Topic - Connections - Design Issues PDF

Steel Connections
Design Issues
Dr. Seshu Adluri
I
Introduction
d i
Steel
Connections
Unlike
concrete, connections in
steel structures need special
p
design
g
Bolts, Rivets and Welds are typical
connectors
Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri
J i i St
Joining
Structural
t l elements
l
t
Mechanical fastenings
Mechanically formed joints
Welding
Adhesive
Adh i b
bonding
di
MECHANICAL FASTENINGS
Rivets
B lti
Bolting
Stud Welding
Powder-Actuated Fastenings
Threaded Fasteners & Nails
Expansion
p
Bolts
Adhesive-held fasteners
Mechanically formed joints
Ri t
Rivets
Old style connectors

Permanent,
Need field heating and head forming
Safety issues
Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts
Ri t
Rivets
Old style connectors

Permanent,
Need field heating and head forming
Safety issues
Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts
Pins
Rarely used compared to bolts and welds

Special projects only
Golden gate bridge approaches
B lt
Bolts
B lt
Bolts
B lt
Bolts
Carbon Steel Bolts -
Normal strength
g ((A307))
Similar to ordinary machine bolts

Lower Strength, low load/shear connectors
High Strength Bolts - (A325,

(A325 A325M
A325M, A490
A490, A490M etc
etc.))
Sec. 3, CISC Handbook

Heat treated for greater strength
Higher shear resistance
Can also be used in Friction Connections
Can be used with or without washers
Bolt function
Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)

Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical)
Both
B th h
have th
the same ultimate
lti t strength
t
th
M t i lb
Material
behaviour
h i
M t i lb
Material
behaviour
h i
B lt
Bolts
Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)

Easy
to install (till about the first impact using the

pneumatic wrench). No inspection for tension
10-20% of tension strength
Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical no slip)

Costly
C tl tto install,
i t ll need
d iinspection
ti
Repeated loadings, bridges, communication
towers,
load reversals, impact, cranes, direct tension, etc.
Safety against twist-off, all bolts yield
Both have the same ultimate strength
P t
Pre-tensioned
i
dB
Bolts
lt
Installation
Turn
of the nut method (Table 8 CSA-S16)
1/3 turn for Lb < 4db

1/2 turn for 4db < Lb < 8db (or 200 mm)
2/3 turn for longer bolts
Tension
indicator washers (ASTM F959) Cl. 23.8.3

Torque wrench
Strain gauges, etc.
Bolt tension as per Table 7, CSA-S16
P t
Pretension
i effect
ff t
P t
Pretension
i effect
ff t
T
Tension
i controlled
t ll d b
bolts
lt
Wrench grips both the nut & bolt

When required torch reached,
End twists off

A plunger inside discharges the splined end
Ease of installation & consistency
B lt di
Bolt
dimensions
i
Standard dimensions,, thread

lengths, bolt lengths for
different grips
Handbook
p.6-152 to 6-156
Gauge dist. P.6-162
Nominal
Bolt Size
Length
Added
To Grip
5/8
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
B lt
Bolts
Tension
indicator
washers
T
Tension
i iindicator
di t W
Washers
h
ASTM F959 washers (Cl. 23.8.3)
Tension indicator
Washers
Washer with
Protrusions
(Gap)
Protrusions
fl tt as Bolt
flatten
B lt
is tightened
Visually
p
to
inspected
ensure that
protrusions are
flat (gap
closed))
Tension indicator
Washers
Load Indicator Washers

with a Visible Dye that
squirts out when the
washer
h h
has sufficiently
ffi i tl
flattened
Pre tension effect on shear force

Pre-tension
on the joint
L d vs. El
Load
Elongation
ti
P t
Pre-tension
i effect
ff t
Pre-tension effect
on tension force on
the joint
As the applied tension on the joint

increases, the bolt elongates a
little and eventually elongates
g ((to the length
g before
enough
tightening. At that point, the bolt
pretension effect disappears and
the joint will behave as if the
pretension had never been there.
p
If the joint is unloaded at that point,
the clamping effect due to
pretension will return.
B lt BIBLE!
Bolts
Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints by

Geoffrey L. Kulak, John W. Fisher & John H. A. Struik at:
http://www boltcouncil org/files/2ndEditionGuide pdf

http://www.boltcouncil.org/files/2ndEditionGuide.pdf
RCSC: Research Council on Structural Connections
Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
http://www.boltcouncil.org/index.html
B l H
Bolt
Heads
d
Required
Markings
Typical
Bolted
J i t
Joints
Typical Bolted Joints
Typical Bolted
Joints
B i ttype b
Bearing
bolts
lt iin Sh
Shear
Bearing type Bolted Joints
B lt iin Sh
Bolts
Shear
B lt b
Bolt
bearing
i effect
ff t
B lt in
Bolts
i ttension
i ffailure
il
B lt bl
Bolt
block
k ttear outt effect
ff t
Sh
Shear
llag effect
ff t
D i ffor b
Design
bolts
lt
Shear:
Cl 13.12
Cl.
13 12
Vr = 0.6b n m AbFu-bolt
V f,
u bolt >V
b =0.8
0.8
Br = 3br tdb n Fu-plate
>Vf,
br =0.8
Tr = 0.75b AbFu-bolt
>Tf,
b =0.8
(Cl. 13.12.1.2)
Bearing:
(Cl 13.12.1.2)
(Cl.
13 12 1 2)
Tension:
(Cl. 13.12.1.3)
Slip resistance (Cl. 13.12.2.2):

Vs = 0.53 c1 Ks mn AbFu-bolt >V
Combined:
Vf
Vr
Tf
+ 1
Tr
(table 3 CSA-S16)
V
T
+ 1.9
1
Vs
nAb Fu
Design for bolts

bolts, Spacing
Spacing, etc
etc.
If threads are intercepted in shear, reduce A to 70%

spacing:
2.7db (usually 3db) Cl. 22.3.1
Min. Edge dist.: Table 6 (based on db & edge type)
Max. Edge dist.: 12t or 150mm
End distance:
Table 6 or 1.5 db
Bolt hole diam.: db + 2mm (or 1/16)
Eff. hole diam.: hole diam.+2mm (for punched holes)
dh=db+4 mm (punched holes); dh=db +2mm (drilled holes)
Installation and inspection: Cl. 23, Washers: Cl. 23.5
Its cheesy
cartoon time!
Bolt Power!
She has the

hex bolt
power!
He has the other kind!
Together, bolt and nut can keep the structure intact!

E
Eccentric
ti b
bolted
lt d connection
ti
L = Moment/Load
b
7
b
b
Equivalent
eccentric load
E
Eccentric
ti b
bolted
lt d connection
ti
Rotation effect only
Direct shear effect only
E
Eccentric
ti b
bolted
lt d connection
ti
Resultant of both rotation and direct shear effects

B lt Prying
Bolts
P i action
ti
B lt Prying
Bolts
P i action
ti
Prying effect
B lt Prying
Bolts
P i action
ti
Use procedure in the Handbook (no code

clauses))
Bolts
Prying
action
Welds
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding
Flux core welding
Welds
(Tungsten Inert Gas) welding
Stick welding torch (tig)
Automated Welding
g
Plasma Welding & Cutting

Tungsten Inert Gas Arc
Welding (TIG)
laser welding wire feed system

W ld
Welds
Weld failure under

electron microscope
Types
yp of
welds
Fillet welds
Fillet welds
B tt Welds
Butt
W ld
W ldi symbols
Welding
b l
W ldi symbols
Welding
b l
W ldi symbols
Welding
b l
W ldi symbols
Welding
b l
D i off W
Design
Welds
ld
Groove Welds
Base metal:
Weld metal:
Cl 13.13
Cl.
13 13
w =0.67
0 67
Vr = 0.67w Am Fu
Vr = 0.67w Aw Xu
Fillet Welds w =0.67

Base metal:
Vr = 0.67w Am Fu
Weld metal:
Vr = 0.67w Aw Xu (1+0.5sin1.5)Mw
governs if > 45o for 350W
Flare bevel weld in OWSJ:
Vr = 0.67w Aw Fu
Aw = 0.5 wfL
W ld sizes,
Weld
i
etc
t
Groove Welds
Min. groove depths for different situations applicable
Fillet Welds
Max. size:
sections
ti
Min. size:
Dmax = t-2 mm
Dmax = t
Dmax = 0.75t
t > 6mm
t 6mm
for the rounded edges of rolled
Dmin = 5 mm
tmax 12mm
12mm tmax 20mm
Dmin = 6 mm
20mm tmax
Dmin = 8 mm
Min length Lmin = max (4D, 40 mm)
Lap Joints: min. lap length Llap = 5tmin or 25 mm
P bl
Problems
iin W
Weld
ld placement
l
P bl
Problems
iin W
Weld
ld placement
l
Alignment not very good
Problems
in Weld
placement
l
R f
References
Many pictures in this file are taken from various sources such as CISC, AISC, etc. The copyrights for those materials are with the original
sources. No copyright is claimed or implied by Dr. Seshu Adluri for things that are already under copyright protection. This file is for
teaching purposes olny.

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Steel Connections

Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Old style connectors

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Old style connectors

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Rarely used compared to bolts and welds

Golden gate bridge approaches

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Carbon Steel Bolts -

Similar to ordinary machine bolts

High Strength Bolts - (A325,

Sec. 3, CISC Handbook

Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)

to install (till about the first impact using the

Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical no slip)

Both have the same ultimate strength

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

of the nut method (Table 8 CSA-S16)

1/3 turn for Lb < 4db

indicator washers (ASTM F959) Cl. 23.8.3

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Wrench grips both the nut & bolt

End twists off

Ease of installation & consistency

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Standard dimensions,, thread

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

ASTM F959 washers (Cl. 23.8.3)

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Load Indicator Washers

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Pre tension effect on shear force

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

As the applied tension on the joint

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints by

http://www boltcouncil org/files/2ndEditionGuide pdf

RCSC: Research Council on Structural Connections

Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Typical Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Typical Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Typical Bolted Joints