Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

Factors Affecting The Production of Paddy

Ahmad Ridhwan Razlan 1, Ahmad Syukran Naqiuddin Mustafa 2, Mohamad Zakisafik Khairuddin3
Muhamad Hafiz Aziz 4, Muhammad Redzuan Rahim5
1,2,3,4,5
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Kota Bharu, Kota Bharu Kelantan 15200, Malaysia

E-mail: ahmadridhwan@gmail.com, syukran4747@gmail.com, zafro00@gmail.com, arepyt90@gmail.com,

redwan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to identify the factors related to the production of paddy. A secondary data on total of 90
farmers were taken from 3 states in Peninsular Malaysia, which is Kedah, Kelantan and Perak. The significant
findings include: 1) All variable are normally distributed 2) Most of the variable show weak positive relationship
between each other. 3) The factor that contribute to paddy production can be divided to two categorize which is
the number of labour use and the farmer itself.
Keywords: Paddy, state, planted area, work hours, mean.

1. Introduction
Paddy rice is grown in Malaysia now is a result of a
cross and research that takes many years to produce
quality seeds. Research by the MARDI help the
development of rice varieties that can produce more
revenue, and have disease resistance is higher. Rice
Cultivation Methods used two methods of planting
method (transplanting) and direct seeding (direct
seeding).
Many paddy planting in Peninsular Malaysia in
the West Coast, particularly in the North. This occurs
because there is a flat swampy area and there is a
marked wet season with an average annual rainfall of
over 3500 mm. Suitability is reinforced by the
prolonged summer.
Upland rice is the origin of rice grown in Malaysia
before the paddy fields were introduced. Upland rice
has a low yield and poor quality. This is due to upland
rice planted with old and less use of fertilizers and
seeds to poor. Rice is also not in good care and
always was damaged by insects. This kind of a lot of
rice planting in Sabah and Sarawak are usually grown
by the natives as the Iban and Murut. Advantages of
upland rice on upland rice do not require the amount
of water and can be grown in areas where the water is
not stagnant.
The new MR219 paddy varieties introduced by
the Institute of Malaysian Agricultural Research and
Development Institute (MARDI) today equaling the
best rice varieties produced by Thailand. MR219
paddy varieties are capable of producing up to 10
tones per hectare compared to an average of 4.6
hectare of paddy varieties. The advantages of the new
rice are also shorter maturities to be harvested in less
than five months after planting.

MR263 paddy varieties had the main feature is

resistant to stain. Paddy varieties that will replace
paddy varieties are being widely used in the country
of MR219 and MR220. MR219 stain resistance to
disease has been found to be declining. Accordingly,
MR263 rice varieties produced to complement the
variations that can help prevent pests.
Resistant rice is rice that is resistant to imidazolinone
pesticide, used to control weedy rice. It is derived
from MR220 rice varieties developed. The process of
cross-breed between MR220 back several generations
to breed rice that originated in 1770 from the U.S.
produced rice variety Clearfield varieties MR220
MR220 CL1 and CL2 are tolerant to imidazolinone.
There are several factor that effect the production
of paddy are age, experience, season, type of paddy,
landsize, planted area, total labour and work hours.
According to a study done (Nordiana and Seng
Mook, 2011), Significant differences in yield of
production of paddy was also seen between the
various age groups. Farmers between the ages of 5170 produced significantly greater yields than those
between 36-45 years old. Generally older farmers
have many more years of experience.
In a another study done by (Nor Lelawati, et al.,
2010), after the study has been conducted, it is
founded that the land size is not an important factor
that affecting any unit of differences in the rice
production volume. However, this factor still has a
positive relationship or interpreted as contribution to
the rice production level. As for the other factor
which is labor availability, after the study it is
founded that the factor has a significant relationship
with the rice production volume or output. Which
mean that, this factor has a high percentage ratio

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

contributing to the rice production output. In addition

this factor labor available also has a strong positive
relationship with the rice production volume.
The paddy is very important among us which is
the Malaysian are often take the rice for every time
they have a meal. So lately the demand of the paddy
was increased. Thus, this study focus on the factors
that affected the production of paddy according to
state, from this study also can help the farmer to
increase their production of paddy.
Specifically, the study aims to achieve the
following objective: 1) Check the normality,
2) To measure the relationship between
variables
3) To identify the most effective factor
that contributes the production of paddy
according to state

3.1 Descriptive Analysis

Based on the test of normality, all variable are
normally distributed since p-value is greater than
alpha equal to 0.05. While based on all normal Q-Q
plot of each variables which are age, experience,
season, land size, planted area, total labor, work hour
and total paddy produced, we can conclude that those
variables are normally distributed since the points are
lying approximately to the straight line. The diagram
below only shows the variable related to Kedah state
as an example representing the other state.

Data were taken from the previous study

conducted by Fatimah Ismail herself who lectures in
University Malaysia The Research of Productivity
Rice in Malaysia 2013. From the study a total of 268
farmers were taken from 6 states in Peninsular
Malaysia, which is Kedah, Kelantan, Perak, Perlis,
Pulau Pinang, and Terengganu. The data regarding
age, experience, season, land size, planted area, total
Labor, work Hour and total paddy produced. But we
are only interested to study with 3 states which are
Kedah, Kelantan and Perak. We take 30 samples for
each states .The validity of the data regarding
normality was tested earlier using Kolmogorov
Smirnov test and normality probability plot of the
residuals. Multivariate Analysis of Variance
(MANOVA) was also done to test concerning mean
vectors.
Table 1: Summary of Qualitative Data
VARIABLE NAME
STATE

DESCRIPTION
STATE :
1=KEDAH
2=KELANTAN
3=PERAK

DATA TYPE
NOMINAL

Table 2: Summary of Quantitative Data

1
2

VARIABLE NAME
AGE
EXPERIENCE

TOTAL LABOUR

DESCRIPTION
Age of farmer
Number years
experience of
farmers
Number of
labor that work
on the area

The total
produced

3. Results and Discussion

2. Materials and Methods

TOTAL PADDY
PRODUCE

DATA TYPE
RATIO
RATIO
RATIO

RATIO

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of continuous

variable
1 : KEDAH 2: KELANTAN 3: PERAK

Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Statistic
df
Sig

STATISTIC
AGE

Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig

1
.
.163

31

.893

31

.005

.905

29

.013

.962

30

.345

.948

31

.137

.909

29

.016

.917

30

.022

.695

31

.000

.787

29

.000

.949

30

.155

.825

31

.000

.705

29

.000

.909

30

.014

034
2
.
.200

29
004

3
.
.157

30
057

EXP

1
.
.136

31
150

2
.
.197

29
006

3
.
.175

30
019

1
.

TOTAL
LABOU
R

.340

31
000

2
.
.191

29
008

3
.
.159

30
052

1
.

TOTAL
PADDY

.185

31
009

2
.
.282

29
000

3
.
.169

30
029

3.3. MANOVA and Boxs M test

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

Before we proceed to MANOVA test, we need to

test the equality of the covariance matrix by using
Boxs M test.Since the p value for the Boxs M is
equal to 0.00 < alpha equal to 0.05, we reject H0.
So we conclude that covariance matrices of state
are different.
Box's Test of Equality of
Covariance Matricesa
Box's M

32.295

1.507

df1

20

df2

27002.907

Sig.

.068

Hypothesis:

H 0 : 1= 2 =3 =4

H 1 : At least two of the covariance matrices are not equal .

Test Statistic: =0.05
Based on Boxs M :p-value = 0.068
Decision Rule:
Since p-value = 0.068 > = 0.05, we failed reject the

H0.

Conclusion:
Therefore, we can conclude that the covariance
matrices is same.

Hypothesis:

H 0 : 1=2=3
H 1 : At least one treatment mean vector differ

.
Test Statistic: =0.05
Based on Wilks Lambda:
p-value = 0.000
Decision Rule:
Since p-value = 0.000 < = 0.05, we reject the
H0 .
Conclusion:
Therefore, we can conclude that there is significant.
So, the three mean vectors are differs.

Hypothesis for Profile Analysis

Test of parallel profiles for two normal
populations.
H 0 : c1 = c 2
H 0 : c1 c2
Conclusion:
Based on the plot above, we can conclude
that the hypothesis of coincident profiles for
all three state are not tenable.

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

Correlations
AGE

AGE

Pearson

EXP

TOTALLA

TOTAL

BOUR

PADDY

.496**

.073

-.144

.000

.492

.175

90

90

90

90

.496**

-.069

-.141

.521

.185

Table above show that the significant relationship

between independence variable of each other. From
here we can see the correlation between as follow:

Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
EXP

Pearson
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

TOTALLABOUR

Pearson

.000
90

90

90

90

.073

-.069

-.128

.492

.521

90

90

90

90

-.144

-.141

-.128

.175

.185

.231

90

90

90

Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
TOTALPADDY

Pearson

.231

Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

90

For variable Total production of paddy

The 95% confidence interval for Kedah and

Perak is between -3.1288 to -1.3830. So
there is significantly difference between
Kedah and Perak. We can conclude that
Perak is higher by 1.3830 to 3.1288 than
Kedah.
The 95% confidence interval for Kelantan
and Perak is between -3.8544 to -2.082. So
there is significantly difference between
Kelantan and Perak. We can conclude that
Perak is higher by 2.082 to 3.8544 than
Kedah

Factor Analysis

The value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of

sampling adequacy (KMO) is equal to 0.507. It
means that factor analysis is appropriate for this data.

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

Based on the scree plot, we consider that the two

factors are extracted.

Based on the rotated component matrix, we can group

the factors into 2 groups. For the first factor ( farmer )
which is consist of age and experience, Then, for the
second factors ( total labour) for total labour .

4. Conclusion
This data set provides us information about the
paddy that we always eat in our daily life. We have
used this data set to make an analysis about the
relationship between the variable and the study has
shown that there was a significant difference in the
variable according to state, where different state have
contribute different significant differences

UiTM, Disember2014

Proceedings of Multivariate Colloquium 2014

UiTM, Disember2014

References
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International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation). Retrieved from http://
www.itc.nl/library/papers_2006/msc/nrm/kayiranga
Nordiana, I and Seng mook, L. (April 2011) Factors Affecting Paddy Production under Integrated Agriculture
Development Area of North Terrengganu (IADA KETARA). Ipicex, 20, 1-9. Retrieved from
http://www.ipicex.com/docs/posters/Nordiana%20and%20Low
Nor Lelawati, J. Afizan, A. and Helmy Fadlisham A. (2010). A Study on Factors Affecting Rice Production in
Malaysia. Academic.edu, 18, 1-14. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/6689037/A STUDTY ON
FACTOR AFFECTING RICE PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA