " b an"fo' n4iioE 3ls.h. r d1"b, ru iotu o
Bmm!

u.hond x

"q,i,^0(tlh,b
F"d " nFEk*dtu.dmturrq s*qr r' de'1oermtu-r*J9
.pi,ieol.y1616 \oc.
narorrrcr d1TrionPlrljg. h r
,ihdrB .e sch oq. urrm,.d.ntrod.a 4. o, iqjd b.;,F .rry{nd
m'ko -uno- d &$4o h edo;.aan"smpte dr
. ngte m mb., h r,g rkhd.-\d
amtuep,sholdd3Gw1,etb.*exhsio4pji.h,yiw, doll.wecnexd

C,"
FauR-ll- eFddtu-d,

,r 5
dr nmbd aJ de8es ol ned@ ro thtt sbd ,m io e by 2lrowiis thlF
d@ion t htds ld tlF bap (Fig 1$7). ff we 'l3o ard bae rchtim,
dDnbdammhaveabbl ol helvsd.ts otffid 'IrFhumn body, in
onpatu4hanm[h 200 desta ot r!Ed@
tuerizd rFr.m allow objet Ddim dEEei5d6 to b spftifred a

patof seobjddeiiitom. 1Ladju6bblpadmcF@ntuI $.hobjRr.hdac

btudcada'*olfredon,notionlinibrim, dauowrblesha!chtr36
s.dpdq 3ytu:now obtKt spRituadm ad mimhm seq@ b b

IEII'

GY-FBAME SYSIEMS

b 34ned fton
sFdliadd or so (or @&)
'l
ftane
Mdim
pai\s
a b 3im frdi, ri,dad.
key Inrc 6ing a key
slsim
,.5ni',' as a d or sprtu .aa, or L\e noum . b p,$urry tavd by
sF.iryiq Lhe fo] d.hng on ihe obr
inb idivi'lual conponmE
For .onplx rs, we m sepanh Ele fffi
(ellulddhspaft
i)
rltukmdswloFd
6!m 6tun'
orobidsall,r.ek
whd
the
ba.k3rsd
md
.ach.haner
in
a rerc wtr
imdd edniqu6,
ph.ed o. a separab baGp,fty Th.i, wlL\ the tmparh.i6 srrc*.d in the

*r

or in

belllas 6n

orddtomb&Iqrund rof.rgtud, rftey uephdogdphd roobrain rtt.mplered lrme. IrE spNlicd tu6m p'dB e th4 ukd ro obtain the d l
Ior a.h.h adr, uha rhposidoB ac irkpolared liom the *.y-ftaft iinE
vlrdr onplx objEr bansrorudos, dE sh!p6 or obieb nay dDn8e ovs
iim. Effpls ap doth6, ta.ial GalrlE, nasni6ed dbil, olvineshaPs,md
edodn or d;inksntins objeb Fo suta.ee dsibed witrh pol%.n mesh6,
in*.n ga on Eulr in sisnilk i (haises in polyE@ slDpc $ $d tne
nmb.r ot edgs in a pol$on odd b diffftnt lrm.n laft b ir* next.
Th& .hdg6 ar in.orpdird inb rh. d*elopnenr oi rhe n+ees ftms
by addhg r
bth.6ie pol'8m ede a@dllg io 6e rtqtuG ol ll

Tmtom'ri.n or obid shaps rlm de lom b oihs $ emed bdphnl&

whid i' a.ho@d fod.I "mharlhosiiu". An rmbrcunodelno.Ph
iryby t"n56offigpolrcm

snrFs

inm$h

rhe

in-btum rtqn

ffi

Ley

rEft

a.n witn a ditteEni nunbs or |tr *smnb sp<i

b:rsrD'mMi, we. tusiadi6rfteobjersp(xiGriminme
ol ttu rr..@r $ rht dE nurber oI folyeon edg6 (n E nubq oI pol'ton
v-@s) t' dr *ft tor dr ho fr:fti ftL pftplRsing shp is inBhhd
b Fig 13-3 A sbdshdtu *gndr i k y tamp t is h$fom'l inb ho line
9sGnb h LL'y halc t + L silc rey rEftt + t has d ahrre, re.dd.
vflrs b&o rerdcE r and 2 d k!'y traft k ia bil,ne rhe nDbs oI vshc
Gnd dE6) in 0E tuo ky t:m6. Us'ls lired inerpolatim to 3mrak blr inbetu m,wbaBirion!}Eaddedvflrsinkeyrift tsbveftxs iro$fte
nishLlt'e path shNn h ris, r3i. An *mrle oi, tcnsle liredt erpnding
'10. Figls 1}tr ind 1!12 dDw empks
or noryhine i. bl{ision advedsins.
Civn

ko

rynls an objet

Let n.ans,

@i4riFh

de

naant

r-n

tuds.-,u.-h.

Fb^

qGUR'Ejr.9ba.dErPd?tqhfunsrcru.

"d2

natnat{
h"slom.tu dlnmo6ib'oeaubbobildEnEbhl
tcrrnle
c.qh6, tn
4

snnah

lsfoequalLingleylrareginbIGo'

rotvdi.6

iobcadded ba ry hame we

riBt.cnsidei equlitns &e edsecou

nu'ber ol line sAftnb h Hoons
ntrmber ol lins ro b equrizd Gn b d&min.d as

,"=*(*)
edg

(r)

c)

quia[on N

thm rompl'hed

th *F

Dhide & edses ot kVt!ru., inb M + t sdm.

D^ide rhe rt!8n63 Lr6 or @rr,'?". inb f[ ktid'
n, se wNrddividdotr

rf we quaLE

rEorkqytm*+r

or[4F,4r aFlefi intd.

the v{bi omt we .a u* Pdine^ & d vLr ro d.
s lin6

nd.hcnumb!."r'.no. nrhr eo.olv.Lh.t \) tlm.IndL,r

ve

Tnen

ve.mpub

L\.

folMnq eo val!6i
l{, = (v-, -

1)

hod (y-.

1)

* = *("*&-+)
b pflr{m wF\

0)

(2)

Add NI Fdb b
lim ssds oflayirruiu.
^4,
Add N, r pojnbb rh. rmaininerd.sot Elrr

.q@

klion h$

t^".

Fs dp tiangbaonudilabml eEnpre, Vr = 3 and ykr = a. Dollr N, and j\t

aF r, m *e vodd add qe poirr b om edge or t' id4. No poinb wouid b.
added b ihe
linB oI kfaq.

'aaihs

5imul.ting Ac{lerationr

tuq ffi orh uvd o sFi^ rh" ffitur Frh)

lej fJllBcvcnd*\eh Fsjrift dd*tR r 6 n6n;
*
drh litEd trnmrinEr partu. Fi$e 1!13 jxu.rab a Dl]ns fr"f k*
ds, w. 6n adjur rhe iine spad,u tu
c JryF6dine

rf dre nabh E to Gu * o6br sFd

a.elerihon,, we e
hkd iim sprcing for rE in-b.eeB rd Gm
iNhe, wftn in berws
Lev-fran c b4of , end D lTig. I 4.. rre ba? il]Fa b?tun rh.
6
^fy
B drvide ih 4 - r ?q rJ rub ntuL ) ietdins f in betuf spa! hgd
I

^.=!:!

_- ,t-_-']-i,+
_i-

_+ _
;

'

tu

forn'.

j$ b+eren
tBt

r3

-\+ jat. j-t,2.

.1

Fi6l palrlrlfu f.r $rr rr.re or rhe neo

sFd dms6 (n('rao a@ld{im) ae uru.lly ll@ry ar l@ pohr
d anirurio 6ln o stu, rriobrty ar dE 4Di.s rd dd of @
qllre. Tne sd-up {rd slow-doM pdim ot an anned.a p.th' it
nDdeld with rylim or friBdffiic r6chm, blr paEboh rnd obn
tudioN h.ve 6en .pplEl b &lelpi,tun nclelins anrmhm pil!8s

y tumish

To model

ttmondic tdim fd

incffiins

Bped

1 G3,
'

r'

beffi,

Ar

vlb

<

rnF

ror ihe

rtgm(fuic

{eldario6

<e <ntz

j$ rn$eh

; t tim .ufeEN bem

plot oI the

<

dE

sinulatinB

(!6irive aRlsrriont se w.nr 0E t'!re Epachs

.hln8E in pcitid ffia the otixt
nrg \iz fd fiP dm inrs\d $rh ti!

a@lention

rhe

ko

frdim

kly
{r

tsnB lir

nodel dtgirs sped (dRlenrim) 6ins the

Irl trF P..i6m of e n'

,4.

tq=\+N*4#1)
pld d rfii! nlrdm ud

ih

1}15

riE

d* in-Mren spriry tor

tudim

Bin

r,

wifi

=r2

decEsirq siF ot

EGlii-i::,ii Adgmd.&erdrhituldtudFdnE
i&tu3Pdqtui=5da=
enF s dr obid mv6 {wu.h

r'7,Ftodudrnad.@dfir
ft tu:r

i!/12cEq.

ach

oIr-. dioB mbn

boft

pedu!5

d dmdl)9fu !\e

/n

'rm.rd
of ftu8rruu
bv hBt ffi3
6e in+^dtufim
"p.da
hm 3pr.1u. thm deo@rs rhis spains.
bdio b ldu;ptsh rhe @

lo
T1rMe r& E

.-o.

r+lws E no! ca .utakd e

-.o6"r/p+ rrr} .
rs, - i, + A'
{'
Mth Ar deffiB df bru drkm berc rh. eo
hr d DwrB ohPr fr, d r.]d rnd
I rh

t=t2.. .,
r.y

nre rm inml!

rq.'.r-3.'bd@d,..'d6d'd

,rz.
dinl6 a tu djd mow saqh qh e trhmL

FTGURET3-17 turis@ltd {clsrdderdar i*h

fffiFdg+e@nryrds6ll=5h!q'19'

o odr26d

G,

hocssi\q tu in'ldwms is sinplilid bt iniiant no.teli$ 'lkelebn"

(wiFirme)obt{b,$dEtnorionsquen.s. binrsa.rivelyrdjuned.Artu
rhs imrimsquere jscmplehlydelined,obie.6. betunypmleEd.

IEA

MOTION SPECIFICATIONS

des;piion of rhe inrEcd@s thd prduce

norions. Tr,$ w. .ourd delire how m animaiion i5 ro hre prac by sivins
rhe ransformarion paraftB, tie ndion parh panmerere rhe tores rhat ar ro
t on objFb, or ilre deib ot hd obj
rhe

Dnect Motion specifi cation

n6r skaiehrro$ard nrrhod ror,leriins .n aniFahon i. dirtr turio, rpc

ri,, or rhe geondi. t,nsrddiho FrEn!&n. Hcn, w. crpliciny 5d ih.
v:luA rd rhe 6h6,n ,ng1a Id hansl$on vltroc rnn ft. 8qruhic han'
loftdon ia6.$ ,rt rpplied b bansrom cerdinib p.ri6ds Alr.nlhvdt
we .odd @ ,n iFproximbg equatio Evolvmg the pr,od!* b spit'y
The

ir

Puioab

$e Paih of

i5bne, with i danFd, Edned, siR orvc (Fi*

whw

,4 i5

the;iGr inpiiud oeiBh' or*E

g!la! IEquency,

G Ih

$s opposiie exene, w .m spety

{al h'm fiat abstniLy desiba $e

tuhm

lb!re

pha* ansle,

Ar

woids, m

ban

rr3)

G sF.ifred

he

Lhe

tuio6

huncins barr, ro!

ihe Ercund), o k !\e an

that aF ro bk

plr h B.n

syshs m EfeRd to as *er dtaia. .n@ varu6 loi ihe ndim pffim6
b d?kmined rtm .hp 3o:b d bff4do. cdp\mpte qeoutd.pd
ll.,l w? hJi 5 ob,{ b 'Edll' q
o;
FA 'l- d'.h''i.
-'.. p.or"oJla"p4hedobi.r
ro d8utsrlurhahr',nd6F ro"o,.l
rh
hpd d'dive m rr.r fr.?Edmh!o'ompl]mr nobol!Uur w d.
lJerchi$r

tu

ar

s$hobons ro

Kinhatics and Dynamic

we can ars cNtud animaiion *qll'lg r
b6. wdr a krEmft deKipti4 we sp&i6,

d*+
@dpal:ebu (pc ior vldiiy, d arclendd) wfthout EfeM.e b aus a
gGrs of rhe mrion. rd on*d retodrr (2o aereRhon), we d6i$ab L
ndos of 4id bodis in ks. by sivins ,n iniiiai pGftion dd vdds \E
b tu s.F obi6 r Asdn,' mpr". d a.dF v "\otsituo - 1.0. 4' GF
sq
lhb vbr 3iv6 oF dichon lo! th sr{shr ljlF m6o pa$;d
'lren Tsjlutr d \cts i E,ald@ 4 r b per *r. r \ca s sF,
$p sFed
b
i4 JG F'rioG rrdP oid'i4. or\etdtur he rn gPnsdF.paiLp. \tdd.w, snd (]rd notion paths. I<il*fihc sp{iri. ion ol a notu e ab
be Stvd by snndy dsribn'e dr nohm pdh T.n is oJb dM. srns splh albmk appru.h 6 ro ue ,146r hi.mriir Hert, k speciar d* inida
ud hn pG br ot obrd. r .FiJi
hdsffs/fu4FlrE|mdckld+
mire rhe 6Nht veleity $.t s ammprishd'.noEG ofu o6id
Ehamtna|dru

lhe minarion by sivinE

1 .t!denod.uknu*dh,lh
obF.bbyeivineih.pGdd8fdolienbtimof endnodeoI obid,

a.h dorafd.Thesysb$4

Dytumi.degipd(r,on rrrdhei han4ft qtr rhe specilicrionoft he

pnnaa $e vdddBTd aaelenrios Th. dsphon otobid b"ha\
bm of th. inme of roK6 i3 so*.Iy Ffeftd b 6 pry,nry r,s*r n
(chapd 3). Eehple ol toRs atrdins ohd ndon include eltua
8/avibt al, f.idiml, md o$er m.hani.'r idr@
oblet nohoF aE obtinEd hm tha fft equadons
phr
las, s!.h 4 Nsbn s la$ oI ndion rd sradbrior and 'l6.iibins
tidioi,r pr
Eurei d NavErb*s lluario6 dek;binE rdd n@, and |,{a:wrrt equr
feeleoeSneti.Iorci For exanpl4 the selEalt nolNefrmtsqd

rd

,=*,*,
wheFFbL\eforeved d v is L\.vetodrytEbr Ifns is oreht, k
$"nu,P. r 4r h h.FpqsS raclsadovabictlytu
. dobh,q se monons d 9a.. r
dr{trrrese .Iruui,bledmusor Le pejnr.m. w.dnilss
,,)@,6 @ ob,in $ r{)l$ e\en rh nbtm ftnal pc.rm o, ob,4

phFftIy b,*d nodelins imrude .mpLex iigid body syt

syrffi a .ldt and plash. mrsbts. Typidl, nn@
iGl mrhods m B?d b obbh dE ndio p atuE imlm{hry hm ifte
dytumiGr equ6E Eh8 ftdar cqrd
appudtiom

of

kms and su.h nerrgrd

IEIE

ARTICUTATED FIGURE ANIMATION

firuri

i']st'

Abasicred iqQ ror

people arnmh,
d,l dhi dieE is b
nodl rhm as.i{.rr,r..l nsuF, which aE herarhical stucbm (1npa*d or
a Ft of 4dd rnrs ih,r aa (trDebd ar rcbry jainb (fi3. r31e). rn res ronn r
re m dN ud dE . rrrai qe rodet alu,k oq^s A hoqry. ri.t tpuF.
,mpLfied.relprm d, u, ra { be waopd i irh . ub4d Fplt,gmS !\4

hrn'fuf&li6sd.d6ordhFoutf.ml[gs'
Tte lrNing poinb, or bns6, ror anicular.d fi&r af pra.ed d L\
shourd6, hiF, Lns, ari orher srdeGr joinb, whj.h baver arons sF<ilied
hdim paths a rlie hdy no6 For emple, whd a frorion is sF.ifid for an
obtftt, 1l shdurdd a&n.dony mNes in a ldin sa), and,
rhe stEulder
's
rd6.rh.ffillue
Dllcr' hP
d jdprn&,E d.fned ,nd asdi.dt si$ ptub.dar n tids ior tne ronb

and

A Frie,t salljns les ndiot ior i6ftq dghtb. dfinda'in FiE. 1&20.
Ihe hip io&r ie raml.bd fodard aronc a hdrmbr rne whne fic om{tirg

InbFrlomasi6of ndffik abourtlE hip, rR, dfgr.iohb.sbtins

*i'h o sbaEhi les (FE. llm(i), tu finr hdid ! a rR bdd,r rhe hip nd6

iovanGB1,20(b).rnenlhelesswls3fo nd,6tuhrl!vdtimlp6i
6on, ard tri$sba.&6 sr.*n in Fi33. r'20t, (d), fd k) rtu
re
a wid. trine back aid a frm ra dr 5hishr vdcllxsnon, s'rnalmhms
in Fiss. 13-20(0
dd (!). Thb miim .y.b n nFakd for r\e duGrio of rhe aninatio4 rs rhe
6sri. nd6 d& a spedfied dn6E q &n hewat
A5 a &ue nN6, o$d mo6ds af ircrpdaied inb rhe vanous joinG. A
fiMidar dioo ofla wiih vains anplitude, c b applied b rhe hips s

\!
ru-(Wlzolld"**'"

imp

red to ths shour.res,

3o+

md rhc hd .ould bob up and down

Unmn,.mdd olfpha"a

o! " fPaPrary i 1 &nfl ?4 b_r

\,iemdhistdnb uqdrupnrdu, sdmDpnobm
\Falblrdrlk're
a .onpri.ird liglP, inv* Lim
onoB tr:y e Fsbh ror. gi,.h
.s.1 Lmqu. .rLi 01r4r d Fo<srr
.ddi4ro-tr'h,n6

IEIS

PERIODIC MOTIONS

hh{ qeocbu.' r rn- dhor { h Epeai{ mmp!rh'.rr

lhemdion6.dmplcd tu4.t-)
' sobF -apd ob.{Erh
e'@3\ro'Pll'q.
Jlcm,4menbrc
sylchrcnjzed with $e

renreFarion nb $

a .vp,.,r A rPre o

tnar

*e diplay

Lr

dddl

hJnds'dpad

b br iurnins in th wio$ di
.'.leintherotaumofasa*on$h.d

m Fd.pule JD'
ontnidlhesbnd d mdio pnbr proi.rion rare of ?1 fi
tug h,! mdor hou.d h :.
ri& 1}rz I rce rrre wheromPte6 I or; b- ryq ; or a kmd,
Rordcd

1l

6a!NdileiokdgfuibFiq

l3.ooutdAnddPl@d|6
is sm4akn pa cycl and d uhel L\E appeE ro b rcbbs
in dE opposire (.oueKlckwiF)
L. a .orpuhrgwrared animrioq we c,n cmbl ine smplhs de h a
psiodk mdis by .dF6hng ihe morio paramds. For .\ample, re can et (ne

animrim f;are

didim

ftrins objd

m th.r nulripl rrane aE

incrmdr for a Fhrion aqle pmduG
120 hobon *p3 dudn3 oft dolutim,rnd,4! in(6m( g6dab 90pcidoB
Fai t6rd mtimt lar8tr statbnrr seF .o'Id b. rs4 as lory as rhe nunba
oI snpl6 pr ry.k ; nat b sn:I md th ndim is .ledly displayed. wne
tmphi obidb aie b b. animed
thit ine ftaft ostutim tu nqqht hive m ihe fft6h rab, s di$B*d in
sdim13 r TE mhm ola.mplex obd 6 b nfth slmd th{ R wm. n
a

3.

bb.ir br*t@lm8b.o6tue
Anoir.r ra.ior ihar we ned

dd i

.osida in $e dtFhy

se.hon t4, we 6 pdiadi.,rly

e@r JId pldddg d

tu.dJied
.ourl

to

dril,ft'd

lEre

at

reFa1d

dion

par@6d valE io pnvdi lne

vsrueoft Nay.y& (re).

opencl ANI[,lATloN

PRoCEDURES

Rasb op{rnos (9dimF4 and slo.indexdsnn.t tun tu6ftavailable

h rtE oF ljbrary, and buhn6 lor chanE]ng old bble v!tue, ae
ided
h cLUr (&.rid 43). o'hq !6re.,n,turi@ op.ra6@ aF availrlle d'ly
s @. In
GLLI
bec'ue tfiey depdd m the window
'tt\cid6,
b
<mpu@nimahon Lrtud rucn .r dGbl bufiding nry nol b. incLuded

.).h

otue

Doude$uftedns opentiot

il

an$b,

,t

achvabd u.hg rhe touowbg

ftLpiovidBeobtr'tuB,canedihetdirrll'l d 3F r,cr h,t4 tnd wedn ue

.lklnbly ro Eii6h *E ffn dnpLy. w]lilc d bufiq n ethg d rhe pkesh

dtucbd

in L\e othq butte. we spdt

wrh

,he

eo btituG ae

tur6 o(
'he

Tod*nirewhedr*ddblebulGropearicft aihbleuaEydm,ws
sn i$u

rhe

6nowins quE

hr. pr:mda3 !- ro-ti

ro

Pedom ihe oPnijons ror

rr DLJ d"T.a?3

/a'

J1@a!gr4r!. rareor!p'@o,
inrcn

h.vaon'
n Pbled d rhe cen@ of

!s

dl+r.y lisr b ser uF

'"iAc6l'1i''dgi'ln.J'nP
we

rhe

rtre

dsPtar

d6.npdon or rhe Eslbr he\rson,

iadius (di!bnc. rrolr rhe pol$on .mkr b any !eft{) or r m pirels rn dE

play ttum, diprayrex, we spefy,n initial0 ohri.n ibout rhe:

ro Tl, arur m o .n. 11:

ins fte nshl noGe burotr, whnh

.,u

id

nousercn we noP $a rciadon & r

d!*oltredrFrlay ( )i

gletrtuoda (oLrioIdroN)

s]dlEd. (eLcoloi,3wrR 3r!) :

cnr

EEf
An

muDn

| 0n R6):

SUMMANY

in,mrbn *qNtur

Gn be

consh

r drndto;e@stu.hd dd,od

dueo o'.r.. . d ar

.4fd?EJf
ue, Fh qi -, f,

rcn fane .f

brts,, . h3
nE $e rcLs oi

no

rhe modor.

"ou. " d rcbGl q.1ts4 .ou

a3iDprerN.ra rcd sul bl@lolp,rob6rronorcrn ebuf;posiho;
d_,$ o t, crh
.{.q ni d ..r*.;ufton.b.dn \8,
'nry.d l.b,\' J.'lr"|'d''on.''':'"
ntr"b !,ro.odrdi-.1rrd
"
rrl h. do^r!h1.. b4' dern
obiP. . q roel/'4P.
ob
m3

,. {oqa o "e

$bblisld, h bem tum.s aa sosatd to constu r mmrh ndo

rrcndek yh'ftbd1snen.Aconpud inatjocanhvolvemdionsFcnorionpaihsfo!ine{b dchambs

bn

efk, squash and stri dIb N sbnd d nelhods ld 66in3

.ddahm, And ine hnbg bem mrim fraG on b vdid to prnuc
sped variaiiona Oinq n.dnis imlude a PElininary rnduP ndion, r rcllow
rh gn ar ihe nd of an 46d. rd sb8iry nei\ods tlur rdu5 * d imPa&ni
e'ioniia rme r4Binondtlb.tu re lna y u*d ro 8eat rhe rift
norion

iJl-pFP*$tsaso' $ rl aSffid

prp@ 3npl 6 p..ligr. sy*rs dbt aP avail.bl lor a!bFa!'d dnPatd

mimtion indu,re lerhme stsbm, p imcte zed s'Ero, and *dpring

Fd\:n 4hn+otrobjEr,\dF .6atu

siry $e n+tas
t:m6 b tdsirim

the

dectus poEb md lin6 in oe oblar inb

MdiN in an anination cn be deob.d

drha dberGl dirc.d Inus, an
sin\

lturi.

or dymhic

wiih

rhe

poib

sd

dnd nohm dtajnodN

p.rmeh6, Kin@dc hodm desnPfm sFor,

$dll-lu r.tr&-iPric.liesr'fl

rol a.riq on tE obt{b in a so..

adculared fi gae aioft .nu*dio mo&lrhenotuolPeoPleand minah

k!ro

ol dE

IUgid

lh*s, comerhd at iohry join

ein
$,,tun a moh.n n inpaftd to m obj{t, each.ubF{ L Pbclahmd ro
iodon
panirular
wry
in
b
lhe
ov*all
a
psldli. noiios shornd prcdue mrgl' rrlms per
Trre snpling db
q.L b displry dE afudo.one.dy odEr E, ea3dc o! nisleading ndiom

Plre

i'

opsand.olc-iable mtnodra iew ftndm aleayailUdri9

Tdr (cl-lr]] tor deeloFins anifttim po8ram.
abL in the Opdcl'nle povide 6utu 6oi doublehfiaing oFEhms and rd hffilnB
norion paraneh dtr3 ldl.pft*ing inb.ls Ir Table Fr, R Lsi the
GLUI tundoc lq pftdrlns animrioN wirh ofncl pFgr:fi.

rn.ddddb $erer

Adivatdoublehi6n4oP{dd

oEryaqtu,rodderowtr!

sFily!nd]qiIinebEds

REFERNCES

roEd h bs*b! (rr3'r, TlDoi, roMs;o. d

ttub ost), :od ho@3 klb (re) Mahs mdho& rE &clj*r n
'id
trnr?ind i rmwdnq,d
lush4q x- c4k4mdP6r4q
vatuB:boiM! tu turh +phdm aft !v; a& h cl6ss oseot Ano
o9eu K.k 0e2t Ghd oq, snyd4 IMbu, E&b, curin, d&roer|

4'iFuq4orLlEgvmube

EXERC|5ES

'LlN9i$r,bdhPdxdl(lwpdFu
t@Pre sdd u@ -\ h Fi& 1! ro

&ltyfr'msF(fuink'

&13-'6irylb@inb+.6nd

BrEpdeilurdqu.rein
['4limhE@hbol

11

5 ee. o odvq p"rsno b i,cr' i 4! e\-

e.rylq

nb,nfueu.d

y;f.:Jfl*!*'up-3l.bh.,,.^..pheEfbssFdtu'olyhdnELt

''- E,r-" --'*

*,-*

wod* 'dm'm sd ryktunbrE

l.arc916rLq.l!.d14

9'upsininidoo$66afuhP]
Id.'&q6LnulrlgE'ft.Ut

vddy rd h .*

bb

rb'-

rcn

r.e

-"ri.

d ae.":r. d

.r,F p.tu 6, -" & *di,.6r b

"
'dolndrFnn*!u.'-q.4
hrqrd
by rie pdb
dPPArc$,ft'b.!n+.sPddh
{vM@uelh.stsddbdla

-no'-

vlriE'p4!nbhprqn drnc6drh6nsbru{EE,Lto

'1r1
l}l5kpmddrlllwfiinepdio

md6or&b[i,b&Fdby
rn7 l!}j!rpns'amhn+l!!g'dreoturytutu

tuclW

ohtdb,

+dirrare{i'h

dddEodonpuffi, rd 3j*itred rDlgtu3slPnb

.qurim (For er4pts, tu obid

edrd b l!]a sd bEerr popqddn b dnhie .quried )

l}fMdiJyepbdryhlsPE3ld
obt{r b

be

rebrr rrn

or

nmu oPdm.

'i*
l3j9Modily6!@beEn4@Poguefulftl6bdmisiolrnsellrPidl

lHMdjfy$.ftufiigk!3sPFgtr

Hierarchical Modeling

5y

trktModdqcwePk

*htis

up

thedtuntu.I:

conplex objet

oEFkn,

it is usually

e6t+'o5sU'yhrtfheabPaAi
FdHbFthsbbmlhesElUa

dbb;6,-a!.h:ii,

rhF.otrronml b lo'n

Fdars, alois with L\e

nle

jor positioning

b-s.aiaprru4r
*"hdi"".h"*t1."'*b*".ne
Arcniktual and eqineetus 3y5hi su.h as buildins layoub, aubnobilc
ro F re lpplarr' aF row rcuM.) d.\.ooPd
o".isr,
b!,
^
"1.
*.i.".c"'"
""d"*.FF
*"dnic rmcial,
'4
o'Ftudana! rimrilic, seial, and
*o l'or reppstus
ae
oth
consddd b dudy dr behavior
dvtuenbl systrru. sinulatiotr
ol,sv'frundervanoEondilion
Lhe sy$en Desisn
* *;*-.ri-"Ibt
- *, b"* L' tuIdry,re.isioNabout
.tin8 and nmsinS hrd hicalmo'l_
md sone pa.rags ale conbin pEdefined
ges, shar6, dd eledrn{ircul {onponenb.
ls,

IlE

shaPes, su.h

a whels,

doore

BASIC MODELING CONCEP1S

Mtsrsle@."qai; ' a ed"mddo 'hc.rF \F'h ourdbed"fined

nnsa 4' r.'lkdr'
;ditu rp"b, ""h r.hmprd"F
semeti. nodek, bau- rhe onPotrni Pad .13 systn arc tPc4red wiL\

Fomtic enrihE such s sbaighuh *srnmb, polySm, polyhdra,.ylinde6,

; 5phd8. si'n we aE orcdd iE. anly with E aPhn5 aPPucaiiom, we will
6e L\e rem nodel b ncan a onprbt+qcrated, somed. replgrrtion of

5yst.m H<presentat

ois
qknon n, bgrrruir ill6ldrrc

rhe

dtuRsonmonbnm\ r.tu _odc

played s rqsndi. sh;diriA, .and synbok, and relahotuhiPs betus 6e
srholsaft preenbd in lhn erdPle wiih i neftor* ol.omei$ Lin6. nns

.rros.s F ! rt.B.oP.norlb .{
o andrd Th" otr^o 'cj*o{'i.F.d,m.F'F r r-Go/nP ' d d outF.
now (rcn lert b iisht rhoush $. sy cn pans On synbor, the 4trd sah, ir
bi f ida.. nru, capi.rdo6.no{r

d;;-",,mbor,i,ionno

s!.h dorenc; oI a svnbol withi", nodel is cnucd an indan.e or dut svnbol

vih hNe onc in*anfu {re d and rdr rynbols in Fis l4r and eo ireh.es o.

..;y.a* rF p:,."_"rl e'"ptu*ls|b l. +o+,,omFTru.p:6

ro, "inr morer"..,dn
u " r*nd d!d'db]'r
But
widt
nodls
npl*niins abstmt
dard eldtkal o loEa. s)mbols e 6ed
sFrens,
symboh nay be t
.onepb, su.h m p.litul, 6rm.ial, or .s.nt
oivmimr geonc6. P5nd.
Inlomaiion

dcribhg

nod.l is usually P$ided 4 a dnbimiion

or

p* -..
Pd'r.4rP Prmjl\Ar1o"htsrb' i '
-"P-"
"".srh
iions ro de6rt rhe shcruP ol the P

besenthep

6.

Ndgg)mtic i.lomatio indud*

hxr lablt alsonihns

de

^lo'da?-mniry'!a
i \.+:
Pro rPAiJrd
DrG
'o-ponm'
m"n

d. : mod r one

merhod

'

pideduE Insod4anodersp{jncdowixo
';bdi,ddashrtuEand
hitr dt' nr 'tu$
plpouF a.s@g1._arodAraedehled b_p4)
6."notu e aFpl"" m oFe'trr'orir
nddetinr ofobje.6 nighr R no*ly inrormation hken lron $ne dah stuchP
b derni.ddimb pcitiN, wi!\ very tuw Fredu. a sedhr nodl on
rhe oiho hand, my need n6tly pro.duc b.arfldab Plob or tuPentm
r or

bp

u*d,

we

d,h

sdtus

and

preducs 6n

onside! sone alenatve nodel3P6fi6ti06 for ihe logic.i(ut or

t so

loglo_PtinJd16Lbb.fublPlLl'
.pq,ry ,oi Lhe FEt. t
tr"
'Anion!

.lo\ 'helrrul oP
'yI otq-L d po!r otg d1" f:h.
MLAju
o
r.rb"
trdn.
rhe*,s
* --;i'.ti.* .I 'highrl''" ""srnb and eliPriGl aG. Labek for sch or
,,.! d"d h tr bo" ".,rcqh trE ib-|.
d"
a.!"1"-dbpaeda oa ' 1r osLed" dp".
-,"b."-r";
lns
b
ed to disPlay rhe gab and osdd Pcmechns
Pftedrtr wourd
lines, ba*d rhc oldinab F.sidoB cl rhc saEs and 3 spdtred order for
r

oe

m?o."

du(b ufd b F(du.a d\e.hdr oriPut

valu$) tu rrv srrcn,npui ftE ptuddur qiuld

+elinalotrtpur,orir.olrtr bcLlls,sn

bin

, rllL8

be

*i

rp

tD

d'splar o'nv

th! gdc5,.odd rhor b| dcrincd

ro?d 4.r,

liny

'nod.ls

..n

bc

o$anized

as a

b^i dcns! (r

lnfrmhy

or

symboL nrc

bor,.d

be

!*d b rom ompcric obj..b.

.!lobjs's, dso,rorlheFn

sconpooe 5oirhemodd lnrhcsimpL.+

tsrc hFcrehy or <,npthenr pa s,asin

ne

hdadhaiqned'fumjnightl'n

enhr ofwor ituis Eiih $!

.r! i _P.fi

trlrerL

ir,

q.,.,

+rdhd*nfiDhcrl,f,

]ZlF:

I\/IOOELING PACKAGES

p
rm,d f r,.r,d.
p
. .P" .).tsm, ,

,r

insaPPlGhons 8trr so

"

".rb

d ri,.

.scPhrt!
,. . a".",.i .,J.
etDk'o'PtllcsipFkJhs

ilaitabl. nr $. gophc i$irv

sP<Erred noderjng Pr.kascs, {,.h
irudurd iloidEg rr rh. sp..r,i
hLndlJns

g,.

::::

rrr j H,r /. (4r,,i irr!rrli,,,.

,4ii

4rJ,_/.r

ll

kir

urrrit

r\ r! rr N$ri,r U.sr.rnP!

-rd

by

i(

qri,gutud

^DFi.krs!

nr.(un

llc,gn +Flnriions, and I'A.Il6

r$

d+nri6

ri.!ni.L{rNhi...,i,d.Nt

IrNr

lizFl

cENERAL TIIERARCHICAL I\r0DFLrNG t\'!ErHODs

bino DNsrur Ai iLi. hno N

c{rtrLrnlrd itsin,n, ir r r!.

urE

rln

6jd6d

b dffi6

se6l dsip rPliat'@, ndtel8 ar @tu td uih iitstus (b,c

copiet of the imebic rh:ts8 Et aE de6nd in . basic rrnbol d
.h iNhe is Fs ioed, w i tlp prDps dihhti@ in rh {uld.ordnEb
e nodel. the vdiNs snphicn djd bbe
ad h d appli@ri@ aE ead defed &l,tiv io t'. wld<ordimh d.En
5y!b&
is FIftd ro 4 rhe lwl @diet, sfrrr td $at abjd I-'r
'hidre.l'oc ed /@dni'a Mdi@t.,r tuatuffid e7dine
@rdnub
fuN1,!11i uhe l@kordruk detuiim for ko stE$ob rhi @dd be
cedin r

*oailnmjo.l tacilityl.ptaplt ldm.

Mod.lirg Tlansfomationr

lffid. gEphicll md4 we +ply hllolmrim b the lc:r.(ordiMb

i'lfues ol tE sFbdr within the N$ll
tutu ot d'e nodd. nrroL,r,ti@ ap?lid 60 tE nodeling{o.rdimb der
initi@ of strbob 60 giv. drd a panicd,r p6jh@ dd @6b1i@ sithin
I nodel & af4d 60 6 roidira trE mrl@. ft? tlTiol crdormh@
av,nabLhaftdeb\gprdreeaEtu!6d,nbri@ de'ring,butolnd
b.stotuH@ njShr rbo h us.d in * applidim.
Io

ds6nitim ol strbols b pndre

Crcating Hienrchical Strudurcs

Afid ftp h a hjedd$.rl !6telnts ryptiiim is b omtutnod!16 th* c

.mFsilim of b.Bic strbota TlE nodu16 tErelB my thm b mbined
inb high*lerl nodui6, rd $ m rib de6m 6.h rni!.r nodDre @ , nlt of

rynbol istu, armg wi{i rpproprj.re r@r@a6o pdranecB ior qcn

rynbol. Ar dE re* l*el we derm 6.h hidelevel nodule @ . Ii* or synbol
uld loreFle!l nodure irotu,rong *rd1 oEi tudalmum pilutu.

This

prdss n ontinued

rr

uP

nodelig pa.k!sc,

the

nodule is.reabd widl

a squen.e ot

Erch inshce ofa basic sFbor B assi$e

inat modlre. siniriily, nodlls N conbined ro forh

rNfoma6d

The
is b b nhd
a

spind

inb

lnderl*el

tuncdon lor ach modrte di 3ynbol

rp{ifiE

mnds d

modures

ri{

how thar o

nodlre. otb, .piios ap pnvided ,,

mfu.o,rd p&multipl, p. muuipl, drtd e

tfte hidreFlevel

lrefotDrjm

although r basn sd of syhbob ould be availible in a modeling pack!

*i mishr mr @bh rhe 5h:p6 we ftd Ir a paniola.pili6d
In rIEr Gs, we on .fte addirim.l shaps wiihi a nodelins pl%la. as
dE synbol

erdple df nuo\

rg

p*

dmo. r"u,rnr< dF.parn4 io

or d

.inplc

I
l

rignd ror

be

hicm(hral nodeldg M

hishlirihr.d

IEEI

gn*ruduftsAnd*l{icdncl-L.r^J,
dspliy dltrg rh desis,l Pucss

or novcd arcund ,n thc

HIERA8CHLCAL N,IoDEL|NG USING Opef,GL

DISPLAY L]STS

cu+'kr oq{c en ljt d6db.d

opmcl unns nehd disPlay riss io ron

ndno.lul.l.!$enodelisoslc.l$iiha

iihjn ihc d.riniiion ol rhe h,gherord.r lisr

so.ia,ed w h cach jose ed obidt b sP.iry
rrt hilh!.lcvel module A\ d ebnPle
'ide{nbe a biqde th* is snP\ ahPD*d

IltE
e*

ould

be

.omPord ot rdn idual distlat

5UMMARY
phi.s applio6oni, ft{e^

\,n tu ione sy em.Basic.

K;s modcrin& or m*ftr, .oonthh

trruit by placig tuides ol ih. sr_

returen..

ba gaphi.al

tans, lhnh

reP-

dE also rereftd

M y models aF msr!.bd a 3)Dbol tierardies. we d oshd r

hiermhi.ar nodel by tusiins nodul6, which arc.orpGed or tul:cs of bai
syrnb.rs md oihd nodur6.1ti5 n6ri$ prcs may d6ue dom b sc
onPu' p,abte5a1d rheir nEiouB
<trbdl
o
modLle
16@
w
"a.h
nodeliis bnsf(mdio 'dis spRfied for L\e tu.bil shtu
A hi*aFhir moder
be
up
o?4cl- sins disptay

li<

efrttheoveiallsfufuolas!'o

bol'lL.foP"olothe'DooJrc":P
witlu' a nodd ahg th. 31c!r1ri3! ih.tim, pRded by e app
st or dansJormda$ io s?*iry dE posihs, dishtim, and sjze ot b\e i

REFERENCE

EXERCI5ES

u]dbea*@isbfolgd&
hs snPhior EPrtghtu 4Brr

bira@dur]lrfur

aadrivbrer

l.tlFion'b"4!@o,o@.

Devjle.eoni]ushrltrdlityb'@lPeF,6lP@nE'nenuol

*6hu4dfrshabl3a
wbdrtdal'rofud$44dd!
cberor: nod.fns r.&se

h ds(4s3 r4n !noi6 d* d[

?now a

dei

lhab.nPladhs!re@qn;
bffi*dbofu8Fcfuc@@nbwilh3hlAhllirt**Dwb

e doris

nEbgd94b.ing,andddedi*dlbdlltEb'
dehE:ny

*r-Ed objd.

ddPhyed ou6

9s o,aihns

h r ndel

rP

db a nd

l4uwirr9rcluFoh'shlchll*
' - *iJ'.-*-'";ivurdJ
dfu.trigll:loudfu

id ,'.ror

iror ' @rd

Gra ph

rts I ile Fnllll,rts

r5

oonPcidon d 6e

M:jf

i gnPhi6 61. or
bshr?raphic srshmr a olo! scn disPlay is
t orPi elFc3!alu6 A5 qe
dt hrm bufit or ant Ed
mgllai shon ot ir, is clled a pirnap Artnaugn noochronad.
naser rr b sbFd in a bitmap iorn (6irs a sinsle bii for ea.h Picl), tu{
G*s picbls tre now sbied 6 pijlmps. In sen{al, y Jaser rcP'tmbtion
ny soad pidoriar nprembtim is cned

ims.

fire. Fo!

le.rvtJn\

rom"uhd"b.rde\eoP.dtor

oein 7iru $. uJoma ! r nmr"

b; rM o; qL F rrF e mcr 'rl. rodE dpply \oae t'"e o orpF. rd ro
fdL4 b5. ; D b.tn fo' r \vos
br rI .old varu6 in a tult{lor inage tile n*t be Fdud when th Ptu b
b be d;plard on a syscn wirh linihd olo! oPabiliies, cr whcn the nb b b
be ored b a fo@d rhar dG nd supp.d 24 6iit pd PixI. HeP, w P'ovide a
bnef inrrcdudion b BraphiG file iomaG and rhe .otuo y u*d m.tiods ror
Fdu.ing rh size of bodr an ma8e fl aid rhe numbe! or colds 6t ae h h

r*d

in ine display of an ihag.

IE4

II\4AGE-IILE CONFIGURATIONs

hxel.olor value

in a

msb

imaS! fileaft tyPicanysbFd

as

nom+ariveinregeE,

d-o r rmb" old.,ibhl"b-F p'rl

p6no fo; d ad .{ro- r o,. F, ry)
RLB mg" r. \a.r ro e" r. s o.
q
f,
F
sd
3 \a LF r
m " 0tu: 1v
E bFo don"bjre
C
'mpoffi'
'nCiry
RCB
oln
varus
ft snees
u(dpftkd mte.sraphi.s lile comped or
HSV
hodels,
including
leGced b
fiu dab or a nrer fl., Orhe! color
's
YC,cr

onpEi*d rilelomab. 6d drnmbfr olavailable

folmi
Fil. Ioimb !"i.'lly indud a h.rder llui prouds infffifion aboui rhe
shdre or ttE tu ror onpased fds, $e head* miy aho conhin hbl6 dd
dcPliy rh. omPmrd inase. ft header
.d tulnd a vaiiery ol infolmtioq su.h as Lhe fire si4 (nunrbs of d ltu and
nmbd ot pixls per $an line), rhe numbr or bns d byb anrabd ?d PirI,
Hs8, and

aE

u*n

in

bih tsr pixel deFnd5 on rh.

uce thc sie or the file, dje color nnse tor tne
imse bacr3rcud .olor
anoinfl chaGc6s6. ofrshr in+e lils is the ordetus lor rhebytE w hin
rhe lil MGt dPuk Pro.6eF noF multibyte inbss wirh L\e Imi si8:
nin mr byb fiEr, bur sdne prc$s nore mLdiibr& n'kEE wi& itf le6t

pixel valu6, and L\.

byre 6Er The hn bie endir is ued b rtfer b rhe od6inE n

mctsiE ficanr brft 6d, ed L\. bm In{. endiu EIe6 ro L\e nie.ing
dr ls* &gnnild byr b+

sieni6.d

rL
$t

<oDdLrolmE{oraplturtr"s?
'
'ldte l'lbrur01rorrh,8 'LT*sn*bE
rhc.odiDe psibo$

andvis,,brd. F:

n !N?Po

n+,

rpiefladon i5 onndny F ftd b s a ffirtrtdtur sen d\arsh nd selftbicsffiEarcdefind wftfi sba8hllfe *s'gb oisnn, rheb
\..
tuFrr3u!.drodeoea iror r..flenbfordi.Fh\ q, \ry
,pta.d br r&
<y3ttrc ci,l Dnrh ubFr deKiphd\ hi\ e em.,ldeo o rie rRror blA
\enJmPonbr.labeaPPlircloin

sFmem. dtuk,uDi"4,"q "bc

61.6.
sdelbtu $udlizanoicppLconlothrr -'qe, er ri.. a o d-

m Efend b a

n.t

hybtid lomrb d

rr!ts8-fl dedrcmr4\ursu.rmmco, lhr;eftriompuF,.D

bdlnt
ro opmvdrFab.u rd ivtu adq
'ousprcs'm.dF$e1r ra?Pts+a"hm o \o,. eEndenry<

IEEI

CoLOR-REDUCTION METHODS

sc.aai -dhods h' bm &vE"d ro.Tdu fsr..rLmbe, oI.otoFUrd n rrr

dLpr,yufa mrS" na'G oopur4 arhd.: prhoprnddhprdS" e*
im a dr dF rul*r or .016.
i?F FTo oA qMUd|on dhd

dmlhemdb..FLirr.q6lumn.!h:l6
andsmpTg$mry'1r,pFs h,' padrs. o y'.F;i d , rLA h@.
onrinua \d 5b'!Loo Hdq{
?r..-4p5 r.\ b .qhnuo.rdnFh.
rniBr0rF or.4P.a o'' @t.- vdh F -r1rbE rr!otorFd,.ria
'ioa
d.dd r u a s!u;, di!.+ qd
.old3 Furrheno, fie olorEduc
de a q ol . o h .uJ rr d ea h ofr
h. fr - r nL hp p o .om eA-d
de.rc.pdr.
4id q b,I ,ed.o6
Uniforn Color Rdlction
6loc in a rsrr file n b diyide 6cn aJ L\. n,
oLr levrs by r iniegs and hn.rh ih 6urt ror.}m!te, ir we divi
byZweEdu.eeachofdi,c, d t .ohp@b in a tuIida; rtl)Itgbri
60 r23 kels. Ih6, mirdo slor Fdu.tid cplac
souF or.onisqe6 r
leveb w h a redred @lo! levet as ilsbaed in Fi!. ls-r.
A sinple nerhod tor Edu.ing

d3

Ficliir+i Ad--

adr. dpprcd-labFoL.:g,oupo-p.vt$ JFh \tt-!\Jtuo

n the srup. oL w. .J d Fp'd - rhr FJp ot pnA . w r

middl. pr\el

lzc.va'AqUb?p.l'ql'1*Eir.
rtducHqnerhodbthe.oldlevtsbkenlnnininun dmnnun14
ihat adualy lifu h dr imaBe ule
vlb can ale iprlv djfiedt Fdtrm aneria ro rhe dir{ffir RcB (l@

r{F.pd,.bne.!loulordrrirx--olorrir.*E

jeFdJrd

olorconpmnb:EFpr*ndwil\3bnseach(3lerels) dtheblueomF
mr j' E?rt*nbd with 2 bis (4levck)
Populaity Color Redu.tion

tsb .ffo'JYhmor'416 ha md
mG,tK;;d,v m r"F,atrnbhm !v.6ih pdao' rPLr ft8P
rh.rd,s od RcB!@pd"nb PEl.
d. -;,-h.brFor;b;dt
ortulbFan d $?5qErry
!h'hrmdih{!r;o.oFbDmd'Prdr
pndu
anduGd.olor Jile wiin
RcB.oh;sPonenrTo
ot()@e lord.h
in the hee file.
d.unhs
colds
t
nGt
lpqently
t 016, we sele he
Media.-Cut Colot Reduction

lo .Pa..Ior *i m3. hle 0b r ''bFaiN

F"- olor brs.F or rle ub4m loromrF. {b4iru'
^"-k;dem
d
he 6E!ddffrF;ffum
Donenb, R- , r--, cdb, ctu, 8iu, Td B* IhcE valu6 8ire u5 6' bomds
; in u*k .r -L* .ithj" t RcB sror .ube thar ar Pmi in *F has'
heo4amitrrhenedd\4lJemd cP
itdrEd om
*^ li';
hd Mo \mrb! blda aroloB a'r"\rpl.
\. rompuF th va uP R * !L ! rttrr n U o{ rh"
IW' hE the la'qe'a4.
p- i"r'"
a?orre w. r' {m,Fe rue" old
;,*r *r,^.*
"b;. at $c ",'d
'; P6ition .d 6hown in ris ltz Erch or
n-d""
bck inb tuc subbkil{s

pd.dG

th. tuo cold sbbIo.IG is rhen pl1}Psd sing AE saN suHilision

Iris Dre$ .6tuus until w have subdividd rhe diAinar inase cold block
rbi uboe* A'{+ Fp {e dr aPp\ tlA -uoo v6 d plFdlerbro l}.
L'F..ubbloJ An argP oora,meGpRBim.e -raldh Fdi]I
..bbry! md.t. r"Ee-lo, w.'M r 4uobrod in rplaFd {' h dr rvsrsr

IEE

FIIE-COMPRESSION 1ECHNIOUES

ompt$id r.hniqu6 c.vail,H ior educhs rh. nhba ol

byc i d imF lile but rhe fdilmes or a Pdi.ul omP6i6 nedlod
d;pa1& m L\e irle ol im,Er. shple neiho& thit Imk ior paft4 i $e inA vane$ ol

as; frle aE mod

iddive nrh soltrn d6isE tnd sntti

larse

sbsl&oloi

sone onPresion arSodrhns involv

in add i@

htudw rchd.6 etu,

:r- moat

Fx . " nr rr o. be; dRodcd bID

rtu6rldrrenoraerj) rhelJm o
olurui ifts.. ro bsue rhEsfl ncs{.or $r b .p<i6ad a! 11 . r
r-r hdn rp ru8e 6,e o'rd btune s. .otor pd). Ir. tz *. dNdj
Lhe

a8e

".

.mpE$ed

file.

oroF A! I

Bli su.h dlor .lmses aft oren blenble bRalE ou

r,r*?du4o

1 d,rho& rtE' do rcr t

J' lous,.$.mplgion Fhn qL6.;T rho+ rha fth.otq. hr
ac fferFd o rdry t @ptsim Fdmqu6 tnrdl:a+. cw,orpt*
""
nerhods pmdft r luch sEaEr.ohplsion mrio loia fle, wh; re.iiF
sion raiia n lhe nunber olbyhsh th

d
in

bo

dr @pEsd

6le.

Tnis.m?eion e\me sinpty

srh

mlisuM, rtFd
@6kd v!16
rhe frgl 61e varue along drh rh nmbs of rpdiions. Foi ernple if
hlue r25 dcuF 3 rin6 ii tu.Gsio arme a sn jrrc. we $m &e eo vdr
d 125 in rhe ohp,ed lire ftis ndr6 rhe odsiml eishi byb of sbrace
valu6. A rtducad fte

is

th imrse 6re lor

foned by sbdns

each

*qftk

oI

tuo byhs. For inages eiih br3e sinsle{oror als, rhjs s.ddbq 5d8rc wq
weu But img6 tucn a3 disihzd phobshphs have requoi @ior ch.ng
few olEedve aFafiisvaius, s th,r@ny.old
would b sbEd

mt;

vddons haw ben ddetoped ro inprove rhe efti.iry of die basic

ldEthtrcodinsarDritln.Foricr e, we suld e a resarive np.htion t
brdidb.*qd.-red lhrFalinS\dlr. Erher$.r jEr.dtrsa ?'.bb
b, orof wd1."!holrlev4LAu rhe mEpaling.pglPm A!4 rq
of !hi,. the bl@ us rd of vrus

!Ju. r0 q.
xrl , 11 6 b-ovtu by 3coft;.5d dF \arP
In h eRodins e\amp.. l}. :t t< bt6 or rhe npur'.e d mtrpt*o i

-h,.nnd!ibtnr

Dev.loped b\

@lje,

-a
w

Lmp" 7r.

tz,tzv,

zndt:zm

n"
paem4og 6

and !\ret! n.

arsnid]m. rn &. rzw

sh@

Frr.d prFft

,1 m8P

1 P

Jf

nPla.ed

q haMP rdll'fue

.h rh..odr., I

Ftd.t.2{oJ.'nbeassr
6 th. hput lnt b

i2

rnd

rFe

ri"

Ftu'n rg

r rFt eFlE

val

rhc ronowing 5 bYEei

'6

*'tu. "d \'1F srlF so r40l old h':s 'sc' ode @ \r4' " rfd.onsh.b
Ba,icallrrheizwarsdtnm*d.hetornpeaied*qum.6
,Lol'olsi.FsLrp closrAI'e :$Fr{ ts r"'J.. rhl m..d'
hroJ trt,thaq drt n'Da Fta drpn a s"
sp.r.N6.ir"i:{,
.;"*d
db .rhndded inm rk ode hbre.
lormlvely..ny nomptua

is

Othr Pattern-Recosnition Conpre$ion M.thods

P ro lG e nP.' trm tor Prdculc

ot.mse hrs i' addrr. n".ti *

aKded *1I-5ini1a ds ot.olor

$
'jde

bndr.

iheva

h.l md

P'

rcded ro

,!-ha du- dr

4L
3i2c

valE

u6or.

hrrdlffma "PPdJ b! uFnsdvrtble

fire. th.d 'itu smo'ry dl od.5i8I .

'ruF
$eshaftdodebrhen6tri.qrhdyd.urinsvalehthefiI.,

drheloE6i

n a$i*nd ro rh leas tuqmdy d.urinu wlu

Tne b;. ida in tE HlJfftn algdidm is $e sme as in ine Moe odq
wNch asisE vadbL,lensth ch.D.b!.odes 1o lerhB ol ihe alPhab4 Hieh
P JF ssrd mc .hdcde .!dr" ind d "
b";i F{tm., .@"F:",Fed toF ha'& re ^nA For e dmPb u\a d
cr E is .oded as a "dor ( ), rhe ldrft r is .oded as a "d,!h" ( , and the ldb a is
cdda

or

6g

.od6

ithmedot.ndrhietlishes(-- -) Insbd

ro rhe

rhe

L\e HJfmm rcde asistu

inase frle, whi.IProvide SEacr

.hahcrer.oder h@ever
v:lues

in

vanabbhgrh bir

MPrtsimntis.

fiF sFp n rt" rlutu1

"lsoartd
rhq h rcdF: "*"uncdo bsu*
d4 hEr; bmpd mse'ire
rh" F{-no om'. olr merhoo {' r$ ru s he droble lersd
!rcrsb
"
vio,thefiish-!qatryvaluesm i}lebP
or ihe

fte

an,i the

l@Ltrtqlm.y varE

as rhe

lerf nod6 srarti$

w h $e

ii?,hm trbdtumuP [!.,mrnode

o !lbhEa*lsi"odnunE rdll,!.r Dt\rie mol-he+oue a{uLor
-ode ldh d Eho tuldm whr FFi.mrphF.aLLleFlbemla'
rF-?lab"PJhi$ h"b' dryt:iuel
nlo"Fdbvlm"FfuinsJfbl,n.nbn

bred\rh'hebL1"4 vaue0 Jnd"unsh

labk

h@

rhrop

otlrpi@dlrM b rhnodePcituof $atfile valueh

i}Ie

g*Et hilft@lhon ttsF k ,*rJFd of rb.,6

h s rhe \.lu 06 on.ria 3 b* rhr. rr tz(ll]ll g4 riro. td {br
T.,rr6rdF $c

:E $e towFr dqu4ry idn jR

rly 6F rdG,t(9. td)
n:s8Fdd
:bd $ar i. equdl o hc !f d rre nmotrdl)l\fu.a
'odp3 2 + L we delde dr6e *a 6le valu6 (210 d 43) t
ib ho ofisprjn8r
Ifiq cnytur s I Bdw. Br@cFd.
ftcPbr r u rod rle re{.dbh
uing by ko of dE the nn6 rha! h e rhe libet 3. vlb .h(@ rlE so 6L
6cUleMovatuF brr

'rlu4b u nrhe.ubR.hoh,lf 3 tri.andwedid" hc.atEt4'dad6

htu, ou o.dr,Jrl.rJbGhh@orha\ D ibrtJ(Ls t+4,. wF deri.
\e.rbet r tu ,ne {hve td. hd !r!
'rh sultu. Tlre ko subre aE nn
tne tuo low*i ".omb" in th lir npleqr
oFsed ropmdr Fn*.ubrshoqinr. ,- rindlr e ompt.F L
@(i M o, rlE berv m. rFd l\.nbyituE rhe 6rp\a rob ro lh.rlubtee we.Ebd. ftc varue r.sisned ro rE er ol ihe @ is E btal d
(21) Ior an

vatu6 in dle imse me

Now dEr $e have alt fite !alu6 in a lrnary tu, we
tabet teft bra
ir ihc h 4rh rha om4 , atu.0 dd , gn, brclllF Erh lhe bi,ury va !
a,ir,3 l5-3 tul1c 'h"rcororb-h he.ffi:ImFrhebrad !hdoqod.hddre: Td",.
Fr. roms lhp +' d varoblp.le$r} b iao to6
rcn s.' up "b. rE-2 qh,+ M'l be lrira
&e .mpcaed nle. For lnn exampte. rhe; is one fije vahe #rh.

6ejiF

'nh

FrauiEB e*r"H'6ih-bh

uorefusluer,{'daoqrc!red

n6uFE 15

6 f(,lr4rHdnn edfthrofnrso

Eih4frp66Mliq617.

/\
/
/

Z\

.v

bil@ 6de tn nle valu wiih r thEFdign binary o,re, rnd ko 6re valeE
wfth ; rouriisit biMry .dde. n\e los-6quency vahs h.Ye lmq on6, .rd
ilE ruqher hiumy aru6 h,\ shd'6 .ods

h^o d.h,--",-b d * Hdmd.od6 st nohrclde baPPli^

ro rvsh;br.od.. rhkauof bbdmd?J.jord.ode6le!drbvPrc
deom8 aborr'n
v di; llbr r. r.r@ {s rabr. I >2. ro demmsak
'hr rmlmlm rh.
r
the
bi'sbm
k
ob^
re 3u;DN tr.r Lhe.;nr*)ed
I
I
.' $ trsr Fprqt h 6re *i,. c. b..E dE
*'"i.'"t*.lr.,q"
ieablr.ode1al.lu!.tubeaPEtuIoa.yorhdode NexCs.have.bit
value or Trn is no Gbi dna oder inan 1 d aEe at rc elbit .od6,
so lIE nst s& m6r h ddEr 001 or m10. Cnerhg the indmd @de rajJq w.
6nd I fte v3,Le 210 $fth rtu sde 0010, whi.6 tus t]lit rhR .a@t b a 6re
larue w n the .ode 001. Ar rhi Poit, w. have deodd 6 riBt tu fir. vars,
96 and 210. TIE ne{ .ode in tlE bft slff nud be eithe! 010 d 0100 The n
a file v.lue wi*l iE .ode 010, $ *@ cNot b. a louF6it ode widl tn.i ptf't
<

O.

$lrd dodd frle v.lu i3 1{r' ltt .6ihue ffilydne rhe br 8lrtm in
tnn namer ud the cobpl*d 6le hs td rrdy de.oded
$b 6 ale up ot$e :dems ld se66.g 3'd asunirE Hltrl'm bit
.od4.O@reh e the tEqudcy Mi, w mld,sSn a.ode lal8tn b ea.h
6rev.tue tituq$r{o.l4rhdrdhhqm.y!our.kd dmaaLd
A PEdfffd.adP 'd d.l,o
t'4nr !lsdld'- b e"" ft sPFF! b ' odelpbjffih,}ts
n.d ,o.be the
b';;b;sF
odA b h rih '"16 whnn
.od6 wilh the .o',pEsd lile.

Thus ine

h$blhoffimqtrm.d}Fq
toryqu{rF or rt e dtp, clu."

nFfltm4. dod,M Jao. d'Pn,l.ode

r! rooouA rh" h n bm ot rhe ,i.e b, . o.rup.?d oy $!n valle rhi- r;16r
+roi subink^l]-wrhr!h.hrinF{l tm0.0 0 r.0 Tlfn&tnrr.b,.1n
is aFabdly nappd dro dle sabin6al6 b edabtirh nllffiiGr inerab rn
.T1inuhdi.itboudsfddE binhnaa
the.on$dabm.
To insb'b rhe nerhod, we coNider a fle with 30 mds dd jNt drE
d.& 1\tc Ff rFqls. t. oun rd ompondjne 6j. L,ibold for ihc \E
v.\ F m I drd in l,blc r5r ft b. v, ur t I dsK;kd h,rh rhe !ubd?5r
hdn0 00 b0.20wiihinihe ri inreflal, vstue yr iss$.idedw h rh subhbrit
ae u*d io encode

0.20 b 0.50, dd value v3 is assb&d wiih rhe subi@flar fton o5o b 1.([
dh.J woids, 20 p4at oI r'. unii in6al n eodabd wfth 1,1, 30 perd

Ir'on
Lr

lrnpJ

rhr. Fs E$ dubhF {
q.rh" fgt6Dm0.r0ro0b0.rpl*nalnr*qH4
'
rr{ b,4 FJ64
y d., L\. yr !Lb,rnd l4bt. rr rs
obMd br F mFphgeor r.
m3 to! fte* rhr* hGvalue 'nd
*qffi conrituina in $n name!, we 6
m"p $e inPn ,15 tu ,}e a evru. *qq .s db odF s $iiF-ib
- otu
rhe squ.lR 6r lddgn omD dr oleoI$ehtevrLe ftemhd:q !alue L
rh? 3 lbinh drs aE rtH u.ed roh.od
i win

)0 pn mr

rh. bp h. or fic urrr

v&oui lkmrhmr rm b.

u<ed

bI

fle

varue

conbinatim. And

the

afthhed._

ryodq3 4 3ff r L tuxJ

ffired bi4 oma numb.\ hEao d
*.norbnFpod t:rEsw'nin 'rp
ih. ir oe^dl ap@;predbL srmr
Dlscr.t. Cosine Transform

ubs o' nm-r, rA1m ne$d&. rdudrns dy oui.-and H"d"rua

forbhcrojommonlvu!.daeth@P{'ol.nPtrmbbdalsDlh6
A

'

15.3Fir/4rfr@6t4hniry61,7

tt6t*
llosffil

Gire b@6om pbvide tads exedo

for 0E
pituait4hr .mPEBio rarioa
in a
Fo! a Dd oI r nllnEical valus Yr wi
red'od

Bffie t lolowins *i

q-.

sndbetu olG fid.Lv

ot

i"-'l-Llr]

-,=.,,.

ft

tr:

bnsfm ne$od .onpub a dir.de 3u tr .6ire h. frd\

tr*iahqmqd'lhlhmp'ifoderlhaFPoptoa]lowjpulvs]LE
E d/
Ir pNibr 6dd od PmF. dp onSim. ! dE m RoqPd dith
'IhD6, mis

v=t.r*l'"1"'"1.
Etnr

d{ o.r. .,,

lr.'

'lt

'hr'

!q otbn.tt<tub\cl@v 4axudedto,'m cf6arb"aid'.lr}tr

lMiffiindEtrv6*Eftkm+rhm Bur ue <itrlldhuology ffie
ffi6 in lhe sulrrmbo m r P'odu!6 rr v;
ur @rfr.mE.r *8ffi
To eae fti! lt@lod mLhod, s. ' (moF JE ro osnrs lier o13 hPur
1215, 2@, 21r, 207, 19,. ]4A,

nE bansrdmdvaru6,
$71.a,

(rnFtd

$,

631

b tuo&.in rph/ lurhs hpur

143.31, -67.76. 16 33,?

4t,

ft

4.73, 5.1e, o.051

rhe dPliud6 or rhe brftbraFd ! JwB m' r.dl.

er'
h'slH n qu' "y rc-ine tu SE$LF l6s b dr
'K,
bas..h
idsisricolL\ed,ffiGimbr56tr
rhp
trpd
lirtE
IrBB'
ol
.h ,i 6xN- b 6 @Dtub d*ry rhe disitul valuE u-!ag or y tP I 6r
e6al 6,ff f omed valu6.ft cf oc,roobhh.cobPEsd hg!fl qwe.dld

ln

6i,.\rnpie.

d".*, $

n@ rhi.

rh:r rhe

rd sft jud the 6id nalf or

snows ine Edb to@Eq.lt2wlmweue4
olcuLb

b RSah

0E

inplt v:rl6.

An carcur.ed

s,ararl3olrhe tutomed B,la

ihe 6ble aE Fudd b tuo

vslG h

*.L ry-,.
o tt'" -onpl*,m hlr qF q smsrorus
"ra"-.y
qbn*urar bb.rs o't''
uFr
v6lri rarl..r tun tufo'rMg Ltrr h oI vaLe
'Nr

rel.!d.irc iqa,qdrbl(!orrbrrirPur\.

uF. dT Eatuforntd

4=""ii'4'''[q#4]*f ;

-l

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{i
Aiso rte, by, setofinpur

v,

v.b6 &EoveFd EirE tinveR

=tt.,vr-. gtlq -.

ban

nmali-

(}+r)'"1

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IlJ5 hMlfom.no rF nva* d rypu-\ jmphffired 6trg 3 o, s sro4.
or hpJ vduh. { hr sruF or. o o. uluA atdq 3 sn trF :E ptu
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1

IEEI

COMPOSITION OF THE MAJOR FITE FORMAT5

Hudf*d br. foruh haF bo de,e.op"d for ?pFhdJls snphna d.b

{idlin d'{.rr m6 ro, d'ftilfir
oF;d'v ,Fhs, a .e
p. kp 2[ Eenulmrof sFdl "y.@
?%.oE
] ddFob,tuL;tr
enm Prc.ane rcuw3 Ano indrsdLat l(mr! tur for sF .. app.id
.rs aJrlmhad.s-"P1,.c16a uk q
ny-rd8 softw, vido Eontin& sddtit -vhstrahmsftwft,painipt,
8Ftu ho d pro *,nE 6yh.. .p
dm rerPq{d b$dqsbs.dnd I
(

\st dmda,* . or-.te4 hr, e pDplrs cvFr. formE :nd LleompFsm

MGr

lom:tsf d6isr"d

'aariil
.Dpryo{)bb'b:p\ll
$ .rhebft|n 4nob !,ledd.h1asdr
bm b @4p ir t qumilJ #d bFffiotorinDprprmJFr. rh!rurm
o $Pold.. tabel bim:p b L4P,blr

t54

Gn4ran lttu tujo,

fie develophdr ofolor displays, aI mE. inas$ *esbred a3bituPs

(oft bit per pixel), qe*tins rhe bla.k-md.whib pnel patens in a PictuF
Ai olor hchni'tucsdtreloped, PirmP fiLT (nuliple bib Pd Pipl) pl{d 0E
BiDre

mrp\.4.d'i,.

,y o' u {3e6lci4Flab l.da"i'mp

lo;b" 6 L\qi\ ihry apdtu nyphpldmb{multipleb6PdFiFl)
tsowevei L\e do.;mdion for such fouab 6n b. .dsuld b deretu th.

bib aitu:Iy a.lldrd ro ca.h pixel posido. b rhe lile.

nct pd, the lile ioma6 daribed in dtn dion .E not *ad.
Trlq udqo .wbnt Fnim and wdar6, md nany vai b oftm exist for

nmbs

of

For rhe

JPEG:Joint Photographic Expe s Group

In ib basic rd4 rhG sidely u*n and omplex {se4 d{doFd by

rhe

,Irc

orsiniadd (lso), osis6 or a larEe

toudon or rilc-onple o i oPr ob. vo?thrr NvdJ,m v:rchonidsir$
b theJPEG defniiior so rlEtn dbadplsnmbd ina nmh.rordifi8mr way:,
h {mpPlN csa]golhr.ro\.rytus} omP't$m l6t r4hod' B" dP
bd'. trEL dcMi[or de ao. rd_p PF y 'ptry hod rhe.oFP*."d mgP
ads

file should b. sdc@t so that can be @d on difiercnr compuk stsrtr or

lor ine
sP.fied
by difiercrt appLddoB. For irobmo rheF n
$erc is no sp.ilicton ror rhe ..lor mo,lel th8t should
heads inro@addn

rd

ors!tutu

compc*d rile.
dmdad den lou 8eMal file..qPrtssion nod6, whi.h aF
.alled ine bsl6s, Fquen6al, Pn+r*ive an'l hiearhic'l nod In fte JPEC
lo$lrs do&, d pdbn.R.srud sind. i5 rcrbned q u. tr Hdlmr
dirndl il- c l *'* doP \
enM r! a ri;di. {.od "s llo44'h"
notaeffichrsoL\pravailablelcsle*romab,$ nr lyinplehdrd Tte
JPEG baseli. seqenrirl nod. i5 E mst Nlmoiry se'r vsion dt ]?Ec
Nurerical valu6 6r dre olor .onPwnb in a PiM m $oEd in 3 bib, and
dErcm h'h fl'he
, abs. $\nd?d *qra @ rca l
b,-odcfd nvhlnmro' o_pom6
lr brPfc pmsrsie. hod4 M m8e th
pm#; .rc.aeidlp-,o !ha, l"J.^ a Fe itus" a1b8"r"d
d varyhs rtsolutions. Ttus mode, Sensally rttuGi b as pd3%3i& lPEc, is
bNmingPoPuleioliibndappLcrliN,b..auanushaPPFxin*ionofa
doi r."d'3$. mP.drmgelh Ar
;rharcu. on orF...dL ". roroorins in.Fm, !r\ 'nP'o\"o p6'on'vr
hi.ilnodoqF(Fd \de'dmlsPi ro
':ft
rc 'obcPmgNlc v
(omple\it
hidd.hnal f?Ec n tur ddety ed
.oBtud Ben* ot i6
opdm .ould b prcvided in a larrkale ,l'Ec nnphdbdm tu *e {_
nd rL.romPA oaDJEme6.51.F s hP
b usd in the

'Ihe JPEG

he"Lrtud rr.dram b$.'F ry,db

(InpEson delinitim 3P..i1y rhar eid'd
H|frntr m{odins d dihmeti. enodiry tr be conbjned {iii dre dis'tr .e
sift tmlom. But inplendbiioB or IPEG rever E. L\e tu*ndic-mcodin8
:r*oritrm, bRaus thse rlgon*ms ar parmed md Eqft a lhmin3 re
@te osine

ba$tofr Ale,

al$auqn

ihe JPEC

rh.lrlc apF'r':o

n do4

Ftb

tou'L

zte

Fon*

qFE), pnpo*d by Eri.

lrdid

at

c{ube Midody ehs

and

bni

hdy l"Ec Ul6 b d s folmr the fle;adtr ort:uE;

dflM{. ffeml b s ur r e rdrorrr.L\.r*ord11J
bld D rh" ijl" df lftse.iz, F.dEr in pN.s pcrn o p.(! pa nf,.urd
iL
on 6wsdijn6 nDn
niqup IFI_r

heig-, :nd

,hrhrJ

of

cr
?RlB\a.Fror _aopb,pa!{,mJs. pd

oPtoa;r

'dri
ih:sfl.md

ororpeh6 nrod r rh- c

8-d.%rp d63f o F y-onpoffir
.o

i! u.ad o6er

tuion

h! . d6 dr bb 6 nRdcd bv ri. omDcdion ,lsolhs.

JPEC 6les siis the biqsdian fotur

ft.Ifl u 1nrd.drF qL- E.Fr odrgo, r

o'sedGi44rabons
rr) (old ( m! mDn: Pi^Pi Rc B !

(r)

coro,

shptiry:

the

ruds

or

rnFgec

d L\e&

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oror vares in ih. fn. cn

. oPd

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rhp\dlaflm +|l1Ed? vtsd b, eisfs he,otd.od4;

mbdldiarmr pLerFmP3 A.impl mpt"r-b\mfff rtuvm
op."nmasni bldFmto. r.lar dn e..ryo,herpr.,aqr =
p1.,. d ryar) fourr pMr L "u I rFe oro .mpolmi aF emi, d .
dftdhcquc.js$dslaoF'm
le-Ed. Tha allc 8ab (mpRm Eto,robe4tu4.o.b6iu+lfE
bingodv

()i Dis* (6ine T,brfod: \.{ FbvBgrcLpdorp\p myvdthlmftdb(jjftts.6inehaJElomqlc6sAEql5n

14) R.drriq orTtusbm.d vilBr to uhr. hps rhc cniied inDF
dso ud@dehii.

r dLnrPot jPva]fuFaj]tr;8, *
oB.mapqa@,Pqlrnedb) .h6
i$ rr.d,iL4 $ F.hAbr \ar6 r; !r,.rrd;ode s dLlu.dTh 9in,Pi.M
Ae,odrd by h
,,
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hru\ -rh:toE doF orrtur jm eiri5.Fbdrhr\r1r! uF*

! Fp:eJFIl in rfEL@otemrhbon, Hecvi.ktpcc $i.

"\en ta
onLin! hmy mofcpqqs lh.n m, be pc+2t,n oc rdcrlE
6!io rd Fsmprc rfrF us rGr mlord node,Irc.c,, burcp$F;a!r&

r! roft

atm6difudflemt.ololhodds
rd phd}ruLm.ofprF
h"p6 rd o gred phoFsEpr!'
ru,h,rPe'f pts- m,ricPIo. sr!ph,^
idersftwmmpBm B.o rlbatJr,_
ca

o,.od bforruno

io'

lnpL p oE, hd m al

hJsc

lnsle{to "'E

CGM: Conputr-craphicf Mrsfiie Foft at

o.,ry(mpuhrsyrMf df is d,o+6puFrg,ioh,6.

r*

s-"od ..

jft

rrftrh

,t[;3!.Fn*
PdoL;r&

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15'4 crl@Maltu
dy,ppkation uins

\rreiorkallJe

rhe

cxs

d@hm

or PHrcs Siaphics

libarr' ni$, ccM suPPos

Db.qi\n -:;m"p q s: eto' romeF r otuiic' nr'.dli8 'Frb$'

$ r; Lre M, h qe hll'ry: dm i n4d4{ rans\Pdhdqc v4 oJ'
ons D aftbc 6 i; ndudeii h m imase cre, s!.n s ft hatum value
ror o;r omponsb, tne size or a.olar bblc, lisr ot roib lsd in dE fre, md th
boud5h.llpeLnawindow
a rh,'E;i;r'
{here b usd LbM ro nffie 6le $4 a d i
.'.",-1, .uM ."d. i.pM".d r.r Gr 'nm..dins .nd daadins s lne 'm"sc
L r,\e r ,ra d b. s v;r ''ia .
YC-C!, CIE nodels, an,liolor hblri. In addrtu, PirmP lils 6b onP*&d
6hSwrudo6ol rerEih modnLg md Hutrmn modins
TlfF: Iag

lmag.-fik Fomat

trr s an eEn;r Io tui b r !t ne ar4 in.F bdqer diffeca'

dpLFasm' alrho-sn ' 5h4Jd)mrpa nFli'oneol
";di.,lor,rd
fi md ndbh bmb. d tn b. ru{om ad d Ldi\dul,PP[ .nom
lr is widelr usd h srh diveF appli.atiom s @dnal inaginsj d6nop Pub'
\ mns,llJtu
r.5jp, rdpn .dl * inhLFs %hll e b cgP .bEge
rnd hrn{6! iraS
ri"_TIFF f,,*t .- b. u*d *ith b'level, sav{ale, 'nd
ooe

ad TIIF

616 aE

dBiFed b

siore nddpLs

r TrIr L\.r

nsb imses Prel

'n dnt

u$e''Jtu

d dE

t'Joma

TA.! {mPffisio

rTm6 n.Ld;(Moftr o s o 'dnl{grh er'odd& --lw fld

m.odrns,

color

Hufilru

suik otJPEc hethods.

PNG: Portable Network-Gtaphi6 Format

D$Fid b d inory dqr Fup ot da e'oF?F PNc

p!!.de a \gn v eel dr

."fu -;o*"; *h.". i.''din* inrse t oap*sion.'ss.-' n nNc

rcrrde duJi.d h dnB mo r r d'ian' or L7 drodiJ\s ftu.6 ! r i5 s"m FB
ooDul$ry m h" nhraid - "s". Mse.nd Ean5nE d lrBr rrnnlor
dNr';h domq 'aa c rp*h pdiirs , o .qple,mPJF siph i
p,";. P\us*;d* -A\,h rm r'st
rhoE
.mDrsd lPEc fila.
"I
h*
\;r,ai,'"d in 'sno
oNl anumb,oroPr'oturRsuP
"F"r"j.,p*i'-d'p-I'bi6pe
YYZ rclor dp.r {6 3r3v
!or'omP6-d
u
PNL,
hduoss
R.B
oodd
XBM: X Window syttem Bitmap

lomat afd

XPM: X Window

U.rik oils f()Imb, XBM r'l xPM dor PidE infomarim 6 C c C++ 6de
rhi b o r Dm Bsed d wdnJbon! c rs $e \ $nooE 'reo rnB PMI
- ea', {ocd u an lim odfl d b 4hr As he

',16a-;Dmkd
*^-,-'r'l\Bv*.r-*,;,bih
-, p".";: \.,ldpl" b" p- F^.|r. ril* btu^ d

.uooorEr D) ao

Fb

tuht

tt

f,mds

or r\p tu. Jn bp rdued jr$ \p<:x) da,ig_po @mpftJon pmsrcB r_

.rqd rhqder t 4 r@ rorms r r,r-F ptu.;s,
d-;,;, o.p*

ro?8auJld r-u' andbirrctu..$J4

m0Fp'enr,heth; bd rsmu.d!d
,b;o n oto, bb F L"iie R.B q rlsv

be

Adob Photoshop Format

widely Eed h ina8ep'Ixsmg aF?tieiioE, dF adob photoshop folmr i,
ophzd for rar' "..s5m3 or b3. rr {to EsEr .f,s^. tr rMosi \ c,l I H.
r{nh.Rodnsy;"m *. n ftd;,h.".
!i6rr q \pr 01,of fhDro.Fopour Fd,o(m;F!d rerhc.

dr'dl}a6lr@PrcvioA:q'rlE

olDp' o15 Phob,hop \Lpp.,b pid:p. bitup< iffiGhmF.,r,gF . aid

8Ev {'e'ml3F \doFdb,,eo FrsRLBoh ompomb,cMYr oh
!omdl)lEb.dinolo' 5bl6 MvdnoLdq npffi:?po id.. u, ?p'RrbE
rdtsoe.oF p PI \e ud
rusF a. h ell f hnspa6.] p.?m6

^c[e,

MacPaint: Macintosh Paint Fomar

A pnrdud of dE Apple co]?onrim, Ma.painr is a *andard rorftt for r
vd"in.$ "pplidriotu trddfrlb'a r}b forru. dbrtuF \ \aovih

176

p''a L*"*oFd r

pLet po

PICT:

.6 ,r

bE

d d z0 .

n orde. :rd M!.riinr br6 rh {v5 lonb

"an; hne.
A r.teTlh mol rq 4hm. r5.a
'

Picturc Data Format

Ir hybno {rlmr '. "ro'trs prco r ro. v,cinr!,h rpp jro L finr h. 4d'
( dpordo soft!n434du rrpFibddeb,h,p.
pffi!.org.trc
tu EPlEq bhm a ncr 6t" rhe
'1
rr of Mitrh! ourr Drar tu'.hons
hr o.fre c piftRsa *ror tDe s..- mF.porrsm.4a bihp8.odEmj*, ippirserdmes.,dFbuF!;t
rdigB b. .p+o L 3 1o1o hrcm .f (b tup, RcB -.1
rcr poMq o' d io d hbh R6e '1te !f bp tumpEyo Uss a u. 6!*
,

4lmr& i .dried c o b,p bm . Bvp rcturxy .Lppoft iDBF r le- rE

'
ob odhpl.bir\p"'
pF rhir rom, hod.vetop.d b! dFr,r(conc
p.ntim tor vllndoss opmrj$-sy6 appli6rio6. Anoiher sidtar pi
rormtdutjsall .:rhd8Mpisu*db,*Et3Mc6/2opr.$nssysren.
h.el \4rua u a Bvpr .ar"brd u.ihlcrd,m;a B;i,
rs
:r. o 12 bir. pF p cl FFprl.old\4tJF i1@iF.,.d q;; RLsc
c -pmao, \,rh olor bl.. and rr" p\et ar lim.af ronn mm ood

6le;6ullynokmpltsd,burarunlosrltn.odingarSonlhncsbaPplid
ro PixmaPe

wiL\

4 or 3

bi6 pd pixel.

PCX: PC Paintbrush Fire Format

DvelDped by the zsort
to 24

color

cdrp.ratim, rcX

is

amrha pimap rolmt u$d by

bib p.r Fixel, and pixl ydue c b. sPined 6in3 RCB cdpddb or
bbl6 v:las e $oEd in ftdeod, odea wi$ iIE san-lirE o,nenns

lrcnlheb?of

L\e isaS io

th.b.hn hd

TGA: Truevision Gdphics-Adapter

I

L\e

r6er fil*.in

be

omp'*d

fomat

01

il rhirl rleldl8d dvtsaC'Ph

poPurdy !*d Ior vj,leo e'r ins

rn ine rCA tolmi, pixel valu6 are od in litlsdian onla, d imse
615 cm mbi 3, rt 24 or 32 bib pr pixel. Pirel coloF can be sF.ined as RcB
.ofpolmb o! h tablet wiLh twa pNible hble lomab A si+le RcB color

6mai

is

bbleobeused,orthR,G,lnd 3conponmb. bSiveninspdarehbl

lj,?iclly, rGA fiics aE not .mpltsd, but mj$lh en.o,rins akonL\ft .
beappliedbl g?r inrye files

6lF: GEphict lnter.hange format

]tus lomaL desiSned Io! e6i.i5r l9honc.li.e tffimi$d ol diar imge
!16, is a p'lduct ot 0E Compuserye corporaiion. Usins an Lzw ,ktrillm,
Ll}Fmvde.?,sonrb.) gom orp
Plelo-Pub g,phF

L\e pndu.ed by IIEC or PNG. /,rinough CIr has ben u*d

nany applnahm, i6 popubnry has dEeri.,ny dedined bee olih Patent
isuB Nooaed sfth t} lzlv ompre$im also hnr
Enhe! oofthrrft or hrliiolor pi.tus cu b prcc6s.d by cF, bui Pixel
varus on only be speitud in Lh. sng tion I ro 3 bib, anryi8 a mxinm ol
2s6olm hxel valu6 ar noed in
aR not as sood as

IEIE

5UMMARY

Esblgr5p}n.s sysEm, an ihagl file is tr"iolly an RcB pimP, whi.h is

dltm efftd io a5 a Ew 6kr 6le. The RGB pixel nlus aE troftd as ink3r6 in
ihe ran$ fDn 0 up io a marinun value inat is deEmined by rhe nunbr..hF
avajrabre ro ach Pixer. A FcM d
For a

.dbins

8l(fuft

desripti@

or rhe

Ftu.onpmnb,

such as line

sesnob,

Wt& rshr imse liles ac b b tansrered beken s)es or soEd in a

loa it my b. ll.llsry ro cdue ihe nunbs oI .olor varues eln*

pafricuLr

sied h rhe irGge. we 6n mirorn{y ftdu.e the mnbe! ol.olon by.onbining

olorl*ekinvanouswayt cn as averaging rhe levels Tn poPuiffity mdhod
rd educiq .olos

*leb

Lhe

noe tnquenily ()11udn3 .olor valus And

rhe

wib@chbtod @taed

ol'a.Pa'.inb:qoio'dchl}ax.ok.

rhe:veF u(r dbr

bv

vaicDtubha. e bFn d.FrdFJ

hmforpcd.ir6pp. dtobo'paiiot.r.y:r. T pt;pbma6dirtcrrrb
.h.'w of ri. hqd!" dlc. dn byE oilt trs (brs c'llrk o, t,.ue ero Mr h
i1%e, \arue
rhc eJrdrrd,., ,@rcdueh fitesr b..b.&.
rh "fn{hqe$'nd
otJ n,. fd d0 D
"i.d ' nH{rd dy d omptr\on ro;
'alheoTplFcd6lesi*rJeFo'.b
rgo'irhryuaiF. \..olor !rtuAde'turbrrdrdenioed".rcdy
iji
66. sr ar e\a.rjy EroF dF .oto, v,lu6 d dM.bed .s .osr& -o; a 6L
Iotub atso hploy .otGFru.tion $hen*
A {Dfrd mdpRsio mJrld o ftep blcs E tur. pqr*
-.6b$. wlnd
Fp cd,i -.qrreor'tFrd p l.atsk,d \e\Jtu"rorheM.mSd
Trr
Epa"N p:kru or p \" , s'!h d {,la orher patrtrFfth -u ffprsia
r.omp$sL d F:m p@d:G b, d; a0nE
*lln 4 \6 orpu.te.F tn Hulfun en odup. a airbh l{sF rcd;
i5 d$ Ened rc, old v:lL6str' rre rcr FgLf
;rtre !a LF hdprF
rhe r4uq 'tr .oui r ;ou ! cn4
ba8 fle ro @de subdivisim of Lhe unthrdrl hon o061.0.l.ie b{Ddse
%.t .ub,nhru.l:F nn .*droo {da rlrsm.tsdrold ." rF Fp *e bd
b) h' .uou hr. Trif dqrh . G m hroform mulnptra ?, f I d;. \ dE
by mMe eT,w. h
'n(Ds.nsrirqJml md $h .,;5,nepldl.b rhir
e

.JrdbonP,(l4uv.
sa {' 6
r,l"rohpE
01b
tm:.hrred
'alues.
bl plituabr lme
ffiion d dE m;e

o-

ln.

turodEd

vln\ 6le rom.F d a. rabLb-va.,@stuo;.."ppdhNrdry

uffir @mpuh.ytr'* rnmp fof :F sef de\dop{ hJ \.s!tr:d'd.
pmjd ,nd li]tr dE
prcduc! a dcperenr snps A f$ o, rhe s.o. ?
d omrNr. trrc.'irenl. rNL $d h@ a, $r\
r4mdowrrd appL

Macinrosh

.o.Puec, ard &.

REFERENCES

w;d

n HEbd 0s, d rq, chssns 0e{), h!

0e1),dKrr04) co@re ud whk oe37) djsrs kfth ndnods:nd hs.
@.! *onpgmJstuE4&ej;
H.ft4'rc{ /!fdLeiF.'re!tr
'1 {r,ir rsi.&odorpir(o, $o

oet

(20u).

and Mano

tu

ccM

lre).

Fq

ddid@t brorfrd@ on loEc, k radllE Dd M;{eh

a dened h tueln ad Mulbd 0e3).

tu]'d* ifud

EXERCISES

*e si

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pffiE6dlig:lgdi[mfo!'31ry'e3d
lhd6hng1024in'qYilc'ddl
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il

wia I

!l{

1'l0cihubPurinlsPdeoIbjnn
kE, wib a FDErdbdl'da bbL.r i!q!6cr oDb h de pill614!
'6
$nUdiehquqfub'mePl@lhg!F*uie.Prbgranb.6.

lH2UjngirEn.qle.yqubfulrleFlo,ftkapl!3n6b.nPE$e
imasElreElurnuElesd4;
1'B ci6 a td d a Ptd db6, d6 fu RGB .old @nPold fu a.t F:eL
cl* tffifon vdE (Eq.151) lore.h
dadE 3q of trer' h {E rid
1sl1U$gEql'2sdd!hB'o6
8tr b dLullb d! mcd (lEld),lel6lod
l'15'J.dn'eprefusqdeb.
orsPnd'EbLssy*lRtdnu$grof(i.ho!'oq'elu6,*{1,,Idb
3

by32PfuCe,dftdERcBololon
rG(& L+3),q qd 3uldh gftuP or3 bY 3 PEL
lr'U&,tsEq'Fdmfuqnd!trDlue'qn'fPEad4.t!fudElPe
gro b et ulrE dE drl (dod) nb, t per ddF.
l'fMdryltlE.dltgg6&b.d.
vd@
ol3by3pt lr u4 my 3dd nuqhu i br of d'c Ftu
'
y
vrlu.fr.n
I
ddE
htF
bA
narnn d.hbdFEd

tut

i,

Mathematics for
Computer Graphics
v,iery ot rulnen ial onepb ard GhniqE are mploryed
in snputrrynphic aEonthn' HeR, we povide a bnef EreF
m ror rhe nerhods rbm analyiic Cemety, liJEr alebq y(br
anarysis, tur
arysjs, .dplex n6ba' quahmic, .ar.dus,
nmdcal :narysis, md orfter fts
cu! m ihdgliour s'i5 bol .

Et[

COORDINATE REFERENCE FMMES

tuo.e rhnA ar orbn ualul in ompubr

giaphiG appkations. vlh 9pi6rry ep.i{y oorditues i a sEphic peElah
6ng a c,rb;n rtreue sy*d, bu he inidal 3pei6ation or a sse ould
be siym in a non-cafttun rrane or Eieme sphaicr, .ylindnct q other
sFnebi6 ofr.n sn be e\"loiea b sinplily apEsiom involvins objet
d6ciPrios o! naniPularion6.
Two-Dinensional

tesian s.reen Coordinates

ihe liEtquadrantofa tuadireNioMl

Canesianfranein drdFsirion,asshoMinFis.A-l(a).nre.mdinareorisi. Ior $is elmn rrme is ar rhe ltr
rre nmbeEd lron 0 ar i\e rop ot rhe s.lq $ llut stRn pcirDN m rep

.oodjnae pGitions ar E emced within

onlnhd' .h as L\e roi hdedR nput dd disday

window mnipllations, ofis fttuhc sed oordtub5 ahg rhe inkded
cdks6n frane +@n in Fis. A (b) Horizobl $ordhac v'lues in dE tuo
syshs ,E ine same, and an inveftd J Htue b uwbd ro a y value m6wd
dai.ede?endst

tutuFt.6e,tdcE/tc

In sl)m appli@d6 ?a.r,g6, dE rcn<odimh digin

dblbry po6id@, e!.h 6 rh. .ab of $e g]a

St3ndad lwo-Dim.nsion.l C.rtaian

b. pl,@d at

R.f.pn.. Fr.m6

!b w Gtui.n r)sbG in Enndrd pc ion 60r world <@rd!uE e

bm. rdina rydnDB. fd ol]E F.eFc qrhr rh. hednn.d
viMiry piFrire. cmrdimk in ihs ri,re a b pcidv u reaativ, wis
y nnee of varE. To drpriy a hlw of , honjlrrftiuul pitu, m digM&'crippbgsbr
vidw"dn b mp a dion oI ihe pitu b l@
'nd '
Pol4 Coodinat$ in tnc

*---

ry

Planc

E,l kcdinmim.r ln{arteeim rt!6dr G d pol,Kooidnub

Efsn nlm t. A-2), wlft a oddimte p@id@ ! rpd-i6d *idl a ndir
distu , ton dE turditu o4h .nd s dgui.i dbph@t r fun dr
A nqundy

hdiznhr. F6iiirc rn8ur d&pra(t@l' d Mte!.lekwi*, d rcsariE

bgd.r d&plaffill ft clo<**ie T1 nr.dm bdsta Cfti rnd p.lr
@.dierE i! srEM ii Fig. A'3. cwidaing 0E rthr ftn3le in Fi& A-r, dd
uig ine d.6nitim of dE rigmu&ic ftdim, *. tufom from pold

Mrdmb b cllbu
riF

(@rJ

iruk' wirh

L\

e\Pisjm

inr br8forrurid Iso C'de m to polir ddirur6

i3

(:)
Ansuld vilue cs be ll@md iih6 h dgffi d i. dilr@i-r* ""rk
{nai:m). One Edim i: dedned a a norn ror a an3le lIEt is nbbtled by,

cimletrthirh .lasiheqMllod'..irderadic.ftnd*initidi!illahbd
in Fi& A-t which snom ko hbRt'i3 1tu3 ln i plaft rn t r cide 6k'd
m 1r inertim poini l. Fo' dy .tcld 6re&d .n P, rhe valE ot angle , in
e-5
s is tE leqth ot th diol.r d subbdine d, d r ir dE ndiu o, the
.irle. %br in3lln dbhe oud poht P b the Lieth or ihe circle psireb
pn4 divlded by r, or 2r mdirG In hffi or des@, a ode .iflun1eEfie is

wlm

dividdinro3@acoreqr.llaBI!mih*ach.Rtubhd.m gLalIdegR.
nu!foF,360. = zr radiac
odla @n6, hentts .irdes, d b. lpd b spdiry @odhab p@ii@

!d ex pL, urlg.@d. euipFs tubd ol.irl6, we siwddbaE

F im in ellipti.rl @rdjruB s(nady, otna qT or rffii6 6n b.
dploibd w

hlFlolic d

parabolic pldE

@ldinalls.

St.idad ThrceDimnsioial Cart shn Rcfer.nce ftrrncs

Fism Al(a) dr* aE mvmrion:i ondbt'd ,or dE c@rdimb a

in a

rhc-dhdsld'lcfti EfEnce BFb Tti3 i3 caled, iishrhanded sy}

b be6u* the 4rrt-h,nd inurb poinb in the Fsilire z diied@ wha R
inusn Sropi,as ft z arb wfth fie tnges .uliry llm th. p6rdv. ! 'nr 6
/droJBF ocr a!
in Pi& A.6rbr In 16r @69Jte!
rhe pciri J
'I@b,ed
snpr'iGpmgt B. E spFry oqdr d"oPtft dd dhs oddiruh Pffi
khighuqdedc:tuj @dbtb Fd dtutffi rhr ghoutrhi3book
0ndndi$ lIE appodix),ae a*ue tlut.Iclcl,n de@a rr.ffi m rthtB

hiidd

u'16 spifi.aly 6hd orietrie,

i..:'-

Mth.Mtdtu cdnwtl c,41ffi

c:rbi

ftuRn.e lrao6

ft

dhoaon:l

.d.rdhft

!ys&n6, whi.h

jd

f .ba Bnr rh6

Hrulirnry"Fpiir o d vdd JlF"y.tu;rsonnaomtu heeE
rhar rhr
Dr d'Eaioro d cny pMr
:u' FDediobi
"
framh rt":,e<
,

Thrc.-oim.nsional Catsian Scr.en Coordinate5

wEn a view ofa dr@riim$idal vm k dftpt yen on a vide nmibr depr
inlormadM d eroed for ch ffi
p4ibo. The rhRrljnsiml pc im
.trapondhg b each rem pdr is ofren Efem..d wft rhe lefr,handd sE

Flshoq.nr,s

A-7 ih,a*.rh
leLheoF -botu6 rrrpG ;:
' rlr;hft hi,n
imasift erBping rhc:
$ L\at rhe tinreB.t
'.is
on fton ine p.siiive a ,ns b rhe posidve , d6 dftush 90.. F6i6re z v:lE
ndi,Jb pN' -. b-h d lne im lor ear po' I n rhe ,v pldr :nd jd,sE

didion shtr

we

vrLF!o136PPsihre. b,r r

Thrce-Dim.n5ional Cutuiliier-Coodinate Strteos

Any nonctu deoce t"me is fttuded b s a cu,itinea{mdhsyrr.m. Tre .hoie.r cmrdiroh sys6 for a panicular Sraphi6 applicErin
depad. 01a nmbe, ol rm\ .urh a. "ruq, r.e or 'o-pL 5dm .d
\ irb shvn advanhFs I irur 4 3 mw d smrcl 4rvdre' ;odh.re i+
6e rran.loned wilh thR ffidtddr4.6, where ach lurtae h.s me
the rr, surfe. is deried with 13
= @4

Cdn ire,$inmyftred.etmeaEtheinbe.tuorv6otrhe.ddiur
surf.cs. n dr.dditub .ulfacs nrle'Rr @ryheF ar n*hl 46, we
r odho3otul drdrlnedmrdimk sysr@ Nmo h%onal, .wiltud
.n . rn r* 4e Enn lor .ma rpp
Sovmed by the hws ot s.neral rlitid9, but dEy m used t$, IqH v i
l]npuh srrphi.s
oftnoFonar sytus.
a .yrdtur{@dirotu ,F.ili.arion of a spaii, psiti@ i' 3hom in Fi&

rh

0 d.rion

ro

d,

: d\tr +feltP n

cylindeD dD trfa.. or .onsht d is a

dE surfa of
z i5 a horizonbt

.mhr

vsrist plme .onbini4 rrE z n;

ptaft panllel b rhe catuim :! p

trf'mgl:ly"*:'*.*b'"ecificahmbacafuiart

5r

..il)
FIGIREA.ll^eltd{gL@

Aetha Mnonly wd cwilind<..rdimb Aeindim tr d? sp*r,bl,

@idt t
in Ft. A-10. sphaicar.mrdimh * 3@et]c FI?Gd 1o de
'rh k the4imi,el edd. the {tr of @h' b . lph@r
pals wdituB
dE Burlac ol ffir
, is ,C,in a ver{cll plm MhjdrE dF z .rr ..d tE
slrrae or dnhr C i! i @ wi$ aFx ar ttE @rdnar aiqnr It C < 9(r. 0E
(m is ab.ve dE:y pl,e. tfc > 9e, *Eqm i5 b"lm rhe:! pLna$ rsf.fl:1
Iada3?hd.dsordnub3pedfietimbac:tui Ei.mcn"mwfthfie

Solid Anglc

de6ltdd fd!. $lid 3ruleo b ldmraed by f,roj/ wiln fie dfnili@ fd

, tuo-di!@iml r.di - Ble , btu tuo ini@ring li@ (Eq. a{). Fd
3 ftEnnn*idur e8b, h()awr, we 6Erdd , ..ft w*n ,pd ar , pont p
and r 3piR mkEd .r P, d 6hl)m h llg. A rr, Th. solid angle @ {ithh dE
Tne

^?tENDtx^

M,k4L.6 kt cMptkt

@hapd

ct'fid

resian widr

aFx .t

is

defftd

a5

/ \ rl. Ar of Fspherdl,u6e.nFRibobJ,}eor.fd,Drt*
A&o relo$ w'rh wa dnrn(ro
hr fo s[d rJl316 k .:rhd *. 3hdid Tr. ro at sold anste rb.ur p.u, p r
rh. tur
or ihe s?hii.:r 3urrae (4,r) divided by l, or 4, skradr@
'F
dhm

EEI

POINTS AI.]D VECTORS

bd:IEd dnme btum Jp

llrmpr or : 3{ffi! poin, aJ\d
rp6 ,ed {i,h .oorduab , atEi jn \le
?l{E4 ,he 4 FR dn. mdmF< d ose. prcp.46 for rlF poinr &psd
!e A\Eroionlneorh4 \ d.haPDPtu
rnd

thar

is

6r hdepmd{t ol my

panicular

sordimb sy36

EslE

A-12 insdab the osdiro& sp..xi.auon lor a kGdituffimt poid

pos io P in tuo derru ltm6. rn fiane a, the poinr has @rdinar6 rhrr e
gi\ m b! tr ord.d px .r. I, d d iB dr
-" tun rh. odsu b v-r t l!

'
hdmB rT{TeFarh.s,oamF<(0 or.4i,lrhedj5hebrtEmdDh

r .rrce oordiMe sFFm, we o de6n. a vdor s rhe diffE bss

ko Finr p6iti6 Tnue, lbr ae ecdjIr1sion.l poinb 4 rd p: h Fis. A-11
In

tv,,ul

aGUREAl2cfub6l!'dttpdidq
df.lreo'soFh'Pddo'

c.tuim .o,podb (ar cdrhi,n,r,drs) yr and yy aE rfie pFiec

riG af v mb d? , and y ai. \4. Kuld arso obhin rfte em vEror conpl)IHts aing eo .t1t6 poft pcilim in thi3 mntimr EfeEm. t e. rn
Iacr, L\e e s btrdb nuibo of poinr paiE riar win produ@ dE sme vdor
@tdenb, and a retu i! ottd defined ihasinslepointFs imElarive6
whm rE

.rllmt fre of Erlwe T1EE op, , vbr h,s no fxed pcftion wiltii,
oordiMb stsh. Ar3., il w rmfod fie rtp'@hrion rd v ro anorher
Efemc trmq dL.trdimk roi d pciic P1 and P, ctunse, bui tne basic
rhe
a

PDPerdA ol dE vRd Imaii rffn g.d.

vlb d dEaib. a vdor a a d,rftr.d r;u 5.3,r tna! ha6 ho tudalrmbr
pnFnis: ft Snihrdand dhh For ilre tucninmiomr vEhr in rB. A-13.
we et ulab dE ldor naSrnbde 6ins rhe Pyrhasoer drffi. thich 3i
s dE dnb! alus ine Kbr didio b6,m s tuo mdpoint pc io6.

IlbcbsFdfyfieve6]rdie.tioiinv iow waF, Fq.x ple, E m

didiminhlft o1{ie mdadnph(:llmi tlu dEhdizmbla

give the

A vdo! has dE sne nE8nilude and didtim m De wheP we pGitio

th. veb wiL5in . sinsle ordinare stsd and fie vdd menjtude is inde
pddd of the milin.h EpIgbtm HMdd, ir we !@iom thl lsr b
mL\.r Efffi fER, rhe virus ior its .onlpl)iE6 6nd dktu frr,i dEt
E .rgn Frane my.h,4e. Fd Mple, we @ld htufdm ihe vdor h a
dkd catuian lrare e rhar dr Gbr diredd b arola dr ns y didio.
Fo a $Enillrtriqul Gtuim Eror Eplenhhon v = (v', y!, 4), the

Andm. gw th veior di&rim in tu ol rtE didi'.,gla c,,,.nd /, flaaR :i;

$,tfievRdhir6drh6.hof dEcoordimb s(Fi&A-14).DiRrimsgr6
ft $e pdidve rgL. dur dE vEbr nules wi$ ach of rhe pGitive.mrdhaL
a6.

we eLuLr

rtE* an*16

ag

*, =# cr= Ml! *y = Ml!

'r$e

valus .6d,

atun, k

c4

d.G/

ned 3pedry onry

vdBmedbn!@i

D-d6

@ calldi i\e

o ot

dF

adr,' dir4

dndio osiB b

oI dE vRd.
sive dE didim

"(r*

yqumnd6durlEwL\epFpdi6olmS-'
roK.rbethodsr.rd6rr'll1furoro6hoourdorsdpdh!rrditu e ri,ar"*.m;L+r
Fleitvda' epe.trEhowldrtut).nouari.,mmgh,d{indft6. ;tu!@d1 @bv.
nibde ddjdim.r\{o.onnmennptsaFlom d'ldity(!ig.a-ls).A

tu 6dt6tuc@p acvh$

V.ctor Addition and Scalar Multiplic.tion

By d.fnii@ tp sm or Mo vs6 i, obbjred by adding .oEspondi'r
v1+ e1=

l'o-dnnffion r vdr

lw

w, u!

+ v'y u.

u,)

tA-6

illBhbd 8@bicalt h Fis. A 16. r*

sd FGiid or one vdor at tE tip of d!.
orhr vfti,nd tliawiis the 4lefttim to! in. vftr sm rrm rie sd
of fie f6t Ecbr b ine Hp of rhe smnd. Addidd ol a dd wiih a $at'
is unde6:n d, 6iE a scal.r h.s only .n. nt)rei6l value while a v4tor has I
nmdar @poenb in r ,-dinssiotul space.
M'rldplistion of a vdor by a *la! Elu s b dedmd as
obbin [T

addidon i5

vdd sm by pridns

the

rq enple lr..u
p,an .h r 5 na rh. va Lp
doubred,nd its menitude ts doubred.

6!h (mrqert d v ,

one hrghry @fur netnod b b muuiply rne mglnbd6 ot fio veb6

rhis pradtr n upd b formeither anodEi vdor o. a $aln qlmriiy.

Scalar Prodlct of lwo V.ctoB

v,=lvr v,losa, 0jd<r

wheE d ie rhe snaner or &e ko angl6 btu $. vdor didi.ns
v1 .

ircunETt h.dd

Fis. A

ltb nurhptciion shne b .axed ihe &rtn pod!.! or dot pr!du.! of r

vftE Ir is ar$ &feiftd b as rhe r'8 pndd, pdbolarly in disusing
prcdcn b6ormrFi, Equ$m A-16 n v'rid h rny mrdimb ftpc
lidJd6bemhrPreo6l}Fp'oduddllEF'alel.mpdm6olJre
vdo! wtpf vrlss a i! pmjA-df oJ rRbrv- in rle diFtr or vr
In ddidm b th mrdinaeindpddent
'ie
fon or &e s,jll pedu.r we
e\rls fiB ehurriim m .parr. (wd mts Fplqbhore ror a cc
afeEnc fnhe tne *r,r pbdud B .:lcurahd ,;
v) . v,: u,vL + \v\ + v v'
'rhe brd produd is a
sffialiarim or the pyrh.goaan rhs@ d
&:ltrprodd of , c.u wftn ielfprcduc dr squa of dE dd mgni

Abo, L\e sabr

Do!

psdrd

oI rwo

vdc

26 if

d only itihe

eov{bs m

pnlucb ,a (mnuhdvq

bEau*$i3@drhmpFduc6a(al

And dot prcducb aE dishibutive wiL\

V.ctor Poduct of Two Vectors

We eth. idllo{hg old,lation b.dhbine o vdo6 b pnnre anorher v,x!,

v| vl= uLvrlv,l<ha. 0!a.n

P :Ms !r fiis *pffiim

b a dr v4bi (mgnitude r) *urn pelpddialar

A 13). Tr dn&6M ro! u i' deremined by L\e /ig,rrtau /
ubi egrasp * rhn Gperpndiolar b rhe planc.onbiningvr a.d v: s
ihar d* lh8e6olrhe i4hr h,nd.rr rDn vr bv: vEbru b tho in ihediErim
of dE riEht tnMb. Thj3 calcubtion i3 aled rhe vror pnducr, or aos p$du.(
of so KbB, aid Equiim A-20 is valid in any oddinae n?ffibtim. Ihe
ms prcducr ol tuo r.bB is a vdd tnar is plPadidlar b tF plam of nE
eowtuE, d the mg'ntude of &e da*prodd verd is equal b ihe aft of
ihe Frarelo3Iu tomed by ihe sa vdoG.
rb.m ab. lprc L\. ffi prcd
sp.ti. F eltft fi'ft. In a cdstf{<nditue sysh, we .alcuraE rhe onporenb of lhe rc pDdud as

b bo6\ vr and v,

(rirq.

v,.vr=rq,vl \,u!.u.rL vLtt e,v,!

I

m rebs (msn

we <tdot ihe
we en wih the

hd q,

d&nironi

nobtion

ass prcdd

(sdid

A-s):

vr:
.6

p&dud

i3

v!
BLr

v,

a@iafive
,

z 5 a r-, !!,
onp.lub 6i$ a

ude 1) aloag fie a

and
jn erm of cesim

'ne .16 Fodrd ol any No para

prodd of a vRbr w h i&rris2b Als,

And the

vyv,l

dre

cros pFduct

is not

cmmubnver

(v, x vn
ihai

it

(v| vr,+0, . vr

. v!

dp@sprcdfr 4ardbur\.qin pd rovftro idd,hmo:dbkar d

v1: (v)+vt - (v' x vr+(v] x vt

Mdt

tutt5t,.4w {.rqhB

EEI

TENSORS

656
e
rah ba.sfonabm propstis shm rh &ns. n .onrened from m .odiDb
ftpl6hri6 ro maLhd.Id ofthog.narr@rdimre eystu, n\e bffifomaiic
pra?db6,& shaBhdNatd ud the @e s !ho* tor vnbB. v iouphy:i.t
ps?dde of objc.b, suc}l,! 8fts, shir md cmdudiy r e tuB.
ftFE *ota@,rldn3wilhlnednlmimorrhespaceinwhi.hdElffi
i3 delined,
the nunber ol .mpone.h (.lb calld elmmb or.oe
'letmin$
ci b) in i\rr
bMi S.al qmtfties dd vftroF are spe.ial c* ot the nc
8e'lml cras or kM6. a srar is a remr of 6nr zm, dav6brnal@.d
ranr me Basi.ar, ll\e nnr of a tu speifi *E tumbd of sub&npb u*d b
dxigDh th tu elendb, and ine spad,i dil@Dn dehines rh nunba
or v,rl6 dukm b. K\sned b a.h 3obs.ipr rha, a saru quandry (b$r o.
i,nlz@)haab3lbdiPb,,ndavdor(tnsrof ! kone)hasonesubsdiF
Somdir$ any panmeerwirh one subsripti3mislabeled as "onedinmionar',
aid tParamtuwitheosubrdP
{e4 th dinftim ol a qmtrty de?{ds m rhe spariar Fpre*nbb4 nor siml spd, the digle vktor $bsiF
A

Strraliu

rion ot ihe concepr ol a vEbr is rrE das of abjds .aned

is defind as a guanriry wi$ a speined r.ii and with

rdmn, a kmd

6b asigmd so valEs dd\etunurFfu

rn rhredill1siml spa, ihe singl. vdar suhd.dpr.f

be

Ngtud dE v+

lh*dft .dipdndb sd,J lrab$d

hrs so subsqipb, ard h thcnintrimd space thh bsr hd nin

En* so
snponmb (dlE varus

Eg

tor ea.h subsripD.

BASIS VECTORS AND TIIE I\4ETRIC TENSOR

we. sp6i4' $e oordimh didi

lsin3a3dotdvdqlahehdnl,wh*r=r,2,,,ainFis A-r9,wNd
iu6hb rhe ans vdoF ar dE odgh of a ihFdiremiml onilinear spc
Erch .diule{is dor siE dE aiEtion lor ore ot rh. spatial ar6 at art
poi.t aro$ ihat u$ ftR ans hgmr v..c rorn a linffly indepmd<
odu. Aisq my dher Ydor h in*

Gb

vda6 n .:rkd ,

brns, ofu er of

b'

ftla' +r& and h

3senr,
conbnB lhe minjnum nun$e of Gtqs ne'led b Epffini any odE
in dE spae as a limar onbimiion ot ihe base vEh

w.68,
basis

bewri{mas lind.onbimti@ oreiA

for the 3pae. In

lhe spae G

dered b

as a

o.tcrmining gasis Vccto6 for a Coordin.te Space

rEbasisvtuin y spae m ddtrnined fton rhe p.sitid leh i, whit
j3 tne vdor ftplbrim foi y spa6i] psidon For .bnprq in duF
dindd,r cai6n spa, dF pGtdd !d! rd dy Fohr G, , z) G

i=rur+luy+a
uy, d u. E dE uit ba* ve.bc lor
oilu .oordinb Eplgbtim, c

wnE u-

ihe r,

dzax6 Unlil

hdep6d6t

of

rtf epati.r.ordhE. 5 tlur

we

h,ve

ai

rar

Sm anr br m! dhe $FdinlmioDl grc welomulihh?r"fff

f.. Fsi;n vd; nr,, r. h, h hm d rhe oordirob 6' rhdr 'Pre 'nd

sffial. dr ba* ve(@ ir n rcLds (tr)l1fu6 m mt vtu.11\'Y

ftfttu or dr ryariJ oodnDE
a d.nlplq the P6iti6 Itrr in trnim'ffil Flar.ordiJEte
ln

i=rosru,+r.hr\
d the

pol&cedln h b,sisr&_tos@

k=ad
Inrhie spae,i,.whichb a ldim

ItrE
we oh6ln u

oftar

oI0, i:d

mftKb

elib,whichi! ndion
'

b*ir m ffimli4d !o fit 6cn rfu h3 a n.gdtude oI l

b.sbEkns in yb\Gntuim.lsPdewfthtn..lcd,riN

nr a

d of 6i1ffi it 6lled a nmrr t.da Aisq for Carbda .vlinddri! eh. .! rd odF ffior J u*d rclm . 6iffi irtludnB Pdd @
dtuF, dF odnth &, * nundl PryndrJ r e&n Pdrr ln ?m
nddrddbuqd6BrhdErdhasandn r@nb-i'Adof ftL
ordDson'r b6e vdG i' 6lled m oinmod.l brdt, did rh.e be lors

and thj;

s6sfy dE iouowhs ffi:litiond.

Ar$ou*h reptunanry &ar wim orihosoml3yrtu, nmddl%dul @odime

ftlffi fErc e uetuIin sl)m.pplicr'@, includlry Pr.dvity tlEry d
for dbin dth *
eoiindionar C.iedn sFb ns tE or0Mtr bdis

v,suiizirim slElm
A

tuMtuhtbt
And the

@cnrh6

dihoMal

b.si, fd

rhl*dinddr caesir EtuFn Irft r

"qdirury" Mntimb spae6 (dut is, n\N h whtch we d detire ditu4

$tuchmromtlvRft r.asFa,.rti?4,r. hes-alarpmdudor \.
bsc .fu, bm rhe elehmb of th. m.Li< tu tor rhar sre:
For

rnb

8F

mw tuo,

.! of ranl<

fr o

utl pwrt.i Tf " plP.uh or , T* . ha. rf be LEd b

dtunirt 0) dredisbn.sbtum sopoin6 iI lhakpace (2) ti.f5ltolmho
"qu:Pdr t! lmft'm b ano$e
o 4sbl veb opsdoF \\L.} a. F rc.n djv4J:le, 5,rd turt) -it'h rhi
hdve

6r'q rl

epa.e,

Formple,inacadirn.@rdiMk6yrhn,whedhebasisvtueoEd
un* ve6, dE ndc EMr has ine ompoMb

And lor the

poledrdrn

re ba3is

v{bc

Gqs. A 30), w

cn Mik ep

"=tl3l
For a

.yXndicar.qDntimb Frel@ IIme, rh. ba* vRbB

ieir

=.Gr!, +sindu,, n,=-psinr!!+pc6duy, n'=!? ri.

And tne natix replgabiiM to! rl m*ic &llg in.ylrndnd cmrdim
n,

li;?l
rn

lphscal

@dnrr6 theb:*vddraE
u,

=osdshc\

n, =
nd =

-r

sin

sindsind{r

3in c ur

'.Gtssdu,

+.6cq!

+,ccrsind !y

+rsrrosdu! -rsin{!,

Using

the

bap

leb

in

Iq. A-3s, we obhin

the

louoairy rufrix

Epffi6-

rr

,-13

EIE
A

etn

tl

oodlnrbt

Gphalcri

MATRICES

i.

qu

ehSdd my

trAbB). !:Ied

of
rhe etemmE of rh

ljl i# irl

hti6 (numedl va1u6, expm6ic, or

mnir soiE rumpt6 of eciG R

[::; .

t,]

ffi

."

$ idmrily mtiG mordiry b rhe nubs ol

rnd nunber ol cdlffi.
For dE pEcediry mpls, irE mriG h leJi-d4ghl ordd
2 by x , by x
d 3by 1. whrhe nun'beror
tr in rhe sdmd Mple, tne mtix n .6rhd a s9uz

Ibyt

tutit

rngensatwe. {dbm,by.@brra

"l;,; ;]
wheE

Epresr

ihe

ehnHa

ormd

M TIF

fd

bsdpt

oI

my

lndl

'r
giwsthewnumld,
ddrs@dtub*rlptElv6rhe.ollfunmbi
A tutix wilh a single lw d a stsle @lllm ltlrenb a ]lfu, Tn6, lhe
lilt so nabix sinples in A43 aE, EsFdivelr a mdror u<l a.el!,tr ftroi
rn s4ral,a mabix. beYiwd6
l ftm vadru op*arions ft e\?msed h mrhn f@ the shdd mtne
ruriol mvmrion i6 b Ep'eni r vd wi$ a..lm mti( Fon n'e d'ir
.mvmiion, w wrih

6\e

mrir

'a?&snbdd

tor

tnjin@i@r

'/@

'l;l
u* dris sbndad Mtir reglgehrim for bdh poinb rd Kihporht disrimrio b*em dE *o. the vetu Eplgah
Um tor a point .lw.y6 ss6 ih'i tE vdd is rbn tne dbn' b $rt Fii't.
And uE di6tu oI fie poinr tlm $e o49h t mt iivarlaft whd se swirbn
tm m .ddime sy:r6 60 anod\ei Abo, e md "add" pohb, dd @
(!ld apply dar op6atim, tu h a5 rrre dd prcdud d clw pFduct, ro

Ardtd8h w

@, drE

is an

tu1htur6

j'

corytu ca|htu

Multipli.atio. and l\,latix Addition

T. nL'hpl\ 4 mh\ M bya\ ala, .arf .. \"rutr
Scala.

?tetEr,,

plv ec-h

b\

dr

"=[13:]

'"=li' '1;l
ody
n

Mabir addition is ,re6nd

n obbirud by adding

ror

.. Fd!

olEpndiry

ry kd,

eremen6. Fd

by r

runple

n.bi.es, dE

,l too ,.5 0., I ,.0 r(

f, 2. bl
t{
L-0 r.. -r00 - L )d 61

sb

1r I
4o

pr.dud of ko natie is deftEd 6 a g4ralr:tid of dE ]/dr dor Pl!+

Er rt6nmuuipryannbt,mrrAbyalby4@dxBrotomdremrn
The

pndud AB, pNidiry dDi

ihe

nmb

e i = l. bb rh4 obhin fE pndu.r

'r tr
fdfrin8 sllft otrh pblurb or rhe eremenb in rhe nw vdoa of A w
jr
ine sftepondirE deftnb
n\e olum vdon or B. TtE, for ih fonosus

rir

by

re o6hin m

'

by

t mrix c wh@ dmenb

t
rn rhe

b pnnuc

l0

l0 r+r-r, ,

.,
;t=
t;
l_: 1l
| ",
veror

oulnpkrrid

in

is

apnsd

as a

poshulriplied bya 2by2nahir

0:.,,,\ ,,41 I r
-

i..

mril mrationprodc
dpftsd

vRbr

rol'ff vdd

IT'
Tnis v{br pndud Hurb in a
Howevei, if w hurtipry $e

6l.ulabd

Loptt

rondiry ernpre, a3by2mhix

a 3 by 2 pmdd mtii

rl

aF

Fd

,,[:]

the
as a

cmple
=

ene Esuh

Iw Ebr

as

dr

,,S

dor

d rh

pm&

*o'n

Irt

narix wi$ a sngr. dmed G r by I mbnt

h nvee dde,, we obbin rhe tonei'E

!tu

r1l
14 a ul
rtl
l5llr , rr=15 ro
lbl
t6 ,, ,Bl
sal

A3thep ioshreFodtrinutab,mtnflIipliriqing*
is

it

dlnmuhriw. rtrr

Bf

mtn nddplin[m

Tne

tule

^B+D^

is

di*ib{ire

Mr oI a Dbn(

with

obbnEd b),

6Fd

14,
b

mtn

.dditiml

hrnhrshs llm ad @lllre,

r,,{r =13
tr {l k cr'=l,l
kl
ti ; ;l
:1. '
D.ternin.nt of . Matrir
r R hrw r qllm
m tr dnbiiE dl. mtix elenmb b piadrc a
'di&
en'8lnun$r..nedtl*d.i.nrld
Eddlnrn ildng,nd solvlng a }ide &n3e of peblds lor a 2 by 2 rrtdx !"

Hth6{rda &EniMb aa obhiftd Mi*ly lrd la*eode. dt niImlvrr6 To ord]j.t r d.t.mnrt of ordd 2 or gt4 we.d ele.t dy
.olllm r o(d { by tuhn( ad MFb dE dtunMt d
'
ddA

- t(-l)t*d,, &t^rl

wh4dt^rtethe(, 1)by0 1)d.bddt6tof$etubmtrr\oh.nEd66

A by dretng rh irh

tr

ff

t md crcur.E lhe

d dE hA

dehi'H! e
dd

coltau.

Altutiwl,

t(-r),{'*dd^r

a ald ey

^tttN0tt^

Nrdtmld/a.

c.4b colg

mric

Evar@dns dehinmb nn brE

D]@ etncif,tly uins nh.d.,r @6ods

(,

> 4 !ay)

rMplish.d

o'. ey b c;pu& i dennd.

tuh: A = L U, r hef rU Pleltrb or M
L .bd. rhe d13or, m aF aJd a.t .k'.Eb or Tdbi' u bctd $e tli"
ft 16 $rb ila oi9ote L\e Plorud of rhe diapnars for borh t du, id
obbin dL{ by ftriiplyis dE tuo di.eonal pmauds. Thie @rho,t i5 based
*E tolowins pbp.dy

of

dtuiMb
&( D = (ddAXddB)

AdhdnmeftallEthodtor.ar.d,ri8ddanin 6tebedmrhecau*ib
linimrd PIwdIlB diersd h gediu at4.

wJ'lquEfth F wp @n o6hm.n rPF adaL ,Ird m I irdrd.itmrtd

{r. *. turr b dl b b a mmhsD
hr dfril ooreflk, ifte marix is 6lld a d'sutrr nftii Fd nod pradit
.pp[crioB. whe+, rubi] Fp1b: phsctoPerdd re 6 f \pd dr
rtuin!reof n by r (sqt@)narn M is dnord a3 Mj and
whe I i3 rhe idarfty mrir All diagonat ldnb ot I hav. rhe vate r, and J
otE (on-dil3mrr) elerf,b re zm.
Eleift fd &. in@ narir M 1 d b akutftd Ed rhe eLns6 d

e;M -

'jI kF
(r

d*.lelffir f,

',,'
- rrbyrr

dF I $ oh ho I rr.dllm d v . ind i4, \dl) submh\ obbinpd br &di4lnerlnrcwdJld rrh.o,Jtud

el.dfrd

inpM d:hr lrrc eftrnmrly d r! nuEnot nahods

rhe

EE
3y d6n

i!

oI lf

,ompubnrbro $ede;m,M6drd

COMPLEX NUMBERS
i@

(npldnubazisan dde'd
z=

whe :

b @Ued b\e Eal

d i,niEinary

paft

oI

'

cl'@sicl\ i ffpLr
6 illusrahn

Fig a-20

pd

Epffibit

lr,!J

of z and

.onplei numb*

r=Rc),
nunbe c.n

pairol at nmbes,

oe

is

(,{-53'

.aned &e irugiMry

dejgnabd as

pd

af

z R{

y = rm(:)

'lsbd sa

poin' h

rh.dtJ.r p@

flauREA,0Rea]db4hry

-nud6b"aPu' nryntunrnba
*$ l- , 0
p.*t"d*,--Pl\im' rhvP..nurbfl ;b."
"-bb
d
ton
n]u' ; d wib any E:r nunbe
i

= (r,0)

cmplex nunbe6 ari* ton sohtim

which have noEal numbE

lldpul*ffi

equrim eud

b\e

fiatprc.d.$luhonsFsu.n

Basic Compler

as

ora.dplernumbe d

conePi

pmblms

Arithm.tic

:r
md we cd

soluti@.Ins,

or

elPIs

+4

(rr, y1) + (a,, &) = (rr

.nY omPLex

.=

+a,

y'

+!,)

nmber

t1,y) = c,al + o,y)

1lF Podrd ol tuo .mPlex numbds, :, md 4' b defmed as

('L h)(a" 4) = (:'& - y !r' rl}l

+ r,y1)

lq.onPlexnulhPliddm Srve tneene

nulhplidtid shm rts imgina.y ptr ae zF:
Tni! tlefinilion

Esult

aforrealnlFhr

(:i, oxr:, 0) = ('1t2,0)

Th.

pn

inEsiMry nnber witn y = I is cued rhe inlsin.ry

Gktnal mstu6 often e tn. sFbol I ror dF

sFb.l i is lsed b Epffit elEd.,r .umi )

niasnury

6tt

ulil

:na it

kale

i3

dF

tuktndn! tu.w'6 ctu,nns

I
ThEloa,l

is the

= @,1J{0, r) = (_1,0)

i.al number r,and

,: J=
i

f{'e

an Epre*it

a Pure

inagha

,-l!=|0'|)
Anda35eGr.ofpleinMber. b

Compl.x Conjugate and Modulus of a Compex Nunber

mpe, numbtr

,he Pl

duco,di

rheorun

5detur5

,nbfl ,. qpr\ , Fo;f,nkho.et

n rhe.omp, ptan.

,\ r. " rLrr p .a1or .ut. b od"nne ,nc.,ru !,or

.mponmb of the E$thng onptx nrnbe! rhs, L\e @t d :nasbi^
paft for i}le ra6o or tuo .ompler nunbps ,e obbined r
rhe

FolaFcoodinatc Rpie*ntation for a Compl.t umb.r

l'mba3 .E 8ftdy 3dpr
3 fo ffd^
brd : wr.\pl6 E Eal d msmD ?s in lPlG d pold @dftB
z

$t on

wh@

also

sth

b &F

Uaing rfte

nE

b&

or

Flar lom

(@r +ishd)

of z

fie nrtual losxidtu (.

th. prc&ct oJ *o onPlex

ddinsiheirpol,ran3r6.Tnu,

Fl,rirordinb toa w @pur

nun$a:bynJ6pltnsllEirrbEolukvalE.n<l

To dtvide me

aru2a1328) atd

@npld nmbd by anoaEa we dinde Lhd abblub valu6 .nd

d.ls

uE ihe Fhr E?rhbbd b abhh

TIE mh @b of r mplex Mtd m.rrcurabd a
vrib

.,-r,
*1,--4t,,-t'*t
'
I \ , /
\ n

's

olmplex

nubs

tl.
tJ

lie m . .iRle of radlG ,?t witrl ffik * tE nBin of ihe s''plex

pl'tr. 'd
,nd *py (m rlE ttu
lor r Rgul,r polygD wis i 3id6

ltEe

EE
CmpLex

OTIATERNIONS

nmb. oyppB* Aknded

m hish.
m rnd ttc

dj:wi@ utng queni@

lt:ra*ry FG. Eb a

tuthntur'chtybc4hi6
*hm ine .odici{b ,, ,, aid . in n\. imrqiary b@ @ p:r nnq,
p am6 r d I F l nbbe t, .d rtre uk, pF pcliftbr t,r ac
i1= j'.-k'1=-f

Fm dre pbFti6,

it

fontus

it

ij = ii=t

rEl

h-

=-kj-;

tk=

s.ai4mdbpidb.nrdeTFd nrJLoayqtnrhe@rond4sJF
.ro- vtuu
.rd 6 -pr- uj'ieE rn.tL.irlh d rhe four ffiNr4B
ouhnion b muibptieo 'by rhe $t r sf - dxLr! cuh;1
detud ar rdditq ol .orcs?ndjlg e]mb
h +s2=6+q)+i(t1

+t)+ jtbr+rt+k(.1+"

tA-1D

ihf o.eoqum hbEnedou ErErlFoF'mmhE$ .-.{

w-A -f clso ./ dre fouMins qde'pd
. mbhd b : @bI@ h hdr
i!lim e b the Dde,fd.prir Epobds Frora.meh, n;bs.
MUjLP

Idcmq I in rhis fptuaiir

B rhe

\e.d k. r..J u4f .

f tu hm

rhe

odeid-p*

db\ ety

-mpd y u

addihm

r nh LIE elpffi\idr hrqur{4o

klmdtulddddpddKr
'J@

r&

mulbpt

obh

4,{,-Cf, v1.vr,rrv,+*+vr tvt

Ttc rugn rude squrd or 5 quhnon s d.6n.d bv alrlop w,,}l Cmp d.
nnb.r oFadm. bins *x,Iojtow'rs sm d rh. *ix6 ; h quFnjd

14

And

inveR

of

quhim

i5

=!':+v

mluared ushs

r'-

roa,..

',

the

dpEEim

^-9PqM3@4k16'eol

EE

NONPARAMETRIC REPRESENTATIONS

6en ee wnE dbd deidffi diEdlt m ffi of dE @rdrib lor tr

nonprm.bi. Fo,AasP'"
rclgre rr.m 6 u*.,he
'6mbdm;.6rrd
R 6 dsiDe eurr"e wu ejlh* d r tildwtr s ( bir idhft
'

Ittt. y.z,

=0. q z-ht,,y)

in A'32 is ci]]ed an ltPltit ei?Rsim fu dE aurfae, md dE

sd bm is cald m rrpr; n PPlambM In *F dP[cjl FPII'*@ r
and r F n.Rd b 4 df ndePmdmr e i,bl. End : E c.lled rlt drPs'dmr
Tne

nd iom

$dlrr.y

se n

qtEqr a rhFill1ruitrel@?d

forn6h;F#idof

eo&rdffiiotu

we

nmP.r f.
FpFst dr .w?

Lm n

ould

w h.@rdimbr 16 fi. independmi vdi,ble. v.lu6 fortht dePendmr veiables

y rt : .F hd derujf{ t@ Eqs. 4 eJ 6 we seP rhns} vilu6 for / tor
3me DlgN iui$s ol inwals

?pl*do$.EuEtur u dF-bi4obidw du:3iva

\;'ffid.
tu; tu. bu rlq hiw 6{)m lEdvmbF *l'6 u5ed .n Sdphc dgs
n$rt.trhkda cirn o'{ R md drc rh. lu.FMmr 6n$le $ Fda tE rsr dqiwriw Glopt) oreitlE /(r) cs(l) b.om sErra rh:n l tlit
v'bw \ ilu6 b deElff h hm w? ne.d
deidar vdablc' ALo E$ A{l
d
N
rdFldn.
b bur 0r 016
'nd
m dpl-ldu?d hditr Fn in_
astlird
tormt
ro,
EpedrhR
rdid;
jo
.qu
m
disD tr Jl. ry Plm s
d.
hle
hEd
:bm, $e npl "r
'n
a'1+
d tfie

In

aplidt

g{.81,

dplsid

i1 t-o

for y b rtE

ndtiv:rrd

Juiid

@r Mlmimt Fp6bdo tor abjd 'r6giPdft

h ift of paEmrti. equtidt

abdillm

tu

Eg

PANAMETRIC REPRESENTATIONS

in

3r+hi6

medd Fdffi b"

$/e6 r Niq obi*aaodine b
'nenuber.rp,rffi
dF rddirEri DGituN o rJf abFd. A tun e ro, @ple in . ( ftm F:
elF- h-. ". L*'fid -.Gilffiiml
E idaobsl,amasuhe6
r so-dllr]mn/l suddd obrd whm obF-t ddodm n dlm in
tus or ib dinlsioMlity pd.de, $e d.siptim b .rrhd a Pffidi.

Cesi.r d*iprid tu p6itim ardS dfPd*t or . (rff @

in r prandic tom uing tu fonMiry vee P.hl tundim
ttu

b?

gvo

^PPENDI\Afutrfue]ol.on'P|e.qr$

tu ordrG'6d odrub Fa fr4dm oi paEmtu u. tn d

rP hfthob { rh.r Fr.mrq { v.B
de r. range filn 0rc t.0. rd Fr pte a tu.. in rh. r, prfa
w,Jl .adrb r
md ffib p6ihd r r @rdjn,ts oapn ru b" dr$ed .n efftr.
llm
uhm

:(!)='c(2n,),

y(u)='sin(h!), z(r)=0, o<r=1 n$,

5@htu^eBd.rned ndy,up#.reloutdelitu,htr4r, fi*,ie
rn

sh

sr

ar way, we

lonMhq Gn6im vetor

repMeni.mrdimr p6ib@
Doinr

fidh.

G(!,t),

Plu,v)

r),.tt.

surfre uing dE

'))

Gn6i.n cmrdln 16 isnow a tuncrion ofine eo sur'm F*ntu

snrfa drh ndi6, nd mk d th. oodnEte onsin, fr
'pherit
on
be de(dtd wfth fte qu'6m

th.
dr a

Each of

I
cx

v<r,

on

Ple,

r(!, ,) = c(2'!) sin(nu)

'
y(!, u) =

rsin(2'a)sin('r) 0: 4,: I

='G('u)
rdanfr ! ,l*rrib.s lirus oI llmht tonsjtude ovd tne surra.E uhne pna*
eh u dffibA Lm of (rftbr lahtude rhp paar*n eqJ:bons !F
"g4
nauaiFz- sdmd. b.pii3
dc of oEg p.lamd 1, ed hue *^ ms dF o h4 se , {o_;
" rd j(fuhd.
df *E mr rtu.. * o'lld pto' Ltuude
LG rq ry ,\si;
,1r, O

Krion

tFie. A.22t

EET'
Fn

RATE-OF-CHANGE OPERATOR5

mrinrcus

tudio

suh as f(a). R
r f, Fnj ab; , str
udi$ a 6^dd clled rhe /. @ha or / .) D.r ryd io L ni! dEivrhv
a

or a sinsle indepodmr vdidble,

46

ts

dunsins

lI : rn t('+Ar)-/(i)
b,u for obsrnnS nucd-rt !.tubos f, pEbtfr
?hfr uns" oF'i@! rhe hom. rdm b he dtrsr G ot
o'moiiyMs'ffim
3u! h dpdfnomul5rd hsommd .hdc,
aF:va,lrhre n do. ari@ bblee tud ro. 6bdrh,stp;lemrsvotvns,ih
Ph tldos. ue 6 rtD,aJv obbin <l@d-foh $tLEm. Bur. h run) -4
we nd b olk dkkhiiBe pEblec 6ina nulrF. merhod5
wrFn we \:w a fulrim d +\ nal vei.bL<, ahr.J]@.
H dr
*pd b rlr ndnducl vnabl,:aa. ed e.,b,/. wrir id@aarion!
\
rph. \ dr
afunftidqr,nds 4r u :.r,.weandablnfertEHr.d.ntrseor Fbrbon
s hFpfrbm! m or$e @drncb diRlm :, r.o,..o, rhe rimp,lm.
6rld rhis detu,hm B rhe

rvolvin3

era i. A psiial dsivariv. ror . prrti.dtu

hd.Bd6i w

:ble

i6

defmd w h

Elo Pda|CnpOpdm
t{. A{s,

-;ph.

Inu, fo'
wh.re.U odF inrets-ffir v,ri,b.6 aR h'ld lshr
a5
G
dfiJEd
b
bm
ur p,'ri,l d..*b* .r / -th ePd
JO,v,2,t +

Lt\

JG,V,z,t\

dur d'rv
oi@aJ.;rab!.oFrrb@ bqmJv dNgh
rh*
rnd.ul
divrs@
,* -vm sRial;-6, {ch - Fadidr, LrplFm
L\r
aur
e
demiM8
sanebv
.*--o i* sd . ' -i.* ,ppL@dc
.id-is*d"bF* d*..b*g*rb.ha\io,dob.rGhqtustudN
6l.uhiq Ado;s..hebdirbm dl*ts, md sn\r2!ne d*a*dsdi'nc

anmon

Ttu

vtrr opeb*rortne toumingGrbidoiPoMbi3

cdud

fi.3adrtr

I i6 EIaEd b rs,,dr, d.r, or sinrply tle3nd,t rA4r G.tuLpMr

sas
; l"' ,n Fdj-t qu
@"b " " .rr.ubhs. su'tue ndn*r Rb'
'
z

Shb.l

surLe
E

ffiied

"
srlre mih.l

dE

@prradR Fpffibb/'\.

.t any pBidon

is

@l.alad

t -((l1@r'

f Olomal ve.b tora N6p ambcturinRePEsftdd) (,a_e0)

As an e!,itL, a sphsical 3uf.e nt' radi6 r n be Fplgkd i. lc
.ar.mrdiMb wilh he mparuehic cdai EPG4bri6 ,(4y,2)=
t
+ . r, ai 'ne F"'limr or / pmddc l}F surlae ndnai vdr
'/
,r,1;.2.r. Bd .{ " tuF; i' 4,:sr.d s'rh I pffid( pon lLmim
Pk.,;, L\m r" rn debffe bpluknomt uons *F !d ro P'olud
N = e

r='",:l

rr*"r u*.'-,

pnruo.

qtu n.p,*btid)

m als u* lne sradiat opeb md rhe vtu.tdPddd

prodd lled dE dtatirmr d'idlr ol a 6ffi /:
vrib

!o

rofr a s.ala

aj=".pt
n$ svs d

rhe

nFof.JErFor / u a diabon

.Pedfied by

b iiisbae. E @ ddrmim rh" dfton l dFiv.ri!

Iffihmt = l+f +rn IE ? dietids

Y="''r="

for

Lhe

rt* mr

\'dr

sp\4id 'urldle

tuhabJu
uhP

carPad cnetttt
u. B rtE

ine dnEhonar

ht vft r rog

dfliyafiv. ot

rhe p.sibve

t nh

ofu

tud

Ltu

roro\aB

r,r. a e2 is

dt rdl
=
av

lat

7;+ 1it'- lb

'/tY

GcncEl Fom of the Gndi.nt Opraror

r4rdr m! $Fj.tlHsioral d drosorkliolin.F 11,'.14 x. obbh
ponhb ror t]'. eadi4r otsrab usim $e at.ut.hd;

dre

(m

.-.a

rn rrrjs

dplBion,

didim,

'na

3rt

"_Hl.s,de
e'.h q Epffib the u b,si. qbr

rhe

diasoul .onplnmts ot rrr

jn rhe

ndi. 6s

,r{ddi*
for the

spc

wl r"n E dF 3no hr op.iaror lid he vdor dor pldd b r{h d sie

ditrturid op. ad dtLed *F l,pr@" or he ,rr@ opftb wn.h hs dr

,,=".

":!1-

ql,4

/4re

g a s 1ftd 4utu1, d.t ,qwtut, d tuu, sq,ra

Tn:s.Fbor
:: i6 .o.fh geSd
Ard in a v $Eedi.ffi
Mi. nnosonolffik,^h. dF r.plJ,; d.
tun6M /1. v:rts@Ptedd

svdtrs s. r,deH
d*iFhMofele.h@hcndu
Eq4bmt

aisc D

tlhv ieetGdm.

iJdu.b]g

The\emdoroMU4tuaboFrd d.ombie rhe e.dio I *radHfir

.
"tu' h{dm ro prdue sr qsr q ."xed dr r'rp-,/; ',d, " hh
ha rhe followi$ cac,m' rom.

-.,
"arv -=,. ''-;=!!,4.a\
",
In dw apFss@ v,. r.. cnd y. ffi th(fu
.6pom6ot
D,e.fl ie, nBluF oJ rh, rF d irl?e d dg}& ora rs.dr vdr*vbdiq

tu h-ttu rs.

slsas u.lRtu bel4.r.

dflv-v.v.

poDr u

4'G.ln vulrFdtuml
r a tdor v is aLlhed 6

l r"t:Ev,)r-,4 \",ifinvr-:-'
Jfil{2tu Lrr - -

Id

4d a'au'tuw 1r@3

o'rhosml'

,"riEh,l
,^-")

rerub\ q, vr, Jnd vr @ rh. (6!I)lmb of rfr v w h 6Pd @ ihe

s dd h. ird o. m h dia@l dd.nN ot rhe lfr
--ih.bddmt,
wfth

djtredc oFEd b rlP.L-rolr F b ktuch 6,pPlLd E

irE r F idid@dh and rtFvtu ffi8 pmdd TlPcft-i lmpoctis

Ano$e v.ry ustul

.,,,v=,,v=/-!
\dv

v.y-,r.y
dz dz rz
1r

of rcbbd.l *e* rgsi.Ed wlth a vtu

@*im F 6 6 ffi
@f w,.6 5 r 0f &'@hs d eLdl@gtu Edirrim Fs my rhe
Jtuioml dhosondoa'dnh slshn r e s sp6 rhe .mPl,6ts ot
.mporHbuiltstheLllDwirydehtur
tF.lulrl@dtFffi!l.le

Tna

tulv=v v_

qq'q,
vbi'*E ar a{
I

aEnu

rFk

\hmq Etfu rdtb'skIfutc*3P@,edA"

ESI

a.

.nav\

clndbgona,lelelAb

RATE-OF-CIIANGE INTEGRAL
TMNSFORMATION T}IEOREMS

llwy,pplidi@ re dmhr Pbbl.d 0* iMlv. rahklbge op+

.Em 6.am b b inksrtd Gm.d) ovd 6{,m EEid or sPae, wld.h cm

ln

b.rldlg. lnEpall! rd6alurfae, q ihml8bur a rclle.r sP,.. Olb ttE

pmh 6

Mdmdffid$tqtdr
btFd
ro a rslae raFJ a ldum
adre inEal b a L* inkE L . litr
lnFEr b ;surfee nEF4 d. sunae rsai b a vdutr mEg/'I rh*
ud;ll)lmd- d-J@ * d MsdN jrwll.m n slvinE ' nrd. En3e

sbL6'3

dd

ol

be

ridd
is ad

MFLnd by,pplynrs a

(tr')

de&Ed Na 5@ lurt @ Egi4

sbb dEr rhe inksrar of ttE prPnrtidlar cdnp@r ol fie
ode c lor rhe
60 dE lim inbEEl of F aoud &F Fritr

tft ii:lrliill',x!;i:::

p cs,-rmd- r FF;br - !Ar;

6rbrF6qGhdtJi !i;G^dri"Li

"

1t...

rhs qr\i$thc rdiofrhe s;rfra(s{dor:r rr,6shown6 hs

A 21

Green! Theorem for a Ptade Surtace

,. .P

il."
Hce

11. y,

'-o.'idP

l; t/

md r.ir.0

f.

ar,"-.
' '' ;
q Pri i.f.

criks'.omPode s (i,I:,0)

tL"

r
=

lt,

.m

..,.o,

. ..

Pc r

tubia,@

Iahra fr'rshtutu

sh@ !" L ihe u'ft vfu Papadicd,r ro rh. :y PbE (iit ihe z didim)
de - r'' de and dE oiIE p.lnei.G e the sm 6 in F4. A-r0o
we dr G creit pl.re the6 b @mpd $. ffi oI a platur regltn by
dtns, - oard, = r rlE\ 6sn Gfat th@, aEaF,4otr Pbft

*ll
siniladr

ir

w.

11

- 4ddt

a*v=l'at
-0,weh:v.

e=.[fu'u= t'"a'
$. h psims .e eqe6@

Addins

i
Ana

R d d'o uvat

thD

wc obbin

!",-'"

caftim expffiim

for

dt a@ inio fie rolowiig

:!.,*
Clla'r pLs dE@. b *pB$t in runy orha tellr 6lm Fc
.xdplq ir w. defrE , - allay arNd , = atlat lor Me .6tr'ru turtdm

I l_'t
wh4

a,[/rn is eE

tumd

a'av =

diEditul rld'.dve

bdEldld:ry.lffC.

qa.

of J in ihe

rtidim

of d]. @tw,rd

DpiN M rhtrs sF 6 mlnod lor.{rrwdry htud.urfie in_

cr.;k -d &. i"b*d". n d*.atu.rh.olmpnid6 eqdbd ro"m'
ding a volllc inqtal inb a slifae lnaral d.mrcry. ftb *l@
in 3P|c dnd
is .bo hM by vnious olns lrarc, !'.]udbg CRr't rhffi
cNd. 116tnIda.dinuN, tl]Fdntltriondl, Etor fifrionF, de6,.d
dd.vol@of epa.ered.plsdpdirEl@lft(,l6inaEwtutm
tlP

Iil^*,*=il*
wrEEdyir.djtre@l&rhllftelehht,ri'0unmul9drfolthebomding
Lc.,

w.

ni d/t!. diff@rdrl elffir olsrifae lE.

e tE diverE* th@ b abhin ser.r

oow

enn

h&8rar

116ffi

tunwtuht

c@rrb

cqtui'

ftncdon/,whaErrLvolseyelfuoIEq.A l0zwhi.nis

IIJ*.d'- J!tt !,#

ar
rn rhis

.qbd4 ata,

turfac ndnal

n lrE diRdtut ddwrive ol f h oE dieum

of

rh.

r d"a " \Feronr tor r:klrdbs do'ltr o, d .p:b" _qn 63 , !uf:e mFr,.
D?mdins ,pm ho; R
Fp'rhqFro h!r. hon r. e. d obbr fl m or,i" bG;s
( tu 6M
v=

lll"d','!,,.

Il*'"""-

ll^_'^","=

II^:,",,

Grcn! Transfomation Eq6tions

A nufler of orhe. jnraral bfstumriaF c b. deind ,iDm rhe diE
8tuJrotln + r rous ine M o intsg'atequhoB c pq a r Er.renrd s

RnbrBrrd$!dd rod;i$,dcEni

[[J 'r,o'n*or,." ntav =

l ,!F't. ',",'-'=II

,,a]tu

rtlL.t!\"a ,'"!

the* e,ruad@, h ard l? ft ontlnlfu, $enirn6simt satai fidi4

altan atJ ah/an e |r.n die.udal deivariv* in dE difrion or ib.
^d
In

EE
w.

AREA AND CENTROID OF A MIYGON

e !*

0E inksr.r

tuBrotufios lrm

A lr b cddbb van
dI orcpa r 6 of abt* br lU plB.graphc s{tim
Jop, dbm. Fo, p.tr s^. E
otu Er de .E ind rhe tud .*dn 6 - p-c,m i,,,
tdotudoE 5in utftffi, sy3km daisi andJJtrmboB
".;ns s-"tu

iom

\frr
tu

Fq. +r01. w.

mtud

tr ffipuF_$p lH

h pr?mbn fom fd
pftineb ordF potvsd . rhe pr,nfu

or 4 po y3o1 b ptpEsins rtr

s.lublg dE.:re dr*r.l;d
equd@lor r r.dRsd r poh.

smw,\r\.resn renp ue(ris a ).,*b"^plffi

"

rirb-

Ata

wh*

ri+1 =

,nd !r+1

y1.

SubstituiingthedjJ1bselexp6iondy=(*+r-lr)dr dihepdamdi.
expffiim torr inb Eq A 103, * have

t!

=i
=

t$r

- rd)li

({.l

&t2l

=i) ('rrr !o+4nr'

3+{)

lire Esndl rhe *ond and t}ud l@ in inis sm c .m{led by

sinilar bm8 with oppGib sisro in the erpEsi@ Ior 3ffiiv r-ilus ol r
For each

Tr\ereroF, rhe

aa

of rh.

polrrs

i5

conpued

frA

ifu dbid D th pGlti@ or ee md ol m$ fd . oFh!

,rmityobFd(a ponb h dE oblRr hive L\e 36m 6*) lhus, the onlinarB
ior du .enftid .e simply tfie hd valus fo L\ cdd;aB ovd all pGiiim

By delin ioD

s*nin $e

oljd b.udd.

Foiom sinplpolygmsh.p6, we.mornrin i\e.mtuid

mhid,

by

avdi3hg

tF

Bur, in gFenr, vftx a+n8 d nd @dy ro.,b $e

beca@ n tuds $e pcitim lor an oths poinb in Lh. poly8@ a

venex po't6s.

iil$hEdinEs:A-2tL\eavdagevexposiionbN rhesE.btcqrmba
iio ot verri4, wlth ine.endd ls al rh .dd pcitim lu the ariE pol'3on

.aldl'k dE 6tuid Fsirim ar t Io

averagine ihe .o.rdiub lor aI pc ic wlhin
$ib

=)il*
j =!^ll"-

th. ry plan by
polrron
bound&i61
Lhe
a polron in

t:

re hraid

al

Polrzd

als

tuMtbjnc@t6cnrai;
plE'h. !, dd /,
b fF I .n'l v ag, eFEd!h

In J@

cdted r}t lrrl)Dmts

d rh. ae

wn* $r aE i6 4\56rd

ha! e

pd

hii @iF

$& m 6d@b @ch of rhe tuffi

ot rhe pal%e ui.s fie $ne F
.!d'lE F oplovtd b mpuh d* ae G b\. eotysd. Fdn cI6 ! Dt
rh.I,tr. , obbin I fnp s8-dt equjqld b rhe@ nbFl ind E *jt4
[F rdF ubar.] bing pr'mbi. pp'Esbbro Ior du ctu
lodiDb
roB rhf por!c .d8e. c6 3 rtEorm b r plam \u,c nq. A-ror ) .bB

lL(*-*)**-t'u"-'*'
rd tu *rl,ibuoI/.. rptu blr r- -

I'Flm

dE

.r

'nd

(A'n,

/ ,0u rlEF.edi

(dy
lG'dldy. ,|

Fdberic ppIgabdons

A-113

rd ih. polySm

edS6, we

h.re

l-d+2rr@i -4)!+(&,, a.,r,

ay=Qa
for

*)du

achof dEn edA6,labeled I = 1,2,..., n.Th@t@,

", -

rrr-"
tn'ro
'/ {+24u.,-4tr

-r)-k"
o i:i
Fd dE

,q_

-4r!'ld!

q)((j!{ -q- !

eqrubd or !,. k
E obbr
'.d

c@i ['.'r'@

,,=

Dure dp

shsbtu'im6l,

(4{t
_ ;ludr=0d

ll_"*a'=ll,t',

,a.?',

ufrsrh.pa]i@6icrpcqbrima 11:r604aruhinli*inbanl,reh,E
1.4.
/r .-Lr!
' $rEJ -! 191

tanro

6a R d!. papltgN ,or 4 p,

rnd ts, in xq!. A-rro ro Cmpuh df potr"6 mhd qdtre
sim dE
e9G6im'r,h,, h hr.pp?sr rheulcur-:tim b rtrRqusbbd 4
G@ a er

of polrgm

td#

w.

'x

ETE

CATCUIATING PROPERTIES OF POLYHEDRA

lrlk rd Fl'tm E u*d b

P.lyh6le Pbpdi6
aI aq and dE entroid
nm w qnpuE rhe pad,r voll@ itut ad 'rthin
.*{.npd by avdaShs dF ffidnEb pdiuN thbn3lout 0E rclme or a

Mdhod; sinil.r b
Bal

llErdlftor

@ti.l EFon

b ttelirEn in Catui:n

oordimb

,=il1mbFald bermeftd ro.sudcnFsn udnsmof ln.barttlm'rim

Arlo F-, plvh.da rh. err'e mhsrdl m rt6 b.valurEd
uq a p uEti( Fpl@bbm ftr p6ibm a.tr! E.h 6e d rhe el d
rt're jcd.h dE mbid pcjtih b Fry\rdn Bins herho& rnula, b
$@ b' Folvls. t] de5tu@ r r ;fuirn.@rdsrb dhd Psbo fr'
a rsion or s?re (v h mit ffi Fi hft volw) i! rhe !]@ge or an PGin@
thft

{-d*

!:
tt
t:

III^
t= +IIL
+

JII."

! dum dhr/au b Qri'e rbErak srbJde PaE_

aFi^ Ed@vd
d -aldr fie $rl@
;h aFgbbln b" dp cldet' drdhiE
intgrai! ()E iIE t@ ol r polyhdm

EEE

I{UMERICAL MEnIODS

MpubEr'phi6.ls@rhm, ittu <libnffisry b solv. *orliffi equ_

rim, nd&Er a!aii@, intsrt equd@, andorhd frdiml rorm Aisq
b vi6udize a dig* *r aJ dab roinb, il @y b rftn b dn Pby a .miin
ff irF. d zurfae fiudd ihrt rpPlumb rtF pof h oI lh d,b d Ir
ds idia b" bri"nr @i:? sne otmq als@ift lor lolvhe v'no6

In

sct' of Liner Equations

Forv nbk&, wilh a - ! 2, ..., r,reanjte
Solvinq

rh4 rhe vah6 ror parneh,,a

lorn
h *pltsd in dr
'trn

rnd

1,,

ft

a3ytstdof r

lharequriN 6

kt()m.1}lj9 *r or.qurim

^tP.Notta

tuMt[ j,

cd4 h cqhvs

hrhAarb r br " situF rah, 6

rheolumdrtsird!.4luB o 3r. tslolfftuhotr

qusovng

th* m:hil eq@rim td \, weobb,n

IrisssFr o

rbm,6

Fsot! d ir:rd o,nJ itA isa rnsqu. h.ht rhd

i! nopm. orheR *. dF m! .M d h"h, l dF d As
o\ fethod td sotvi$ rhe s or eq

t.i6dphn

hh.FAltslhem'DAshl..l
dprcblen!4,$awvmds dmGrhln$ft
ihe

IrJ5 turl od B JoeqL:F

ff*od 6 stsmty effr.jq , dur ro rhc irgr

nui$nolmulbpl'c\oEned.db".dur4dileET dr.F\duhdorr

dMn
G,siudbruon
ij4le i

by

lolowins et

h ihe

T!5d\c
rhe M o

r Fquns

lne ban!
ot

604

th

4 mulholuhm

df

eo rinLdhos qurrim.

ofequnm. w.al mrt[pt, ,he,F"qu:bo1by.

quti@ b eLinituh rhe r, t@ y! d trrs rhe eq@b
rhi5

1,

lnh

add

2!=r3
whichhasir!3olurionr, = 13/2.lhisvalGisdmsubshhrninbit]dotih.
disinar equafrm io obbin rhc ehtim ror rr, whicn is e. rrb m uF dlni 6asi
appfr.h b stve any d of lire equd6m. but araoftfim have bEn ddis.d
be/Erh.p[in'1:bo d odd. .bliurd .ke" " oF eb .. iLtj
A md;ft
causEi.n.Llrr@h
"br of,".sh
bnad , npUrd
ins * d.' hr eq@ ,m jn d; dsodh;! s" frd
e. -dlted , s, ,nirKndl ab r 4n,l d ,pFF

4U

.lp.Eb

of

m.ri\

elmnb h,\ l}r qdlup

Inis arbws

C)!1F

ihe4 r

s b 6olve ihe rollowinS so

rrrr

rmr e F ddSmt h,ve @ v,lue 0 dd a dilson l

Alet"r-.d -.En u b. tu rre diaM"t h:r dE

h.ve

d p

very

nudl simpler

v,l6 for F.msL o.ftn\

.*d e "r.q,hN

etvp,o,

*b

y in

Dq.

of equafioG.

a I1r

\pe

+.derp* tr .,u r c

an

srnple,

th

ronowiq equtim

^=

13

ddlmtab fte

;l=

racroriz.tion for a 2 by 2

ti I h j"l

oft mL\od ioromputing i\e elenenb ol the ladoriarion mbie fi silq

th. folldwh8 et ol equtidt whd u4 rF tn el6mb lor llE upF]
tiansubr natix U and r4 ft Lhe dftnb ior ihe low{ titrsurar mtix L

caNian elinindion is !t@e6 ra?dbla b ltgh 6md{ti emB, sd

ottE metho,ls nisht rct Fodue ac@e soludd ln 3mh s6, we nay
be able b obhin r soluiim usins ihe 6a6 S.l], ndldi nns nerhod d also !n
tfi.ieniwayb$lvethe*iof linerequrioGwh.nreknmiheaF?NXin e

. rrF

appru.\

FFer"diy

posa6on6 dril rhe drftiej?tre bsM eo

srullAlB.hseP,we.:].ditih

we sbd wiL\ an infiial

cari L,rJh

sul*iw

*c*n

value for ach

e JP.

is

lI we can Eranse nabix A $ o, ea.h d;ganar elmi ha a m*nitude

smer than fie 3!o or ihe mSlhdd oI dE odE elnmb a(]lB ih.t na
tun rtE cau$'Sedl neL\od n BraEnb.d ro dv.r3. b a slution

Finding Roots of Noiliiear Eqlations

A mr ot a tudi6 /(r) is a v:ru Ior r illit saus6 s: eqution l(r) = 0. b
smE l, rhe tuncdon t(r) cn b d alseb*t dprsd, su.nA a palFoni4 d

itqn
bnE

dnr

invorve

bal@nddbl6ftd@ e,kebnr. eipedd

y ihe adduretic opflaraE,

doB,

s(h

as rhe

exFmb, @b, &1 po{e6.

ttqonetic

fuctiom,

tog

m $ar m
Tran*qaden

luctiqr:nd exponflfill

fimiim, e ftpHerkd with ininib pol seri6.

Rmb or a nonlim equtim 6 be
a .obtutu ot a6l and mplex
$lutuf.ranr6s&pmdbgon$eonplexigof&equrdon.Foi* ple.
fd ey polyndiar up b dege 4 dd
dE sb of a sidple brlenddbl equad.n such as on: - 0 aft rmwn b be

M tr1,n,

,1. rr !.

roapply

ce

Ph.,

numqi..rp
or the

m6i

.mns tu r arr

^'

qm

eduG ro obhn
@oc of a;DiDar
oi
poFuia! ncihods tur'he
fiodins rcob of nontjnear cqu*ionJ

r,

tha dope

(iri

d.rivadrcl

of

dp

.m

i5

dJ I t\)
l(nn
/ r()

whef J

(10) denoics the

snr aPP.orimaiio's

is

drir:bvc ot

i3mall ooush ,.

= 1i. we Fpur r .
iimuntiLthcdiflaftneb.fuedsu.!+

rli) evatu*ed r

,"'-'''..p1"'L
b i soi.il <Dvogc d!:r
B jrn*;datwavkmk4o.Fddro. i
,
"rc.i.
";
"".
,
..
:PP
,'"
'"

And. ir ihc Newbn Raphen aEonrhm.onv.rses

rhmaryothq!s16ndinrqmdhod

di ,B"iwm "p..

.r!'.

lariry su(ssive r pGdons inn.id df tElvrnE a.h

iLr

!h

erat (/,ir? pN:,:

ForsinplerbsEndrwccanorbndcr.min .r,"di""ir rornro,.,iiri.F..

bur,inrghqr,vcsxll

inrFr

acnnEA.i ftft@'"r
nr6qui brMrtruiorro
F@

rhe

dern im

or

inegFl

aGaRE;:te

w qn iorn tF

^PPtud"s

tollo$ng

nme ..l

l; l(')d'- ttG)An
ro etrDle
b./'\rovB hr rhnr
^\
'
ntu \sb'1F^ar"'d
;; ",;;""-,,-"h $";*.. ",.on;bt,drue
"dd
uP
A !' Itbapp6\iru1d .-d6
tr*J.rtu*,t-"**gr*,Fis.;
rro
n
. " JL * ." a--;'. .t'" .r t" iubd'vi$n! "* he hen rr a@5'
w.d@"d'ucs'?dan3uj
-r'r,*",u."i.*._*"*U
do.
.an he L'xt in tlF rosd{n
mno d q l- sorhval sffdnr
o:.h Lsing d .* appn{mabd rhe
-* *i-' *l. 'i* rt. *.et" cpq
d"*d
, .. 'td i'
t;",pp*;r
L, i.. ',u,*" * *"*a-;" q!.dcor pol,atu
"
'hdpPm\'
ro
*.
." * uiu*"ia -u. i
"
'Pabb'ld)
^.
\iEPdont
:nd
nn'
rdl-oo
b
tr
,-^- *" ni."-. ^ *- *"
'rhd
"m; .
tne

dkArd aPProxin:hon

t;

is

, I'i"+
hbry'r rsm, b

tn $is

eipt*ior

{hd

r ts: m'ndPborX

rhe

and

^"']
b is diviited

" -'

inb

wiih

ddon G{ ihP
l i ro. *' u -m",.ti ., .r;dv appu,tuF,h"
\ ri'bl6l m
*"ft1desmd
."i.m,t..,1-..'t'tp,-"s.1' n'oi' 'g

inbsd

-esa

tuh,wrslt hrybc@ris

hddseidhh

n;,lru&nri

edy b v6i$e wiin sinpsm,s tule or the oth* apprnurm netuas. n

ca*, we can appty Mon& cdlo hbsndm k.hniqua TtE lm Mdk
caro is rsd b d.rdh
methdd $"r mployr andom,numbe pqdlllE
'ny
ro slve, d*ministic Pnbt4
r{.4ot. r vrk cdno m$od ro 46luhd in'?,:l b sss,tus,
not

ur6e

red@ p.
hom4

iiic hrhr a drngl. ir:*d.o16hI,,,tlwfieintsiat

or/FB

An

111.

"ppa<iD:b-

ror $e DFsrdl

l',.,=', ,+
bh." p'rrus r

r o p'ameh 6, F F nulrber ar
dt @nsura-Fgn "@publ by la smfl,rins No,,dm nunh"\,
and 4, rh5 cryrns oui rh ekurados
b

dr qhnEle

h.jshr

L
smihr

y: ytu+r,,r

mFri:ls
a;<lfu hr ,r rdndm nJnbs
aJd a
uifomly disribur.d ovr rh. inid6r (0, 1) we a ab6n h d
^r Irofr a 'E
rardm-number hdion nr a miheftriB d sbrisdc,l Lb$ry, or R
merhod! @n

appued

mLJopte

0. wc

.m

rs

th

lonowiry atgdithn, cal]led,J!. tirtat oryreattut

4=,ir r+c(mod'),
wheF

*r.

pftneds

Panmeh

t=1,2,3,...

:E inbsss, ffd i4 i6 a shina vatue cled ilP

l se as pGible on r p:lddar nachjn ,
d. .h{M b rar<e ine sbins ot nndon tuib4 s lmg s
cmDt..mrh:.htrks r-,t' trhgq
' r. lbdE2s rd, _ 10rJ9042.23

4, .,

and

r is .hoh

frrhQlu6lor4

Sddtt

io

ro b as

50lvi.9 Odiiary 0iff.rc.thl Eq!ations

Any equd .dbinin6 difhhat iabkhase opd,roc is EJenst kr as I
difren6al equrim. Qlmric d dMF vah6 in $ne coniinmB sav fnn

m.mrdrnF

pG

od

ro

mun F"",-.t*-h,,,S.-*M";-a

pcidm, aid oy d chnge ilh EFd b m y otha Fnntu, s.h as

npda@ oi turion.r a@khhm An .qurim tEr hrclv6 deriniiv oI
d fidi6 oI a rngre lariabre is .aned n adirury dir.alkt Etuttn. we n]fe
a diftlqEal equrd .iLhE by dMjni$ a nfrlim'r nnn dur stisds rtu
mdbds b dtuim dE val$
equiid or by uafg ntu
'r 'pptuytu
for dr qundty ar aletd h@,i!.
To solve a ditrdd:l equt@ se alsd cd b ln@ @ d ,l@ sbdiry vrru6. An equ.tim involvi$ q y rh! 6E! dedyaile oI a quddt,..!ed d
lAt$d8 dilmtbt qwtim, tz{iia m Ehins wl An equ.um ilui @bic bdh rist and :;l]od d.rivariE, .a\.r *ann4d6 ditt dti't Eutifu,
EquiG eo sding vah6. And sinil,rly ln ^e'ruiim involvins hish*ordq
tim rd spftitins sbtiry valu6. an
niii.l-Dlu prnbld b ore h shi.h *r rl1.m dditm re sFd6ld lor r
snuk val* of rhe iideFndai vatinble, A bdd.rta.lu. tbbr.' is m h
whjcn 0E hlom cmdilim ft spd6d ai ile boudades toi dF dryddd
A sinpt

enpb or

inilial-varE pnblen i6 uE 6BrddE

dilf.qurr

whe r EpGmb gredeperdnt v iable thatlan6 with tu I ($e ind+a'

dedvaiable), lG, , is dE h(nl &ne-vdatim run.iid d L\. cBr &dvadk
ot r, an'l r0 is tE givm vdue tor r at $e hisal tim b. vrib c.n a&o tdt dt!

d,=
And, aom

L\.ddJ'ltidol, ddilativ,^t,rdt
wne rinih inrsv.ls bapprcximt

l'1l@ Aa = q+r - a
= dn - Ir rd ' 6G ,tepr. 1"int we bre
equ.l rim inkwab ard 'nd
ue ^n
Lhe tollowiry illt@bl
@Lddd b dernire
dE r
ar .t iim Et4, Fva dp valu or r. at ro
'?lu6
lled tlp Edsd.rho4 d itaFpsttdrer l wih
e.cf hm inhal Ar.
AfthouehnFEnrerhefi od casirplepredG b inplehmt in gaErllitis
dtdy aone. Impnvenmb b inn baic nfficar 'kdllm hm bs de
vlop.dn idEiolotugTayldsriesei!ffi ionbyift Drp.diryhBhmd*

ftn

nmerical PltRiuE

stathdine

ss'mb

4+
sim:(r)=J(a,t,

i6

over

^r

(r+r'(t)^r+;r'(r)^l

we hav

/(t=J1i,t,

+
rorrh

toi dE h*rE

tutrNtt, h.. qtrd.nth

Rung. iuHii8odhn
ro foudh orde' rn. ahoflrhn br rhc

b= lat+112, \+^tt2)^t
| = It\\ +blL tt+ a42)a,

\r
!\re

= rt +to +2b +2j

+t)/5,

un ipply sihilr tuthods b obiain soturions tor ordinary dji{erenht

o, ! 3\ 1 u da r . sq e
" "pF.,!1 F ro u..,t. t. -tu, -. 6 a

.qliotu

ihe diffurend, equaiion Fol cximP

Solving Pbrtial Differential Equations

As lve nlght *prd, pdbl dl{eq
sohe rhan ordimry difretrrbl equa

rtPla.cihepiialddnvieswi(hFniicdif'*nes
we fi6r

.oddd a llndion lt:,

r) r

'b

-ouJ on vot.

rB, r ...

'
lhita diftuEnc6 rhc rlows us b rupbe thc fu.dion of tuo vadab 6 I,iih :
oneslb{ript lundion oI a single vdable, tina

Ita
Th. Pafr 6l denvahves ire &en glaced sfth rha fdLdwhs erFessions.

lil

=l:i! li
'' 'oq o o! 'or

appn:ihadon ror ihe *.ond pedal dfriariv.

,1#!

or

tl

-,D&

h ruspelr

'

s ."

diyide ttu 3pR inb a

qular

grid and

rnib dilismG for.*n spa6,r

Anorhd appD.h a'ir is applied 6 paiirr difftmr'rr eqdiffi n d'.r,ia

unod. Agdd or.mdnEbFddffiGd uF dd tne rionslnof hlr,
'r,'g.
whi.h @ld b a sud@ or a rcltre d eFe, ,nd dEn th @upled equad@
@ solvd at rt node Fsii* usirE wiarianal bduliqu. Ir rhb reL\o4 m
,pps,&diig fmcudal oludo b u*d iBkd of 6librtifiesp gurriffi.
Depddnsd ifi epm6leq mine8rartdup torB{)mqlmril7suhapturiar
dti3y or Midld elm. ftm som prxd@, ch a a le6ls'rre d,5ait
b .pplid b minimi? the ptutirl ser3y or aidud dd. Tnis nininiadm
yields v.lE Id 6p hlnM pratu n' ttF appotutn3 rmdm roi dr

Lcast-squarcr CuM-Fitting Mcthods for oat sctt

wnm a lrnpub sinuratim or *rmffcvis:riz,rim lrdy pmdllc . *r of
,rrb vdB, k irnd arways w r b dehitu a nfdi@ar lom rhar wil
deibe a drh *. The tudaid neilDd foi F.duqrs a hftdm th,r fib dc
Sive&b is the lmr,q'ft6 dgorr6n. To.pply tlrs netno4 we 6et.h@ a
geftr,r 9F tu d nf.d4 3n n,r , [l@ furdd, . porF@j.r tudifr, n
d e(Ponsfi.l 6s.r@ $b *s md dehine oE !.lE ,c tne p.'amebE
h dE ftlrdml fom w hrw dl64 A hcdi'lg8ion:r EtaiglGlip lundim,
6r'dp1,c b deKik wilh bo p,latrk rhe sloF dd r1E y inkr?r.
we obr,in rE tutrdd patu
by nininizi$ fie M of rF squ6 of d1e
dif,clres blaen dE rhdicar f@tim eira dihea.rn ld,bvalle.

poitu,laleledG,$)ninr-r,2, ..,,.aftdwehdesrd-ttdin.fundion:l
iom /(1) dut e wet b @ io &sib dE dih di:;nibud@ @ d up a expBion fa o etM fiMim E, wtrici i6 rh 3un of the squE ot *Edifl,me
btlen f(a) <t dE dahlrlE *:

E-tllr-'l&r'
tdid l(:) @ d6 ttelfind by q'nii!t2n'g lhe e@
& an exuple iI dE d.h d b b h d6aiben *iih l1E lil]a futrdm

Pahme6 in $e

r=t

tle

- ?rrc! +a&)+c;+r,d,a

+o?t'1

sineL\etu ba fiftdmottuovai.bl(.! d.rtwemidriz

tne iolo,ins h oupld egutioB.

5-ir,"*""*".'r-o

t t-r}&+r'04+),r'i]=0

siih

tuthmtuJiraryabeqri3
vib@ rha blre tln

of

*o lilld

equatiG

siry C@,r

," =

(t,d)[, r) - (Lal(t, +r,)

---

"Lrro- (L,a)(Dr)

wre dE damim6or h rhe ko

D-l|

*pdm

irnq whi.h

is

" r.q

Lb tld

=rd-(r")
sinil,r @lolan@.8 .died dt td o{E ihcti@ Fd

dE

p.lrDniat

ttn - 'r+ at +'t' +... +.,':

lor itu,
hs
b eolw r * of r li'E equriG b dtu
tJE
b parffi ar.'E{
And r tr alro rppty led+qu. 6br b hdjG d
s"Eltdi:bl6/'q.o . .rr,which@Jdb.li'lgdndrnl4ind.)rd

"BishPefthlne

^(nxY(dx,ERMoL!((1w)
tu'yson kddit , h pcdrigsof srcc$r'4.
Gd9GGMPH,s,c.frplqcr',I6,pPl@n6
rciN MoLLE& x ! x. IlNEs (m0,) turrttr
erddii& tud.d[ii, A. K. reb6 N:i& M.
.jNAlrDB, I Os). "ky ra.hs wis cm6", h
r.edn$dslcGRAP!'&,':o,4 {G4'4s,1313),
K, Y ISAMI, ad T (URFARA OS2) "A SiN

rnEdhs tu N'tun1 tuu9 d kn",

in prc@rh3e or srcctrAJ{ 'eX conplq c,pr!r,

^NIIYO,
Pk MdhDd ror

MPuaom,TER rNL \t{a Huwn h|4hc.u

ktuq htrdd. addr$rkbt
thn: rh.

^4b

fuyoded6",hPEdtFdslcs'H,37'
ca qtq cnrtic,1t\4),w s*

ANo,J.,.d 099r) crptrcsc

ArHEiroN.

sttAcded(hs,$i

r F Lr@r

tu qtut
BAMFF, D. 0s) "Andykal
sindafuolNqf!1frhgRi3idbdi6",h'rc.
,&'
of

sIcckPH

o id A wns

cdry!,/ c4]'i6, ,3(3'

"qrd siFuh
e2, 6P d cr'/ti', %(1),
8ANNSLEI M f,,A IACAIIN, T MAL$NET,

3AMFF,

(r9q).

L REurF,dD s@ANoe33) 'kredsch:ds

6! hge 5}rft15n,, h Pcdb3s dslccfulH'3&

anrd d c nlt i., t\4' pp. 131 1 &

sNSLn,M E oe3).frdrr Euyd4, tudEdni',

Aod.nifug,kDieocA

M.

B R&^.r.Oe3r)

lurD Oer. Fadd r4s?

-tupelquadiG and A4lerlgrhs

and

T&!5lom?dd''rr$c4''1,'cm']!sdd/4'J0'
8AN 1,3 A.ad rc sEAm trs) Lqrcunhr

8'6 d rsb

r,,*".# d
rd Evrudol

h ka+Li@", ncM

B$KY, B A 0e&). "a D$qiprbn

or vano6 }D ModdJ, rE.E cd4rq crplft ira

EA@L R 0d A ts BAR O@). "A edLns syn

or

srccrAw t3, .o44br cap,'.s,z(rt

pp.

tp

savE

R lte, PtFvatty.uase tututhsjnor1wkt

c@,ns, Aodd. I n$, $n Dqo cA
DAUM,DN.,S MANN,( PSMIH,4dI M WNCET
t Prcpc
oeer) "tubs &d6sfiy ueblc
^dm
& cwnrb
64 ed M$hh3 rFhnjqus tu
or Acuab Radtci9 sob6on/, in pffiurss oI
srccwH er, o"dq cnrh, r5({t pp

1{r

sN,
Medods

ldts

3dNLE!

rnd

n P BR@(t li 04) ,r,B-r

!gft6ebl.htY:.!oi$quoc",inPrc@dslF
alsl@RAB 93'c4fu. Grq*'PP |7126

BtEs"P Oq2l Ntl@dGltut:

Mxk

,oh Nnry & sq, rordo

em). lr'sdJ ,sk4 a ]@n'r&

BmN, I.

.ubLrt6ldnupoc,N

iG$dAPh
New

edls

gdiry"'inprcaednsol$@,e'o'jP./
Bl-s, t. w 0F, .stcs .trd Prrcs Fir, A6rd
8LESER. r lrw). -rAE fls srrL*ud. us hblha
kdptu", NASA cdad spae Frd' cend

BuN,t E4dM

3.

I\JrMLL

Oe76).

TextuElfd

kt

,a6 aJe? acM,1et1oJ,PP.w 547.

BLNN, J r 0e7l)

oe3,)."Atu{d hdArFbntsuda

Dethg", /cM ra,fr6E o,

crl6,

1{3, PP

at

J. E oe3,). ai3r R.fldrci Fundms tu smq

l''bofcl@&mdhst}'su6c"'hPi]@dtl8,d

8LNN,

srcchPH'&, cd"/..f/ c,rhA, 1q9, pp.2!a.

NNN, J E O93) "A TIiP DNi fu CGPhS PiFhI

rrt cnti6

ord

sLrNN,J G4O.,'u

apptndk$, t rr),rp ua
sri,3conaii rniD&tr ftCnpri4

.idr?,MorkuJ{4,hF!@ko,cA
t oeri) lj, Rfutrl cdia: Dr', At'L, Mq:n

8LNN,

P and r NAvAzO {rq). "$rid Rqlqnbbn

oPE6o !s4 dended (ltu", rd h4s
rds d c@\r'e(1r, pp ttute
BRrcN,s aidc LEvrr (1e2). "tu vjnur wsd b
d", IEEE Cdrwtd ch rsqda dtb5,1zt4t,

ddc. wawANoq) "krbP hDloorM'r

ulc Hums FiexEr" r.EE cdprb 64ris od nA
joYG,
canp

2t5\,

w,a

"b hbacdE cEPhia aPPri

admb^d!rtedehf'ftsicn",bP!!di35d
sr6RAm'n, co,Pdsc,Pr"6, f(3), pP @s.
rcuRc,D M.(m).Pry,bP6,!tu6rY6,otufy
BRESNAM, E oes). "A&qih tu conPdq
codrcr d a Dibi
' frork", r3M sFb^ /ord, 4{r,
sREN!.r,lJ E 0e7). "a Lh$
tft bd,
rnd Dtid DLphy of cirdli^rgonrhm
Ac", con,ui&
rbE/'t rcM,rc), PP rGr6
BRC')K9'R, F

BR'rO6

uu!6

Ir, F

0s) arhtuu3h:
P

AD@n{ cEPh

0s3) "crcP4 bl'y ftldd

h.dwe ccph$

$^

$ioe",.ar

BR@re Jq E c, M. OUH.!O!NC, J. J BlmR, ed

r t. @^nr( ceeo) "hojd cRopLHapdr Dis

srccMm e, o,F'b Gdrr6,21(1), pp. rr-$

R ads c@mcHAMoB).Pqeu flJ
rh ue rft4@, Joh wney & 9,t N& Yqr
8RON, c. w d 3. I sljmD 04t Cztn r/.
rlddj'ffi8Pub[odo6,cEenwich,ca

BRom,r

L A. LEre Oee) 'rwo &'/m4i

cgtns, 2rtq,
L.

0s)

w 2144.

"Th! A-suirqi

c@iPrb cu

tir

r31rt PP

Fun

Anddhd

1116

H E. RCImE& C MLLR, Ad D
IJnXERosD."aPnrsmieM d r6sMeeodro
ca

E.,

Nt

l:rmc,

ar APtute'

clrM'&,
CHEN,

rcNO,I] R.,I L ENCARNACAO, R A HOrc@D,

d oe&). "GituFiE c4phrs
' sb^d{d", rrre
c.qhns

c,AMNm,

cN,N

.nP,

dr w CALvEm

sRLNEr,

bLooMIrWALt {rs).,Mddiry$cM$ht'Mapb",

muoum, D L o%)

oes). "c81
Dked'DFtrfutonofI]umaih'hq",h

Fdn$olslcctr}Fa,co4q6ro,i,a,a(:),

cmPd*sy!sg#!d
srccuPH 7, conpl' c4di6 !(2), pp. rqr$.
8NN, I F and M. E NEWELL 0%) <ripPins
UstgHo@FE@Scodin6,'ihP!]@eg!d
srcctuPH %, cd,r!r' c,rrrd,12{31, m. ar61
lmN, ,. r oe3) "9imuhh6 o, wrjnHd sshai , h
pqdhs,dsrccuPr r&.ofr p/4c4rrd, f (3),
BLTNN, J F

BRUDERLN,

Gn&iG, at1\, pp

ter4

rnd s FNER Gq9. "Nor

krnme

ShedN

cdiflh c,t6 ,3{r, F. e+rft.

c., d ,r 0e@) 'ErPro.ns Mtu wqr&
wtd H$d Mound Msr Ddprars". ped,'s
'lrk
sPrE tstutr tf frdcoptid L6nrn4 k Enti@'
Mt dt.d ta blnattut tu ttji atid EBinrti\i
ckPH

,3e,

J.

co+r[! q f rR

btfr $not

r!dnoror,6,1m,,aiu.r

vst at6
pr 1!20

rtu D5Pt4

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tsedcubeAeddty$lud@6!conP]qEnvi
D P GREMEM

Oa)

"^ Prc8lsre

tuienhr

APPfue]ihF6lRadi6il'hFfulolh",hP+
adrye d srccuPH '8, c@u q c4ri5 2(r).
cotrN,
cooK

M. f,

d t

R L :nd K. ..

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