18

Equivalent Eccentricity e = M/P

Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Columns 2

Combined Axial-Bending

Interaction Diagram

Minimum Eccentricity: emin = 0.6 + 0.03h

Biaxially Loaded Column

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Working Stress Design (WSD):

Pa P , Ma M

Strength Design Method (SDM):

Pn Pu , Mn Mu

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Column2_03

Column subjected to eccentric compression

Combined Axial Load and Bending Moments

As fs

Pn

Bending moments can occur in columns because:

As fs

- Unbalance gravity loads

- Lateral loads: wind, earthquake

0.85 fc

cu

d
h
width = b

c
d

Equilibrium between external and internal axial forces requires that

Fy

Pn = 0.85 fc a b + As fs As fs

Moment about centerline of the section of internal stresses and forces must be
equal and opposite to the moment of external force Pn, so that

[MCL ]
Column2_02

h
h a
h

Mn = Pn e = 0.85 fc a b + As fs d + As fs d
2
2 2
2

Column2_04

Moment Strength of Column

If we know

Pn

Neutral axis (c, a)

Taking moment about centroid of section:

T

CL

Cc Cs

Strain condition
( s , s )

h
h a
h

Mn1 = Cc + Cs d + T d
2
2 2
2

= Pn e
d
a/2
d - h/2

h/2
d

Stress condition
( fs , fs )

Taking moment about tension steel:

a

Mn 2 = Cc d + Cs ( d d )
2

Column strength
( Mn, Pn )

= Pn e + d
2

Column2_05

Tension steel:
s

cu

s = cu

Pn
e

d c
c

fs = s Es = cu Es

Column2_07

Pn
e

Pn
e

Pn
e

d c
fy
c

c
d

Compression steel:
s = cu
As fs

As fs

c d
c

fs = s Es = cu Es

c d
fy
c

0.85 fc

Small Eccentricity

Large Eccentricity

Concrete stress block:

Large e fs = fy when c = cu = 0.003 (tension failure)

a = 1 c h
a

C = 0.85 fc a b

Small e fs < fy when c = cu = 0.003 (compression failure)

Column2_06

Column2_08

Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load

For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of Pn and Mn.
Pn

By plotting series of pairs coresponding to a different

eccentricity, will result in an interaction diagram.

Failure Mode Justification using eb

Case 1: e < eb

Case 2: e > eb

P0

e sma
ll

Compression failure range

Mb

M>Mb Mb

cb

e=0

c > cb

cu

cu

M<Mb

Radial lines show constant e = Mn/Pn

cb

s < y

c < cb

fs < fy

s > y

fs > fy

Tension Failure

Compression Failure
eb : Balance failure
e large

Tension failure range

Mn

e=

Column2_09

Balanced Failure, eb
Mb = Pb eb

Condition of failure that :

cu Concrete reaches the strain limit: cu and

Column2_11

EXAMPLE 1 Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is

reinforced with 4DB28. Concrete strength fc = 280 ksc and the steel
yield strength fy = 4,000 ksc
20 cm
5 cm

Tensile steel reaches the yield strain: y

d
cb
d

cb = d

Pn
Mn

5 cm

12.5 cm

cu
6,120
= d
cu + y
6,120 + fy

ab = 1 cb

Pn

20 cm

12.5 cm

Balance condition:
6,120

cb =
35 = 21.2 cm,

6,120 + 4,000

cb d
fy
cb
Pb = 0.85 fc ab b + As fs As fy
fs = s Es = cu Es

ab = 0.85(21.2) = 18.0 cm

Cc = 0.85(0.28)(18)(25) = 107 ton

h
h a
h

Mb = 0.85 fc ab b b + As fs d + As fy d
2
2
2
2

eb = Mb / Pb

c d
21.2 5
fs = Es cu
= 6,120 21.2 = 4,677 ksc
c

Yielding fs = 4,000 ksc

Cs = As fy = 12.32(4.0) = 49.3 ton

Column2_10

Column2_12

T = As fy = 12.32(4.0) = 49.3 ton

h = 40 cm
d = 5 cm
d = 35 cm
a = 18 cm

Pb = Cc + Cs T = 107 + 49.3 49.3 = 107 ton

h
h a
h

Mb = Cc + Cs d + T d
2
2 2
2

= 107(20 18 / 2) + 49.3(20 5) + 49.3(35 20)

Interaction Diagram

Pn
e=

P0

= 2,656 ton-cm = 26.6 ton-m

Mn
Pn

s < y

0.003

e=0

M
2,656
eb = b =
= 24.8 cm
Pb
107

Compression controlled

For c smaller than cb = 21.2 cm will give e larger than eb : tension failure

Balanced strain
condition

Pb

0.003

s = y

Transition zone

For example, choose c = 10 cm. By definition fs = fy

= eb

e
e=

10 5
fs = 6,120
= 3,060 ksc
10

M0

a = 0.85 10 = 8.5 cm

Tension controlled
0.003

s > y

Mb Mn

C = 0.85(0.28)(8.5)(25) = 50.6 ton

Pn = 50.6 + 12.32 3.06 12.32 4.0 = 39 ton

Column2_13

Mn = 50.6(20 8.5 / 2) + 12.32 3.06(20 5) + 12.32 4.0(35 20)

Column2_15

Maximum Strength in Axial Compression-ACI Code

= 2,102 ton-cm = 21.0 t-m

Tied column: Pn = 0.80 0.85 fc ( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast

For c larger than cb = 21.2 cm will give e smaller than eb : compression failure

Spiral column: Pn = 0.85 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast

For example, choose c = 30 cm.

Minimum eccentricity: e = 0.6 + 0.03 h

Pn
P0

C = 0.85(0.28)(25.5)(25) = 152 ton

d c
35 30
fs = Es cu
= 6,120 30 = 1,020 ksc
c

Pn(max)

Pn = 152 + 12.32 4.0 12.32 1.02 = 189 ton

Mn = 152(20 25.5 / 2) + 12.32 4.0(20 5) + 12.32 1.02(35 20)
M
2,030
e= n =
= 10.7 cm
= 2,030 ton-cm = 20.3 t-m
189
Pn

USE Pn(max)
Column2_14

+0
0.6

Yielding fs = 4,000 ksc

+ 0.03

Pn(max)

e = 0.6

30 5
fs = 6,120
= 5,100 ksc
30

Pn
P0
h

a = 0.85 30 = 25.5 cm

.03

Mn 2,102
=
= 53.9 cm
Pn
39

e=

e=

USE Pn at point A
Column2_16

Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is reinforced with 4DB28.

Concrete strength fc = 280 ksc and the steelyield strength fy = 4,000 ksc
20 cm

h = 40 cm
d = 5 cm

20 cm
5 cm

5 cm

Interaction Diagram of Rectangular Columns

d = 35 cm

300.00

12.5 cm

f y = 4000 kg/cm

0.07

250.00

h
2

= 0.75

0.06

12.5 cm

f c = 210 kg/cm 2

0.08

b
0.05

200.00

Pn
Ag

0.04

, ksc

0.03

150.00

0.02

g = 0.01

100.00

50.00

0.00
0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00
M n
Ag h

80.00

Column2_17

Pn

120.00

Column2_19

Example: Design a rectangular reinforced concrete column with ties for service
dead and live loads of 120 and 80 tons, respectively. Service dead and live load
moments at the top about the strong axis are 15 and 8 t-m, respectively.
Moments are negligible about weak axis. Assume moments at the bottom of the
column as half those at the top. The column has unsupported height of 2.5 m and
is bent in double curvature about strong axis and single curvature about the weak
axis. Use fc = 210 ksc and fy = 4,000 ksc.

Interaction Diagram for Design

Pn

100.00

, ksc

1) Determine required strength

Nominal strength

Pu = 1.4(120) + 1.7(80) = 304 ton

Design
curve

Mu = 1.4(15) + 1.7(8) = 34.6 t-m

= 0.70 for tied column

2) Check column slenderness. Assume a 40 x 60 cm column size

0.70 0.90

0.1 f c Ag

Mn Mn

a. Slenderness about weak axis (40 cm width)

k = 1.0 for braced compression member

= 0.90 for beam

r = 0.3x40 = 12 cm
kLu/r = (1.0)(250)/12 = 20.8
Column2_18

Column2_20

Normalized Interaction Diagram

With negligible moment about the weak axis, assume M1/M2 = 1.0
kLu/r < 34 - 12(M1/M2) = 22 (single curvature)

2.00

Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the weak axis.

2.0

1.40

k = 1.0 for braced compression member

r = 0.3x60 = 18 cm

Pn

1.20

Ag fc'

1.00

2.5

1.60

b. Slenderness about strong axis (60 cm width)

3.0

1.80

1.5
= 0.80

1.0

0.80

0.5

kLu/r = (1.0)(250)/18 = 13.9

0.60

M1/M2 = -0.5

gm=0

0.40

kLu/r < 34 - 12(-0.5) = 40

0.20

Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the strong axis.

0.00
0.00

0.10

0.20 0.30 0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

1.10

Mn
Ag hfc'
Column2_21

Column2_23

Biaxial Bending and Compression

3) Design of column reinforcement

Compute

Pu 304(1,000)
=
= 126.7
Ag
40 60

Load Contour Method:

Method:

Mu
34.6(1,000)(100)
=
= 24.03
40 60 60
Ag h

ex

ey

From interaction diagram, read g = 0.025

Mnx = Pn enx

Pn
h

Cut failure surface at constant Pn

Mny = Pn eny

Pn

Ast = g Ag = 0.025(40)(60) = 60.0 cm2

USE 10DB28(As=61.58cm2) Place 5DB28 bars on each 40 cm side.
Mny

4) Select lateral reinforcement

Load contour

y
1

M0y

Use DB10 ties with DB28 longitudinal bars

Spacing not greater than:

16(2.8)

= 44.8 cm

48(1.0)

= 48.0 cm

column size

= 40 cm (control)

USE DB10 @ 40 cm
Column2_22

Mny
Mnx

+
M0 x
M0 y

M0x

M0y

= 1.0

Pn

Mny
M0x

Mnx

Mnx
Column2_24

EXAMPLE 18 3 : Design of a Biaxially Loaded Column by the Modified Load

Contour Method

Modified Load Contour Method

The interaction expression for the load and bending moments about the two axes is
1.5

Pn Pnb Mnx

Pno Pnb Mnbx

A nonslender corner column is subjected to a factored compressive load Pu = 100 ton,

a factored bending moment Mux = 18 t-m about the x axis, and a factored bending
moment Muy = 12 t-m about y axis. Given fc = 280 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

1.5

M
+ ny
M
nby

= 1.0

where

ex

Pn = nominal axial compression (positive), or tension (negative)

x

Mnx, Mny = nominal bending moments about the x- and y-axis respectively

ey
Mux

Pno = maximum nominal axial compression (positive) or axial tension (negative)

= 0.85 fc (Ag Ast) + fy Ast

Solution: Step 1: Calculate equivalent uniaxial bending moment assuming equal

numbers of bars on all faces

Mnbx, Mnby = nominal bending moment about the x- and y-axis respectively,
at the limit strain state ( t = 0.002 )

Assume that = 0.70 for tied columns.

Required nominal Pn = 100/0.7 = 143 ton

Column2_25

C
L

Cc Cs

a/2

ey = Mnx / Pn = 25.7(100)/143 = 18.0 cm

ex = Mny / Pn = 17.1(100)/143 = 12.0 cm
x : axis parallel to the shorter side b

y : axis parallel to the longer side h

where

Assume column section : b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d = 5 cm, and As = 8DB25

a = depth of the equivalent block = 1cb

h/2
d

Required nominal Mny = 12/0.7 = 17.1 t-m

Mux

cb

cu = 0.003

0.003
6,120

=
d =
d
f / E + 0.003
6,120
+
4,000

y s

fs = stress in the compressive reinforcement

= fy if fs fy
T = Force in the tensile side reinforcement

c
0.003
=
= 0.6
d 0.003 + 0.002

5 cm
h = 50 cm

Column2_27

Required nominal Mnx = 18/0.7 = 25.7 t-m

Pu

ey

Mnb = Pnbeb = Cc d d + Cs (d d d) + T d
2

d
d - h/2

ex

Pnb = 0.85 fc 1 c b b + A s fs A s fy

Muy

The value of Pnb and Mnb can be obtained from:

d = 45 cm

Muy

Pnb = nominal axial compression at the limit strain states ( t = 0.002 )

Pn

Pu = 100 ton

c = 0.6(45) = 27 cm
a = 1c = 0.85(27) = 23 cm

5 cm
s = y = 0.002
Column2_26

b = 30 cm

Balance failure

Column2_28

cu = 0.003
c = 27 cm

a = 23 cm

0.85fc

Pno = 0.85 fc (A g A st ) + A st fy

Compute Pnb :
Cs1
Cc

= 0.85 x 0.24 (30 x 50 8 x 4.91) + 8 x 4.49 x 4.0

fs = 6120(1-d/c) = 6120(1-5/27)
= 4987 ksc USE fy = 4000 ksc

= 442 ton
Using the interaction surface expression for biaxial bending

fs = 6120(1-25/27) = 453 ksc

Cs2

1.5

Pnb = nominal axial compression at the limit strain

s = y = 0.002

= Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 T

T = As fy

Pn Pnb Mnx

Pno Pnb Mnbx

1.5

M
+ ny
M
nby
1.5

Cc = 0.85fc b a = 0.85(0.28)(30)(23) = 164.2 ton

Cs1 = (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton

143 168.7 25.7

+

442 168.7 45.7

1.5

17.1
+

24.7

= -0.094 + 0.422 + 0.576 = 0.904 < 1.00

Cs2 = (2DB25=9.82)(0.453) = 4.5 ton

OK

Hence, accept the design, namely,

T = (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton

b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d = 45 cm, and As = 8DB25

Pnb = 164.2 + 58.9 + 4.5 58.9 = 168.7 ton

Column2_29

Compute Mnbx :
Cs1
Cc

Mnbx = 164.2(25 23/2) + 58.9(25 5) + 58.9(45 25)

cnbx
= 4573 t-cm = 45.7 t-m
cu =
0.003
Mnbx 4573
eby =
=
= 27.1 cm
Pnb
168.7

Cs2

T = As fy

h
h a
h

Mnbx = C c + C s d + T d
2
2 2
2

y =
0.002

eby > ey = 17.8 cm, hence compression failure

Compute Mnby :
anbx = 1cnbx = 0.85(0.6)(d=25) = 13 cm

h = 50 cm

a = 23 cm

0.85fc

My

Mnby = 0.850.285012.75(15 13/2) + 58.9(15 5)

+ 58.9(25 15)
= 2468 t-cm = 24.7 t-m

b = 30 cm
Column2_30

Column2_31