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Shank or body
Tail
Tearing of the
plate at an Shearing of
edge. the rivets.
d
Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.
• Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets. Due to the tensile stresses
in the main plates, the main plate or cover plates may tear off across
a row of rivets as shown in Fig.
• In such cases, we consider only one pitch length of the plate, since
every rivet is responsible for that much length of the plate only.
• The resistance offered by the plate against tearing is known as tearing
resistance or tearing strength or tearing value of the plate.
Letp = Pitch of the rivets,
d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate, and d p
P P
Let d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate,
σc = Safe permissible crushing stress for the rivet or plate material
n = Number of rivets per pitch length under crushing.
Crushing area per rivet (i.e. projected area per rivet), Ac = d.t
Crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet per pitch length
(for total n no. of rivets),
Pc = n.d.t.σc
Efficiency of a Riveted Joint
• The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the strength
of riveted joint to the strength of the un-riveted or solid plate.
η=
Where, p = Pitch of the rivets,
t = Thickness of the plate,
σt = Permissible tensile stress of the plate material.
3.2 Design of welded Joint
1. INTRODUCTION
• The process of permanently joining two or more metal parts by the
fusion of edges of the metals with or without applying pressure and a
filler material is called welding
• If pressure is applied Forge welding
• Without pressure, with a separate weld metal Fusion welding
• In a fusion welding, heat of melting is obtained by two ways:- a) Gas
heating b) Electric arc
2. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Advantages:-
• 1. Comparatively lighter than riveted structures
• 2) Greater strength compared to riveted joints
• 3) Addition and alterations can be done easily
• 4) Better finish than riveted joints. Hence maintenance costs and
painting costs are less
• 5) Lesser time consuming
• 6) Tension members are not weakened in welded joints compared to
riveted joints
2. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Disadvantages:-
• 1) Requires skilled labour
• 2) Possibility of additional stress development due to uneven heating
and cooling. Or in other words, the members may get distorted
• 3) Testing is difficult.
• 4) As there is no provision for expansion or contraction of joints,
cracks may develop and propogate
3) TYPES OF WELDING PROCESSES
4. Types of welded joints
• The two important types of welded joints are:-
• 1. Butt weld
• 2. Lap (Fillet joint)
Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. It may also
be defined as the distance which a screw thread advances axially in one rotation of the nut. Lead is
equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice the pitch in double start, thrice the pitch in triple
start and so on.
Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the thread.
Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.
Set screws
• The set screws are shown in Fig. These are used to prevent
relative motion between the two parts.
• A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so
that its
• point (i.e. end of the screw) presses against the other part.
• This resists the relative motion between the two parts by means
of friction between the point of the screw and one of the parts.
• They may be used instead of key to prevent relative motion
between a hub and a shaft in light power transmission
members.
• They may also be used in connection with a key, where they Fig. Set screws.
prevent relative axial motion of the shaft, key and hub assembly.
Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading
The following stresses in screwed fastening due to static loading are
important from the subject point of view :
1. Initial stresses due to screwing up forces,
2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces
1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt.
• The initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments, may be found by the
relation
2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the
threads during its tightening.
• The torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the
threads during its tightening may be obtained by using the torsion
equation. We know that
3. Shear stress across the threads.
The average thread shearing stress for the screw (τs) is obtained by using
the relation :