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Flexible Ac Transmission System
Flexible Ac Transmission System
SEMINAR REPORT
INDEX
SR.NO.
CHAPTER NAME
PAGE
NO.
1
1.INTRODUCTION
11
APPLICATIONS
4.1facts Application To Steady State Power System Problems
4.2facts Application To Optimal Power Flow
19
CONCLUSION
20
REFERENCES
21
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr.No.
Fig. No.
Name Of Figure
Page No.
Fig.2.1
Fig.2.2
Fig .3.1
11
Fig. 3.2
13
Fig.3.3
17
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide.
Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some
of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid
evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of wellfounded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building
of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
The ability of the transmission system to transmit power becomes impaired by one or
more of the following steady state and dynamic limitations: (a) angular stability, (b) voltage
magnitude, (c) thermal limits, (d) transient stability, and (e) dynamic stability. These limits define
the maximum electrical power to be transmitted without causing damage to transmission lines
and electrical equipment .In principle, limitations on power transfer can always be relieved by
the addition of new transmission lines and generation facilities. Alternatively, flexible alternating
current transmission system (FACTS) controllers can enable the same objectives to be met with
no major alterations to power system layout. FACTS are alternating current transmission systems
incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability
.
The FACTS concept is based on the substantial incorporation of power electronic
devices and methods into the high-voltage side of the network, to make it electronically
controllable. FACTS controllers aim at increasing the control of power flows in the highvoltage side of the network during both steady state and transient conditions. The concept
of FACTS as a total network control philosophy was introduced in 1988 by Dr. N.
Hingorani .Owing to many economical and technical benefits it promised, FACTS received
the support of electrical equipment manufacturers, utilities, and research organizations
around the world.
various parts of the world. The most popular are: load tap changers, phase-angle regulators,
static VAR compensators, thyristor controlled series compensators, interphase power
controllers, static compensators, and unified power flow controllers.
In this paper, the state of the art in the development of FACTS controllers is
presented. The paper presents the objectives, the types, and the benefits of FACTS
controllers. Moreover, various FACTS controllers are described, their control attributes are
presented, and their role in power system operation is analyzed.
.
Fig2.2: Diagram of parallel compensator
2.3 Combined series-series controllers:This could be a combination of separate series controllers, which are
controlled in a coordinated manner, in a multiline transmission system. Or it could be a
unified controller in which series controllers provide independent series reactive
compensation for each line but also transfer real power among the lines via the proper link.
The real power transfer capability of the unified series-series controller, referred to as
IPFC, makes it possible to balance both real and reactive power flow in the lines and
thereby maximize the utilization of the
transmission system. The term unified here means that the dc terminals of all controller
converters are all connected together for real power transfer.
2.4 Combined series-shunt controllers:This could be a combination of separate shunt and series
controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, or a UPFC with series and shunt
elements. In principle, combined shunt and series controllers inject current into the system
with the shunt part of the controller and voltage in series in the line with the series part of
the controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are unified, there can be a
real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers via the proper link.
Combined series-shunt controllers include UPFC, TCPST, and TCPA
FACTS CONTROLLERS
STATCOM:
STATCOM is a static synchronous generator operated as a shuntconnected static var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can
be controlled independent of the ac system voltage. The use of STATCOM as a
FACTS controller is proposed .
SVC:
SVC is a shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is
adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control
specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). SVC is
an important FACTS controller already widely in operation. Ratings range from
60 to 600 MVAR , SVC can be considered as a first generation FACTS
controller and uses thyristor controllers. It is a shunt reactive compensation
controller consisting of a combination of fixed capacitor or thyristor-switched
capacitor in conjunction with thyristor-controlled reactor.
TCR:
TCR is a shunt-connected thyristor-controlled inductor whose effective
reactance is varied in a continuous manner by partial-conduction control of the
thyristor valve. TCR has been used as one of the economical alternatives of
FACTS controllers .
TSC:
TSC is a shunt-connected thyristor-switched capacitor whose effective
reactance is varied in a stepwise manner by full- or zero-conduction operation of
the thyristor valve .
TSR:
TSR is a shunt-connected thyristor-switched inductor whose effective
reactance is varied in a stepwise manner by full- or zero-conduction operation of
the thyristor valve .
TCBR:
TCBR is a shunt-connected thyristor-switched resistor, which is controlled to
aid stabilization of a power system or to minimize power acceleration of a
generating unit during a disturbance
.
SSSC:
TCPST:
TCPST is a phase-shifting transformer adjusted by thyristor switches to
provide rapidly variable phase angle . This controller is also referred to as
TCPAR.
UPFC:
UPFC is a combination of STATCOM and a SSSC which are coupled via a
common dc link to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series
output terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM
and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line
compensation without an external electric energy source. The UPFC, by means of
angularly unconstrained series voltage injection, is able to control, concurrently or
selectively, the transmission line voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively,
the real and reactive power flow in the line. The UPFC may also provide
independently controllable shunt reactive compensation. The UPFC proposed by
Gyugyi is the most versatile FACTS controller for the regulation of voltage and
power flow in a transmission line.
GUPFC:
GUPFC can effectively control the power system parameters such as bus
voltage, and real and reactive power flows in the lines . A simple scheme of
GUPFC consists of three converters, one connected in shunt and two connected in
series with two transmission lines terminating at a common bus in a substation. It
can control five quantities, i.e., a bus voltage and independent active and reactive
power flows in the two lines. The real power is exchanged among shunt and series
converters via a common dc link.
IPC:
IPC is a series-connected controller of active and reactive power consisting, in
each phase, of inductive and capacitive branches subjected to separately phase-
shifted voltages. The active and reactive power can be set independently by
adjusting the phase shifts and/or the branch impedances, using mechanical or
electronic switches. In the particular case where the inductive and capacitive
impedance form a conjugate pair, each terminal of the IPC is a passive current
source dependent on the voltage at the other terminal and the practical design
aspects of a 200 MW prototype for the interconnection of the 120 kV networks
were described. However, the original concept proposed has undergone
modifications that are described
.
TCVL:
TCVL is a thyristor-switched metal-oxide varistor used to limit the voltage
across its terminals during transient conditions .
TCVR:
TCVR is a thyristor-controlled transformer that can provide variable inphase voltage with continuous control.
IPFC:
IPFC is a combination of two or more SSSCs that are coupled via a common
dc link to facilitate bi-directional flow of real power between the ac terminals of
the SSSCs and are controlled to provide independent reactive compensation for
the adjustment of real power flow in each line and maintain the desired
distribution of reactive power flow among the lines. The IPFC structure may also
include a STATCOM, coupled to the IPFC common dc link, to provide shunt
reactive compensation and supply or absorb the overall real power deficit of the
combined SSSCs.
2.5 Benefits Of Facts Controllers:
FACTS controllers enable the transmission owners to obtain, on a case-bycase basis, one or more of the following benefits:
2.5.1Cost:
Due to high capital cost of transmission plant, cost considerations
frequently Over weigh all other considerations. Compared to alternative methods
of solving transmission loading problems, FACTS technology is often the most
economic alternative.
2.5.2 Convenience:
All FACTS controllers can be retrofitted to existing ac transmission plant with
varying degrees of ease. Compared to high voltage direct current or six-phase
transmission schemes, solutions can be provided without wide scale system
disruption and within a reasonable timescale.
2.5.7 Increase the system security by raising the transient stability limit, limiting
short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and damping
electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines.
2.5.8. Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring utilities and regions
thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.
CHAPTER 3: CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
3.1 Generation, Transmission, Distribution
In any power system, the creation, transmission, and utilization of
electrical power can be separated into three areas, which traditionally determined
the way in which electric utility companies had been organized. These are
illustrated in Figure 1 and are:
1
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
3
4
5
6
7
8
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11
Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows
12
Voltage
Angle
Impedance
3.6 Classification
There are different classifications for the FACTS devices: Depending on the
type of connection to the network FACTS devices can differentiate four categories
1
serial controllers
derivation controllers
serial-derivation controllers
Depending on technological features, the FACTS devices can be divided into two
generations
1
thyristor pairs conduct continuously and insert an inductive reactance into the
line. TCSC is an effective and economical means of solving problems of transient
stability, dynamic stability, steady state stability and voltage stability in long
transmission lines. TCSC, the first generation of FACTS, can control the line
impedance through the introduction of a thyristor controlled capacitor in series
with the transmission line
3.6.4 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS)
In a TCPS control technique the phase shift angle is determined as a nonlinear
function of rotor angle and speed. However, in real-life power system with a large
number of generators, the rotor angle of a single generator measured with respect
to the system reference will not be very meaningful.
3.6.5 SECOND GENERATION OF FACTS
3.6. 6 Static Compensator (STATCOM)
The emergence of FACTS devices and in particular GTO thyristor-based
STATCOM has enabled such technology to be proposed as serious competitive
alternatives to conventional SVC [21] A static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) is a regulating device used on alternating current electricity
transmission networks. It is based on a power electronics voltage-source converter
and can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity
network. If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC power. It
is a member of the FACTS family of devices. Usually a STATCOM is installed to
support electricity networks that have a poor power factor and often poor voltage
regulation. There are however, other uses, the most common use is for voltage
stability.
3.6.7 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
This device work the same way as the STATCOM. It has a voltage source
converter serially connected to a transmission line through a transformer. It is
necessary an energy source to provide a continuous voltage through a condenser
and to compensate the losses of the VSC. A SSSC is able to exchange active and
reactive power with the transmission system. But if our only aim is to balance the
reactive power, the energy source could be quite small. The injected voltage can
be controlled in phase and magnitude if we have an energy source that is big
enough for the purpose. With reactive power compensation only the voltage is
controllable, because the voltage vector forms 90 degrees with the line intensity.
In this case the serial injected voltage can delay or advanced the line current. This
means that the SSSC can be uniformly controlled in any value, in the VSC
working slot.
3.6.8 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most promising device in the
FACTS concept. It has the ability to adjust the three control parameters, i.e. the
bus voltage, transmission line reactance, and phase angle between two buses,
either simultaneously or independently. A UPFC performs this through the control
of the in-phase voltage, quadrature voltage, and shunt compensation. The UPFC is
the most versatile and complex power electronic equipment that has emerged for
the control and optimization of power flow in electrical power transmission
systems. It offers major potential advantages for the static and dynamic operation
of transmission lines. The UPFC was devised for the real-time control and
dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems, providing multifunctional
flexibility required to solve many of the problems facing the power industry.
Within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is
able to control, simultaneously or selectively, all the parameters affecting power
flow in the transmission line. Alternatively, it can independently control both the
real and reactive power flow in the line unlike all other controllers.
21
22
CONCLUSION
This paper has presented various FACTS controllers and analyzed their
control attributes and benefits. The flexible ac transmission system
(FACTS), a new technology based on power electronics, offers an
opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer
capability of ac transmission systems. The application of FACTS
controllers throws up new challenges for power engineers, not only in
hardware implementation, but also in design of robust control systems,
planning and analysis.
REFERENCES
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2) P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability. Prentice Hall
1998.
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