Analysis of Statically Determinate

Structures
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Idealized Structure
Principle of Superposition
Equations of Equilibrium
Determinacy and Stability
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Beams
Frames
Gable Frames

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear
Wall Systems Problems

Classification of Structures
Support Connections
weld
stiffeners
weld
typical pin-supported
connection (metal)

typical roller-supported
connection (concrete)

typical fixed-supported
connection (metal)

typical fixed-supported
connection (concrete)

pin support

pin-connected joint

fixed-connected joint

torsional spring support

fixed support

torsional spring joint

A
B
L/2
actual beam

L/2

A
L/2

L/2

idealized beam

Table 2-1 Supports for Coplanar Structures

Type of
Connection
(1)

(2)

Idealized
Symbol
Light
cable

Reaction

Number of Unknowns
One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts in the direction of
the cable or link.

One unknown. The reaction is a

force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.

rollers
F
rockers

(3)
F
(4)
F

One unknown. The reaction is a

force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.

Type of
Connection

Idealized
Symbol

Reaction

(5)

Fy
Fx

Number of Unknowns

Two unknowns. The reactions

are two force components.

Smooth pin or hinge

(6)
slider

Two unknowns. The reactions

are a force and moment.

fixed-connected collar
(7)
Fx
fixed support

Fy

Three unknowns. The reactions

are the moment and the two force
components.

 Idealized Structure.

3m

3m

F
4m

F
A
actual structure

4m
A
idealized structure

C
B
D
joist
slab

girder
A
column
idealized framing plan

fixed-connected beam
idealize beam

fixed-connected overhanging beam

Idealized beam

idealized framing plan

idealized framing plan

 Tributary Loadings.

stringer

veihicle

slab

slab
girder
girder

stringer

floor beam

floor beam
deck girder
pier

spandrel
beam

beam
2nd floor

joist slab
joist

beam

supported slab

foundation
wall

1st floor
stairs
landing
slab on grade

wall
footing

column

basement
spread
footing

10

One-Way System.

4m
B

1m

0.5 kN/m2

1m

D
4m

2m
2m

idealized beam

2 kN

1 kN

2 kN
4m

idealized framing plan

D
2 kN

1m

1 kN/m
C

1m

1 kN
B

F
2m

2m
idealized girder

11

column
girder

concrete slab is
reinforced in two
directions, poured
on plane forms
L1/2

beam

L2
B

A
C

L1/2

L1
L1

F
Idealized framing plan
for one-way slab action
requires L2 / L1 2

12

L2/L1 = 1

Two-Way System.

4m
B

A
0.5

4m

45o

kN/m2

2m

1 kN/m

45o
A

4m

B
2m

4m

idealized beam, all

2m

idealized framing plan

L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2
6m
B

A
2m

45o

1kN/m

1 kN/m

45o
4m

D
C
idealized framing plan

B
2m

2m 2m

C
2m

2m

idealized beam

13

Principle of Superposition
P = P1 + P 2
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle
of superposition to apply :

P1

1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic

manner, so that Hookes law is valid, and therefore
the load will be proportional to displacement.

= P/A
= PL/AE
d

P2

2. The geometry of the structure must not

undergo significant change when the loads are
applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies.
Large displacements will significantly change
and orientation of the loads. An example would
be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at
its end.

14

Equations of Equilibrium

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Fz = 0

Mx = 0

My = 0

Mz = 0

V
N

V
internal loadings

15

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy
r = 3n, statically determinate
r > 3n, statically indeterminate
n = the total parts of structure members.
r = the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components

16

Example 2-1
Classify each of the beams shown below as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to
be known and can act anywhere on the beams.
hinge

hinge

17

SOLUTION

r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)

Statically determinate

r = 5, n = 1, 5 - 3(1) = 2 Statically indeterminate to the second degree

hinge

r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2)

r = 10, n = 3, 10 - 3(3) = 1

Statically determinate

Statically indeterminate to the first degree

18

Example 2-2
Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure below as statically
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the
structures.

19

SOLUTION

r = 7, n = 2, 7 - 3(2) = 1

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)

Statically indeterminate to the first

degree

Statically determinate

20

r = 10, n = 2, 10 - 6 = 4
degree

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)

Statically indeterminate to the fourth

Statically determinate

21

Example 2-3
Classify each of the frames shown in figure below as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees
of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed
to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.

22

SOLUTION
B

r = 9, n = 2, 9 - 6 = 3

Statically indeterminate to the third degree

r = 15, n = 3, 15 - 9 = 6

Statically indeterminate to the sixth degree

23

 Stability
r < 3n, unstable
r > 3n, unstable if member reactions are concurrent
or parallel or some of the components form
a collapsible mechanism
Partial Constrains
P

MA
FA

24

Improper Constraints
O

FA

A
FA

FC
FB

B
FB

C
FC

25

Example 2-4
Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The
structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.
B
A
A
B
hinge
A

B
B

A
A

26

SOLUTION

B
A

The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel.
It is also statically determinate.
hinge
A

The compound beam is stable. It is also indeterminate to the second degree.

A

The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.

27

The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B.

B

A
C

The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can
be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.

28

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

D

A
P1

Dx
P1
Ex

C
By
Ay
P1
P2

Ax

Dy

By

P2

Dx

Bx

Ay

Bx

Ey

Ax

Ex
P2

Cx

Cx

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3);

statically determinate

29

P1

P1
A

Ay

Bx

Ax
By

P2

C
P1

Bx

Ay
Ax

P2

Cx

P2
Cy

Cx

Cy
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2);

statically determinate

30

Example 2-5
Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

0.3 m
3m

150 kN
60o
1m

B
2m

70 kNm

31

SOLUTION
265 kN
60o

0.3 m

3m

1m

70 kNm

B
2m

265 sin 60o = 229.5 kN

Ax
Ay
+ F = 0:
x
+ MA = 0:
+

265 cos 60o = 132.5 kN

0.3 m

Fy = 0:

3m

1 m By

70 kNm

Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN ,
By(4) - (229.5)(3) + (132.5)(0.3) -70 = 0
By = 179.69 kN,
Ay - 229.5 + 179.69 = 0
Ay = 49.81 kN ,

32

Example 2-6
Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

15 kN/m
5 kN/m
A
12 m

33

SOLUTION

(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN

15 kN/m
5 kN/m
A
12 m

10 kN/m
5 kN/m
Ax
MA
Ay

(5)(12) = 60 kN

12 m
4m
6m

+ F = 0:
x
+

Fy = 0:

+ MA = 0:

Ax = 0
Ay - 60 - 60 = 0
Ay = 120 kN ,
MA - (60)(4) - (60)(6) = 0
MA = 600 kNm

34

Example 2-7
Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at
B is a roller (smooth surface).

B
7 kN/m

3m

A
4m

2m

35

SOLUTION
7 kN/m

3m

A
4m
28 kN

2m

3m

Ax
Ay

90o-56.3o = 33.7o
NB
tan-1(3/2) = 56.3o

2m
6m

+ MA = 0:

-28(2) + NBsin 33.7(6) + NBcos 33.7(3) = 0

NB = 9.61 kN

+ F = 0:
x

Ax - NBcos 33.7 = 0; Ax = 9.61cos 33.7 = 8 kN ,

Fy = 0:

Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0
Ay = 22.67 kN ,

36

Example 2-8
The compound beam in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A,
B, and C. Assume that the connection at pin and C is a rooler.

6 kN/m

hinge

B
6m

8 kNm

4m

37

SOLUTION
6 kN/m

hinge

8 kNm

B
6m

4m

36 kN
Ax

8 kNm

Bx Bx

MA

Ay

By
3m

By

Cy

6m

Member BC

Member AB

+ MB = 0:

Cy(4) - 8 = 0
Cy = 2 kN ,

+ MA = 0:

MA - 36(3) + 2(6) = 0
MA = 96 kNm

+ F = 0:
x

Bx = 0

+ F = 0:
x

Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0

Fy = 0:

Ay - 36 + 2 = 0
Ay = 34 kN ,

Fy = 0:

Cy - By = 0;
By = Cy = 2 kN ,

38

Example 2-9
The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized
model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a
roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted
to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as
shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The
boats mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports.
1.6 m

1.8 m

2m
6 kN/m

4 kN
0.3 m

D
G

roller

pin

39

SOLUTION
1.6 m

1.8 m

2m
6 kN/m

4 kN
0.3 m

D
G

roller

pin

+ F = 0:
x
4 - Bx = 0
Bx = 4 kN ,
+ MB = 0:

6(3.8) = 22.8 kN

22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4)

-4(0.3) = 0
Ay = 630.2 kN ,

1.9 m
4 kN
0.3 m

D
G

Bx

2m
Ay

23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN
5.4 m

+
By

Fy = 0:

-225.6 + 630.2 - 22.8 + By = 0

By = 382 kN ,

40

Example 2-10
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,
and C of the two-member frame shown in the figure below.
8 kN
5

4
3

3 kN/m
B

C
2m

2m

1.5 m

A
2m

41

SOLUTION

Member BC

8 kN

3 kN/m

+ MC = 0:
-By(2) +6(1) = 0
By = 3 kN ,
Member AB

C
2m

2m

1.5 m

+ MA = 0:
-8(2) - 3(2) +Bx(1.5) = 0
Bx = 14.7 kN ,
+ F = 0:

A
6 kN

2m

Bx
8 kN

1m

(4/5)8 By

Cx

1m

By

Cy

Bx

(3/5)8

1.5 m

Ay - (4/5)8 - 3 = 0
Ay = 9.4 kN ,
Member BC
+ F = 0:
x

Ax
Ay

2m

Ax + (3/5)8 - 14.7 = 0
Ax = 9.87 kN ,
Fy = 0:

Fy = 0:

Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN ,
3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN ,

42

Example 2-11-1
From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.

B
3m
15 kN
3m
C

A
3m

3m

43

SOLUTION
B
3m
15 kN
3m
Ax

A
Ay

3m

3m

Cx
Cy

Entire Frame
+ MA = 0:

C y (6) 15(3) = 0

Cy = 7.5 kN ,
+

Fy = 0:

Ay + 7.5 = 0
Ay = -7.5 kN ,

44

B
3m
15 kN

Bx 3.75 kN= Bx

By

B
3m

7.5 kN = By

3m

3m
Ax

A
7.5 kN
3m

3m

Member AB

Member BC

+ MB = 0: 15(3) + Ax (6) + 7.5(3) = 0

+ F = 0:
x

+ F = 0:
x

Ax = -11.25 kN ,

Cx
7.5 kN

3.75 C x = 0

Cx = 3.75 kN

11.25 + 15 Bx = 0

Bx = 3.75 kN ,
+

Fy = 0:

7.5 + By = 0

By = 7.5 kN

45

Example 2-11-2
The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that
creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction
pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable
arch.
2m

2m
B
3m
3m
C

4m

A
4m

3m

3m

wind

46

SOLUTION
2m

2m
B
3m
3m
C

4m

A
4m

3m

3m

wind

A uniform distributed load on the

windward side is
(1.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 6 kN/m
A uniform distributed load on the
leeward side is
(0.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 2 kN/m

6 kN/m

2 kN/m

6 kN/m
C

A
3m

2 kN/m

3m
3m

3m

47

25.46 sin 45 8.49 sin 45

25.46 kN
B
8.49 kN
25.46 cos 45

45o

45o

8.49 cos 45

3m

18 kN

6 kN

1.5m

Ax
Ay

1.5

3m

Cx
1.5 Cy

Entire Frame
+ MA = 0:

Fy = 0:

-(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5)

+ (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0
Cy = 24.0 kN ,
Ay - 25.46 sin 45o + 8.49 sin 45o 3 + 24 = 0
Ay = -12.0 kN

48

25.46 sin 45
25.46 kN
25.46 cos 45

By

18 kN
Ax

Bx

45o

8.49 sin 45
8.49 kN

Bx

1.5

45o

By

8.49 cos 45
6 kN

1.5 1.5

1.5

Cx

Ay= 12.0 kN

Cy = 24.0 kN

Member AB
+ MB = 0: (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0
Ax = -28.5 kN
+ F = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x

Fy = 0:

Member CB
+ F = 0:
x

Bx = 7.5 kN ,

-12 - 25.46sin 45o + By = 0

By = 30.0 kN ,
7.5 + 8.49 cos 45o + 6 - Cx = 0
Cx = 19.50 kN ,

49

Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and shear Wall Systems

A

B
B

B
B A

F/8

agm
r
h
p
F/8
dia
f
o
o
F/8
r

F/8

F/2
F/8

A
F/8

F/8

F/8

F/8

F/8

A
F/8

F/8
F/8

F/8

F/8

floor diaphragm
F/8

F/2

50

roof diaphragm
A
C
D

C A
D B

Wind F

F/16

second floor
diaphragm

F/16

roof

F/4

shear walls

agm
r
h
p
dia
F/16

F/16

A
F/16

F/16

F/16

F/16
3F/16

F/2

3F/16

2 st

floor

3F/16 F/16

F/16

3F/16

3F/16

B
3F/16

3F/16
3F/16
F/4

1 st floor
3F/16

F/4

F/4

3F/16

F/4

F/4

51

Example 2-12
Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown
in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and
flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors
and the shear along the columns.

20 m

30 m

1.2 kPa

C
D

C A
D B

3m

4m
4m

3m

0.8 kPa

52

SOLUTION
20 m

30 m

1.2 kPa

C
D

C A
D B

3m

FR2
FR1

3m

12 kN

4m
4m

12 kN

roof

FR2 /2
= 48 kN

12 kN

FR1 /2 = 32
FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN
FR2 /2 = 48

12 kN

F/8 = 12 kN
12 kN

32 kN 12 kN
12 kN
s
t
2 floor
32 kN
12 kN
32 kN

0.8 kPa

FR1 = 0.8(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 64 kN

agm
r
h
p
dia

32 + 48 kN

32 kN

32 kN

B
32 kN

32 kN
32 kN
1 st floor
40 kN
32 kN

FR1 /2
= 32 kN

40 kN 32 kN
40 kN

40 kN

53

12 kN
Fv

Fv

4m

+ M = 0:
Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0
Fv = 16 kN

12 kN
3m

32 kN
Fv

Fv
32 kN

+ M = 0:
4m

Fv(3) - 32(4) = 0
Fv = 42.7 kN

3m

54