CE 3155 Structural Analysis

(1) Introduction and revision

Dr Poh Leong Hien

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
E1A-07-13
Email: ceeplh@nus.edu.sg

Aims and objectives 2

• A general method to analyze truss, beam and frame structures

• Concept of influence lines for structural design purposes.

Assessments

• Quiz 1 (15%)

• Quiz 2 (15%)

• Design project (30%)

• Final exam (40%)

 3
Main reference book
Structural Analysis 8/e in SI Units by R. C. Hibbeler
ISBN: 978-981-06-8713-7

Supplementary reference book

Structural Analysis 5/e in SI Units by A. Kassimali
ISBN: 978-1-285-05150-5

Introduction 4

• Analysis of structural behavior under static conditions

• A complete structural analysis entails determining the unknown

stresses and displacements throughout the entire structure.

• All methods of structural analysis must satisfy 3 conditions

 Equilibrium of the internal and external forces (and couples) acting on the structure
 Constitutive law between the stress and strain of the material involved
 Compatibility between the strains and displacements of points on the structure

• Methods of structural analysis can be classified as either a force or a

displacement method.
 This module will focus on the displacement method.
 Beams 5

 straight member having one or more points of support

 deflection occurs in same plane and member does not twist (2-D)
 internal stress resultants: axial force, shear and bending moment
 applied forces act in a plane which contains an axis of symmetry of the beam
x-section

Flange
-
EI
N.A.
Web
+

***
Beams 6

-
Flange area most Why?
N.A. important for bending

+
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7

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Trusses 8

P
• Pin-jointed (frictionless, rotation allowed)
• Forces applied at joints A
• 2D or 3D
• Assembly of two-force members
B C
Why?
Trusses 9

In practice, most trusses are constructed with bolted or welded

connections.
 Rigid joints results in some bending. In most cases, bending stresses are
small. Hence, approximation with hinged joints usually okay.
 Bolted or welded connections designed to behave like ideal cases.

Centroidal axes of members

coincident at a point to
avoid eccentricities that may
cause bending of members

Idealization 10

(1) Joints Welded

Theory Reality

Fixed

Theory Reality

Pinned
Bolted
Idealization 11

(2) Support Reactions

Beam
Theory Reality
Smooth Surface
Roller

Theory Reality Beam

Rocker Hardened ball

Linear Structures and Determinancy 12

• Linear Structure:
 linear relation between applied loads and resulting displacements in the structure.

• The following conditions are assumed:

 material of structure is elastic
 changes in geometry of structure are small and can be neglected
 no interaction between axial and flexural effects

• Statically Indeterminate vs Determinate Structure

 a statically determinate structure can be analyzed by statics alone
 a statically indeterminate structure must be solved considering additionally the
equations of compatibility and material constitutive law
Determinacy (co-planar structure) 13

A structure is said to be determinate if all unknown reactions and member

internal forces can be calculated from the equations of equilibrium.

In 2D, generally for each member we can write 3 equations:

e Py P
Px ∑Fx = 0  Rx = Px (Horizontal Forces)
O
∑Fy = 0  Ry = Py (Vertical Forces)
Ry M
Rx ∑M = 0  M = Py e (Moments about O)

Determinacy (co-planar structure) 14

For a co-planar (2D) structure, the degree of indeterminacy S can be

written as S = r – 3n, where
• r = number of internal and external forces
• n = number of members

S=0 Statically determinate

S>0 Statically indeterminate, S = degree of indeterminancy
S<0 Not enough members/supports  unstable.

In an indeterminate structure, the static equilibrium equations are

insufficient to solve for all the member forces.
 Determine the degree of indeterminacy 15

R2 n = 1 (1 member)
R3 r = 3 (R1, R2 and R3)
R1 S = r - 3n = 0, hence determinate

R2 R3
R4 R5
R1

n = 1 (1 member)
r = 5 (R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5)
Degree of indeterminacy S = r – 3n = 5-3 = 2

***
Determine the degree of indeterminacy 16
Determinacy (trusses) 17

Fx Fx

Fy Fy

In a truss:
• Each joint can be used to solve 2 equations.
• Each member has an axial force.

The degree of indeterminacy S can be written as S = r – 2j, where

• r = number of internal (axial) and external forces
• j = number of joints.

Determinacy (trusses) 18

6 7
5

1 3 4 8
2

8 members, 5 joints
4 external forces

Degree of indeterminacy
S = r – 2j = 8 + 4 - 2(5) = 2
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Determinacy (trusses) 19

Stability and Determinacy 20

Determinacy: Degree of “redundancy” of the structure

Structure is unstable if there are not enough members to carry load

(S < 0).

3 members, 4 joints
4 external forces

Degree of indeterminacy
S = r – 2j = 4 + 3 - 2(4) = -1
Causes of Instability 21

(A) Insufficient Constraints - at least three elements of reactions are

necessary to restrain a co-planar structure in equilibrium.

P’ P’

P’
P’

Causes of Instability 22

(B) Geometric Instability – due to improper geometry of the constraints

• Reactions are parallel to each other

If reactions are parallel to each other, they can cause instability.

• Reactions are coincident at a point

Summation of moments about a point ‘O’ = P.d  rotation about ‘O’.

P’ O

R1 R3
dR
2
Unstable (no horizontal resistance)
Rotation about point O
Statically determinate structures (S=0) 23

• Just enough members and constraints to carry load

Statically indeterminate structures (S>0)

• More than enough members and constraints to carry load
• Lower deflection
• Lower stress

Statically indeterminate structures (S>0) 24

• Redundancies
 Usually able to redistribute loads when some structural components fail.
Statically indeterminate structures (S>0) 25

• Stresses due to support settlement

Support settlement does Support settlement induce

not cause any stresses. significant stresses.

Statically indeterminate structures (S>0) 26

• Stresses due to temperature changes

• Harder to solve
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Discussion 27

Determine the degree of determinacy of the following structure.

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Discussion 28

At the location of an internal hinge, the moment has to vanish.

Idea: Use an internal hinge to reduce an indeterminacy of structure.

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29

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Discussion 30

Introduce internal hinges to make the following structures statically

determinate.
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Discussion 31

Introduce internal hinges to make the following structures statically

determinate.