Planar Trusses

Building statics, 1.
grade of bachelor studies
Topic 7
Planar trusses
• General and simplified method of joints

• Method of sections
• Out of joints loading
Department of structural mechanics
Faculty of Civil Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava
Planar truss girder
Planar truss girder is created by hinge connection of straight members

ends.
Axis of all members, supports and loading (generally only joint) lies in
vertical coordinate syste, xz.
Normal (axial) forces are generally induces in members.
Planar truss girder

Fig. 10.1. / pp. 158
What is planar truss girder 2 / 123
Lay-out of members and joints in truss girder
Basic constuction element – so-called truss (three members that are

connected by hinges in the triangular corners).
Triangular system, relationship is given: p + 3 = 2.s

(p – number of members, s – number of joints)
Application:
Structural system of roofs of larger span and structural systém for bridges
Formation of triangular system

Fig. 10.2. / pp. 158
Lay-out of members and joints in truss girder
Examples of triangular
amd nontriangular systems.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
Examples of triangular
Nontriangular system of members system of members
Fig. 10.3. / pp. 159 Fig. 10.4. / pp. 159
Constitution of truss girder with joints
• Bottom and upper members can be
Loading in joints
straight or cranked
• Vertical bars – is missing here
F1 F2 F3
f g
e
Rax a
b
c d
Raz Rbz
Bottom members Diagonals Upper members
(tension) (compression)

Securing position of 2-D system of members with joints
See Topic No. 3 as well
2.b + 3. p = a1 + 2.a2 + 3.a3 + 2. ∑ (n − 1).k

n =3, 4...
n
Number of static equilibrium condition, Number of internal and external

number of DOF nv interactions v = ve + vi
b ... Number of mass points (s, joints) nv = v kinematically determined system

p ... Number of rigid bodies nv < v kinematically overdetermined system
a1 ... Number of links nv > v kinematically undetermined system

a2 ... Number of double links
(including internal hing connecting two rigid bodies)
a3 ... Number of triple links
kn ... Number of internal hinges connecting n > 2 rigid bodies

Cinematic and static determinacy
F1 F2 F3
Rax a
b
Raz p=11 a1=1 a2=1+2=3 k3=2 k4=3 Rbz
3. p = a1 + 2.a2 + 2.(3 − 1).k3 + 2.(4 − 1).k 4
3.11 = 1 + 2.3 + 2.2.2 + 2.3.3 = 1 + 6 + 8 + 18 = 33

Constitution of truss girder with joints
Pin-ended members – internal interactions
F1 F2 F3
N4 f N8 g
e
N1 N5 N9
N3 N7 N11
Rax a N2 N6 N10
b
c d
Raz Rbz
Mass poits - joints External link - support

More practical way – computational model is created by mass points (in
joints) and internal interactions (members), that prevents mutual
displacement of inteconnected joints.
Condition of cinematic (static) determinancy: 2.s = p + ve
Bar – internal interactions Mass poits - joints
External link - support

Planar truss girder as a system of mass points,
internal and external interactions
Fig. 10.5. / pp. 159
F1 F2 F3
e N4 f N8 g
N1 N5 N9
N3 N7 N11
Rax a N2 N6 N10
b
c d
Raz 2.s = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 14 Rbz
s=7 Number of joints (2 conditions of equilibrium)
p=11 Number of internal members (1 unknown axial force in each other)
a1=1 number of single and double links (1 or 2 two unknowns

a2=1 reactions)
F1 F2
c d
N5 s=4
N3 p=5
N1 N4
a1=1
a N2
b
Rax a2=1
Raz Rbz
2.s = 8 = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 8 Static and cinematic determinate planar truss

girder
2.s > p + a1 + 2.a2 Static over determined, cinematic indetermined

planar truss member beam
F1 F2
c
N5 d
Not hinge
joint s=4
N3 N6
p=6
N1 N4
a1=1
a N2 b
Rax a2=1
Raz Rbz
1x static (internally) indeterminate

2.s = 8 < p + a1 + 2.a2 = 9 planar truss girder (over determined)

F1 F2
N5 d
Not hinge c
joint s=4
N3 N6
p=6
N1 N4
a1=0
a N2 b
Rax Rbx a2=2
Raz Rbz
2x static (internally and externally)

2.s = 8 < p + a1 + 2.a2 = 10 indeterminate
planar truss girder (over determined)

Exceptional cases
F2 F3
Displacement c d
of joint !!! s=6
f
F1 p=9
e
a1=1
Rax a
b
a2=1
Raz Rbz
2.s = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 12

Exceptional cases
No diagonal – uncertain shape of

quadrilateral !!!
F1 F2
c d e
s=6
p=9
a1=1
Rax a
b a2=1
f
Raz Rbz
2.s = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 12

Method of joints
Procedure:
a) Remove all external links (supports) and replace by reaction components
b) Remove all internal links and replace by interaction (axial force)
c) Create 2 equilibrium conditions for each mass points (joint) and its 2-D
set of of forces
d) Solve set of 2.s linear argebraic equations
Method of joints
Fig. 10.6. / pp. 160
General method of joints 16 / 123
Example 7.1
Assignment:
Determine reactions and axial forces of 2-D hinged truss with triangular
member system.
Assignment of Example 7.1

Fig. 10.7. / pp. 161
Example – General method of joints
Assignment:
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
h=1,5
N5
N4 N7
N3
s=5 p=7 a1=1 a2=1
h=1,5
N6 2.s = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 10
Rbx b
l=3 l=3

Structural shape, lengths and memberal skews
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
h=1,5
N4 N7
N5
N3
α α
d
h=1,5
N6
l4 = l6 = l7 = l 2 + h 2 = 3,3541m
α
l
Rbx b cos α = = 0,8944
l4
l=3 l=3 h
sin α = = 0,4472
l4

Joint equations
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N5 N7 joint a
N4
N3 Raz
d a
N6 N1
Rax
α
N4
Rbx b N3
Equilibrium conditions in joint a
1. Rx = 0 → − Rax + N1 + N 4 . cos α = 0
2. Rz = 0 → − Raz + N 3 + N 4 . sin α = 0

Joint equations
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint b
N5
N3 N3
d N6
N6
α
Rbx b
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint b
3. Rx = 0 → + Rbx + N 6 . cos α = 0
4. Rz = 0 → − N 3 − N 6 . sin α = 0

Joint equations
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint c
N5
N3 F1=5kN
N6 d
N1 c N2
N5
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint c
5. Rx = 0 → − N1 + N 2 = 0
6. Rz = 0 → + F1 + N 5 = 0 → N 5 = − F1

Joint equations
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7
N5 joint d
N3 N4 N7
N5
d
N6 α α
α d
N6
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint d
7. Rx = 0 → − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0

8. Rz = 0 → − N 4 . sin α − N 5 + N 6 . sin α − N 7 . sin α = 0

Joint equations
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint e
N5
N3 F2=12kN
N6 d N2
e e
α
N7
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint e
9. Rx = 0 → − N 2 − N 7 . cos α = 0
10. Rz = 0 → + F2 + N 7 . sin α = 0 → + N 7 . sin α = − F2

Formulation of the system of linear equations
1. − Rax + N1 + N 4 . cos α = 0
joint a
2. − Raz + N 3 + N 4 . sin α = 0
− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0  Rax  0

 0 − 1 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α
 0 0 0  Raz  0
   Rbx   
    
   N1   
   N 2   
 .  =  
   N3   
  N   
  4  
   N5   
  N   
  6  
   N 7   

3. + Rbx + N 6 . cos α = 0
joint b
4. − N 3 − N 6 . sin α = 0
− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0  Rax  0

 0 −1
 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α 0 0 0  Raz  0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + cos α 0  Rbx  0
    
0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 − sin α 0  N1  0
   N 2   
 .  =  
   N3   
  N   
  4  
   N5   
  N   
  6  
   N 7   

5. − N1 + N 2 = 0
joint c
6. + F1 + N 5 = 0 → N 5 = − F1
− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0  Rax   0 
 0 −1
 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α 0 0 0  Raz   0 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + cos α 0  Rbx   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 − sin α 0   N1   0 
0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0  N 2   0 
 .  =  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  N 3  − F1 
  N   
    4

   N5   
  N   
    6

   N 7   

7. − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0

joint d
8. − N 4 . sin α − N 5 + N 6 . sin α − N 7 . sin α = 0
− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0   Rax   0 
 0 −1 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α 0 0 0  R   0 
   az   
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + cos α 0   Rbx   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 − sin α 0   N1   0 
0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0   N 2   0 
 .  =  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   N 3  − F1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 − cos α 0 − cos α + cos α   N 4   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0 − sin α − 1 + sin α − sin α   N 5   0 
  N   
    6

   N 7   

9. − N 2 − N 7 . cos α = 0
joint e
10. + F2 + N 7 . sin α = 0 → + N 7 . sin α = − F2
− 1 0 0 +1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0   Rax   0 
 0 −1 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α 0 0 0  R   0 
   az   
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + cos α 0   Rbx   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 − sin α 0   N1   0 
0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0   N 2   0 
 .  =  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   N 3   − F1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 − cos α 0 − cos α + cos α   N 4   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0 − sin α − 1 + sin α − sin α   N 5   0 
0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 − cos α   N 6   0 
    
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 sin α   N 7  − F2 

Unknown roots vector
Matrix notation: [A].{x} = {F } (internal forces and reaction) {x}
Left side matrix Right side vector
(geometry of the structure, [A] (joint loading)
{F }
determinant should not be = 0 )
− 1 0 0 +1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0   Rax   0 
 0 −1 0 0 0 + 1 + sin α 0 0 0  R   0 
   az   
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + cos α 0   Rbx   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 − sin α 0   N1   0 
0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0   N 2   0 
 .  =  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   N 3   − F1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 − cos α 0 − cos α + cos α   N 4   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0 − sin α − 1 + sin α − sin α   N 5   0 
0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 − cos α   N 6   0 
    
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 sin α   N 7  − F2 

Solution of the system of linear equations
Unknown roots vector
Left side matrix {F }
(internal forces and reaction)
(geometry of the structure, [A]
determinant should not be = 0 ) Right side vector
(joint loading) {x}
1. -1 0 0 1 0 0 0,8944 0 0 0 29,00 0
2. 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0,4472 0 0 0 17,00 0
3. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0,8944 0 29,00 0
4. 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -0,4472 0 24,00 0
5. 0 0 0 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 24,00 0
6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14,50 -5
7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0,8944 0 -0,8944 0,8944 5,59 0
8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0,4472 -1 0,4472 -0,4472 -5,00 0
9. 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -0,8944 -32,42 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,4472 -26,83 -12

Analysis of results – reaction in supports
 Rax  29,00
R  F1=5kN F2=12kN
17,00 Raz
 az  Rax N1 N2
 Rbx  29,00 a c
e
 
24,00
 N1 
h=1,5
 N 2  24,00
N5
  N4 N7
14,50
 N3  N3
 N4  5,59
h=1,5
d
 
 N5  -5,00
N6
N  -32,42
 6
 N 7  -26,83 Rbx b
l=3 l=3
Unknown
roots vector {x}

Analysis of results– internal forces in upper members
Tension
 Rax  29,00
R  F1=5kN F2=12kN
17,00 Raz
 Rbx  29,00 a c
e
 
24,00
 N1 
h=1,5
 N 2  24,00
N5
  N4 N7
14,50
 N3  N3
 N4  5,59
h=1,5
d
 
 N5  -5,00
N6
N  -32,42
 6
 N 7  -26,83 Rbx b
l=3 l=3
Unknown
roots vector {x}

Analysis of results– internal forces in bottom members
 Rax  29,00
R  F1=5kN F2=12kN
17,00 Raz
 Rbx  29,00 a c
e
 
24,00
 N1 
h=1,5
 N 2  24,00
N5
  N4 N7
14,50
 N3  N3
 N4  5,59 Compression
h=1,5
d
 
 N5  -5,00
N6
N  -32,42
 6
 N 7  -26,83 Rbx b
l=3 l=3
Unknown
roots vector {x}

Analysis of results – internal forces
in vetical bars and diagonals
 Rax  29,00
R  F1=5kN F2=12kN
17,00 Raz
 Rbx  29,00 a c
e
 
24,00
 N1 
h=1,5
 N 2  24,00
N5
  N4 N7
14,50
 N3  N3
 N4  5,59 Tension
h=1,5
d
 
 N5  -5,00 and
b N6 compression
N  -32,42
 6
 N 7  -26,83 Rbx
l=3 l=3
Unknown
roots vector {x}

Simplified method of joints - reactions
Assignment: l=3 l=3
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2 Computation of
e reactions from
equilibrium conditions:
h=1,5
N5 N7
N4 1. Rz = 0 → + F1 + F2 − Raz = 0
N3
Raz = 17kN(↑ )
h=1,5
N6 2. ∑M a = 0 → Rbx .2h − F1.l − F2 .2l = 0

Rbx = 29kN(→)
Rbx b
3. ∑M b = 0 → Rax .2h − F1.l − F2 .2l = 0
Rax = 29kN(←)
4. Rx = 0 → Check-up
Simplified method of joints 36 / 123
Simplified method of joints – internal forces
Selection of joints connecting 2 members (b or e) – contains only 2 unknowns
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint b
N5
N3 N3
d N6
N6
α
Rbx b
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint b

Rbx
1. Rx = 0 → + Rbx + N 6 . cos α = 0 → N 6 = − = −32,4230kN(tlak)
cos α
2. Rz = 0 → − N 3 − N 6 . sin α = 0 → N 3 = − N 6 . sin α = 14,5kN(tah)

Selection of another joint so, that the other 2 equations contains only 2
unknowns.
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N5 N7 joint a
N4
N3 Raz
d a
N6 N1
Rax
α
N4
Rbx b N3
Equilibrium conditions in joint a
Raz − N 3
1. Rz = 0 → − Raz + N 3 + N 4 . sin α = 0 → N4 = = 5,5902kN(tah)
sin α
2. Rx = 0 → − Rax + N1 + N 4 . cos α = 0 → N1 = Rax − N 4 . cos α = 24kN(tah)
Selection of another joint so, that the other 2 equations contains only 2
unknowns.
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint c
N5
N3 F1=5kN
N6 d
N1 c N2
N5
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint c
1. Rx = 0 → − N1 + N 2 = 0 → N 2 = N1 = 24kN(tah)
2. Rz = 0 → + F1 + N 5 = 0 → N 5 = −5kN(tlak)

F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint e
N5
N3 F2=12kN
N6 d N2
e e
α
N7
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint e

N2
N7 = − = −26,8328kN(tlak )
1. Rx = 0 → − N 2 − N 7 . cos α = 0 → cos α
F
2. Rz = 0 →
+ F2 + N 7 . sin α = 0 → N 7 = − 2 = −26,8328kN(tlak ) Check-
sin α
up
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7
N5 joint d
N3 N4 N7
N5
d
N6 α α
α d
N6
Rbx b
Equilibrium conditions in joint d
1. Rx = 0 → − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0 Check-

up
2. Rz = 0 → − N 4 . sin α − N 5 + N 6 . sin α − N 7 . sin α = 0 Check-
up
Graphic solution – Cremona diagram
F1=5kN F2=12kN
Raz
Rax a N1 c N2
e
N4 N7 joint e
N5
Luigi Cremona
N3 F2=12kN (1830-1903)
N6 d N2
e e
Starting point α
N7
Rbx b Measure i.g. Compression
3kN = 1cm
F2=12kN=4cm Tension N7 F2
N2
Ending
parallel to member 2
point
Examples of historical graphic solutions
Heinrich Müller-Breslau
(1851-1925)
Year 1901

Examples of historical graphic solutions

Method of sections
Principle:
The truss can be divided by
virtual section on two parts (a)
so, that 3 members that are
not interconnected in one
point are broke off. There
can be formulated 3 virtual section
equilibrium conditions for
each part. Equilibrium
conditions contains loading, (b)
reactions in supports and
interaction in broken
members.
Method of sections
Fig. 10.8. / pp. 165
Method of sections 45 / 123
Method of sections - example
Assignment:
F1=5kN Geometry
F2=3kN
4 l1 = l3 = l5 = l7 =
5 = ( 2) + h
b
2
2
= 13
h=3
1
3 7
b
2 13
α cos α = 2 =
Rax a b l5 13
2 c 6 h 3 13
F3=10 kN sin α = =
Raz Rbz l5 13
b=4 b=4
Analysis:
2.s = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 10 Staticcally determinate structure

Method of sections - reaction
Computation of
F1=5kN
reactions:
F2=3kN
h=3 5
1
3 7
α
Rax a
b
2 c 6
Raz F3=10 kN
1. Rx = 0 Rbz
Rax = F2 = 3kN(←) b=4 b=4
2. ∑M a =0 Rbz =
1
2.b
[ ]
. F1. b + F2 .h + F3 .b =
2
59
8
= 7,375kN (↑ ) 4. Rz = 0
3. ∑M b
2.b
[ 2 8
]
= 0 Raz = 1 . F1. 3 .b − F2 .h + F3 .b = 61 = 7,625kN ↑ () Check-up
Method of sections - princip
F1 ξ
F2
5
1
3 7
Rax a
b
2 c 6
Raz F3 ξ Rbz
Virtual section ξ − ξ goes through membres, that divides

truss to two parts: I and II

Method of sections – principle
ξ ξ
F1
d N4 N4 4 e F2
4
1 N5 5
5 N5
3 7
Rax a 2 6 N6 N6 6
b
c
Raz
F3 ξ ξ
Rbz
I II
Both parts: I and II are generall planar set of forces, where

three equilibrium conditions can be formulated.
Method of sections – left side
ξ
F1
d N4
I 4
1 N5
5
3
Rax a 2 6 N6
Part I
c
Unknowns N4, N5 and N6
Raz
F3 ξ
1. Rx = 0 N 4 + N 5 . cos α + N 6 − Rax = 0
2. Rz = 0 − N 5 . sin α − Raz + F1 + F3 = 0
3. ∑M a =0 − F1. b − F3 .b − N 4 .h + N 5 . sin α .b = 0
2
Method of sections – right side
ξ
N4 4 e F2
II
5
N5
7
N6 6
b
Part II
ξ Unknowns N4, N5 and N6
Rbz
1. Rx = 0 − N 4 − N 5 . cos α − N 6 + F2 = 0
2. Rz = 0 + N 5 . sin α − Rbz = 0
3. ∑M b =0 − F2 .h + N 4 .h + N 5 . sin α . b = 0
2
Advanteges and disadvanteges of method of sections
Advanteges of method of sections:
• Each unknown axial force can be determined directly from one equation.
• If the axial force of the member is computed, the value of force in other
members are not needed.
August Ritter
Disadvanteges of method of sections : (1826-1908)
• In generall case of geometry and loading, 3 conditions of equilibrium

represents set of three equations with three unknowns.
• Disadvantege can be mittigated by the application of Ritter’s setion
method modification.
Ritter's variant of section method– left side
I
F1
ξ
d N4 Part I
e=o6
4 Unknowns N4, N5 and N6
1 N5
5
3
Rax a 2 6 N6
c=o4
Raz
F3 ξ
F1. b − Raz .b 20,5
1. ∑ M o4 = 0 − N 4 .h + F1. b 2 − Raz .b = 0 → N 4 = 2 =− = −6,8 3 kN(tlak )
h 3
2. ∑ M o6 = 0 N 6 .h + F1.b + F3 . b 2 − Raz . 3 2 .b − Rax .h = 0 → N 6 = 14,75 = 4,916 kN(tah )
3
7,375
3. Rz = 0 − Raz + F1 + F3 − N 5 . sin α = 0 → N 5 = = 8,8636kN(tah )
3 13
o5 lies in ∞ 13
Ritter's variant of section method– right side
II N4 ξ 4 e=o6 F2 Part II
Unknowns N4, N5 and N6
5
N5
7
N6 6
b
c=o4
ξ
Rbz
F2 .h − Rbz .b 20,5
1. ∑ M o4 = 0 N 4 .h − F2 .h + Rbz .b = 0 → N 4 = =− = −6,8 3 kN(tlak )
h 3
Rbz . b
2 = 14,75 = 4,91 6 kN(tah )
2. ∑M o6 =0 − N 6 .h + Rbz . b = 0
2 → N6 =
h 3
3. Rz = 0 − Rbz + N 5 . sin α = 0
R
→ N 5 = bz =
7,375
= 8,8636kN(tah )
sin α 3 13
o5 lies in∞ 13
Example 7.3
Assignment:
Determine
the axial (a)
forces in
members
10, 11, 12
and 13 by
Ritter’s
modification
of section
method.
(b) (c)
Assignment and solution of example 7.3
Fig. 10.9. / pp. 166
Eiffel tower, Paris
324 m vysoká ocelová věž z r.1889, hloubka základů

14 m, 9 547 t oceli, 2,5 mil. nýtů, půdorys 1,6 ha,
1 792 schodů, 8 výtahů,
projekt and stavba inženýr Gustav Eiffel (1832-1923)
Examples of truss structures with hinges 56 / 123

Eiffel tower, Paris
Ocelová výšková konstrukce z roku 1889, výška 324 m, projekt and stavba inženýr Gustav
Eiffel
Eiffel tower, Paris
Eiffel
Eiffel tower, Paris
Eiffel
Eiffel tower, Paris
Eiffel
Eiffel tower, Paris
Původní projektová dokumentace Gustava Eiffela

Eiffel tower, Paris

Eiffel tower, Paris

Statue of Liberty, New York
Ocelová nosná konstrukce sochy z roku 1886, výška sochy 46 m, vrchol pochodně 93 m nad
zemí, hmotnost 205 t, povrch tvoří jen 2,4 mm silná měděná vrstva
Firth of Forth, Edinburgh, Scotland
2 466 m dlouhý most z r.1890, rozpětí nejdelšího pole 521 m.

Patent německého inženýra H.Gerbera (průkopník výstavby ocelových mostů druhé poloviny
19.století), projekt and stavba inženýři John Fowler and Benjamin Baker





Guggenheim Museum , Bilbao, Spain
Futurologická ocelová konstrukce z r.1997, titanové opláštění, výška 50 m, 32 000 m2 plochy,

architekt Frank Gehry




Budapest, Hungary
Ocelový příhradový most

Bridge over Duna river in Bratislava
Ocelový příhradový most rozpětí 460,8 m, 4 pole, modul příhrady 12,8 m.

Bridge over Duna river in Bratislava
Ocelový příhradový most rozpětí 460,8 m, 4 pole, modul příhrady 12,8 m.

Brno Trade Fairs hall
Příhradová konstrukce, Pavilon V z r.2000, Brno Trade Fairs hall



Ivančice viadukt
Ocelové mosty z roku 1887 and 1976

Most Miloše Sýkory, Ostrava
Ocelový příhradový oblouk o rozpětí 60 m and vzepětí 7 m, celková délka 92 m, šířka 16 m, vyrobeno
1913.
1913.
1913.
1913.
Most Ostrava - Petřkovice
Ocelový příhradový oblouk o rozpětí 50 m, vyrobeno 1929.



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Most přes řeku Odru z r.1964, Polanecká spojka, Ostrava – Zábřeh

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Most přes železniční trať v Polance z r.1964




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Příhradová lávka přes řeku Ostravici

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Příhradový most přes řeku Ostravici



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Rotačně symetrická příhradová konstrukce střechy

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Detail rotačně symetrické příhradové konstrukce střechy

Out-of-joint memberal loading
Out-of-joint loading ointové -

I.e. self-wight of the member.
Solution: (a)
Transformation of out-of-joint
loading to the forces in joints d
and e.
(b)
(c)
Transformation of memberal out-of-joint loading to joint loading

Fig. 10.10. / pp. 167
Supplements for computations of truss structures with hinges 119 / 123
Out-of-joint loading at memeber 4
V and M will be present in memberu No. 4 due to out-of-joint loading.
q = konst.
d e
5
h=3
1
3 7
α
Rax a
b
2 c 6
Raz F1 Rbz
b=4 b=4

q = konst. member No. 4 can be solved independently
N4 d e N4
Out-of-joint loading Re
Rd Rd Re
d e Joint loading
4
1 5
3 7
α
Rax a
b
2 c 6
Raz F1 Rbz

q = konst. Q = q.l4 Computation of reactions
Rd =
Q q.l4
= (↑) Re =
Q q.l4
2
=
2
(↑)
N4 N4 2 2
d e
Shear force
x ∈ 0, l4 l 
V( Lx) = Rd − q.x = q. 4 − x 
l4
q.l4  
Re 2
Rd V( d ) = V( x =0 ) =
N4=konst. (tlak) 2
q.l4 q.l
V(e ) = V( x =l4 ) = − 4 = − Re
V and M 2
2
+ l  l
p q. 4 − x  = 0 → xmax = 4
V 2  2
-
q.l4 bending moment
− 2
2 M L = R .x − q.x = q . l .x − x 2
(x) d
2 2
4 ( )
0 0
+ M (d ) = M ( x =0 ) = 0 M (b ) = M ( x =l ) = 0
M
q.l42
2º q.l42 M l 
= M ( xmax ) =
 x= 4 2  8
 
8
Questions for oral exam
1. Condition of static determinacy for truss girder
2. Exceptional case of planar hinged truss girder
3. Determination of axial forces in members planar hinged truss
girder by general joint method
girder by siplified joint method
girder by section method
girder by section method in Ritter’s modification
7. Determination of internal forces in members planar hinged truss
girder exposed to out-of-joint loading
123 / 123

Planar Trusses

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Planar Trusses

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Building statics, 1.

grade of bachelor studies

• General and simplified method of joints

Planar truss girder is created by hinge connection of straight members

Planar truss girder

Basic constuction element – so-called truss (three members that are

Triangular system, relationship is given: p + 3 = 2.s

Formation of triangular system

What is planar truss girder 5 / 123

See Topic No. 3 as well

2.b + 3. p = a1 + 2.a2 + 3.a3 + 2. ∑ (n − 1).k

Number of static equilibrium condition, Number of internal and external

b ... Number of mass points (s, joints) nv = v kinematically determined system

a1 ... Number of links nv > v kinematically undetermined system

What is planar truss girder 6 / 123

Raz p=11 a1=1 a2=1+2=3 k3=2 k4=3 Rbz

3. p = a1 + 2.a2 + 2.(3 − 1).k3 + 2.(4 − 1).k 4

3.11 = 1 + 2.3 + 2.2.2 + 2.3.3 = 1 + 6 + 8 + 18 = 33

What is planar truss girder 7 / 123

Pin-ended members – internal interactions

What is planar truss girder 8 / 123

Bar – internal interactions Mass poits - joints

External link - support

a1=1 number of single and double links (1 or 2 two unknowns

2.s = 8 = p + a1 + 2.a2 = 8 Static and cinematic determinate planar truss

2.s > p + a1 + 2.a2 Static over determined, cinematic indetermined

1x static (internally) indeterminate

What is planar truss girder 12 / 123

2x static (internally and externally)

What is planar truss girder 13 / 123

What is planar truss girder 14 / 123

No diagonal – uncertain shape of

What is planar truss girder 15 / 123

Assignment of Example 7.1

General method of joints 18 / 123

General method of joints 19 / 123

General method of joints 20 / 123

General method of joints 21 / 123

General method of joints 22 / 123

7. Rx = 0 → − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0

General method of joints 23 / 123

General method of joints 24 / 123

− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0  Rax  0

General method of joints 25 / 123

− 1 0 0 + 1 0 0 + cos α 0 0 0  Rax  0

General method of joints 26 / 123

General method of joints 27 / 123

7. − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0

General method of joints 28 / 123

General method of joints 29 / 123

General method of joints 30 / 123

General method of joints 31 / 123

General method of joints 32 / 123

General method of joints 33 / 123

General method of joints 34 / 123

General method of joints 35 / 123

N6 2. ∑M a = 0 → Rbx .2h − F1.l − F2 .2l = 0

Equilibrium conditions in joint b

Simplified method of joints 37 / 123

Equilibrium conditions in joint c

Simplified method of joints 39 / 123

Equilibrium conditions in joint e

Equilibrium conditions in joint d

1. Rx = 0 → − N 4 . cos α − N 6 . cos α + N 7 . cos α = 0 Check-