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Smith CH 01
Smith CH 01
Foundations of Materials
Science
and
Engineering
Fourth Edition
William F. Smith
Javad Hashemi
CHAPTER
1
Introduction to
Materials Science
and
Engineering
1-1
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1-2
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1-3
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1-4
Materials Science
Basic
Knowledge
of
Materials
Resultant
Knowledge
of Structure and
Properties
Materials Engineering
Applied
Knowledge
of Materials
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Types of Materials
Metallic Materials
Composed of one or more metallic elements.
Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.
Nonferrous
Eg:Copper
Aluminum
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Types of Materials
Polymeric (Plastic) Materials
Organic giant molecules and mostly
noncrystalline.
Some are mixtures of crystalline and
noncrystalline regions.
Poor conductors of electricity and hence
used as insulators.
Strength and ductility vary greatly.
Low densities and decomposition
temperatures.
Examples :- Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC),
Polyester.
Applications :- Appliances, DVDs, Fabrics
etc.
1-6
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Types of Materials
Ceramic Materials
Metallic and nonmetallic elements are chemically
bonded together.
Inorganic but can be either crystalline, noncrystalline
or mixture of both.
High hardness, strength and wear resistance.
Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining for
heat treating and melting metals.
Also used in space shuttle to insulate it during exit and
reentry into atmosphere.
Other applications : Abrasives, construction
materials, utensils etc.
Example:- Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride.
1-7
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Types of Materials
Composite Materials
1-8
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Types of Materials
Electronic Materials
Not Major by volume but very
important.
Silicon is a common electronic
material.
Its electrical characteristics are
changed by adding impurities.
Examples:- Silicon chips, transistors
Applications :- Computers, Integrated
Circuits, Satellites etc.
1-9
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Example:1600
lb/Car
1400
1200
Aluminum
Iron
Plastic
Steel
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1985
1992
1997
Model Year
Figure 1.14
After J.G. Simon, Adv. Mat. & Proc., 133:63(1988) and new data
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Future Trends
Metallic Materials
Production follows US economy closely.
Alloys may be improved by better chemistry and
process control.
New aerospace alloys being constantly
researched.
o Aim: To improve temperature and corrosion
resistance.
o Example: Nickel based high temperature super
alloys.
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Future Trends
Polymeric (Plastic Materials)
Fastest growing basic material (9%
per year).
After 1995 growth rate decreased
due to saturation.
Different polymeric materials can
be blend together to produce new
plastic alloys.
Search for new plastic continues.
1-12
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Future Trends
Ceramic Materials
New family of engineering ceramics are produced
last decade
New materials and applications are constantly
found.
Now used in Auto and Biomedical applications.
Processing of ceramics is expensive.
Easily damaged as they are highly brittle.
Better processing techniques and high-impact
ceramics are to be found.
1-13
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Future Trends
Composite Materials
Fiber reinforced plastics are primary
products.
On an average 3% annual growth from
1981 to 1987.
Annual growth rate of 5% is predicted
for new composites such as FiberglassEpoxy and Graphite-Epoxy
combinations.
Commercial aircrafts are expected to
use more and more composite materials.
1-14
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Future Trends
Electronic Materials
Use of electronic materials such as silicon
increased rapidly from 1970.
Electronic materials are expected to play
vital role in Factories of Future.
Use of computers and robots will increase
resulting in extensive growth in use of
electronic materials.
Aluminum for interconnections in
integrated circuits might be replaced by
copper resulting in better conductivity.
1-15
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Future Trends
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Wood
Light and
strong. But
Cannot be
shaped
Carbon fiber
Aluminum
Reinforced
alloys
plastic
Ti and Mg
alloys