3.0 RIVETED AND WELDED JOINTS.

3.1 Introduction.
Riveting makes a permanent joint and can be disassembled only by destroying the rivets.
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral with it. The cylindrical portion is called
the shank or body and the lower portion of the shank is known as the tail. The top portion of
the rivet is called the head.
The function of a rivet in a joint is to make a connection that has strength and tightness.
Strength is necessary to prevent failure of the joint and tightness is necessary to contribute to
strength and to prevent leakage as in structural work like boilers, tanks, ships in addition to
on bridges, girders and overhead structures.

Figure 1: Rivet

Rivets are made of wrought iron or soft steel for most uses, but where corrosive resistance or
light weight is a requirement, rivets of copper or aluminum alloy are used. Rivet materials
must be strong and highly ductile.
Aluminum alloy rivets are used in aircrafts and have allowable strengths in tension as
135N/mm2, in shear 90N/mm2 and crushing 200N/mm2. Magnesium sheets and plates are
also connected by aluminum alloy rivets. Monel metal rivets are manufactured for use with
stainless steel wares.

1
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Riveting.
Riveting is a popular method of fastening and joining because of its simplicity, dependability
and low cost. Its advantages include;
i. Production rates are high.
ii. Initial cost and maintenance costs for equipment are low.
iii. Both metallic and non-metallic materials can be joined.
iv. Dissimilar metals and assemblies having a number of parts with different thicknesses
can readily be joined together by riveting.
v. The fastener, being a cold headed part has the uniform grain structure and inherent
strength of a forging.
vi. Unskilled labour can be used to operate riveting equipments.
vii. The rivets can be made of a variety of materials ranging from monel metal to inconel
(both are alloys of nickel) to lead to zinc etc.
viii. The rivets can be used not only as a fastener but also as a pivot, cam follower,
electrical contact and other functional components.
Disadvantages:
i. Parts once fastened by riveting cannot be easily disassembled.
ii. The tensile and fatigue strengths of joints made with some types of rivets are
considerably lower than bolted or welded assemblies.
iii. Joints normally are neither watertight or air tight.
iv. Protruding rivet heads may be undesirable in food machinery, chemical equipments
and other sanitary assemblies.

Diameter of Rivets and corresponding rivet holes (in mm)

Nominal Dia. of rivets Rivet hole Dia.

12 13.5
14 15.5
16 17.5
18 19.5
20 21.5
22 23.5
Check data sheet and handbooks for more.

3.3 Manufacture of Rivets

Rivets may either be made either by cold heading or hot forging. If rivets are made by the
cold heading process, they shall subsequently be adequately heat treated so that the stresses
set up in the cold heading process are eliminated. If they are made by hot forging process,
care shall be taken to see that the finished rivets cool gradually.

2
3.4 Failures of a Riveted Joint
A riveted joint may fail due to the following ways:
1. Tearing of the plate at an edge.
A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as shown in Figure 2. This can be
avoided by keeping the margin, m = 1.5d, where d is the diameter of the rivet hole.

Figure 2

2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.

Due to the tensile stresses in the main plates, the main plate or cover plates may tear off
across a row of rivets as shown in Figure 3. In such cases, its only one pitch of the plate that
is considered since every rivet is responsible for that much length of the plate only.

Figure 3
The resistance offered by the plate against tearing is known as tearing resistance or tearing
strength or tearing value of the plate.
Let p = Pitch of rivets

3
 d = Diameter of rivet hole
t = Thickness of the plate, and
 t = Permissible tensile stress for the plate material
We know that tearing area per pitch length,
At  (p d) t
 Tearing resistance or pull required to tear off the plate per pitch length,
Pt  At t  (p d) t  t

When the tearing resistance Pt is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch length, then this
type of failure will not occur.

3. Shearing of the Rivets

The plates which are connected by rivets exert tensile stress on the rivets, and if the rivets are
unable to resist the stress, they are sheared off as shown in Figure 4.

(b) shearing off a rivet in a single cover butt joint.

Figure 4
Let d = Diameter of the rivet hole
 s = Safe permissible shear stress for the rivet material
n = Number of rivets per pitch length.

When the shearing takes place at one cross-section of the rivet, then the rivets are said to be
in single shear. Similarly, when the shearing takes place at two cross-sections of the rivet,
then the rivets are said to be in double shear.

4
 
Shearing area, As  d 2 in single shear
4

= 2  d 2 in double shear (theoretical)
4
 Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off the rivet per pitch length,

Ps  n  d 2  s in single shear
4

= n 2  d 2  s in double shear (theoretical)
4
When the shearing resistance Ps is greater than the applied load P per pitch length, this type
of failure will occur.

4. Crushing of the plate or rivets

Sometimes, the rivets do not actually shear off under the tensile stress but are crushed as
shown in Figure 5. Due to this, the rivet becomes of an oval shape and hence the joint
becomes loose. The failure of rivets in such a manner is also known as bearing failure. The
area which resists this action is the .projected area of the hole or rivet or diametral plane.

Figure 5

Crushing are per rivet (project area per rivet) Ac  d .t

 total crushing area  n.d .t

crushing resistance or pull required o crush the rivet per pitch length,

Pc  n.d .t. c

5
When the crushing resistance ( Pc ) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch length, then
this type of failure will occur.

Where; n, d , t , c - no. of rivets per pitch length under crushing,

- Diameter of the rivet hole
- thickness of the plate
-Safe permissible crushing stress for the rivet material or the plate
material.

It should be noted that the number of rivets under shear shall be equal to the number of rivets
under crushing.

3.5 ECCENTRIC LOADING OF RIVET JOINT.

When the line of action of the load does not pass through the centroid of the rivet system and
thus all the rivets are not equally loaded, then the joint is said to be an eccentric loaded rivet
joint. The eccentric loading results in secondary shear caused by the tendency of force of
twist of the joint about the C.O.G of addition to direct shear or primary shear.

Figure 6
Let;
P = Eccentric load on the joint, and
e = Eccentricity of the load, i.e., the distance between the line of action of the load
and the centroid of the rivet system, i.e., G.
Procedure;
For an eccentrically loaded riveted joint,
1. Find the centre of gravity G for the rivet system.
Let A = Cross-sectional area of each rivet,

6
 x1 , x2 , x3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OY, and

y1 , y2 , y3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OX.

A1 x1  A2 x2  A3 x3  ... Ax1  Ax2  Ax3  ...

We know that x = =
A1  A2  A3 n. A

x1  x2  x3  ...
= where n = no. of rivets
n
y1  y2  y3  ...
Similarly, y
n

2. Introduce two forces P1 and P2 at the centre of gravity G of the rivet system. These forces
are equal and opposite to P as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7

3. Assuming that all the rivets are of the same size, the effect of P1 = P is to produce direct
shear load on each rivet of equal magnitude. Therefore, direct shear load on each rivet,
P
Ps  , acting parallel to the load P.
n
4. The effect of P2 =P is to produce a turning moment of magnitude Pe which tends to
rotate the joint about the centre of gravity G of the rivet system in a clockwise direction. Due
to the turning moment, secondary shear load on each rivet is produced. In order to find the
secondary shear load, the following two assumptions are made:

a) The secondary shear load is proportional to the radial distance of the rivet under
consideration from the centre of gravity of the rivet system.

7
 b) The direction of secondary shear load is perpendicular to the line of joining the centre
of the rivet to the centre of gravity of the rivet system.

Let F1, , F2 , F3 ... = Secondary shear loads on the rivets 1, 2, 3 ... etc.

I1 , I 2 , I 3 ... = Radial distance of the rivets 1, 2, 3, ... etc. from the centre of gravity G
of the rivet system.

 From assumption (a),

F1 I1 ; F2 I 2 and so on

F1 F2 F3
or  = = ...
I1 I2 I3

I2 I3
 F2  F1  and F3  F1 
I1 I1

We know that the sum of the external turning moment due to the eccentric load and of
internal resisting moment of the rivets must be equal to zero.

 P.e  F1.I1  F2 .I 2  F3 .I3  ...

I2 I
= F1.I1  F1.  I 2  F1. 3  I 3  ...
I1 I1

F1  2
 I1    I 2    I3   ...
2 2
= 
I1

From the above expression, the value of F1 may be calculated and hence F2 and F3 etc. are
known. The direction of these forces are at right angles to the lines joining the centre of rivet
to the centre of gravity of the rivet system as shown and should produce the moment in the
same direction (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise) about the centre of gravity, as the turning
moment ( P.e ).

5. The primary (or direct) and secondary shear load may be added vectorically to determine
the resultant shear load (R) on each rivets as shown.

Show that the resultant shear load R is given by the relation;

R  (Ps )2  F 2  2 Ps  F cos 

8
where,  = Angle between the primary or direct shear load ( Ps )
and secondary shear load (F).

When the secondary shear load on each rivet is equal, then the heavily loaded rivet will be
one in which the included angle between the direct shear load and secondary shear load is
minimum. The maximum loaded rivet becomes the critical one for determining the strength
of the riveted joint.

If the permissible shear stress  s is known, the diameter of the rivet hole may be determined
using the relation;


Max. resultant shear load R =  d 2  s .
4