Ch-02 Force and Stress Analysis MEC-430 ALL

College of Engineering and Computer Science
MEC 430 – Machine Design
CHAPTER-02 STRESS & DEFLECTION (REVIEW)
College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

GENERAL RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR E-LECTURES
 Please download the lecture from blackboard, watch it on your own time,
and prepare any questions that you may have.
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to try and sketch the solutions of the examples before looking up the
answers.
 In the online meeting, we’ll still go over the lecture briefly and the
concentration will be on interaction, questions, and examples.
 Some important rules for the online lecture:
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 Please mute yourself so that noise levels will be minimized.
 Questions will be conducted and answered through Chat where you’ll
type your own questions.
 Any assignments or submissions will be through blackboard.
Chapter Objectives
 Free Body Diagram (FBD) & Static equilibrium

equations.
 Internal forces diagrams
 Stress Calculations:
o Internal forces: N, V, M, T.
o Stresses in prismatic and thin-walled sections.
o Stresses in pressure vessels.
 Stress combination and principal stresses
 Deflection in shaft and beams

Statics
Concerns bodies/structures in equilibrium (i.e., at rest or in
uniform motion)
Equilibrium Conditions: Force balance and moment (or

torque) balance for the structure or part of it.
Determines forces/moments at support locations under

known external loads (forces/moments)
Determines internal forces/moments
Importance: Since internal forces/moments determine the

stresses and strains in the body/structure, the subject is
important in Mechanics of Materials
Equations of Equilibrium
General, 3-D Case:
1. For the structure or any part of it, the forces and moments should
balance along three orthogonal directions:
∑ Fx 0;=
= ∑ Fy 0;=
∑ Fz 0
∑ M x 0;=
= ∑ M y 0;=
∑Mz 0
We get six equations.
Only six unknown external forces/moments can be determined.
Otherwise we have a “statically indeterminate system.”
2-D Case (Co-planar Forces):
∑ Fx 0;=
= ∑ Fy 0;=
∑Mz 0
We get three equations.
Only three unknown external forces/moments can be determined.
Support Reactions
• The reaction forces/moments at the supports

can be determined using the equilibrium
equations
• Both magnitude and direction are needed
• The type of support may determine the
nature/direction of the support reaction
• Some useful examples are shown next (2-D)
that may be easily extended to the 3-D case
Types of Supports
R
θ θ
Cable
R
θ θ
Pin-jointed
Light Rod
Ball or Roller R
Rocker
R
Smooth
Surface
R
Types of Supports (Cont.)
Pin Joint
(Simply Rx
Supported)
Ry
M
Clamped
(Fixed) Vx
Vy
Ball Bearing
Rx Ry
Journal
Bearing
Rx My
Mx Ry
Types of Supports (Cont.)
Sample examples of reaction forces
General rule:
if a support prevents translation of a body in a given direction, then a force
is developed on the body in the opposite direction.
Similarly, if rotation is prevented, a moment is exerted on the body.
SUPPORT REACTIONS IN 2-D – Two Force Members
The solution to some

equilibrium problems can be
simplified if we recognize
members that are subjected to
forces at only two points (e.g.,
at points A and B).
If we apply the equations of equilibrium to such a member, we

can quickly determine that the resultant forces at A and B must
be equal in magnitude and act in the opposite directions along
the line joining points A and B.
SUPPORT REACTIONS IN 2-D – Two Force Members (Cont.)
In the cases above, members AB can be considered as two-

force members, provided that their weight is neglected.
This fact simplifies the equilibrium analysis of some rigid bodies
since the directions of the resultant forces at A and B are thus
known (along the line joining points A and B).
Light, rigid rods with pin-jointed ends (frictionless joints,

end forces only, no end moments)
• For equilibrium: the two end forces must be
equal and opposite; they must be collinear
with (i.e., fall along) the line joining the end
joints
• The shape of the member has no effect
• Weight of the member will violate this
condition
B FAB
Two conditions must be satisfied: A
1. FAB
2.
RB
B
Note: Heavy rod is not a RA A

two-force member. Why?
mg
How many reactions you get in these cases?

CHAINS & ROPES (….) SPRINGS (….) ROLLER LINKS & BEARINGS (….)
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES &
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
Objectives:
a) Identify support reactions in 2D & 3D.
b) Draw a free-body diagram. Activities:
c) Apply Equilibrium Eqns. in 2D & 3D. • Applications
• Support Reactions
• Free – Body Diagram
• Equilibrium in 2D
• Equilibrium in 3D
• Concept Quiz
APPLICATIONS
A 200 kg platform is suspended off an oil rig. How do we determine the force
reactions at the joints and the forces in the cables?
How are the idealized model and the free body diagram used to do this? Which
diagram above is the idealized model?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
For a given load

on the platform,
how can we
determine the
forces at the joint
A and the force in
the link (cylinder) A steel beam is used to support roof joists.
BC? How can we determine the support reactions at A & B?
How can we make use of an idealized model and a free
body diagram to answer this question?
Shaft design usually involves 3D

equilibrium problems. How can we
get the reactions at the bearings?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Ball-and-socket joints and journal

bearings are often used in
mechanical systems.
How can we determine the support
reactions at these joints for a given
loading?
A 50 lb sign is kept
in equilibrium
using two cables
and a smooth
collar. How can
The weights of the fuselage and we determine the
fuel act through A, B, and C. How reactions at these
will we determine the reactions at supports?
the wheels D, E and F ?
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
Idealized model
Free-body diagram
STEPS TO DRAW FBD:

1. Draw a closed loop on the body to be analyzed.
Identify all the cuts made to isolate the body.
2. Show all the external forces and couple moments.

These typically include:
a) Traction loads, e.g., external forces and moments, forces from ropes,
chains, …, contact forces, reaction forces
b) Body forces, e.g., weight and inertia of the body.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS (continued)
Idealized model Free-body diagram
STEPS TO DRAW FBD (Cont.):

3. Label loads and dimensions: All known forces and couple
moments should be labeled with their magnitudes and
directions. For the unknown forces and couple moments,
use letters like Ax, Ay, MA, etc.. Indicate any necessary
dimensions.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS (continued)
For analyzing an actual physical system, first we need to create an idealized model.
Then we need to draw a free-body diagram showing all the external (active and
reactive) forces.
Finally, we need to apply the equations of equilibrium to solve for any unknowns.
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If a support prevents translation of a body, then the support exerts
a ___________ on the body.
1) couple moment
2) force
3) Both A and B.
4) None of the above
2. Internal forces are _________ shown on the free body diagram of a

whole body.
A) always
B) often
C) rarely
D) never
EXAMPLE-1
Given: An operator applies 20 lb to the

foot pedal. A spring with
k = 20 lb/in is stretched 1.5 in.
Draw: A free-body diagram of the foot
pedal.
The idealized model The free-body diagram

EXAMPLE-1
Given: An operator applies 20 lb to the

foot pedal. A spring with
k = 20 lb/in is stretched 1.5 in.
Draw: A free-body diagram of the foot
pedal.
The idealized model The free-body diagram

EXAMPLE-2
Draw a FBD of the bar, which has Draw a FBD of the 5000 lb dumpster
smooth points of contact at A, B, (D). It is supported by a pin at A and
and C. the hydraulic cylinder BC (treat as a
short link).
EXAMPLE-2 (continued)
Free Body Diagram Free Body Diagram

EXAMPLE-2 (continued)
3D Free-Body Diagram Example
3D Free-Body Diagram Example (Cont.)



Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mec 430: Machine Design
Mohamed S. Gadala, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Professor of Mechanical Engineering
e-mail: gadala@mech.ubc.ca
mohamed.gadala@adu.ac.ae MEC 430: Machine Design
Internal Force Diagrams
Normal Force Diagram
This shows how the internal normal force (tension or
compression) varies along the beam.
Shear Diagram
This shows how the internal shear force (in the transverse
direction) varies along the beam.
Moment Diagram
This shows how the internal bending moment varies along the
beam.
Torque Diagram
This shows how the internal torque varies along the beam.
Steps of Derivation
1. Draw a free-body diagram for bending member and mark all
the loads, including those at supports.
2. Write equilibrium equations and determine the unknown loads
(typically support loads)
3. Divide the member into segments (based on support locations
and load discontinuities)
4. Starting from a convenient end, make a virtual section (cut)
within the first segment. Draw FBD for either side of the cut,
write eqm. Eqns. And find  Shear force and the bending
moment at the cut section
5. Repeat Step 4 for the remaining segments of the member
6. Sketch the shear and moment diagrams and mark the
significant values of shear and moment on them
Sign Convention
1. Distributed load w(x) per unit length acting upward is +ve
2. Shear forces that tend to rotate the element in the clockwise (cw)
direction are +ve
3. Bending moments that tend to bend the two ends of the element upward
(i.e., forming “basin” shape or “smiling face” shape in between ) is +ve
Note the sign conventions are

opposite when the summing
processes are carried out with
opposite direction
(from left to right vs

from right to left)
Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Figure.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
The support reactions are shown in Figure.
Applying the two equations of equilibrium yields
wL
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; − wx − V = 0
2
L 
V = w − x  (1)
2 
 wL   x
+ ∑ M = 0; −  x + (wx )  + M = 0
 2  2
 w
(
M =   Lx − x 2 ) (2)
2
The point of zero shear can

be found from Eq. 1:
From the moment

diagram, this value of x
w   L   L   wL2
2
represents the point on
the beam where the
M max =  L  −    =
2   2   2   8
maximum moment
occurs.
EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Figure.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
•Solutions
• The reactions are shown on the
free-body diagram.
• The shear at each end is plotted first,

Fig. 6–12c.
• The moment is zero at each end,

Fig. 6–12d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M0/2L.
• Note that the

couple moment causes a jump in the
moment diagram at the beam’s
centre.
MEC 302 Mechanics of Materials
EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown in Figs. 6–13a and 6–14a.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
Example-4: Shear-Moment Diagrams
Example-5: Moment Diagrams – Two Planes

Example 6
Beam of length 2L, pinned at end A, supported on rollers at
other end (D).
Loaded as shown (uniform force w/length from A to midspan
B; point force P at distance 3L/2 from A).
Determine: Shear diagram and moment diagram.

Assume P > wL.
w/length
P
A B C D
L 3L 2
2L
Example 6 (Solution)
wL P
Free-body Diagram: A D
0 x
L 2 3L 2
RA RD
Equilibrium: ↑∑= ;=
F 0 : RA − wL − P + RD 0 ∑ M A= 0: − wL ×
L
− P×
3L
+ RD × 2 L= 0
2 2
 3P wL ; P 3wL
R=
D + R=A +
4 4 4 4
Consider AB, BC, and CD separately (in view of different loading scenarios in these
segments).
(a) From A to B: x = 0 to L
Cut at x and consider FBD of portion to the left.
P 3wL
Shear: ↑∑= F 0 : RA − wx −=V 0  V =RA − wx = + − wx
4 4
wx  P w  Linear drop from RA
V =− (4 x − 3L)
A M 4 4
0 x V
Moment: ∑ M x = 0: M + wx ×
x
− RA × x =0⇒ =
M RA x −
wx 2
x 2 x 2 2
RA P 3wL wx 2 Px wx  Linear rise + quadratic drop
⇒ M =( + )x − = + (3L − 2 x)
4 4 2 4 4
Example 6 (Solution Cont’d)
wL
(b) From B to C: x = L to 3L/2 A M
Shear: ↑ ∑= F 0: RA − wL −=V 0
0 x V
 V =RA − wL =P + 3wL − wL L 2 L x
P 4 wL 4
 V= −  Constant RA
4 4
L L
Moment: ∑M x = 0: M + wL( x − ) − RA x =
2
0
 M =RA x − wL( x − )
P 3wL L 2
 M= Px wL
( + ) x − wL( x − ) =+ (2 L − x)  Linear
4 4 2 4 4 wL P
M
A
(c) From C to D: x = 3L/2 to 2L 0 x V
Shear: ↑ ∑ = F 0 : RA − wL − P − =
V 0 L 2 3L 2 x
 V = RA − wL − P R A
P 3wL 3P wL
 V =4 + 4 − wL − P =− 4 − 4  Constant
3L L
Moment: ∑ M = 0: M + P( x − 2 ) + wL( x − 2 ) − R x =
x A 0
 M =R x − P( x − 32L ) − wL( x − L2 ) =( P4 + 3wL

A
4
3L
2
L
) x − P( x − ) − wL( x − )
2
 3P wL
=M (2 L − x) + (2 L − x)
4 4  Linear
Example 6 (Solution Cont’d)
Shear Diagram Moment Diagram
M
V 3PL wL2
+
8 8
P 3wL
R=
A +
4 4
PL wL2
+
4 4
P wL
−
4 4
0 x
L 3L 2 2L
0 x
L 3L 2 2L
3P wL
− −
4 4
Concept Quiz
Provided that the bending formation of a straight member is small and within
elastic range. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Plane section remains plane|

b) Cross section remains perpendicular
c) The length of the longitudinal axis remains unchanged
d) In-plane distortion of cross section is to the longitudinal axis
not negligible
Which of the following statements is incorrect for bending of a straight
member?
a) Bending stress is proportional to

b) Bending stress is inversely proportional
c) Bending stress is inversely the moment proportional to
the moment of inertia of the section
d) Bending stress is not a function to the second moment
of area of the section of the location

Thin-Walled Vessels
Assumptions:
1. Inner-radius-to-wall-thickness ratio ≥ 10
2. Stress distribution in thin wall is uniform or constant
Cylindrical vessels:
pr
Hoop direction : σ 1 =
t
pr
Longitudinal stress : σ 2 =
2t
Spherical vessels:
pr
σ2 =
2t

Thick-Walled Cylinders
Special case of zero outside pressure, po = 0
If ends are closed, then longitudinal

stresses also exist

Example 1
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m and a

thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal pressure it can
sustain so that neither its circumferential nor its longitudinal stress
component exceeds 140 MPa. Under the same conditions, what is
the maximum internal pressure that a similar-size spherical vessel
can sustain?
The maximum stress occurs in the circumferential direction.
pr p (600)
σ1 = , 140 =
t 12
p = 2.8 N/mm2 = 28 MPa (Ans)
1
The stress in the longitudinal direction will be σ 2 = (140 ) = 70 MPa
2
The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material at
the inner wall of the vessel and is σ 3(max) = p = 2.8 MPa
The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions on an

element of the vessel is
pr p (600)
σ2 = , 140 =
2t 2(12 )
p = 5.6 N/mm2 = 5.6 MPa (Ans)

Brief Review of Stress Analysis
Simple Shear & Normal Stress – Uniaxial Load

STRESS ANALYSES REVIEW: Stresses Due to Normal Force
Normal force F leads to:

𝑭𝑭
𝝈𝝈 = 𝑨𝑨
Gives uniform stress distribution (average)
ASSUMPTIONS to use the normal force equation:

• Axes must be centroidal
• Force MUST be applied at the centroid and perpendicular to
the cross section

Example
Example 4
For the thick-walled section shown in figure, a force P is applied at the midpoint of
the thickness as shown. The CG of the section is marked on the figure.
Discuss how would you calculate the normal stresses on the section.
a
CG
P z

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES: Bending in one plane
Bending moment M leads to:
My
σ =− (for straight beam)
I
ASSUMPTIONS to use the bending equation:

• Plane cross sections remain plane during bending, slender beams
• Axes must be centroidal and principal, (Principal means that
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0; satisfied if beam has axis of symmetry in the plane of bending)
• Material is isotropic and homogeneous
• Material obeys Hooke’s law
• Beam is initially straight with constant cross section
• Proportions are such that failure is by bending rather than crushing,
wrinkling, or sidewise buckling

Example
Example 4
For the thin-walled section shown in figure, a bending moment 𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 is applied as
shown. The CG of the section is marked on the figure.
Discuss how would you calculate the normal stresses at point ‘p’.
y
p
3a
CG
z
a 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧
a 3a

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES: Bending in two plane
BENDING OF PRISMATIC & THIN-WALLED SECTIONS:
Y
My +ve
Mz -ve
My My -ve
P Mz y Myz Mz -ve
σ xx =± ± ± z
A Iz Iy
Mz y
Z
 Centroidal principal axes P
 Map the section as shown My -ve
My +ve
Mz +ve Mz +ve
Y Y Y’ 2
Z I Z=
′ I Z + AY ,
2
Z Z
CG
IY=
′ IY + AZ ,
D
Y I Z= I ZY + AZY
Z’ ′Y ′
I=
z I=
y π D 4 / 64
I z π D 4 / 32
I p 2=
=
REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES: Bending in two plane
BENDING OF PRISMATIC & THIN-WALLED SECTIONS:
y b
(b)
t
z h h
h 1 or 2
z Y
(c)
(a) θ
z
b t Z
3
bh th3 CG
=(a) I z = , (b) I z = , (c) I z (tb)h 2 θ
12 12
2 or 1
Y Y
2
H
Iz + Iy  Iz − Iy 
Z H (c) I1, 2 = ±   + I zy2
h 2  2 
Z
(a)
(b)
z
[ (
θ = (1 2)arctan 2 I zy I z − I y )]
W C C W t
WH 3 /12, (b) I y =
(a) I z = (
WH W 2 + C 2 /12, (c) I z =)
th3 / 3
−WCH 2 /12,
(a) I yz = WCH 2 /12
(b) I yz =

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES: Torsion
Torsional moment T leads to:
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝝉𝝉 =
𝑱𝑱
r: radius at which stress is calculated
J: polar moment of inertia
Angle of twist, in radians,

for a solid round bar
ASSUMPTIONS to use the

bending equation:
• Only circular solid and
hollow sections
• Plane cross sections
remain plane during torsion.
No warping.
REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES:
Torsion of Thin-Walled Open Sections
SECTION MAX SHEAR STRESS TWIST ANGLE COMMENTS
3T 3T L
τ max = φ= - Distribution is linear
t 2S t3 SG across thickness
S: total length of the mid- L: length of beam
contour of the section G: shear modulus
S EXAMPLE W
Open thin-walled section t D
with uniform thickness t. H t
t
S=ΠD S=2W+H

TTLS
τ
φ== 2
42GA
At t
REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES:
Torsion of Thin-Walled Single Cell Closed Section
SECTION MAX SHEAR STRESS TWIST ANGLE COMMENTS
T T LS
τ = φ= - Distribution is constant
A 2 At 4GA2t across the thickness
A: Area bounded by the S: total length of the
mean perimeter of the mean perimeter, i.e.,
Closed thin-walled section section @ mid point of the
thickness.
with uniform thickness t
(single-cell, but not
necessarily uniform)
EXAMPLE
W
S=2W+2H t
H t A= H ∗ W

Power and Torque
Power equals torque times speed
A convenient conversion with speed in rpm

where H = power, W
n = angular velocity, revolutions per minute
In U.S. Customary units, with unit conversion built in

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES: Transverse Shear
𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚

𝝉𝝉𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = = �𝒊𝒊
� 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 𝒚𝒚
𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃
𝒊𝒊
ASSUMPTIONS to use the shear equation:

• Axes must be centroidal and principal, (satisfied if beam has axis of
symmetry in the plane of bending)
• Shear force must be acting at the Shear Centre of the section.

Maximum Values of Transverse Shear Stress

TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF PRISMATIC & THIN-WALLED SECTIONS:
𝑽𝑽 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽
𝝉𝝉 = = �𝒊𝒊
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
𝒊𝒊
Thin-Walled Sections
 The shear flow into a junction is equal to shear flow out
 Shear flow is zero at free ends
 Shear flow at junctions must satisfy: continuity, equilibrium &
symmetry (if any).
 Shear flow is linear in branches perpendicular to the shear
force, and parabolic in branches parallel to the shear force (or
inclined)

Example
Example 4
For the two sections shown in figure, the ratio 𝒂𝒂⁄𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Determine the difference in load carrying capacity for the following load cases:
 Bending moment and normal force
 Torque
 Shear force
a a
a a

Example
TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED SECTIONS: 𝝉𝝉 = = ∑ 𝑨𝑨 𝒚𝒚
�
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊
3 2 FOR BRANCH 1-2:

𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = (𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠) 2
𝑠𝑠
𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 (𝑡𝑡�𝑠𝑠) 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚
s 𝝉𝝉𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃
= 2
= 2𝑰𝑰 𝑠𝑠 2
a s/2 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝑡𝑡 𝒛𝒛
4 z
1
t
 Branch is parallel to the shear force → Shear
stress is parabolic.
5 6  𝑄𝑄 is taken from the point of calculation and
a up to a zero point in shear.
Example
TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED SECTIONS:

𝝉𝝉 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
= 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 ∑𝒊𝒊 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 𝒚𝒚
�𝒊𝒊
y
3 s
2
FOR BRANCH 2-3:
a/4 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
a/2 𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝑡𝑡 � 2 4
+ 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠 2
a/2
a 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
4
1 z 𝝉𝝉𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 = 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃
= + 𝑠𝑠
𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒕𝒕 8 2
t
5 6
 Branch is perpendicular to the shear force
→ Shear stress is linear.
a
 𝑄𝑄 is taken from the point of calculation
and up to a zero point in shear.
 Maximum stress at point-4 >> Calculate
the value
Example

𝝉𝝉 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
= 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 ∑𝒊𝒊 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 𝒚𝒚
�𝒊𝒊
y
3 2
FOR BRANCH 3-4:
s/2
s 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠
a/4 𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝑡𝑡 � + 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠( − )
a/2 2 4 2 2 2
a/2
a 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎2 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
4 𝝉𝝉𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 = = + + (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑠𝑠)
1 z 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒕𝒕 8 2 2
t  Branch is parallel to the shear force →

Shear stress is parabolic.
5 6  𝑄𝑄 is taken from the point of calculation
a and up to a zero point in shear.
 Maximum stress at point-4 >> Calculate
the value
TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF PRISMATIC & THIN-WALLED SECTIONS:
𝝉𝝉 = = �𝒊𝒊
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
𝒊𝒊
Example
t y
For the section shown in figure, the ratio 3 2 1
𝒂𝒂⁄𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 . 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐚𝐚 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟
𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.
 Identify all zero points on the section. Sketch the
shear stress distribution showing directions, zero a 4
points, maximum points and relative values (only z
qualitatively).
 Find an expression for the shear stress at corner
7 6
points and at the centroid.
5
5
a
Example
TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED SECTIONS: 𝝉𝝉 = = ∑ 𝑨𝑨 𝒚𝒚
�
t y s
FOR BRANCH 1-2: 3 2

1
𝑎𝑎
𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠 4
𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 𝑎𝑎 a
𝝉𝝉𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 = = 𝑰𝑰 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠 4
z
𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃 𝒛𝒛 𝒕𝒕 4
 Branch is perpendicular to the shear 7 6

force → Shear stress is linear. 5
 𝑄𝑄 is taken from the point of
a
calculation and up to a zero point in
shear.
 Maximum stress at point-4
Example

𝝉𝝉 = = ∑ 𝑨𝑨 𝒚𝒚
�
t y
3 2
FOR BRANCH 2-4: 1
s/2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠 s
𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑎𝑎 2
+ 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑠𝑠(2 − 2
)
a
𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 4
𝝉𝝉𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 = 𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒃𝒃
= + (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑠𝑠) z
𝑰𝑰𝒛𝒛 𝒕𝒕 2 2
7 6
5
 Branch is parallel to the shear force → Shear 5
stress is parabolic. a
 𝑄𝑄 is taken from the point of calculation and

up to a zero point in shear.
 Maximum stress at point-4
Example 4
Example
Solutions
The member shown in Fig.
has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state
of stress that the loading
produces at point C.
• The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a

shear force, and a bending moment.
• Solving, N = 16.45 kN, V = 21.93 kN, M = 32.89 kN

Example
• The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.
• At Point C, σc =
P
=
16.45 103 (
= 1.32 MPa
)
A (0.05)(0.25)
• In Fig., the shear stress is zero.
• Point C is located at y = c =
0.125m from the neutral axis,
so the normal stress at C, is
σc = =
( ( ))
Mc 32.89 103 (0.125)
= 63.16 MPa
I 1
[
2 (0.05)(0.25)
3
]
• The shear stress is zero.
• Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive stress
at C having a value of
Mc
σc = = 1.32 + 63.16 = 64.5 MPa
I
READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

normal stress at the point
b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

stresses, no shear stress will act on the element
c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element
d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

stress usually associated with the average normal stress.


Shear Center
Shear Center
Shear Center
 Free Body Diagram (FBD), Static equilibrium
equations and external forces.
 Internal forces diagrams:
o In 2D: 𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 , 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 , 𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 , 𝑻𝑻𝒙𝒙
o In 3D: 𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 , 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 , 𝑽𝑽𝒛𝒛 , 𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 , 𝑴𝑴𝒚𝒚 , 𝑻𝑻𝒙𝒙
 Choose critical section(s) and calculate stresses:
o From internal forces: 𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 , 𝑽𝑽𝒚𝒚 , 𝑽𝑽𝒛𝒛 , 𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 , 𝑴𝑴𝒚𝒚 , 𝑻𝑻𝒙𝒙 .
o Stresses in prismatic and thin-walled sections.
o Stresses in pressure vessels.
 Choose critical point(s) on the section(s) and calculate
maximum and principal stresses

2D - PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards on the right-hand face of the element
• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal
and shear stress components are to be determined) will
be defined using the angle θ. The angle θ is measured
from the positive x to the positive x’-axis.
σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2

IN-PLANE (2D) PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal
stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no
shear stress will act on the element.
τ xy
tan 2θ p =
(σ x − σ y ) / 2
2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
σ 1, 2 = ± 
 
 + τ 2
xy
2  2 
2
 σ x −σ y 
τ max in -plane =   + τ xy2
 2 
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ≥ 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ≥ 𝝈𝝈𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS
• A geometrical representation of principal stress equations.
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
σ x ' =   +   cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
 2   2 
σ x −σ y 
τ x ' y ' = −  sin 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
 2 
Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right,
and τ is positive downward.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
σ max − σ min σ max + σ min

τ abs max = τ avg =
2 2
Mohr circle for principal stresses in a 3D

Example
Example 10
Due to the applied loading, the element at
point A on the solid shaft in Fig. 9–18a is
subjected to the state of stress shown.
Determine the principal stresses acting at
this point.
SOLUTION
σ x = −12 MPa, σ y = 0, τ xy = −6 MPa
The centre of Mohr’s circle is at − 12 + 0
σ avg = = −6 MPa
2
The reference point A(-12,-6) and the centre C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–18b.The circle is
constructed having a radius of
R= (12 − 6)2 + 62 = 8.49 MPa

Example
Example Cont.
10 (cont.)
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.
We have σ 1 > σ 2 ,
σ 1 = 8.49 − 6 = 2.49 MPa (Ans)
σ 2 = −6 − 8.49 = −14.5 MPa (Ans)
The orientation of the element can be

determined by calculating the angle
6
2θ p2 = tan −1
= 45.0°
12 − 6
θ p2 = 22.5°

Example
Example 4
12
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the
element in Fig. a. Represent this state of stress on
an element oriented 30°counterclockwise from the
position shown.
Construction of the Circle
We first construct of the circle,
σ x = −8, σ y = 12 and τ xy = −6
The center of the circle C is on the axis at
− 8 + 12
σ avg = = 2 MPa
2
From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have
R = 10 2 + 6 2 = 11.66

Example 4 (Cont.)
Stresses on 30° Element
From the geometry of the circle,
6
φ = tan −1
= 30.96° ψ = 60° − 30.96° = 29.04°
10
σ x ' = 2 − 11.66 cos 29.04° = −8.20 MPa (Ans)
τ x ' y ' = 11.66 cos 29.04° = 5.66 MPa (Ans)
The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,

which is 60° clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9–20c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.
σ x ' = 2 + 11.66 cos 29.04° = 12.22 MPa (Ans)

τ x'y' = −(11.66 sin 29.04°) = −5.66 MPa (check) (Ans)
2D PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy
ε x' = + cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2 2 2 γ x'y' εx −εy  γ xy
= −  sin 2θ + cos 2θ
ε +ε ε −ε γ 2  2  2
ε y ' = x y − x y cos 2θ − xy sin 2θ
2 2 2
Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and the maximum in-plane
shear stress, we have
2 2
γ xy εx +εy εx +εy   γ xy 
tan 2θ p = ε 1, 2 = ±   +  
εx −εy 2  2   2 
ε a = ε x cos 2 θ a + ε y sin 2 θ a + γ xy sin θ a cos θ a

ε b = ε x cos 2 θ b + ε y sin 2 θ b + γ xy sin θ b cos θ b
ε c = ε x cos 2 θ c + ε y sin 2 θ c + γ xy sin θ c cos θ c

MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR
PLANE STRAIN
A geometrical representation of the
principal strain equations.
Sign convention: ε is positive to the right,
and γ/2 is positive downwards.
2 2
εx +εy   γ xy 
R =   +  

 2   2 
γ abs max = ε max − ε min

ε max + ε min
ε avg =
2

Example 1
The state of strain at point A on the bracket in Fig. a is measured

using the strain rosette shown in Fig. b. Due to the loadings, the
readings from the gauges give
ε a = 60(10 −6 ) , ε b = 135(10 −6 ) , ε c = 264(10 −6 )
Determine the in-plane principal strains at the point and the

directions in which they act.

Example 2 (Cont.)
Solutions
• Measuring the angles counter-clockwise,
θ a = 0°, θ b = 60° and θ c = 120°
• By substituting the values into the 3 strain-transformation equations, we have
ε x = 60(10 −6 ) , ε y = 246(10 −6 ) , ε z = −149(10 −6 )
• Using Mohr’s circle, we have A(60(10-6), 60(10-6)) and center C (153(10-6), 0).
R= [ (153 − 60) + 74.5 ](10

2 2 −6
)
= 119.1(10 −6 )
ε 1 = 272(10 −6 ) ,
ε 1 = 33.9(10 −6 ) ,
θ p2 = 19.3° (Ans)
READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect

for plane-strain?
a) σz = γyz = γxz = 0 while the plane-strain has 3 components σx, σy

and γxy.
b) Always identical to the state of plane stress
c) Identical to the state of plane stress only when the Poisson’s

ratio is zero.
d) When the state of strain is represented by the principal strains,

no shear strain will act on the element.


General Shear & Normal Stress – General Load
∆Fz ∆Fx ∆Fy

σ z = lim τ zx = lim τ zy = lim
∆A→0 ∆A ∆A→0
∆A ∆A→0
∆A

General Shear & Normal Stress – General Load
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝜎𝜎 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
Principal Stresses and Strains
To get the principal stresses, solve the following cubic equation
𝜎𝜎 3 − 𝐼𝐼1 𝜎𝜎 2 − 𝐼𝐼2 𝜎𝜎 − 𝐼𝐼1 = 0

𝐼𝐼1 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2 2 2
𝐼𝐼2 = − 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
The three roots of the equation give:

𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ≥ 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ≥ 𝝈𝝈𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
For 2D:
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
2
𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ± + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

Principal Stresses and Strains
To get the principal directions, solve the following equations for
each principal value 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 :
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙 0

𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 − 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛 0
Along with:
𝑙𝑙2 + 𝑚𝑚2 + 𝑛𝑛2 = 1.0

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
• Use the principle of superposition
• Use Poisson’s ratio, and Hook’s law for 1D: ε lateral = −υε longitudinal ε =σ E
1 1 1
εx =
E
[ ] [ ] [
σ x − v(σ y + σ z ) , ε y = σ y − v(σ x + σ z ) , ε z = σ z − v(σ x + σ y )
E E
]
1 1 1 E
γ xy = τ xy γ yz = τ yz γ xz = τ xz G=
G G G 2(1 + v )
∆𝑽𝑽 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝝂𝝂
𝜺𝜺𝒗𝒗 = = 𝜺𝜺𝒙𝒙 + 𝜺𝜺𝒚𝒚 + 𝜺𝜺𝒛𝒛 = 𝝈𝝈𝒙𝒙 + 𝝈𝝈𝒚𝒚 + 𝝈𝝈𝒛𝒛
𝑽𝑽 𝑬𝑬

3D STRESSES AND STRAINS – PRINCIPAL VALUES & TRANSFORMATION:
3D Stress-Strain Relations:
1
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜈𝜈�𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �� 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜆𝜆𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣 + 2𝐺𝐺𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸
𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣 = 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 3𝜀𝜀𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝜏 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 = (1+𝜈𝜈)(1−2𝜈𝜈) 𝜇𝜇 =
𝐺𝐺
𝐸𝐸
𝐺𝐺 =
2(1+𝜈𝜈)
Stress Transformation:
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
�𝜎𝜎𝑟𝑟,𝑠𝑠,𝑡𝑡 � = [𝑇𝑇]𝑇𝑇 �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦,𝑧𝑧 �[𝑇𝑇] ; [𝑇𝑇] = �𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
For 2D:
σ rr = σ xx cos 2 θ + σ yy sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
σ ss =σ xx sin 2 θ + σ yy cos 2 θ − 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
τ rs =−(σ xx − σ yy )sin θ cos θ + τ xy (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Example
The copper bar in Fig. 10–24 is subjected to a
uniform loading along its edges as shown. If it has
a length a = 300 mm, b = 500 mm, and t = 20 mm
before the load is applied, determine its new
length, width, and thickness after application of
the load. Take
Ecu = 120 GPa , vcu = 0.34
Solutions
• From the loading we have
σ x = 800 MPa , σ y = −500 MPa , τ x = 80 , σ z = 0
• The associated normal strains are determined from the generalized Hooke’s law,
εx =
σx
−
v
(σ y + σ z ) = 0.00808 , ε y = σ y − v (σ x + σ z ) = −0.00643 , ε z = σ z − v (σ x + σ y ) = −0.000850
E E E E E E
• The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

a ' = 300 + 0.00808(300 ) = 302.4 mm (Ans)
b' = 50 + (− 0.00643)(50 ) = 49.68 mm (Ans)
t ' = 20 + (− 0.000850 )(20 ) = 19.98 mm (Ans)
Example
The 1.5 in. solid steel shaft shown in figure is simply
supported at the ends. Two pulleys are keyed to the
shaft where pulley B has diameter 4.0 in. and pulley C
has diameter 8.0 in. Considering bending and torsional
stresses only, determine the locations and magnitudes
of the greatest tensile, compressive and shear stresses
in the shaft.
SOLUTION
The schematic figure shows the net forces,
reactions and torsional moments on the shaft.
This is a 3D problem and we will solve it two 2D
problems in the xy and the xz planes as shown
in figures c and d.
Example (Cont.)
Example (Cont.)
General Example - A
A floor crane shown in figure is used to pick up a load of 2 kN. The cross section of the horizontal
top member has the dimensions shown in figure. It is required to determine the principal
stresses at a cross section S-S just to the left of point-B as shown in figure when the boom is in
the shown horizontal position. Neglect any stress concentration factors.
1.2 m
0.5 m
S
50 mm
A S C 80 mm
B
45o 50 mm
2 kN
5 mm
Section S-S
General Example - A
1.2 m
0.5 m
S
50 mm
A S C
B
45o
2 kN
General Example - A
80 mm
50 mm
2 kN
5 mm
Section S-S
General Example - A
80 mm
50 mm
2 kN
5 mm
Section S-S
General Example - A
80 mm
50 mm
2 kN
5 mm
Section S-S
General Example - B
800 mm
For the hanger shown in Figure, determine
the principal stresses acting at point B, B
which is located just on the web, below the
horizontal flange segment on the cross
A
section. Show the result on a properly
oriented element located at this point. 300 mm
150 mm
Solutions 12 mm
B
130 mm
15 mm 5 4
A
6 kN 3
General Example - B (Cont.)
150 mm
12 mm
130 mm
15 mm
A
Stresses in Rotating Rings
• Rotating rings, such as flywheels, blowers, disks, etc.

• Tangential and radial stresses are similar to thick-walled pressure cylinders,
except caused by inertial forces
• Conditions:
– Outside radius is large compared with thickness (>10:1)
– Thickness is constant
– Stresses are constant over the thickness
• Stresses are

Press and Shrink Fits
• Two cylindrical parts are assembled with radial interference δ
• Pressure at interface
• If both cylinders are of the same material

Press and Shrink Fits (Cont.)
Using equations for pressure cylinders with internal and external pressures
For the inner member, po = p and pi = 0
For the outer member, po = 0 and pi = p

Shrink Fit Example
Curved Beams in Bending
In thick curved beams
– Neutral axis and centroidal axis are
not coincident
– Bending stress does not vary
linearly with distance from the
neutral axis
ro = radius of outer fiber

ri = radius of inner fiber
rn = radius of neutral axis
rc = radius of centroidal axis
h = depth of section
co= distance from neutral axis to outer fiber
ci = distance from neutral axis to inner fiber
e = distance from centroidal axis to neutral axis
M = bending moment; positive M decreases curvature
Location of neutral axis
Stress distribution
Stress at inner and outer surfaces

Curved Beam Example
Plot the stress distribution
across section A-A of the
crane hook shown in
figure. The cross section
is rectangular with width
b=0.75 in, height h= 4 in,
and the load is F=5000 ib.

Curved Beam Example (Cont.)
Curved Beams Formulas

Curved Beams Formulas (Cont.)
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering

Design MEC 430 – Machine Design
Beam Deflection Table
Beam Deflection Table

Ch-02 Force and Stress Analysis MEC-430 ALL

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College of Engineering and Computer Science

MEC 430 – Machine Design

CHAPTER-02 STRESS & DEFLECTION (REVIEW)

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

 Free Body Diagram (FBD) & Static equilibrium

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

Equilibrium Conditions: Force balance and moment (or

Determines forces/moments at support locations under

Determines internal forces/moments

Importance: Since internal forces/moments determine the

2-D Case (Co-planar Forces):

• The reaction forces/moments at the supports

Sample examples of reaction forces

The solution to some

If we apply the equations of equilibrium to such a member, we

In the cases above, members AB can be considered as two-

Light, rigid rods with pin-jointed ends (frictionless joints,

Two conditions must be satisfied: A

Note: Heavy rod is not a RA A

How many reactions you get in these cases?

For a given load

Shaft design usually involves 3D

Ball-and-socket joints and journal

STEPS TO DRAW FBD:

2. Show all the external forces and couple moments.

Idealized model Free-body diagram

STEPS TO DRAW FBD (Cont.):

2. Internal forces are _________ shown on the free body diagram of a

Given: An operator applies 20 lb to the

The idealized model The free-body diagram

Given: An operator applies 20 lb to the

The idealized model The free-body diagram

Free Body Diagram Free Body Diagram

MEC 430 – Machine Design

MEC 430 – Machine Design

MEC 430 – Machine Design

Mohamed S. Gadala, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Note the sign conventions are

(from left to right vs

The point of zero shear can

From the moment

• The shear at each end is plotted first,

• The moment is zero at each end,

• Note that the

MEC 430 – Machine Design

Determine: Shear diagram and moment diagram.

 M =R x − P( x − 32L ) − wL( x − L2 ) =( P4 + 3wL

a) Plane section remains plane|

a) Bending stress is proportional to

Mohamed S. Gadala, Ph.D., P.Eng.

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

Special case of zero outside pressure, po = 0

If ends are closed, then longitudinal

MEC 430 – Machine Design

A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m and a

The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions on an

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

Normal force F leads to:

ASSUMPTIONS to use the normal force equation:

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

Bending moment M leads to:

ASSUMPTIONS to use the bending equation: