Malik Rivera

Claim: Even though Napoleon and Snowball have corrupt methods, they both just want to make their
environment around them a better place.
Robb, Paul H. "Animal Farm: Overview." Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed.
Chicago: St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
No page Most directly Animal Farm is an allegory of Stalinism, growing out of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
It is cast as a beast fable, thus giving the reader some distance from the specific political events. George
Orwell's use of the fable form helps the reader go beyond the details of one revolution and examine the
elements of human nature which produce a Stalin and enable him to seize power. The novel is thus lifted above
the particularities of polemic and presents a perspective on universals.
No page The most blatant and most effective techniques used by Napoleon are the show trials, the abject
confessions, and the summary executions. Orwell does not include an explanation of this epidemic of
confessions, but a reasonable conclusion is that the rampant climate of Machiavellian fear paralyzes the
judgment, generates irrational guilt, and creates a kind of hysterical contagion of confession, in the hope that
this will earn safety. We have in these scenes a parallel of the infamous Moscow treason trials of 1936-38.
No page Another recognizable technique: revision of the past. The Seven Commandments``unalterable
law''are revised one by one to suit Napoleon's purposes. Also the democratic meetings are changed to
assemblies where Napoleon issues his orders. The workers are often puzzled but they absorb everything they are
told and thus become perfect subjects for manipulation.
"ChildrenS Authors Share Their Favorite Childhood Books." Publishers Weekly 262.49 (2015): 6-11. Literary
Reference Center. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
Page 6 While I only understood years later as a teenager that Orwells book is an allegory of Soviet politics, as a
child I saw it as an allegory of the schoolyard: all the deep friendships, dubious allegiances, bullying, arbitrary
rule making, and power games that adults, preoccupied with their own lofty social politics, rarely witness in the
world of lunchtime recess, much less understand. As one of those same adults now, Ive read Animal Farm a
number of times and see it as a perfect example of a satire that transcends its subject, and describes human
nature beyond any particular circumstance, enough that a seven-year-old.
Orwell, George. "Center Stage: Animal Farm." Read 58.14 (2009): 6-15. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22
Feb. 2016.
Page 7 What is the nature of this life of ours? The life of an animal is misery and slavery: That is the plain truth.
Why, then, do we continue in this miserable condition? It is summed up in a single word Man. Remove Man
from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever That is my message to you,
comrades: Rebellion! All men are enemies; all animals are comrades. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs or has wings is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we
must not come to resemble him.
Page 7 Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house or
sleep in a bed or wear clothes or drink alcohol or smoke tobacco or touch money or engage in trade. And, above

all, no animal must ever tyrannize over its own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No
animal must ever kill any other animal. All the habits of Man are evil.
Page 9 We shall live by Seven Commandments. Number One: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy,
T vo: Whatever goes upon four legs or has wings is a friend. Three: No animal shall wear clothes. Four: No
animal shall sleep in a bed. Five: No animal shall drink alcohol. Six: No animal shall kill any other animal.
Seven: All animals are equal For those who cannot read, write, or recall, the Seven Commandments can be
summed up in these words: FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD!
Page 10 Napoleon has the windmill built after all and announces that Animal Farm will begin trade with
neighboring farmers. The animals work like slaves. The pigs move into the farmhouse. Most animals only
vaguely recall that in earlier days a resolution was passed against this, and those that do, cannot remember it
clearly.
"Notes & Comments: September 2015." New Criterion 34.1 (2015): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22
Feb. 2016.
Page 1 Most of the original Magna Carta, which was revised and reissued many times in subsequent years,
pertained chiefly to the depredations of King John, known to every school child in his previous incarnation as
the evil Prince John, the cruel and greedy enemy of the people (and brother of the noble Richard the Lionheart)
and the bane of Robin Hood. But beyond its local application to a wayward king, Magna Carta has emerged as a
beacon of liberty because of its rudimentary' affirmation of certain basic principles that people living in
democratic societies take for granted the principle of habeas corpus, for example, which aims to protect
citizens against unlawful detention and imprisonment.
Page 2 Orwell meant Animal Farm to be an allegory about Soviet Communism, an illustration of how
revolutionary enthusiasm regularly turns rancid and fosters new forms of tyranny. On diis 800th anniversary of
Magna Carta, it is worth stepping back not only to pay homage to the freedoms it anticipated but also to
acknowledge the losses it has recently endured. As the years passed, however, many tilings changed at Animal
Farm. A couple of the more pacific animals noticed that the pigs had taken to walking on their hind legs and that
those who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It was at about
that time that the seven commandments mysteriously disappeared and were replaced with just one: All animals
are equal, but some are more equal than others.

Meyers, Jeffrey, and Isaac Rosenfeld. "Chapter 10: ANIMAL FARM: Part 65: Isaac Rosenfeld, Nation." George
Orwell (0-415-15923-7) (1997): 201-204. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
Page 201 George Orwell, to judge by his writing, is a man, not without imagination, who is never swept away
by his imagination. His work as a literary critic and analyst of politics and popular culture runs along a well laid
out middle course, kept true to it by an even keel; it is always very satisfying, except when he ventures out into
certain waters, as in his reflections on art and poetry in his Dickens, Dali, and Others, where a deep keel has
the advantage over an even one. Even when he is wrong, as he was many times during the war in his political
comments and predictions, he is wrong in a sensible way. He stands for a common sense and a reasonableness
which are rare today, especially when these virtues are removed from the commonplace, as they are in Orwells
case, though not absolutely. Animal Farm, a brief barnyard history of the Russian Revolution from October to

just beyond the Stalin-Hitler pact, is the characteristic product of such a mind, both with credit and discredit to
its qualities.
Page 202 In brief, old Major, the pig, shortly before his death, delivers himself of the lessons of his life for the
benefit of the animals of Mr Joness Manor Farm, pointing out to them how they have been exploited by Man
(capitalism) and urging the revolutionary establishment of a better society (The Communist Manifesto). The
animals drive Mr Jones off the farm and hold it against his attempts to regain possession (Revolution and defeat
of the Counterrevolution). Led by two pigs, Napoleon (Stalin), more or less in the background, and Snowball
(Trotsky, with a soupon of Leninfor simplicitys sake, Vladimir Ilyitch is left out of the picture, entering
it only as a dybbuk1 who shares with Marx old Majors identity, and with Trotsky, Snowballs) the animals
institute a regime free of Man, based on collective ownership, socialized production, equality, etc. The pigs,
who are the most intelligent animals, form a bureaucracy which does not at first enjoy many privileges, this
development being held over until the factional dispute over the rate of industrialization and the strategy of
World Revolution begins, Snowball-Trotsky is exiled, and Napoleon-Stalin comes to power.
Page 203 Though Orwell, I am sure, would not seriously advance the badman theory of history, it appears that
he has, nevertheless, drawn on it for the purpose of writing Animal Farm. There are only two motives operating
in the parable (which is already an oversimplification to the point of falsity, if we take the parable as intended);
one of them, a good one, Snowballs, is defeated, and the only other, the bad one, Napoleons, succeeds,
presumably because history belongs to the most unscrupulous. I do not take this to be Orwells own position, for
his work has shown that he knows it to be false and a waste of time in historical analysis; it is, however, the
position of his imagination, as divorced from what he knowsa convenient ground, itself a fable, to set his
fable on. (If Marxism has really failed, the most ironic thing about its failure is that it should be attributed to the
piggishness of human nature.) It is at this point that a failure of imaginationfailure to expand the parable, to
incorporate into it something of the complexity of the real eventbecomes identical with a failure in politics.
Page 204 It is a more sophisticated question, for it realizes that the fact of the triumph is
already known, and a more important one, for it leads to an examination of the pigs
supremacy along two divergent lines, by way of a specific Marxist analysis of history, or a
criticism of Marxism in general, both engaging the imagination at a crucial point. But
Orwells method, of taking a well-worn fact that we know and converting it, for lack of
better
inspiration, into an imaginative symbol, actually falsifies the fact; thus over-extended,
the fact of Stalinist human nature, the power drive of the bureaucracy, ceases to
explain anything, and even makes one forget what it is to which it does apply. An
indication that a middle of the way imagination, working with ideas that have only a halfway scope, cannot seriously deal with events that are themselves extreme. There is,
however, some value in the method of Animal Farm, provided it is timely, in the sense,
not of newspapers, but of history, in advance of the news. But this is to say that Animal
Farm should have been written years ago; coming as it does, in the wake of the event, it
can only be called a backward work.

Hays, Carl. "Project Animal Farm: An Accidental Journey Into The Secret World Of Farming And The Truth
About Our Food." Booklist 111.21 (2015): 13. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
Page 13 Following the lead of other sharp critiques of the food industry, such as David Kirbys Animal Factory
(2010), Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma (2006), and Jonathan Safran Foers Eating Animals (2009),
newbie author Faruqi does a commendable job spotlighting the ways animals are mistreated around the globe in

order to make their milk and flesh available in our stores. After a stressful span of years earning an Ivy League
finance degree and working on Wall Street, Faruqi decided to use her recession forced layoff as an opportunity
to spend more time close to nature and promptly volunteered at an organic dairy farm. Faruqis discovery that
the organic label doesnt necessarily imply humane animal care provoked a new career in exposing and
ameliorating agricultural animal cruelty everywhere.
Orwell, George. "Animal Farm." Read 54.6 (2004): 8-19. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
Page 11 We shall live by Seven Commandments. Number One: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Two:
Whatever goes upon four legs or has wings is a friend. Three: No animal shall wear clothes. Four: No animal
shall sleep in a bed. Five: No animal shall drink alcohol. Six: No animal shall kill any other animal. Seven: All
animals are equal. Comrades, there is much to do. First allow me to declare that Manor Farm is no more! From
now on, our home shall be known to one and all as Animal Farm!
Page 18 A week later, another local farmer, Mr. Pilkington, and some of his friends arrive to inspect and admire
Animal Farm. After a tour of the grounds. Napoleon invites the men back to the farmhouse for a night of
drinking and card playing. Clover and Benjamin creep to the window and watch. Soon, other animals join them.
It is a great satisfaction to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding has now come to an end. In
the past, the existence of a farm operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling
effect on the neighborhood. Now all doubts have been expelled. We humans have our lower classes to contend
with, as you have your lower animals. We are one and the same.
Page 19 Well said, Mr. Pilkington. And I shall give you the same toast but in a different form. For Animal Farm
was originally called something different, and I hereby reinstate its true and original name! To the prosperity of
Manor Farm! Twelve voices begin shouting in anger, and they are all alike. The creatures outside look from pig
to man and from man to pig and from pig to man again, but already it is impossible to say which is which.
Meyers, Jeffrey, and Northrop Frye. "Chapter 10: ANIMAL FARM: Part 67: Northrop Frye, Canadian Forum."
George Orwell (0-415-15923-7) (1997): 206-208. Literary Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.
Page 206 George Orwells satire on Russian Communism, Animal Farm, has just appeared in America, but its
fame has preceded it, and surely by now everyone has heard of the fable of the animals who revolted and set up
a republic on a farm, how the pigs seized control and how, led by a dictatorial boar named Napoleon, they
finally became human beings walking on two legs and carrying whips just as the old Farmer Jones had done. At
each stage of this receding revolution one of the seven principles of the original rebellion becomes corrupted, so
that no animal shall kill any other animal has added to it the words without cause when there is a great
slaughter of the so-called sympathizers of an exiled pig named Snowball, and no animal shall sleep in a bed
takes on with sheets when the pigs move into the human farmhouse and monopolize its luxuries. Eventually
there is only one principle left, modified to all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others, as
Animal Farm, its name changed back to Manor Farm, is welcomed into the community of human farms again
after its neighbors have realized that it makes its lower animals work harder on less food than any other farm,
so that the model workers republic becomes a model of exploited labor.
Page 207 Today, in the Western democracies, the Marxist approach to historical and economic problems is,
whether he realizes it or not, an inseparable part of the modern educated mans consciousness, no less than
electrons or dinosaurs, while metaphysical materialism is as dead as the dodo, or would be if it were not for one
thing. For a number of reasons, chief among them the comprehensiveness of the demands made on a
revolutionary by a revolutionary philosophy, the distinction just made failed utterly to establish itself in practice
as it did in theory. Official Marxism today announces on page one that dialectic materialism is to be carefully
distinguished from metaphysical materialism, and then insists from page two to the end that Marxism is

nevertheless a complete materialist metaphysic of experience, with materialist answers to such questions as the
existence of God, the origin of know- ledge and the meaning of culture. Thus instead of including itself in the
body of modern thought and giving a revolutionary dynamic to that body, Marxism has become a self-contained
dogmatic system, and one so exclusive in its approach to the remainder of modern thought as to appear
increasingly antiquated and sectarian.
Page 208 A really searching satire on Russian Communism, then, would be more deeply concerned with the
underlying reasons for its transformation from a proletarian dictatorship into a kind of parody of the Catholic
Church. Mr Orwell does not bother with motivation: he makes his Napoleon inscrutably ambitious, and lets it
go at that, and as far as he is concerned some old reactionary bromide like you cant change human nature is as
good a moral as any other for his fable. But he, like Koestler, is an example of a large number of writers in the
Western democracies who during the last fifteen years have done their level best to adopt the Russian
interpretation of Marxism as their own world-outlook and have failed. The last fifteen years have witnessed a
startling decline in the prestige of Communist ideology in the arts, and some of the contemporary changes in
taste which have resulted will be examined in future contributions to this column.
Sapakie, Polly. "Freud's Notion Of The Uncanny In ANIMAL FARM." Explicator 69.1 (2011): 10-12. Literary
Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.
Page 10 George Orwells Animal Farm is famously political. Viewed as fable or fairy story, Animal Farm lends
itself to multiple critical interpretations. Richard I. Smyers argument, in Animal Farm: Pastoralism and
Politics, includes one crucial theme is [n]ot only are the important truths . . . known, [but] often both beast and
man attempt to block them from consciousness (112). The link between the critics allowance for differing
interpretations and attempted denial of truth in Animal Farm intersects with Sigmund Freuds concept of the
uncanny. The uncanny is undoubtedly related to what is frighteningto what arouses dread and horror (Freud
619). It is produced when the distinction between imagination and reality is effaced (636). Freuds uncanny is
evident in Animal Farm, especially in the novels closing scenes. Though little scholarship exists to link the
uncanny to Animal Farm, I suggest the final scenes of the novel haunt readers because of the uncanny. Included
in the final chapter is the striking scene when on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work . . .
the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard (Orwell 132). Clovers terror arises because she sees
Napoleon walking on his hind legs, carrying a whip in his trotter. Eerily human-like, the sight of a pig walking
on his hind legs obscures the boundaries of reality, fogging them with fear.\
Page 12 Animal Farm becomes the simultaneously familiar and alien Manor Farm, uniting the fate of the
beleaguered animals with Freuds uncanny, giving voice to thoughts usually repressed and eluded: [T]he fear is
. . . the primitive fear that our life is not our own, that free will is an illusion and our life has been mapped
out by a higher power (Gentile 30). No animal on the farm has any semblance of autonomy or free will after
being forced to acknowledge the illusory nature of the pigs collective identity in the novels closing scenes. The
animals dream of a golden future becomes an appalling nightmare, as unavoidable as it is acutely suggestive of
Freuds uncanny.

Beatty, Greg. "Animal Farm." Cyclopedia Of Literary Places (2003): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 23
Feb. 2016.
No page Manor Farm. English farm at which the entire novel is set. When the novel opens, it is called Manor
Farm and is run by a farmer named Jones. These names indicate that this farm stands for any farm, or any place,

and that the entire novel should be read as an allegory. However, since Orwell wrote in the introduction to the
Ukrainian edition that he wanted to expose the Soviet myth, Animal Farm also stands for the Soviet Union in
particular. When the animals take over the farm, they rename it Animal Farm; when the pigs revert to the name
Manor Farm in the final pages of the book, the complete failure of the animals revolution is indicated. No
animal leaves the farm unless it is a traitor (Molly), declared an enemy of the state (Snowball), or sold to the
enemy to be killed (Boxer). When they do leave, the animals rewrite history. Animal Farm is like the Soviet
Union in having its own official history that serves the purposes of its rulers. Orwells love of animals and his
practice of raising his own vegetables and animals are clear in his loving description of the farm; his socialist
politics come through in his sympathies with the animals as real workers and in his descriptions of the barn.

Peters, Michael. "`Animal Farm' Fifty Years On." Contemporary Review 267.1555 (1995): 90. Literary
Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016

No page Orwell was very clear about his intentions in writing the book. During the Spanish Civil War, he had
seen the effects of the repressions and deceptions of Stalinism at first hand. He wished to open people's eyes to
the reality of the Soviet regime 'in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone', even when that
regime had become an ally to Britain and the USA in the fight against German fascism. Such an exposure was
essential, Orwell believed, if a true and democratic form of socialism was to be created. Working in London,
first as a BBC journalist, and then as the literary editor of Tribune, Animal Farm was written whilst the bombs
dropped; one bomb even damaged the manuscript when it fell on the street where Orwell and his wife lived.
Certainly the process by which the book saw the light of day was a tortuous one, with publisher after publisher
finding reasons for refusing or delaying publication. For Gollancz, who had first option, and Faber, in the
person of T. S. Eliot, the novel was too much of an attack on Russia, which had suffered so hugely at Stalingrad.
Cape first consulted the Ministry of Information, who were concerned that the Russian leaders would take
offence at their depiction as pigs, before turning the book down.
No page Inevitably Animal Farm, when it was finally published, created controversy, although not of the kind
originally envisaged. With the end of the struggle against fascism, a new conflict had begun to develop--the
Cold War. Once effectively banned because of its politics, the book started to become an instrument of
propaganda in the West's campaign to claim the moral high ground. Many new translations were produced,
some with the assistance of the US State Department, and were circulated in places where Soviet influence
prevailed -- for example, the Ukraine and Korea. In 1947 the 'Voice of America' broadcast a radio version to
Eastern Europe. The success of the novel in propaganda terms may be gauged by the Soviets' fear and loathing
of the book, expressed by the seizure of copies in Germany, as well as by the cancellation of proposed radio
dramatizations in Czechoslovakia. This occurred just before Soviet crack-downs in 1948 and again in 1968 on
regimes which seemed to be dangerously libertarian.

Rasmussen, Kent. "Animal Farm (Book)." Library Journal 128.15 (2003): 105. Literary Reference Center.
Web. 23 Feb. 2016.

Page 105 Ostensibly a simple fairy tale, this little parable is actually a biting satire on the Russian Revolution.
The story begins on a quiet English farm whose dissolute human master (representing the tsar) mistreats his
farm animals so badly that they eventually go against him and set up a new order under the leadership of two
brilliant pigs (i.e., Stalin and Trotsky). As in the history of the Soviet Union, their workers' paradise is steadily
perverted until the animal farm becomes an even more oppressive state than its predecessor. This book's
combination of superficially lightweight subject matter and a deadly serious underlying theme calls for a
dexterous narration, and Richard Matthews provides it. Animal Farm should be in every public and school
library.

Creswell, Michael H. "The Cold War On The Farm: Orwell And The CIA." History: Reviews Of New Books
36.1 (2007): 9-12. Literary Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.

Page 9 Over the years, George Orwell, n Eric Arthur Blair (190350), has achieved international iconic

status. Indeed, his very name evokes reverence. He is seen as a writer of uncommon integrity, a champion of the
lower classes, and a passionate opponent of totalitarianism. Ironically, both the political Left and Right claim
him as their own to promote their respective causes. The Left views Orwell as an uncompromising enemy of
fascism and imperialism, while the Right venerates him as an anticommunist par excellence. Few authors have
earned such broad ideological acclaim.1 Orwell wrote many books, and, along with 1984, Animal Farm stands
out among them. An anti-Stalinist tale of talking barnyard creatures gone power-mad, Animal Farm has become
a staple on college reading lists.
Page 11 Although more than fifty years have passed since the release of Animal Farm, the films popularity
endures, thanks to the advent of home entertainment media. And as is tradition in Hollywood, no good story
goes untold. In October 1999, Turner Network Television produced a second film version of Animal Farm. This
adaptation includes real people and (mostly) real animals featuring the voices of such Hollywood luminaries as
Kelsey Grammer (Snowball), Julia Louis-Dreyfus (Mollie), Julia Ormond (Jesse), Paul Scofield
(Benjamin/Farmer Jones), Patrick Stewart (Napoleon), and Peter Ustinov (Old Major).16 Directed by John
Stephenson II, the 1999 film differs greatly from its predecessor, though it is in many ways more faithful to the
book.17 Sadly, the Stephenson film pales in comparison with the Halas & Bachelor effort. In seeking to provide
more entertainment, its creators sacrificed true edification. It is cloying, melodramatic, heavy-handed, and
accompanied by an overbearing soundtrack. The film does depart from the book in certain aspects. The
characters of Clover the mare and Moses the raven were not included in this version. The producers also
introduce television to the animals, who are suitably numbed by it and thus overlook that their rights are being
insidiously taken away from them.
Page 12 One might reasonably conclude that the CIA did err in hiding its support of Animal Farm. The
intelligence agencys unwillingness to admit its involvement in the films making undermines the credibility of
both the CIA and the movie itself. It also displays a lack of faith in the message the CIA was attempting to
promote. By contrast, Orwell remains unscathed. He showed great courage in writing this Swiftian satire,
braving the inevitable barrage of criticism that he surely knew would come. The ailing and habitually poor
Orwell also risked foregoing badly needed royalties by refusing to compromise his vision of the story. Despite
the CIAs attempt to cloak its involvement in making Animal Farm, we should be pleased that the agency
helped to create a cinema graphic version of the book.
Knapp, John V. "George Orwell." Critical Survey Of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-6. Literary
Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.

No page Animal Farm is one of those rare books before which critics lay down their pens. As a self-contained
fairy story, the book can be read and understood by children not old enough to pronounce most of the words
in an average junior high school history text. As a political satire, Animal Farm can be highly appreciated by
those who actually lived through the terrible days of World War II. As an allegory concerned with the
limitations and abuses of political power, the novel has been pored over eagerly by several generations of
readers. The novel is built around historical events in the Soviet Union from before the October Revolution to
the end of World War II; it does this by using the frame of reference of animals in a farmyard, the Manor Farm,
owned by a Mr. Jones. Drunk most of the time and, like Czar Nicholas II of Russia in the second decade of the
twentieth century, out of touch with the governed, Jones neglects his farm (allegorically representing the Soviet
Union, or by extension, almost any oppressed country), causing much discontent and resentment among his
animals. One day, after Jones does his nightly rounds, Major, an imposing pig (Vladimir Ilich Lenin), tells the
other animals of a dream he has had concerning theories about the way they have been living. Animals have
been exploited by Mr. Jones and humankind generally, but Major has dreamed of a time when they will throw
over their yokes and live free, sharing equally both the profits and the hazards of their work. Major teaches the
animals the words to a song, Beasts of England (The International), and tells them to look to the future and
the betterment of all animals; three days later he dies.
No Page Following the victory celebration, Snowball and Napoleon move toward a decisive parting: The former
wants to move full speed ahead with the building of the windmill (permanent revolution), while the latter thinks
the most important task immediately ahead is the increase in food production (develop socialism in Russia
first). After much debate and just before what could be an affirmative vote for Snowballs policies, Napoleon
unleashes his secretly kept dogs on his rival, chasing him out of Animal Farm forever. Henceforth, the
unchallenged leader abolishes Sunday meetings, increasingly changes rules at will, and even announces that the
building of the windmill was his ideas. The animals continue to work hard, still believing that they are working
for themselves. The changes Napoleon institutes, however, are so at variance with the initial rules of Animal
Farm, and life gets to be so much drudgery, that no one has the memory to recall the ideals of the past, nor the
energy to change the present even if memories were sound.

Pimlott, Ben. "Mr Blair And Mr Blair." New Statesman 129.4509 (2000): 25. Literary Reference Center. Web.
23 Feb. 2016.

No page Since it first came together a generation ago, this unlikely alliance has been triumphant in changing
priorities. Today, the New Republicanism in Britain embraces a new consensus, in some ways more powerful
and all-embracing than the two previous post-Second World War consensuses -- the Butskellite/planning
consensus of the 1950s and 1960s, and the Thatcherite consensus of the 1980s and early 1990s. This is partly
because it is a programmer of reform anybody can sign up to, without changing allegiance on economics:
Keynesians and anti-Keynesians are able to join hands. It is because the targets of the New Republicanism are,
on the whole, soft ones--bits of paper, or constitutional rules, rather than organizations or powerful individuals.
But it is also a result of the successful orchestration of the campaign around an idea of liberal democracy -which everybody favors, because of its intrinsic merits, because it fits current western conditions, and because,
in geopolitical terms, it has been so spectacularly successful. Just before the Berlin Wall fell 11 years ago, the
futurologist Francis Fukuyama wrote an article called "The End of History". Dismissing Marx, Fukuyama
resurrected Hegel: in particular, he re-examined the Hegelian concept of history as a series of types of human
consciousness.

Kearney, Anthony. "Orwell's Animal Farm And 1984." Explicator 54.4 (1996): 238. Literary Reference Center.
Web. 23 Feb. 2016.

Page 238 The famous slogan in Animal Farm, "All animals are equal but some are more equal than others,"[1]
is more ambiguous than it has usually been taken to be. The slogan has invariably been read as meaning that
some animals (the pigs) are more equal (are better) than others. If being equal is a good thing, then the more
equal you are the better. This is what we might call the obvious meaning of the slogan, a meaning authorized by
popular usage over half a century and so deeply embedded in everyone's mind that advertisers, among others,
can use it to trigger our desire to be better than everyone else. In the novel 1984, for obvious reasons, the phrase
was used often. "Are you more equal than others?" asked The Welding Journal, "This is your chance to become
one who is more equal than others, more expert in the welding field. . . ."[2] Being "more equal" means
excelling in certain ways and being superior to others, just as the pigs in Animal Farm claim to be more equal
than, and superior to, the other animals.
Pearce, Robert. "Animal Farm." History Today 55.8 (n.d.): 47-53. Literary Reference Center. Web. 23 Feb.
2016.
No page Animal Farm has a pivotal place in a new era of Cold War literature. Politically incorrect in 1944 when
the USSR was still an ally, it was soon eminently acceptable to the rightwing establishment, including the CIA,
which financed and distributed the 1954 cartoon 'based on' the novel, made by the husband and wife film
animators John Halas and Joy Bachelor. This was the most ambitious cartoon to be made in Britain of its day,
with 750 scenes and 300,000 color drawings. The US Psychological Strategy Board purported to find Orwell's
theme 'somewhat confusing', so the ending was changed. No longer did the communist pigs meet, and become
indistinguishable from, the capitalist men; instead the animals rose up in a new revolution and secured their
freedom. Clearly Animal Farm needs rescuing from the distortions of Cold War propaganda. To understand the
book properly we must focus on its provenance, as well as its reception. Then we may understand more fully
what Orwell hoped to achieve, and did achieve, with the novel he subtitled 'A Fairy Story'.
No page Many parallels between Russian history and the revolution at Manor Farm are unmistakable. Clearly
Old Major represents Marx, Napoleon is Stalin, Snowball is Trotsky, Pilkington is Britain, Frederick Germany,
the dogs are the OGPU/NKVD. The battle of the cowshed represents the Allied invasion of 1918, the battle of
the windmill is the Nazi invasion of 1941, while the windmill itself represents the Five Year Plans. Orwell had
merely changed the chronological order of events, to meet the needs of symmetry of plot. There are far more
parallels than most readers realize, and another score could be specified. When in chapter eight Orwell wrote
that, during the battle of the windmill, 'all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies'
he had changed an earlier proof version ('all the animals including Napoleon') because he had received reliable
information, from Joseph Czapaski, ironically a Polish survivor of the Gulag, that Stalin bravely stayed in
Moscow during the German advance.