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Tamilnadu
Tamilnadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
?????????
Chennai
Location of Tamil Nadu in India
Country
India
District(s)
Established
32
1956-11-01
Capital
Chennai
Largest city
Chennai
Governor
Chief Minister
Legislature (seats)
M Karunanidhi
Unicameral (235)
Population
Density
66,396,000 (7th)
Language(s)
Tamil
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
ISO 3166-2
IN-TN
Footnotes
Website
tn.gov.in
History
1
Tamil Nadu
oldest extant literature, dated between 300
BC and 600 BC mentions the exploits of the
kings and the princes, and of the poets who
extolled them. Cherans, who spoke Tamil language ruled from the capital of Karur in the
west and traded extensively with West Asian
kingdoms. An unknown dynasty called
Kalabhras invaded and displaced the three
Tamil kingdoms between the fourth and the
seventh centuries CE. This is referred to as
the Dark Age in Tamil history. They were
eventually expelled by the Pallavas and the
Pandyas.
Pallava Rule
Prehistory
Tamil Nadus history dates back to pre-historic times and archaeological evidence
points to this area being one of the longest
continuous habitations in India. In Adichanallur, 24 km from Tirunelveli, archaeologists
from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 169 clay urns containing human
skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks and
grains of rice, charred rice and Neolithic
celts, giving evidence confirming them to be
of the Neolithic period, 3800 years ago.[16]
The ASI archaeologists have proposed that
the script used at that site is "very rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi.[17] Adichanallur has been
announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.[18] About 60% of
the epigraphical inscriptions found by the
ASI in India have been from Tamil Nadu and
most of which are in Tamil language[19]
Pandya Rule
Pallavas were replaced by the Pandyas in the
8th century. Their capital Madurai was in the
deep south away from the coast. Tirunelveli
was their another important city which is the
South Indias second largest producer of Rice
after
Thanajavur.
Nellaiappar
temple,
Tirunelveli and Meenakshi Amman Temple,
Madurai are some of the best examples of
Pandyan Temple architecture. Nellaiappar
Temple, Tirunelveli is the first largest Shiva
temple in Tamil Nadu.
Chera Rule
From early pre-historic times, Tamil Nadu
was the home of the four Tamil kingdoms of
the Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallavas. The
Tamil Nadu
Chola Empire
See also: Early Cholas, Medieval Cholas, and
Later Cholas
Vijayanagar Empire
These northern invasions triggered the establishment of Vijayanagara Empire in the Deccan. It eventually conquered the entire Tamil
country (c. 1370 CE). This empire lasted almost three centuries.
Rule of Nayaks
As the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline
after mid-16th century, the Nayak governors,
who were appointed by the Vijayanagar kingdom to administer various territories of the
empire, declared their independence. The
Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur
were most prominent of them all in the 17th
century. They reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country such as the
Meenakshi Temple.
Delhi Sultanate
This restoration was short-lived as the
Pandya capital of Madurai itself was sacked
by Alauddin Khilji troops from the north in
Tamil Nadu
A semi-arid wasteland near Tirunelveli. Monsoon clouds pour torrents of rain on lush
forests that are only a few kilometers away in
windward-facing Kerala, but are prevented
from reaching Tirunelveli by the Agasthyamalai Range of the Western Ghats
(background).
British Empire
In early 19th century, East India Company
consolidated most of southern India into the
Madras Presidency coterminous with the
dominions of Nizam of Hyderabad. Pudukkottai remained as a princely state under British
suzerainty.
Independence
Tamil Nadu
Plains
Hills
Max.
43.0 C (109.4 F)
32.3 C (90.1 F)
Min.
13.1 C (55.6 F)
3.0 C (37.4 F)
several protected areas of Tamil Nadu including wildlife and bird sanctuaries.[28]
Governance and
administration
Top executives of Tamil Nadu
Surjit Singh
Barnala
Governor
M. Karunanidhi
Chief Minister
Chief Justice
(Acting)
S. J. Mukhopadhaya
K. P. Jain[29]
Director General
of Police
Chief Secretary
K. S. Sripathi[30]
Nilgiri Tahr
Bird
Emerald Dove
Dance
Bharathanattiyam
Flower
Gloriosa Lily
Song
Neerarum
Sport
Kabaddi
Tree
Palm Tree
Districts
Tamil Nadu
Sivagangai
District
Thanjavur
District
The Nilgiris
District
Theni District
Thoothukudi
District
Tiruchirapalli
District
Tirunelveli
District
Tiruvallur
District
Tiruvannamalai
District
Tiruvarur
District
Vellore District
Viluppuram
District
Virudhunagar
District
Ariyalur district
Tirupur district
Tamil Nadu
Politics
Pre Independence
Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu
was under British colonial rule as part of the
Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil
Nadu at that time was the Congress Party.
Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional
parties was the South Indian Welfare Association, which was a forerunner to Dravidian
parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916.
The party was called after its English organ,
Justice Party, by it opponents and later the
same was adopted as its official name. The
reason for victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the Congress Party, demanding complete independence of India. Freedom movement saw great
leaders like Subramania Bharathiar (Poet
who inspired freedom movement by his poetic skills), Subramania Siva, V O Chidhamdaranar (Industrialist, who managed ships
under the free India banner), Thirupur Kumaran,
Rajagopalachariar
(Rajaji)
and
Sathyamurthi to name a few.
E.V.Ramaswami Naicker popularly known
as EVR and also as Periyar, believed in agitational politics and he took the Justice Party
away from its original path. The Justice Party
which had a moribund existence under
E.V.Ramaswami Naicker, died at last in 1944
which he renamed the party Dravidar
Kazhagam (DK for short) in 1944. DK was a
non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called
Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and
C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956.
Dravidian Politics
Political
Alliance
Assembly
Elections
DMK+
163
(69.6%)
Lok
Sabha
Elections
39 (100%)
Tamil Nadu
Tamil
Other languages
Total
Hindu
81%
7%1
88%
Christian
4%
1%2
5%
Muslim
3%
2%3
5%
Other religions
1%
1%
2%
Total
89%
11%
100%
populous states (states whose population exceeded 20 million in 2001). Its decadal rate
of population growth has declined in every
decade since 1971, one of only three populous states (along with Kerala and Orissa) to
show this trend. The state has registered the
lowest fertiliy rate along with Andhra
Pradesh and Goa in India in year 2005-06
with 1.8 children born for each woman, lower
than required for population sustainability.[46] According to National Family Health
Survey-3 (NFHS-3), Tamil Nadu registered a
fertility rate of 1.8, the lowest in India in year
2005-2006.[47][48]
Demographics and
Religion
Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous
state in India with a population of
66,396,000,[43] as of July 1, 2008 (approximately 5.79% of Indias population). It is the eleventh most densely populated state in India.
In 2008, its population density was 511 persons per square kilometre,[43] having increased from 429 in 1991, significantly higher than the Indian average of 324 persons
per square kilometre.[44] 44% of the states
population live in urban areas, the highest in
India.[45]
Tamil Nadus population grew by 11.19%
between 1991 and 2001, the second lowest
rate for that period (after Kerala) amongst
Tamil Nadu
among the 12 states in India that have alarming level of hunger according to the 2008
Global Hunger Index.[61][62]
Culture
Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable
culture. Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, music and dance which
continue to flourish today. Unique cultural
features like Bharatanatyam (dance), Tanjore
painting, and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil
Nadu.
Tamil Nadu
Religions
With Hindus forming over 90% of the population, Hindu temples are ubiquitous in Tamil
Nadu earning it the sobriquet The Land of
Temples. Shown here is the Meenakshi Amman Temple complex in Madurai, which is
one of the grandest temples in the country.
Tamil Nadu was the home of several Hindu
movements not in the usual mainstream.
About 90% people follow Hinduism. These include
Shankaras
Advaita,
Ramanujas
Vishistadvaita, Alwar Sri Vaishnavism, Nayanar Shaivism, Several important Hindu
Tamil figures became important figures for
Hinduism as a whole (e.g.Ramanuja.) In modern times, worldwide important figures for
Hinduism were Ramana Maharishi and Sri
Sri Ravi Shankar. Other saints known more
locally to Hindus within India are Raghavendra Swami the Dvaita Vaishnava, Paramahamsa Sri Nithyananda or the Nithyananda
Foundation, Sivananda the expert of yoga
and Vedanta.
Main god for tamil peoples Murugan, other Popular forms of God include Vishnuand,
Shiva, although many other forms are also
worshiped. These other forms of God include
Rama, Krishna, Ganesh, Paravati, Surya, and
others. There is even a temple dedicated to
the form of Hanuman and Ganesh in one
form - Adianta Prabhu.[64] The government
emblem of Tamil Nadu contained the popular
Hindu temple of Srivilliputhur.
Christians and Muslims form roughly over
8% of the population. Christians are mainly
Festivals
Pongal, also called as Tamizhar Thirunaal
(festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day harvest festival is
one of the most celebrated festival of Tamil
Nadu. The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum literally meaning,
the birth of the month of Thai will pave way
for new opportunities is often quoted with
reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi
Pongal, is celebrated by throwing away and
destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old
and emergence of the new. The second day,
Surya Pongal, is the main day which falls on
the first day of the tenth Tamil month Thai
(January 14 or January 15 in western calendar). The third day, Maattu Pongal, is meant
to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide
10
Tamil Nadu
milk and are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a bull taming contest, marks the main
event of this day. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal the word "kanum", means to
view in Tamil youths used to gather at
river banks to view and select their future life
partners, but that practice has declined.
The first month in the Tamil calendar is
Chitterai and the first day of this month in
mid-April is celebrated as Tamil New Year.
Thiruvalluvar Calendar is 31 years ahead of
Gregorian Calendar, that is 2000A.D. in
Gregorian calendar is represented as 2031 in
Thiruvalluvar Calendar. Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month
Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water
level in the river Cauvery. Apart from these
major festivals, in every village and town of
Tamil Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the
time varies from place to place. Most of these
festivals are related to the goddess Maariyamman, the mother goddess of rain.
Additional major Hindu festivals including
Deepavali ( Death of Narakasura, Ayudha
Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Krishna
Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are celebrated widely. In addition, Christmas, Eid ulFitr, Easter and Bakrid are celebrated by
Christians and Muslims in the state.
Music
See also: Ancient Tamil music
The Kings of the olden days created sangams
for Iyal Isai Nadagam (Literature, Music and
Drama). Music plays a major role in sangams.
Music in Tamil Nadu had different forms. In
villages where farming was the primary
work, the ladies who work in the fields used
to sing kulavai songs. Odhuvars, Sthanikars
or Kattalaiyars offer short musical programmes in the temples by singing the devotional Thevaram songs. In sharp contrast
with the restrained and intellectual nature of
carnatic music, Tamil folk music tends to be
much more exuberant. Popular forms of
Tamil folk music include the Villuppu, a
form of music performed with a bow, and the
Nuppurappu, ballads that convey folklore and folk history. Some of the leading
Tamil folk artists in the early 21st century
are
Pushpuvanam
Kuppuswamy,
Dr
Navaneethakrishnan, Chinnaponnu, Paravai
muniammal etc.
11
Tamil Nadu
practised by male and female dancers all
over India. Therukoothhu (street dance) is a
folk tradition of dance-drama.
Film industry
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry, the second largest film industry in India after Hindi films. It is based in Chennai in
Kodambakkam, the section of Chennai that
houses cinema-related facilities, hence the
portmanteau Kollywood.
Cuisine
A Bharatanatyam dancer
performed to a special type of song known as
temmanguppu or thevar pu, a folk song
in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved,
to
the
accompaniment
of
a
nadaswaram and melam. Other Tamil folk
dances include mayilam, where the dancers tie a string of peacock feathers around
their waist; yilttam, danced in a circle
while waving small pieces of cloth of various
colours; poykkl kuthiraiyaaam, where the
dancers use dummy horses; mnam,
where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping of deer; paraiyam, a dance to the
sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and thppandam, a dance involving playing with
burning wooden torches.
Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form
originating from Tamil Nadu. Bharatanatyam
is thought to have been created by Bharata
Muni, a Hindu sage, who wrote the Natya
Shastra, the most important ancient treatise
on classical Indian dance. In ancient times it
was performed in Hindu temples by Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called sadir
or chinna melam. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata
Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a
traditional dance-form known for its grace,
purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses.
It continues to be a popular and widely performed dance style at present times and is
Economy
Macro-economic trend
Tamil Nadus gross state domestic product
for 2007 is estimated at 275,000 crores (70
billion USD) in current prices.[66][67] The
state experienced a GDP growth rate of
12.1% for this period.[49] Possessing the
third largest economy (2007-2008) among
12
Tamil Nadu
2004 05
1994 95
68,666
1996 97
89,237
1998 99
118,209
2000 01
141,100
2002 03
155,099
6.61%
21.81%
Year
188,921
Change Share of
India
7.49%
19.32%
7.18%
7.40%
29.96%
32.47%
7.33%
19.36%
6.85%
09.92%
13
Tamil Nadu
Andhra
Pradesh,
Punjab
and
Uttar
Pradesh.[80] The Cauvery delta region of the
composite Thanjavur district is known as the
Rice Bowl of South India. Next to Thanjavur,
is the Tirunelveli which is the second largest
producer of Rice due to the undrainable river
Thamirabarani. Tamil Nadu accounts for
nearly 6% of the area under fruits and 4% of
the area under vegetables in the country. In
terms of production, the States share is
nearly 10% in fruits and 6% in vegetables.[81]
Tamil Nadu is also a leading state in the production of flowers. The total production of
horticultural crops is 99.47 Lakhs during
2003-04. The main flowers grown in Tamil
Nadu are Jasmine, Mullai, Chrysanthemum,
Marigold and Rose. Mango and Banana are
the leading fruit crops in Tamil Nadu accounting for over 84% of the area under fruit
and over 87% of the total fruit production.
Off-season production of mango and roundthe-year production of grapes is unique to
Tamil Nadu. The main vegetables grown are
tapioca, tomato, onion, brinjal and drumstick.
14
Tamil Nadu
Donkeys Total
livestock
Total
poultry
9141
26
86591
1658
5593
8177
321 25
15800
Industry
Tamil Nadu is a highly industrialised state.
Many heavy engineering and manufacturingbased companies are centred in and around
the suburbs of Chennai (nicknamed, "The
15
Tamil Nadu
16
Tamil Nadu
Transportation
Tamil Nadu has a well established transportation system that connects all parts of the
17
Tamil Nadu
state. This is partly responsible for the investment growth in the state. Tamil Nadu is
served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural
market-places and rural areas. There are 24
national highways in the state, covering a
total distance of 2,002 km.[126] The state is
also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral
project that is scheduled to be completed in
2008. The state has a total road length of
167,000 km, of which 60,628 km are maintained by Highways Department. This is
nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of
all-India road network.[127] It is currently
working on upgrading its road network,
though the pace of work is considered
slow.[128]
Tamil Nadu has a well developed rail network
as
part
of
Southern
Railway.
Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern
Railway network extends over a large area of
Indias Southern Peninsula, covering the
states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, a
small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has a
total railway track length of 5,952 km and
there are 532 railway stations in the
state.[129] The system connects it with most
major cities in India. Main rail junctions in
the state include Chennai, Erode, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli Madurai, Tiruchirapalli
(Trichy) and Salem. Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network and is in the
process of developing a metro.
Tamil Nadu has a major international airport, Chennai International Airport, that is
connected with 19 countries with more than
169 direct flights every week. This is currently the third largest airport in India after
Mumbai and Delhi and has a passenger
growth of 18%. Other international airports
present in the state are Coimbatore International Airport and Tiruchirapalli International
Airport. Madurai Airport and Tuticorin Airport are domestic airports which connect
their respective cities to other parts of the
country. Apart from these, there are Air
Force bases at Thanjavur and Sulur(Suburb
of Coimbatore), and a Naval air station at
Arakkonam. Increased industrial activity has
given rise to an increase in passenger traffic
as well as freight movement which has been
growing at over 18 per cent per year.[130]
Tamil Nadu has three major ports at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin, as well as one intermediate port, Nagapattinam, and seven
18
Tamil Nadu
Fauna
There are about 2000 species of wildlife that
are native to Tamil Nadu. Protected areas
provide safe habitat for large mammals including Elephants, Tigers, Leopard, Wild dog,
Sloth bears, Gaurs, Lion-tailed macaques,
Nilgiri Langurs, Nilgiri Tahrs, Grizzled Giant
Squirrels and Sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as Cormorants, Darters,
Herons, Egrets, Open-billed Storks, Spoonbills and White Ibises, Little Grebes, Indian
Moorhen, Black-winged Stilts, a few migratory Ducks and occasionally Grey Pelicans,
marine species such as the Dugongs, Turtles,
Dolphins and Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects.
Flora
Tamil Nadu is the home to 3000 plant species
including Eucalyptus, Palmyra, Rubber, Cinchona,
Clumping
Bamboos
(Bambusa
Arundinacea), Common teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian Laurel , Grewia, and blooming
trees like Indian labumusum, Aredesia, and
Solanancea. Rare and unique plant life includes
Combretum
ovalifolium,
Ebony
(Dispyros nilagrica), Habebarai reriflora
(Orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and Royal fern. Tamil
Nadu ranks first in Angiosperm diversity
amongst all the states in the country with
5640 species (32%) of the total 17,672 species, which includes 230 red-listed species
and 1559 species of medicinal plants.[135]
Sports
Tamil Nadu has made fair strides in the field
of sports. The Sports Development Authority
of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) is the government
body that is vested with the responsibility of
developing sports and related infrastructure
in the state.[136][137] The SDAT owns and operates a number of world class stadiums and
organizes various sporting events.[138] It also
accommodates various sporting events, both
19
Tamil Nadu
regular rowing races on the Adyar River.[151]
The 232 year old Guindy race course in Chennai is popular horse racing venue. Apart from
these, the Multi-Purpose Indoor Games Complex in Chennai hosts international events for
Volleyball, Basketball, Badminton and Table
Tennis. In the recent years, adventure sports
have also gained popularity, especially
amongst the tourists visiting the state.[152]
Tourism
Kari Motorspeedway near Coimbatore.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the
governing body of Hockey in the state. The
Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai
hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its
state-of-the-art infrastructure.[142] Chennai
hosted the SAF Games in 1995. Anju Bobby
George, bronze medalist from Sydney
Olympics, represents Tamil Nadu in the national arena.[143] Shanthi Soundararajan, silver medalist (later stripped) from Doha Asian
Games, also hails from the state.[144] The
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a
multipurpose stadium hosting Football and
Track & Field events. The Indian Triathlon
Federation and the Volleyball Federation of
India are headquartered in Chennai.[145]
Chennai hosted Indias first ever International
Beach
Volleyball
Championship
in
2008.[146]
Chess and Carrom are popular indoor
sports. World Chess champion and Indian
Grand Master Viswanathan Anand and Arjuna Awardee and two-time world carrom
champion Maria Irudayam hail from Tamil
Nadu. Snooker was invented by General Sir
Frederick Roberts at the Ooty Club in Udhagamandalam.[147][148]
The
Velachery
Aquatics Sports Complex in Chennai hosts
different kinds of water sports. The SDAT TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai, one of
the very few modern squash facilities in
South Asia,[149] hosts international squash
events. Tamil Nadu has six 18-hole Golf
courses,[150] the most popular of which are
the Kodaikanal Golf Club, established in
1895, and Gymkhana Club, Chennai. The
Madras Boat Club, set up in 1867, hosts
20
Tamil Nadu
Palani are important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. The largest Shiva Temple in TamilNadu
is Nellaiappar Temple situated in the heart of
Tirunelveli city. Other popular temples in
Tamil Nadu include those in Gangaikonda
Cholapuram,
Chidambaram,
Thiruvannaamalai,Tiruchengode, Aragalur, Tiruttani,
Swamithoppe, Tiruchendur and Tiruvallur.
See also
Tamil people
Tamil language
Dravidian people
South India
Tamil cinema
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
21
Tamil Nadu
http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/
stories/2004052602871200.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
[19] Staff Reporter (November 22, 2005).
"Students get glimpse of heritage". The
Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/2005/
11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm.
Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
[20] Great Living Chola Temples.
[21] Geography of India by Joel Anderson.
[22] Damage to tsunami-hit countries - India.
[23] Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune.
[24] Assessment Report from the National
Drought Mitigation Center, Univ. of
Nebraska-Lincoln.
[25] United Nations, System of Organizations.
[26] IndiaAndIndians.com.
[27] Department of Geology and Mining,
Government of Tamil Nadu.
[28] Tamil Nadu Forest Department.
[29] [1].
[30] ^ Secretaries to Government of Tamil
Nadu.
[31] "National Symbols of India". High
Commission of India, London.
http://www.hcilondon.net/india-overview/
land-people/national-symbols.html.
Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
[32] Government of Tamil Nadu.
[33] Chief Justice of Madras High Court.
[34] Brief Note on Corporation Of Chennai.
[35] Tamil Nadu crime trends.
[36] TN Police.
[37] [2].
[38] Tirupur district shortly from The Hindu.
[39] "Election results". Indian Elections.
http://www.indian-elections.com/
assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/electionresult-06.html.
[40] "Parties Statistics". Election Commission
of India. http://www.eci.gov.in/
StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp.
[41] The Quest for the Origins of Vedic
Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration
Debate By Edwin Bryant.
[42] "Census Population" (PDF). Census of
India. Ministry of Finance India.
http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/
chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved on
2008-12-18.
[43] ^ Updated population estimates for
Tamil Nadu as of 01/07/2008.
[44] ^ The Tamil Nadu picture on Frontline
Magazine.
[45] Tamil Nadu the most urbanised state.
[46] National Family Health Survey, India.
22
Tamil Nadu
23
Tamil Nadu
[154][9]
[155]Great Living Chola Temples - UNESCO
World Heritage Centre.
[156]Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram.
[157]Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple website.
[158]Marina Beach, Chennai - One of the
Longest Beaches in the World.
External links
Tamil Nadu Government Website
Tamil Nadu at the Open Directory Project
24