SOCIO-ENGINEERING IN TRAFFIC

SAFETY
Siti Malkhamah
Magister Sistem dan Teknik Transportasi
(MSTT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

KENDARAAN

MANUSIA

PENYEBAB
KECELAKAAN

LINGKUNGAN

JALAN

INTERAKSI ANTAR PENGGUNA JALAN

The Safety Pyramid (Hyden, 1987)

Accidents
Conflicts

Accidents
Fatal

Severe

Potential
conflicts

Slight
Damage
only

Undisturbed

passages

Penyebab Kecelakaan Sangat Kompleks

Contoh:

Pengemudi tidak terampil

Pengemudi tidak memahami aturan lalulintas
Pengemudi tidak mematuhi aturan lalulintas
Pengemudi mengantuk

Kendaraan tidak laik jalan

Jalan dan pelengkap jalan tidak memenuhi
standar keselamatan
Penerangan jalan tidak memadai
Cuaca

Australia:
2003 AUS$17 milyar
(2,3% dari Pendapatan Nasional
Bruto Australia )
(Connelly and Supangan, 2006)

Malaysia:
1997Rp. 10 trilyun per tahun
(Public Works Department of Malaysia, 1997)

Biaya Kecelakaan
Indonesia:
2002Rp. 41, trilyun (2,91% dari
Produk Domestik Bruto)
(Dir. Keselamatan Transportasi Darat, 2006)

Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta:

2003Rp. 12.134.535.000,(hanya 8% kecelakaan yang tercatat
di Indonesia - DKTD,2006)
(Malkhamah, 2006)
6

Clarke et al. (2006),

Lapparent (2006),
Kmet and McArthur (2006)

Kehilangan kendali
Kecepatan yang terlalu tinggi
Lebih berani mengambil resiko

Kaum muda
lebih banyak
mengalami
kecelakaan

Konflik lalu lintas

Potensi kecelakaan
(S. Malkhamah, 2006)

Risiko bagi pengendara motor

(luka di kepala)
(Talmor et al., 2006)

Tingkat kerawanan
(S. Malkhamah, 2006)

Pendidikan/Ketrampilan mengemudi
Pengetahuan tentang aturan lalulintas
(Zhao et al. (2006) dan Morissey et al. (2006))

Kecepatan kendaraan

Kematian kaum muda akibat kecelakaan

Berkurang 19,4%
(Morissey et al. (2006))
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Generalized vehicle ownership growth curve

8

Coordination and Management of

Road Safety

Why is coordination needed?

For road safety issues to be dealt with efficiently and
effectively, the following are needed:

Adequate political support

Adequate funds

Adequate technical and administrative resources

An understanding of the problems

10

Coordinated efforts among at least the organizations

working in the fields of:
Traffic and highway engineering
Education
Traffic enforcement
Health services
Publicity
Driver testing
Vehicle testing

11

Three fundamentals requirements when setting up

an organization to combat road safety problems

Political support
Technical secretariat
Effective coordinating mechanism

12

Road Accident Data Systems

Why is an accident data system needed?

The investigation of particular sites or road

user groups
Designing safety schemes and devices
Justification for highway planning
Enforcement planning or prosecutions
Education and training
Insurance claims

14

Four basic components to the way an

accident data system operates

Accident reporting and recording system

Accident data storage and retrieval system
Accident analysis system
Dissemination of data

15

Road Safety Funding and The Role

of The Insurance Industry

Why is funding from the insurance

industry needed?

The large amounts of regular income can be raised for

road safety via a small levy on third party insurance
premiums (TPIP)
example:
Finland, which imposes a levy of only 1% of TPIP
(US$3.67/vehicle/year), raises US$8 million/year
Hungary, is imposing levy of about 8% of TPIP, raise
US$20 million/year

17

Safe Planning and Design of Roads

Why is safe planning and design needed?

Planning is important because on all kinds of road, conflicts

can arise between different types of road users and these
may lead to accidents involving death or injury.
Coflict between the following types of road users are common
in all countries:

Different modes
Motor vehicles vs pedestrians
Motor vehicles vs nonmotorized vehicles, particularly cycles
Heavy goods vehicles vs other road users
Different movements
High-speed traffic vs low-speed vehicles
All vehicles types at road junctions
Vehicles overtaking

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Safe design/engineering design is important as it

should accomodate a wide range of human
behaviour and encourage safer use of the roads.
This is relevant to all existing roads as well as all
new projects.
Engineering features are often easier and cheaper
to change than human behaviour, and can have
immediate effect.
Road safety audit is needed.

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Road Safety Audit

Prevention is much better than curative

actions.
It saves lives and money.
It has been proved to be cheaper and easier.

21

Improvement of Hazardous Locations

Why identify hazardous

locations?

the number of vehicles the number of

road traffic accidents the cumulative
financial impact of accidents
Accidents have been shown to be clustered at
certain location hazardous locations/black
spots
Treatment of these sites first should provide
the best return in terms of accidents saved
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Road Safety Education of Children

Why is road safety education (RSE) is

needed?

In developing countries, 20% of traffic deaths are

people under the age of 15 and the threat of road
accidents will increases with motorization.
Several factors contribute to this risk to children in
developing countries:
Both the speed and volume of motor vehicle traffic
will increase, esp. on rehabilitated roads
Roadside friction will continue as poor land use
planning, operational control, and limited road
space lead to conflicting uses of road and
roadsides
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Road improvements tend to focus on motor

vehicle requirements and not pedestrian needs
Traffic police can offer limited help
Most parent are unable provide road safety
training

RSE is needed to provide necessary structure for

the acquisition of safety knowledge and skills

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Components

Road safety in the curriculum

Teachers guide
Teacher training
Teaching aids
Policy coordination

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Driver Training and Testing

Why a driver testing and training are

needed

The mixture of motorized and non-motorized modes with

inadequate road network and hierarchy, and poor traffic
control methods contribute to a difficult driving
environment

The rapid increase in motor vehicles and novice drivers

will result in proportional increase in accidents unless
there is a dramatic improvement in driving standards

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components

Driver testing

Legislation
Medical examination
Theory examination
Practical driving test
Driving examiners
Test administration
Cost recovery

Driver training

Curriculum
Driving instructors
Driving schools

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Road Safety Publicity and Campaigns

Why is road safety publicity needed?

Create awareness of road accident threats and

vulnerability of certain road users
Educate road users as to what constitutes safe road user
behavior
Change attitudes and beliefs to a more positive road
safety approach
Inform road users of change in traffic regulations or
operating conditions

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Vehicle Safety Standards

Why the need for vehicle safety standards?

In The United Kingdom (UK) 5%-8.5%

of
accidents are directly caused by vhicle
condition faults.
In developing countries, it is likely tahat
vehicle defects are more ften the factor of
accident as vehicle condition generally much
worse.

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In order that a vehicle can be maintained in a safe, roadworthy

condition is necessary for various legal and operational systems
to be linked. These system include:

Legislation
Management and administration
Equipment and facilities
Training and staffing
Ownership

35

Traffic Legislation

Why is traffic legislation needed?

Traffic legislation regulates the use of public roads and

provides a framework to promote and, where necessary,
to enforce safer road user behavior.
Traffic legislation updating is needed in developing
countries where motorcycles have increased rapidly, and
where the existing traffic law no longer meets the needs
of modern traffic conditions.

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Traffic legislation should be reviewed according;

Is there a need for the regulation?
Is the regulation acceptable in principle and of
practical application to the majority of the user
application?
Is it framed so as to be clear and unambiguous?
Is it consistent with other regulation?
Is the user population aware of it?
Is it enforceable?

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Legislation is needed on the following key

areas:

Driver-related
Vehicle-related
Control of traffic
Traffics signs and markings
Fines and penalties

39

Traffic Police and Law

Enforcement

Why are traffic police and law

enforcement needed?

As motor vehicles increase in numbers and in

their power and capability, traffic conditions
become harder for the average police officer
to control.

41

The five key components are:

Organization
Policy
Training
Vehicles
Equipments

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Emergency Assistance to Road

Accident Victims

Why is
needed?

medical

assistance

The time between injury and initial stabilization is the

single most important factor in patient survival, with the
first 30 60 minutes being the most important.
Ambulance services are intended to meet the following
needs:

emergency

Rapid response to life threatening or serious accidents

Preservation of life at he scene
Prehospital life support and patient stabilization
Reductions in death and serious injury for accident victims

A more flexible approaches to emergency medical

services needs to be considered because:

Lack of an effective comunications

Public unwillingness to give priority to ambulances
Lack of data
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Road Accident Costing

Why is road accident costing needed?

Accident costing highlights the

socioeconomic burden of road accidents.
Knowledge of accident costs allows safety
impacts to be economically justified .

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Key components

Accident data
Lost output
Vehicle damage cost
Medical cost
Administration cost
Pain, grief, and suffering component

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Thank you