Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C3 (pg3 5)
C3 (pg3 5)
CORRECTION
August 2002
Table of Contents
What is Power Factor
mean
What does Cos
Centralised Compensation
- Capacitors
4-7
- Contactors
4-5
- Fuse Protection
- Isolating
8-10
8-10
- Capacitors
- Contactors
- Fuse Protection
- Busbars
10
Harmonics
11
11
11
12
P.F.
1. Resistive Loads
Devices containing only resistance e.g. incandescent lamps, heaters,
soldering irons, ovens, etc.
The current drawn from the supply is directly converted into heat or
light. Since the voltage is assumed to be constant, the actual power
(kW) being used is identical to the apparent power (kVA) being drawn
from the line. The power factor is therefore unity or 1. In these purely
resistive circuits, the current and voltage sinewave peaks occur
simultaneously and are said to be in phase.
2. Inductive Loads
All motors and transformers depend on magnetism as the basis of
their operation. Magnetism is a force and in the physical sense is not
consumed. In AC motors and transformers, magnetic forces are only
required periodically. Consequently, a permanent magnet cannot be
used and the necessary magnetism is produced by electrical means.
The electrical current needed for this purpose is not fully utilised.
Having produced the magnetic force, the current flows back to the
power station again. This current is called the reactive current in contrast to the active current which performs work and is fully utilised in
so doing. Although the reactive current is not utilised, it imposes a
load on the electrical distribution system and supply authorities
demand payment for this load according to specific tariffs.
kW
1
KVA2
KV
A1
The current drawn from the supply is made up of two separate kinds
of current power producing current and magnetising current.
Therefore the current flowing in an AC circuit (unless corrected) is
generally larger than is necessary to supply the power being by the
expended point.
Reactive power and active power flow through the motor or transformer. Geometrical calculation of these two powers yield the apparent
power. The ratio of the active and apparent power is denoted by
cos and indicates what fraction of apparent power flowing is actually
used by the motor.
Active Power (kW)
App
aren
Inductive Reactive
Power (kVAr)
t Po
wer
Capacitor
kVAr
Required
mean?
What does Cos
Fig. 1
(kVA
As can be seen from Fig. 1, the apparent power is greater than the
active power and hence the power factor is a value considerably less
than unity.
P.F.
Cos
where
Qc
0.9Io V3
Io
Qc
=
=
The automatic reactive control relay monitors the total network and
will switch-in the required capacitor banks at pre-determined intervals compensating for capacitor discharge times and load dependant
requirements.
Table 3
Substantiating Power Factor Correction Costs
2 Pole
3000 rpm
4 Pole
1500 rpm
6 Pole
1000 rpm
0.75
0.5 kVAr
0.5 kVAr
0.5 kVAr
1.1
0.5 kVAr
0.5 kVAr
1.0 kVAr
1.5
0.5 kVAr
1.0 kVAr
1.0 kVAr
2.2
1.0 kVAr
1.0 kVAr
1.5 kVAr
4.0
1.5 kVAr
1.5 kVAr
2.0 kVAr
5.5
2.0 kVAr
2.0 kVAr
3.0 kVAr
7.5
2.0 kVAr
2.0 kVAr
3.0 kVAr
11.0
3.0 kVAr
4.0 kVAr
5.0 kVAr
15
4.0 kVAr
5.0 kVAr
6.0 kVAr
18.5
5.0 kVAr
7.0 kVAr
8.0 kVAr
22
6.0 kVAr
8.0 kVAr
9.0 kVAr
30
8.0 kVAr
10.0 kVAr
12.0 kVAr
37
10.0 kVAr
12.0 kVAr
14.0 kVAr
45
12.0 kVAr
14.0 kVAr
16.0 kVAr
55
16.0 kVAr
22.0 kVAr
25.0 kVAr
75
18.0 kVAr
25.0 kVAr
30.0 kVAr
90
20.0 kVAr
30.0 kVAr
35.0 kVAr
110
25.0 kVAr
30.0 kVAr
40.0 kVAr
132
35.0 kVAr
40.0 kVAr
40.0 kVAr
160
40.0 kVAr
45.0 kVAr
50.0 kVAr
kW
PF
kVA
500 kW
0.75 PF
666 kVA
510 kVA
Existing PF
Cos
Before applying
capacitors
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.0
0.40
1.54
1.67
1.81
1.87
1.96
2.09
2.29
0.42
1.41
1.54
1.68
1.73
1.83
1.96
2.16
0.44
1.29
1.42
1.56
1.61
1.71
1.84
2.04
0.46
1.18
1.31
1.45
1.50
1.60
1.73
1.93
0.48
1.08
1.21
1.34
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.83
0.50
0.98
1.11
1.25
1.31
1.40
1.53
1.73
0.52
0.89
1.02
1.16
1.22
1.31
1.44
1.64
0.54
0.81
0.94
1.07
1.13
1.23
1.36
1.56
0.56
0.73
0.86
1.00
1.05
1.15
1.28
1.48
0.58
0.65
0.78
0.92
0.98
1.08
1.20
1.40
0.60
0.58
0.71
0.85
0.91
1.00
1.13
1.33
Example:
0.61
0.55
0.68
0.81
0.87
0.97
1.10
1.30
0.62
0.52
0.65
0.78
0.84
0.94
1.06
1.27
0.63
0.48
0.61
0.75
0.81
0.90
1.03
1.23
0.64
0.45
0.58
0.72
0.77
0.87
1.00
1.20
0.65
0.42
0.55
0.68
0.74
0.84
0.97
1.17
0.66
0.39
0.52
0.65
0.71
0.81
0.94
1.14
0.67
0.36
0.49
0.63
0.68
0.78
0.90
1.11
0.68
0.33
0.46
0.59
0.65
0.75
0.88
1.08
0.69
0.30
0.43
0.56
0.62
0.72
0.85
1.05
0.70
0.27
0.40
0.54
0.59
0.69
0.82
1.02
0.71
0.24
0.37
0.51
0.57
0.66
0.79
0.99
0.72
0.21
0.34
0.48
0.54
0.64
0.76
0.96
0.73
0.19
0.32
0.45
0.51
0.61
0.73
0.94
0.74
0.16
0.29
0.42
0.48
0.58
0.71
0.91
0.75
0.13
0.26
0.40
0.46
0.55
0.68
0.88
0.76
0.11
0.24
0.37
0.43
0.53
0.65
0.86
0.77
0.08
0.21
0.34
0.40
0.50
0.63
0.83
0.78
0.05
0.18
0.32
0.38
0.47
0.60
0.80
0.79
0.03
0.16
0.29
0.35
0.45
0.57
0.78
0.80
0.13
0.27
0.32
0.42
0.55
0.75
0.81
0.10
0.24
0.30
0.40
0.52
0.72
0.82
0.08
0.21
0.27
0.37
0.49
0.70
0.83
0.05
0.19
0.25
0.34
0.47
0.67
0.84
0.03
500 kW @ 0.75 PF
500 kW @ 0.98 Pf
Reduction of
=
=
666 kVA
510 kVA
156 kVA
0.16
0.22
0.32
0.44
0.65
0.14
0.19
0.29
0.42
0.62
0.86
0.11
0.17
0.26
0.39
0.59
0.87
0.08
0.14
0.24
0.36
0.57
0.88
0.06
0.11
0.21
0.34
0.54
0.89
0.03
0.09
0.18
0.31
0.51
0.90
0.06
0.16
0.28
0.48
0.91
0.03
0.85
0.13
0.25
0.46
0.92
0.10
0.22
0.43
0.93
0.07
0.19
0.40
0.94
0.03
0.16
0.36
0.13
0.33
0.95
3
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Components,
Systems
and
Alpivar heavy duty capacitors are totally dry units with no impregnation or insulation liquid.
Electromechanica offers a complete range of components and equipment for power factor correction viz.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Alpivar monoblock capacitors utilise windings insulated by a selfextinguishing casing, immersed in thermosetting polyurethane resin
applied under vacuum with excellent heat dissipation qualities
(measured internal temperature is <3C of ambient).
Capacitors
In the event of element failure, only the effected element is disconnected from the power circuit, ensuring maximum safety conditions
and leaving unaffected capacitors still in service.
Faults
Small Faults 15%
Cause
Solution
An independent internal
electrical fuse disconnects
the effected coil.
Short circuits.
Capacitors are rated at 440V to accommodate overvoltages in systems due to the presence of harmonics (becoming more prevalent in
electrical networks today). This accommodates a further 10% overvoltage factor above the 10% tolerance anticipated by IEC requirements. Alpivar capacitors withstand overvoltages of 1.18 Un continuously (24h/24) effectively offering a 30% overvoltage factor when
applied in a 400V system and can operate effectively up to 520V, 50
Hz.
Specifications
Rated Voltage
Internal Protection
:
:
Tolerance
Max. Voltage Overload
Max. Current Overload
Loss Factor
:
:
:
:
Operating Temperature
Insulation Class
:
:
Discharge Resistors
Standards
:
:
Type
VCB1544
VCB2044
VCB2544
VCB3044
VCB4044
VCB5044
VCB6044
VCB7544
VCB8044
VCB9044
VCB10044
(1)
kVAr
440V
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
80
90
100
(2)
kVAr
400V
12
17
21
25
33
41
50
62
66
74
83
440V, 50 Hz three-phase
- Self Healing Dielectric
- Electric Fuse (per
element)
- Overpressure disconnecting
device (per element)
5% capacitance
1.18 Un continuous (24h/24)
2.0 In
<0.3W per kVAr (including
discharge resistors)
-40 - +55C
6 kV for 1 minute at 50 Hz
(25kV 1.2/50mS shockwave)
Incorporated (<50 within 1 min)
IEC60831-1 and 2
EN60381-1 and 2
NFC54108-9
CSA22-2No.190
UL810
(3)
Current (A)
per phase
20
26
33
39
52
66
79
98
105
118
131
Dimension
H x W x D
275 x 90 x 225
275 x 90 x 255
275 x 90 x 225
275 x 180 x 225
275 x 180 x 225
275 x 180 x 225
275 x 270 x 225
275 x 270 x 225
275 x 360 x 225
275 x 360 x 225
275 x 360 x 225
L1 L2 L3
1 3 5
A1
A2
2 4 6
T1 T2 T3
type
Rated
Current
(A)
Fuse
gG
(A)
40
BF25K00
11
20
22
30
BF40K00
17
30
33
43
63
BF65K00
26
45
50
70
100
BF80K00
34
60
65
90
125
5
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Mains Isolators
The use of a main incoming isolator is highly recommended, preferably door interlocked to prevent opening of the enclosure with power
applied to the components. As circuit breakers have been known to
cause unnecessary nuisance tripping in many instances the use of
fuses or a fuse switch should be considered if protection of the mains
supply cable is required additionally.
Fuse Bases
Table 5
Rating
kVAr
2
2.5
3
4
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
Fuse
Rating
A
10
10
10
10
16
20
25
40
40
63
63
80
80
100
125
160
160
Cable
Cross Section
mm2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
4
10
10
16
25
35
35
50
70
70
95
6
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
The Lovato DCRE range of reactive control relays more than meet
the above requirements. They perform the control and adjustment
functions in a totally digital manner and incorporating latest microprocessor technology, facilitating accurate, reliable power factor
control. An appropriate algorithm ensures accurate operation even
in systems characterised by high harmonic content.
DCRE12
L1 L2 L3
VOLTAGE
5 6
9 10 11 12
C 1
5 6
9 10 11 12 13
/5A
OV
380-415V
CURRENT
S1 S2
14
15
QS1
Technical Characteristics
DCRE5
DCRE7/12
FU2
FU1
FU13
Supply Circuit
FU12
FU14
KM1
KM2
KM12
Supply Voltage Ue
Operating Limits
Rated Frequency
Maximum Power Consumption
380-415 VAC
-15% ... +10% Ue
50 (or) 60Hz (self configuring)
5.4 VA
2.6 VA
LOAD
TC1
K1
K2
K12
Current Limit
Rated Current Ie
Operating Limits
Overload Capacity
Overload Peak
Note
5A
0.125 ... 5.5A
1.1 Ie
10 x Ie 1s
1) Always ensure that C.T. is connected to the phase not utilised for
supply voltage to controller.
2) Ensure that C.T. is correctly rated for system requirements and
connected in the correct direction.
5-240 sec
5-600 sec
Relay Output
No. of Outputs
(1 x Isolated can be Alarm Relay)
Contact Arrangement
Rated Capacity Ith
Rated Operating Voltage
Maximum Switching Voltage
7 or 12
1 x NO
5A-250V (AC1)
250 VAC
440 VAC
Housing
Version
Dimensions
Protection (IP54 with t/parent cover)
Type of Termination
Flush Mounting
96x96x62mm
144x144x32mm
IP41
Plug-in / screw
7
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Contactors
Are special capacitor switching type
equipped with early make contacts which
introduce limiting resistances during the
contactor closing operation, whereafter
they are completely disconnected from the
circuit. Drastically reducing stress and
wear of the contactors, capacitors and
fusegear, ensuring longer life and overall
reliability.
Busbars
Are incorporated on
the racks by insulated supports, offering
very high fault levels
suitable for currents
of up to 630A. The
system is expanded
by merely coupling to
busbars of another
rack
Capacitors
Fuseholder
Are potted in thermoset polyurethane
resin under vacuum offering excellent
heat dissipation qualities. They are
mounted onto the rack exposed,
permitting effective airflow from all
sides. The capacitors incorporate the
following internal protections:
Self Healing Dielectric
Electrical Fuse
Overpressure Disconnecting Device
Capacitors are rated at 55C and can
operate at voltages of up to 520V and
are designed to withstand up to 2.0 In.
Discharge Resistors
Fuses utilised in the rack system provide effective protection from short circuits and
overload conditions. They
are specially designed for
direct mounting onto busbars,
which are incorporated in the
rack.
8
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Standard
3ph Capacitor
BF12K10
BF40K10
BF40K
BF65K
BF65K
BF80K
6 Terminal
Capacitor
BF9K10
BF20K10
BF25K10
BF40K
BF40K
BF65K
BF65K
BF80K
Racks are supplied with capacitor sizes from 25 to 100 kVAr in various
configurations. They incorporate capacitors, special capacitor
switching contactors and fuse protection.
Fuse bases are directly mounted onto a suitably rated, incorporated
busbar system suitable for capacities up to 500 kVAr, offering simple
expansion capabilities by merely coupling to busbars of another rack.
Fuse-link
Type
300063
300100
300160
300160
Capacitors
Capacitors utilised in the Series 4000 rack system are the Alpivar
heavy duty types. They are self-healing and incorporate independent
internal fusing, overpressure protection facilities and are able to withstand permanent overvoltages up to 520V and over current at 2.0 x
In (see pages 4 and 5 for detailed technical specifications).
Capacitors are designed to withstand undue stresses caused by
potential exposure to overvoltage, increased frequency and limited
harmonic effects.
In (A)
63A
100A
160A
160A
Capacitor
Size (kVAr)
25 kVAr
50 kVAr
75 kVAr
100 kVAr
Breaking
Capacity
80 kA
80 kA
80 kA
80 kA
T1
L1
T2
L2
T3
L3
L2
S
L3
Busbars
Busbars are incorporated on the racks and supported by high
class insulated 3 phase supports, incorporating termination
at the top or bottom of the rack. Standard supplied busbars
are suitable for currents in excess of 630A. Systems are
expanded by merely coupling busbars to those of another
rack.
Contactors
Contactors utilised on the 4000 Series rack system are specifically
designed for capacitor switching. They are equipped with earlymake auxiliary contacts which temporarily introduce limiting
resistances (effectively absorbing peak in-rush currents) during the
contactor closing operation. These resistors are disconnected from
the circuit once the contactor closing operation has been completed
and the capacitor current capacity is then conveyed through the main
contacts of the contactor. This method of operation drastically
reduces wear of contactors, capacitors and fuses, ensuring longer
life and overall reliability of the entire system.
9
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
kVAr
Configurable
(kVAr)
Type
440V
400V
40025
25
21
1 x 25
40050
50
41
1 x 50
42050
50
41
1 x 25 + 1 x 25
40075
75
62
1 x 75
42075
75
62
1 x 25 + 1 x 50
40100
100
83
1 x 100
42100
100
83
1 x 50 + 1 x 50
Dimensions
160
240
525
500
248
400
150 200
550
kVAr
440V
kVAr
400V
50150
50175
50200
50250
50275
50300
50350
50375
50400
50450
50475
50500
150
175
200
250
275
300
350
375
400
450
475
500
124
145
165
207
227
248
289
310
331
372
393
413
Steps
(kVAr)
25-25-50-50
25-50-100
25-25-50-100
25-25-50-50-100
25-50-100-100
50-50-100-100
50-3 x 100
25-50-3 x 100
50-50-3 x 100
50-4 x 100
25-50-4 x 100
50-50-4 x 100
Dimension
H x W x D
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2100
2100
2100
2100
2100
2100
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
HARMONICS
What are harmonics?
For the 7th harmonic (=350 Hz) and even more for higher frequencies there is a block effect caused by the filter circuit as
can be seen on the diagram.
Degree of
Interference
SH
ST
25%
> 25%
SAH
Fig. 3
XC (%) 100
Z (%)
90
z
9H
80
70
60
18
z
4H
20
The Series 6000 racks slide into position and are designed
with metallic shielding of the reactor from the capacitors.
50
40
kVAr
30
20
10
X C(%)
Type
440V
400V
Dimensions
H x W x D
60025
25
21
60050
50
41
60100
100
83
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
f (Hz)
Fig. 3 above indicates the reactance x c in relation to frequency f. From this it can be seen that in the range of the 5th
harmonic (=250 Hz) the reactance of the capacitor and filter
circuit is lower than that of a capacitor without filter circuit
11
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
440V
kVAr
400V
Dimensions
H x W x D
7125
125
103
7150
150
124
7175
175
145
7200
200
165
7250
250
207
7275
275
227
7300
300
248
7350
350
289
7400
400
331
12
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
(www.em.co.za)
(Gauteng)
(Cape Province)
(Kwazulu Natal)
17 Mc Donald Rd,
Congella
P O Box 17317, Congella 4013