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AIM:
To perform the design calculation of the riveted joints and draft it with necessary
dimensions using 2D drafting software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Line
Circle
Arc
Trim, Extrude
Chamfer, Fillet
Multicopy, Paste
Hatch
RIVETED JOINTS:
A joint holding two or more elements together by the use of rivets is called riveted joints.
Riveted joints are considered to be permanent joints. A rivet is a short round bar with head and
its ends. The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or body and lower portion of shank is
known as tail which is shown in the figure – 1.1. A riveted joint is made by inserting rivets into
holes in the elements to be connected.
Fig.1.1 Rivet
Riveting is an operation whereby two plates are joined with the help of a rivet. Adequate
mechanical force is applied to make the joint strong and leak proof. Smooth holes are drilled (or
punched and reamed) in two plates to be joined and the rivet is inserted. Holding, then, the head
by means of a backing up bar as shown in figure 1.2, necessary force is applied at the tail end
with a die until the tail deforms plastically to the required shape. Depending upon whether the
rivet is initially heated or not, the riveting operation can be of two types:
(a) Cold riveting is done at ambient temperature and
(b) Hot riveting rivets are initially heated before applying force. After riveting is done, the
joint is heat-treated by quenching and tempering.
Butt Joints:
In this type of joint, the plates are brought to each other without forming any overlap.
Riveted joints are formed between each of the plates and one or two cover plates. Depending
upon the number of cover plates the butt joints may be single strap or double strap butt joints. A
single strap butt joint is shown in figure 1.4. Like lap joints, the arrangement of the rivets may be
of various kinds, namely, single row, double or triple chain or zigzag. A few types of joints are
shown in figure 1.4(a)-1.4(c).
Fig.1.4 (a): Single riveted butt joint with single and double straps
Fig.1.4 (b): Double riveted butt joint with single and double straps (chain arrangement)
Fig.1.4 (c): Double riveted butt joint with single and double straps (zig-zag arrangement)
Strength of a riveted joint is evaluated taking all possible failure paths in the joint into
account. Since rivets are arranged in a periodic manner, the strength of joint is usually calculated
considering one pitch length of the plate. There are four possible ways a single rivet joint may
fail.
Tearing of the plate: If the force is too large, the plate may fail in tension along the row
(see figure 1.5(a)). The maximum force allowed in this case is
P1=St ( p−d) t
where St = Allowable tensile stress of the plate material ts
p = pitch p
d = Diameter of the rivet hole
t = thickness of the plate
Shearing of the rivet: The rivet may shear as shown in figure 1.5(b). The maximum
force withstood by the joint to prevent this failure is
π
P2=S s ( d 2)
4
for lap joint, single strap butt joint
π 2
P2=2 S s ( d )
4
for double strap butt joint
where Ss = allowable shear stress of the rivet material.
Crushing of rivet: If the bearing stress on the rivet is too large the contact surface
between the rivet and the plate may get damaged. (See figure fig.1.5 (c)). With a simple
assumption of uniform contact stress the maximum force allowed is
P3=SC dt
where Sc = allowable bearing stress between the rivet and plate material.
Tearing of the plate at edge: If the margin is too small, the plate may fail as shown in
figure 1.5(d). To prevent the failure a minimum margin of is usually provided.
Diameter of the hole (d): When thickness of the plate (t) is more than 8 mm, Unwin’s
formula is used,
d=6 √t
Otherwise is obtained by equating crushing strength to the shear strength of the joint. In a
double riveted zigzag joint, this implies
π
Sc t= d Ss
4
valid for t < 8mm
However, should not be less than t, in any case.
Pitch (p): Pitch is designed by equating the tearing strength of the plate to the shear
strength of the rivets. In a double riveted lap joint, this takes the following form.
2
2πd
St ( p−d ) t=S s ×
4
But p ≥ 2d in order to accommodate heads of the rivets.
Efficiency (η)
Min { P1 , P2 , P 3 }
η=
St pt
Problem Definition:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the required riveted joint is designed and drafted as per the designed dimensions
using Solidworks package.
AIM:
To perform the design calculation of the welded joints and draft it with necessary
dimensions using 2D drafting software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Line
Circle
Arc
Trim, Extrude
Chamfer, Fillet
Multicopy, Paste
Advantages
The welded structures are usually lighter than riveted structures. This is due to the reason,
that in welding, gussets or other connecting components are not used.
The welded joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%) which is not possible in
case of riveted joints.
Alterations and additions can be easily made in the existing structures.
As the welded structure is smooth in appearance, therefore it looks pleasing.
In welded connections, the tension members are not weakened as in the case of riveted
joints.
A welded joint has a great strength. Often a welded joint has the strength of the parent
metal itself.
Sometimes, the members are of such a shape (i.e. circular steel pipes) that they afford
difficulty for riveting. But they can be easily welded.
The welding provides very rigid joints. This is in line with the modern trend of providing
rigid frames.
It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point. But riveting requires enough
clearance.
The process of welding takes less time than the riveting.
Disadvantages
Since there is an uneven heating and cooling during fabrication, therefore the members
may get distorted or additional stresses may develop.
It requires a highly skilled labour and supervision.
Since no provision is kept for expansion and contraction in the frame, therefore there is a
possibility of cracks developing in it.
The inspection of welding work is more difficult than riveting work.
Lap Joint:
The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then welding the
edges of the plates. The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The fillet joints
may be
Single transverse fillet,
Double transverse fillet, and
Parallel fillet joints.
The fillet joints are shown in Fig.2.1. A single transverse fillet joint has the disadvantage
that the edge of the plate which is not welded can buckle or warp out of shape.
Butt Joint
The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge as shown in Fig. 1.2. In butt
welds, the plate edges do not require bevelling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On the
other hand, if the plate thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be bevelled to V or U-
groove on both sides.
The butt joints may be classified in to
Square butt joint,
Single V-butt joint
Single U-butt joint,
Double V-butt joint, and
Double U-butt joint.
These joints are shown in Fig. 1.2.
The other types of welded joints are corner joint; edge joint and T-joint are shown in
Fig.1.3.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required welded joint is designed and drafted as per the designed parameters
using Solidworks package.
DATE :
AIM:
To perform the design calculation of the cam mechanism and draft it with necessary
dimensions using 2D drafting software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Line
Circle
Arc, spline
Trim, Extrude
Chamfer, Fillet
Multicopy, Paste
Hatch
CAM MECHANISMS
CLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWERS
CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS
The cams may be classified in many ways, yet the following two types are
important from the subject point of view:
Radial or disc cam
Cylindrical cam
retardation
Cycloidal motion 2 ωS 2 ωS 2 π ω2 S 2 π ω2 S
vO = v R= a O= aR=
θO θR θO2 θ R2
Problem Definition:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required welded joint is designed and drafted as per the designed parameters
using Solidworks package.
AIM:
To draft Layout of typical fuselage structure with necessary dimensions using 2D drafting
software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Limits
Zoom – All
Line
Arc
Circle
Polygon
Spline
Trim
Erase
Copy
Mirror
Move
Chamfer
Fillet
Hatch
Rotate
Text
Dimension – Linear, Radius, Angular
Save
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required layout of the fuselage structure is drafted as per the given dimensions
using Solidworks package.
EXPT No. : THREE VIEW DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL AIRCRAFT
DATE :
AIM:
To draft three view diagram of a typical aircraft with necessary dimensions using 2D
drafting software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Limits
Zoom – All
Line
Arc
Circle
Polygon
Spline
Trim
Erase
Copy
Mirror
Move
Chamfer
Fillet
Hatch
Rotate
Text
Dimension – Linear, Radius, Angular
Save
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required three view diagram of a typical aircraft is drafted as per the given
dimensions using Solidworks package.
EXPT No. : LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL WING STRUCTURE
DATE :
AIM:
To draft layout of a typical wing structure with necessary dimensions using 2D drafting
software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Limits
Zoom – All
Line
Arc
Circle
Polygon
Spline
Trim
Erase
Copy
Mirror
Move
Chamfer
Fillet
Hatch
Rotate
Text
Dimension – Linear, Radius, Angular
Save
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required layout of a typical wing structure is drafted as per the given dimensions
using Solidworks package.
Expt No.: DESIGN AND DRAFTING CONTROL COMPONENTS GEAR
Date:
AIM:
To perform the design calculation of the spur gear drive and draft it with necessary
dimensions using 2D drafting software.
INTRODUCTION TO GEARS:
Gears are toothed members which transmit power / motion between two shafts by
meshing without any slip. Hence, gear drives are also called positive drives. In any pair of gears,
the smaller one is called pinion and the larger one is called gear immaterial of which is driving
the other.
When pinion is the driver, it results in step down drive in which the output speed
decreases and the torque increases. On the other hand, when the gear is the driver, it results in
step up drive in which the output speed increases and the torque decreases.
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS:
Gears are classified according to the shape of the tooth pair and disposition into spur,
helical, double helical, straight bevel, spiral bevel and hypoid bevel, worm and spiral gears and
this is shown in Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Spur gear, (b) helical gear, (c) Double helical gear or herringbone gear, (d)
Internal gear , (e) Rack and pinion, (f) Straight bevel gear, (g) Spiral bevel gear, (h) Hypoid
bevel gear , (i) worm gear and (j) Spiral gear
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given:
n1 = Speed of Pinion
n2= Speed of Gear
z1=Number of teeth on Pinion
z2=Number of Teeth on Gear
P = Power
α=Pressure Angle
σo1=Allowable Static Stress for Pinion
σo2=Allowable Static Stress for Gear
Step: 1To Identify Weaker member
Details σ Y Capacity of y Remarks
Pinion σ1 y1 σ1y1
Gear σ2 y2 σ2y2
The member with smaller σoy is weaker member. The design should be based on weaker
member.
1
For 14 ⁰ involute pressure angle, the lewis factor(y) is
2
0.684
y=0.124−
z
For 20⁰ involute pressure angle, the lewis factor(y) is
0.192
y=0.154−
z
Step:2 Design Based on strength of weaker member
(a)Tangential tooth load due to power transmission
9.55 ×106 P C s
F t=
nr
Where
Cs = Serive factor = 1.5 (Based up on no. of hours /day service)
r = radius of the pinion and gear
(c)Addendum Diameters
* For pinion d a 1=d 1+2 ha
* For gears d a 2=d 2+2 h a
(d)Dedendum Diameters
* For pinion d f 1=d 1 +2 hf
* For gears d f 2=d 2 +2 hf
PROCEDURE:
Thus the required control components of a spur gear drive is designed and drafted as per
the designed parameters using Solidworks package.
AIM:
To draft the layout of control components for an aircraft model with necessary parts using
2D drafting software.
SOFTWARE USED:
Solid works
COMMANDS USED:
Limits
Zoom – All
Line
Arc
Circle
Polygon
Spline
Trim
Erase
Copy
Mirror
Move
Chamfer
Fillet
Hatch
Rotate
Leader line
Text
Dimension – Linear, Radius, Angular
Save
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the required layout of control components for an aircraft model is drafted with
necessary parts using Solidworks package.
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