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Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001
Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001
Chapter
1.
Basic Concepts
System
Definition
System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
Surroundings: Everything external to the system.
System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.
Classification of the system boundary: Real solid boundary
Imaginary boundary
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
Th
he system bou
undary may be
b further cla
assified
as::
Contrrol Mass Systtem.
Contrrol Volume Sy
ystem.
Th
he choice of booundary depends on the problem
p
beiing analyzed
d.
Ty
ypes off Syste
em
Closed System
S
(Contro
(
ol Mass System
m)
1. Its a system of fixed masss with
fixed identity.
2. Thiss type of system
s
is ussually
referred
d to as closed system..
3. Therre is no masss transfer across
a
the systtem boundarry.
4. Energy transferr may take place
into or out of the system.
Fig. A Co
ontrol Masss System
or Closed
C
Systtem
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
O
Open Sy
ystem (Contr
rol Vollume System
S
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ex
xample:
Heat exchanger - Fluid enters an
nd leaves thee system con
ntinuously with
w
the transfer of heat
across the sy
ystem bound
dary.
Pump - A continuous
c
fllow of fluid takes place th
hrough the system
s
with a transfer off mechanical
energy from
m the surroun
ndings to the system.
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
Issolated
d Syste
em
1.
2.
3.
It is a sysstem of fixed
d mass with
h same
identity and fixed energy.
e
No intera
action of masss or energy takes
place beetween the system and
d the
surround
dings.
In more informal words
w
an isoolated
system iss like a closed shop amiidst a
busy marrket.
Fig. An
n Isolated System
S
Q
Quasi-Sttatic Prrocess
Th
he processees
un
nrestrained
can
be
e
restrained
d
or
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
La
aws of Thermodynam
mics
Summattion of 3 Laws
s
Firstly, there isnt a meaningful
m
teemperature of the sourcce from whiich we can get
g the full
conversion of
o heat to wo
ork. Only at infinite tem
mperature onee can dream of getting th
he full 1 kW
work outputt.
Secondly, more
m
interestiingly, there isnt
i
enough work availab
ble to producce 0 K. In oth
her words, 0
K is unattaiinable. This is
i precisely th
he Third law
w.
Because, wee dont know what 0 K loooks like, we havent got a starting pooint for the temperature
t
scale!! That is why all te
emperature scales are at best
b
empirica
al.
Yo
ou cant get something for nothing
g:
To get work
k output you must
m
give som
me thermal energy.
e
Yo
ou cant get something for very litttle:
To get some
e work outputt there is a minimum
m
amount of therm
mal energy th
hat needs to
be given.
5
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
Yo
ou cant get every thing
g:
However mu
uch work you
u are willing to give 0 K cant
c
be reach
hed.
Vio
olation of all
a 3 laws:
Try to get ev
verything forr nothing.
eroth Law
L
of Thermo
T
odynam
mics
Ze
If two systeems (say A an
nd B) are in thermal equ
uilibrium witth a third sy
ystem (say C)) separately
(that is A an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium; B an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium) then
n they are in
thermal equ
uilibrium themselves (tha
at is A and B will be in thermal equilib
brium).
All tem
mperature measuremen
m
nts are base
ed on Zeroth
h law of the
ermodynam
mics
In
nternatiional Te
empera
ature Sc
cale
To provide a standard
s
forr temperaturre measurem
ment taking
g into accoun
nt both theooretical and
pra
actical consid
derations, th
he Internation
nal Tempera
ature Scale (IITS) was adoopted in 1927
7. This scale
has been refin
ned and exte
ended in several revisioons, most reecently in 1990. The In
nternational
Temperature Scale
S
of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in su
uch a way th
hat the temp
perature mea
asured on it
con
nforms with the thermod
dynamic temp
perature, thee unit of which is the kellvin, to withiin the limits
of accuracy of measuremen
nt obtainablle in 1990. The
T
ITS90 is based on the assigneed values of
tem
mperature off a number of
o reproducib
ble fixed poin
nts (Table). In
nterpolation between thee fixed-point
tem
mperatures is
i accomplisshed by form
mulas that give
g
the rela
ation between readings of
o standard
insstruments an
nd values of the ITS. In the
t range froom 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90 is defined by
b equations
giv
ving the temp
perature as functions
f
of the
t vapor prressures of pa
articular helium isotopess. The range
froom 3.0 to 24.5561 K is ba
ased on meassurements ussing a helium
m constant-voolume gas th
hermometer.
In the range frrom 13.8033 to 1234.93 K,
K ITS-90 is defined by means
m
of certtain platinum
m resistance
theermometers. Above 1234
4.9 K the tem
mperature iss defined usiing Plancks equation for blackbody
rad
diation and measuremen
m
nts of the inteensity of visib
ble-spectrum
m radiation th
he absolute temperature
t
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
W
Work a path
p
fun
nction
Woork is one of the basic mo
odes of energy
y transfer. Th
he work donee by a system
m is a path fu
unction, and
nott a point fun
nction. There
efore, work is not a pr
roperty of th
he system, and it cann
not be said
tha
at the work
k is posses
ssed by the system. It is an intera
action acrosss the bounda
ary. What is
stoored in the system is ene
ergy, but nott work. A decrease in energy of the system
s
appea
ars as work
don
ne. Therefore, work is energy in transit and
d it can be identified
i
o
only
when the
t
system
un
ndergoes a process.
p
Free Exp
pansion
n with Zero
Z
W
Work
Tra
ansfer
Fr
ree Expansio
on Let us con
nsider an insu
ulated containeer (Figure) wh
hich is divided
d into two com
mpartments A
and
d B by a thin
n diaphragm. Compartmen
nt A contains a mass of ga
as, while com
mpartment B is
i completely
eva
acuated. If thee diaphragm is punctured, the gas in A will expand into B until the
t
pressures in A and B
beccome equal. This
T
is known
n as free or unrestrained expansion.
T
The
process of free ex
xpansion is
irr
reversible.. Also work done is zeroo during freee expansion
n.
Free Expa
ansion
pd
dV-worrk or Displacement Work
W
Let the gas in the
t cylinder (Figure show
wn in below) be a system having initia
ally the pressure p1 and
vollume V1. Th
he system is in thermody
ynamic equilibrium, the state of wh
hich is described by the
cooordinates p1 , V1. The pistton is the on
nly boundary which moves due to gas pressure. Leet the piston
moove out to a new final po
osition 2, wh
hich is also a thermodyn
namic equilib
brium state specified by
preessure p2 an
nd volume V2. At any inteermediate poiint in the tra
avel of the piiston, let the pressure be
pa
and the volu
ume V. This must
m
also bee an equilibrium state, siince macrosccopic propertties p and V
8
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
sig
gnificant only.
m states. Whe
en the piston
n moves an in
nfinitesimal distance dl, and if a' bee the area of
forr equilibrium
thee piston, the force F actin
ng on the pistton F = p.a. and
a the infinitesimal amoount of work done by the
gass on the pistoon.
dW
W=
F dl
d = pad
dl = pdV
V
here dV = ad
wh
dl = infinitesimal displa
acement volu
ume. The diffferential sig
gn in dW with the line
dra
awn at the toop of it will be explained later.
l
Wh
anging from V1 to V2, the
hen the pistoon moves out from positioon 1 to positioon 2 with thee volume cha
am
mount of work
k W done by the
t system will
w be
W12 =
V2
V1
pd
dV
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
Cha
apter 1
Th
he magnitudee of the worrk done is given
g
by
thee area underr the path 1--2, as shown
n in Fig.
Sin
nce p is att all times a thermod
dynamic
cooordinate, all the states pa
assed through
h by the
sysstem as the volume cha
anges from V1 to V2
mu
ust be equiliibrium statess, and the path
p
1-2
mu
ust be qua
asi-static. The
T
piston moves
inffinitely slow
wly so that every state passed
thrrough is an equilibrium
e
state.
Th
he integration
n
pdV
can
n be perform
med only
on a quasi-sta
atic path.
Heat Tra
ansfer-A
A Path Functio
on
Heeat transfer is
i a path fu
unction, thatt is, the amoount of heat transferred when a systtem changes
froom state 1 to state 2 depe
ends on the intermediate
i
e states throu
ugh which th
he system pa
asses, i.e. its
patth. Thereforee dQ is an ine
exact differen
ntial, and wee write
dQ
Q = Q12 or
Q2 Q2 Q1
Th
he displacemeent work is given
g
by
W12 =
dW =
PR
ROBLEM
MS & SO
OLUTION
NS
pdV W2 W1
Ex
xample 1
In a closed systtem, volume changes from
m 1.5m3 to 4.5 m3 and hea
at addition iss 2000 kJ. Ca
alculate the
cha
ange in interrnal energy given
g
the presssure volumee relation as
10
W
Where
p is in
n kPa and V is in m3.
p = V 2 +
V
So
olution:
10
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Work done =
V2
p.dV =
V1
Chapter 1
V2
V1
10
dV
V
1
V
= V23 V13 + 10ln 2
V1
3
4.5
1
= 4.53 1.53 + 10ln
1.5
3
(Fig.)
Work done by the system upon the surroundings.
W2 = p.dV = p.(A L)
11
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
GATE-1.
List-I
A. Heat to work
B. Heat to lift weight
C. Heat to strain energy
D. Heat to electromagnetic energy
5. Thermal radiation
6. Bimetallic strips
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
4
6
5
(c)
3
6
4
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
(b)
(d)
List II
[GATE-1998]
Nozzle
Endothermic chemical reaction
Heat engine
Hot air balloon/evaporation
A
3
1
B
4
2
C
5
3
D
6
4
[GATE-2011]
Quasi-Static Process
GATE-3.
12
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
GATE-5.
In a steady state steady flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet
and a single outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by
outlet
inlet
[GATE-2008]
outlet
vdp
inlet
GATE-7.
GATE-8.
(a) pdv
(b) vdp
(c) Tds
(d ) sdT
IES-2.
IES-2a.
2. Entropy
13
[IES-2007, 2010]
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
3. Thermal conductivity
4. Pressure
Which of these are intensive properties?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-3.
IES-4.
IES-4a
[IES-2010]
IES-5a
A control volume is
[IES-2010]
(a) An isolated system
(b) A closed system but heat and work can cross the boundary
(c) A specific amount of mass in space
(d) A fixed region in space where mass, heat and work can cross the boundary of that
region
IES-7
14
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Open system
Steady flow diabatic system
Closed system with a movable boundary
Closed system with fixed boundary
[IES-2010]
IES-8.
IES-9.
IES-9a
[IES-2011]
IES-10.
IES-10a
[IES-2010]
IES10b
[IES-2011]
IES-10c.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists:
[IES-2011]
List I
List II
A. Interchange of matter is not possible in a
1. Open system
B. Any processes in which the system returns to
2. System
its original condition or state is called
C. Interchange of matter is possible in a
15
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
Code:
(a)
(c)
A
2
2
B
1
4
C
4
1
D
3
3
(b)
(d)
A
3
3
B
1
4
3. Closed system
4. Cycle
C
4
1
D
2
2
IES-12.
IES-13.
IES-15.
In a new temperature scale say , the boiling and freezing points of water at
one atmosphere are 100 and 300 respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0 on the Centigrade scale is:
[IES-2001]
(a) 0C
(b) 50C
(c) 100C
(d) 150C
16
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
IES-16.
IES-17.
Property) and
[IES 2007]
C
4
2
D
1
1
IES-18.
[IES-2002]
IES-19.
IES-20a
[IES-2011]
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
Match items in List-I (Process) with those in List-II (Characteristic) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
List-II
[IES-2001]
A. Throttling process
1. No work done
B. Isentropic process
2. No change in entropy
C. Free expansion
3. Constant internal energy
D. Isothermal process
4. Constant enthalpy
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
2
1
3
(b)
1
2
4
3
(c)
4
3
1
2
(d)
1
3
4
2
IES-22.
The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are
all zero in the case of
[IES-1996]
(a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150C left in the atmosphere which is at 25C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and
the valve being opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming
uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.
IES-24.
18
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
IES-25.
Chapter 1
(a) A B C
(b) B A C
An ideal gas undergoes an
isothermal
expansion
from
state R to state S in a turbine
as shown in the diagram given
below:
[IES-2006]
(d) C A B
(c) A C B
[IES-2004]
[IES-1992]
reversible process.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-27.
If
pdv
(a) Isomeric
IES-28.
(b) Isentropic
(c) Isobaric
(d) Isothermal
Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2?
[IES-2008]
2
(a)
pdv
1
(b) vdp
(c) pdv
(d)
vdp
1
Assertion (A): The change in heat and work cannot be expressed as difference
between the end states.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R): Heat and work are both exact differentials.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
19
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Reversible cycle
1. Measurement of temperature
B. Mechanical work
2. Clapeyron equation
C. Zeroth Law
3. Clausius Theorem
D. Heat
4. High grade energy
5. 3rd law of thermodynamics
6. Inexact differential
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
4
1
6
(b)
2
6
1
3
(c)
3
1
5
6
(d)
1
4
5
2
IAS-3.
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
(c)
(d)
In free expansion of a gas between two equilibrium states, the work transfer
involved
[IAS-2001]
(a) Can be calculated by joining the two states on p-v coordinates by any path and
estimating the area below
(b) Can be calculated by joining the two states by a quasi-static path and then finding
the area below
(c) Is zero
(d) Is equal to heat generated by friction during expansion.
IAS-6.
IAS-7.
[IAS-2002]
(d) Maximum
[IAS-1995]
IAS-8.
If
pdv
pdv
21
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
IAS-10.
IAS-11.
[IAS-1998]
22
[IAS-1999]
D
4
4
Basic Concepts
apter 1
dQ = 0,
dW = 0,
dE = 0
or E = Constant
V2
V1
V
= P1V1 ln 2
V1
0.030
= 800 0.015 ln
0.015
= 8.32 kJ/kg
GATE-4. Ans. (c) It is free expansion. Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work
transfer involved in free expansion.
2
Here,
= 0
GATE-6. (c)
GATE-7. Ans. (b) W = Resistance pressure. V = 1 V = 100 0.1 kJ = 1kJ
GATE-8. Ans. (b) W = vdp
1
mv 2 depends on mass, Entropy kJ/k depends on mass so
2
Basic Concepts
Chapter
1
IES-3. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
IES-4. Ans. (a) Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols) e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases.
IES-4a Ans. (d) The properties like temperature, viscosity which are Independent of the MASS of
the system are called Intensive property
IES-5. Ans. (d)
But remember 100% heat cant be convertible to work but 100% work can be
converted to heat. It depends on second law of thermodynamics.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite quantity of matter or a region in
space upon which attention is focused in the analysis of a problem.
The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention
IES-5a
Ans. (d)
IES-6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer
exists.
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Ans. (d) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. Heat transfer in any finite temp difference is
irreversible.
IES-9. Ans. (a) The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always
identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the
process is the correct reason for maximum efficiency because it is conservative system.
IES-9a. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Ans. (b) Isolated System - in which there is no interaction between system and the
surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and hence there is no mass and energy
transfer across the system boundary.
IES-10a Ans. (a)
IES-10b. Ans. (c)
IES-10c. Ans. (d)
IES-11. Ans. (a) All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
IES-12. Ans. (a) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only (for an ideal gas)
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
IES-13. Ans. (d)
IES-14. Ans. (d)
IES-15.Ans. (d)
C 0
0 300
=
C = 150C
100 300 100 0
24
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-16. Ans. (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation for A. Temperature is
independent of thermometric property of fluid.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (d) But it will occur at absolute zero temperature.
IES-19. Ans. (c) Time Constants: The time constant is the amount of time required for a
thermocouple to indicated 63.2% of step change in temperature of a surrounding media.
Some of the factors influencing the measured time constant are sheath wall thickness,
degree of insulation compaction, and distance of junction from the welded cap on an
ungrounded thermocouple. In addition, the velocity of a gas past the thermocouple probe
greatly influences the time constant measurement. In general, time constants for
measurement of gas can be estimated to be ten times as long as those for measurement
of liquid. The time constant also varies inversely proportional to the square root of the
velocity of the media.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-20a Ans. (d)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (c) In example of (c), it is a case of free expansion heat transfer, work done, and
changes in internal energy are all zero.
m
2
IES-23. Ans. (a) Work done (W) = P V = 100 (V2 V1) = 100
1
1
= 100 kPa
= 9.1 J
999
916
WA = pdV = 4 (2 1) = 4 kJ
1
WB = pdV = 3 (7 4) = 4.5 kJ
2
WC = pdV = 1 (12 9) = 3kJ
IES-25. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve RS
pv = mRT
pdv = vdp
2
IES-28. Ans. (b) For steady flow process, reversible work given by vdp .
1
IES-29. Ans. (c) A is true because change in heat and work are path functions and thus can't be
expressed simply as difference between the end states. R is false because both work and
heat are inexact differentials.
25
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Start with D. PdV only valid for quasi-static path so choice (c) & (d) out.
Automatically C-4 then eye on A and B. Bottle filling of gas is variable flow so A-2.
IAS-13. Ans. (c) W = pdv where pressure (p) is an intensive property and volume (v) is an
extensive property
IAS-14. Ans. (a) Pressure is intensive property but such option is not there.
26
Fir
rst Law
w of Thermodyna
amics
Cha
apter 2
2.
Firstt Law
w of T herm
modyn
namic
cs
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
First Law
w of Th
hermody
ynamic
cs
Sttatement:
( Q)cyclle = (
W)cycle
The sum
mmations be
eing over the entire cycle.
Allternate sttatement::
Wh
hen a closed system undergoes a cyclle the cyclic integral of heat
h
is equal to the cyclicc integral of
woork.
Ma
athematicallly
In other word
ds for a two process cycle
Q A1
A 2 + QB2 1 = WA1 2 + WB 2 1
In
nternal Energy
y A Prroperty
y of Sys
stem
W
Which
can be
e written ass
28
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
Cha
apter 2
Q
W
W = dE
An isollated system
m which do
oes not inter
ract with th
he surround
dings Q = 0 and W = 0.
Thereffore, E rema
ains constan
nt for such a system.
Let us reconsider
r
th
he cycle 1-2 along
a
path A and 2-1 alon
ng path B as shown
s
in fig.
Work done
d
during the path A = Area
A
under 1-A-2-3-4
1
Work done
d
during the path B = Area
A
under 1-B-2-3-4
1
Since these two are
eas are not equal,
e
the neet work interraction is tha
at shown by the shaded
area.
29
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
he internal en
nergy depend
ds only upon the initial an
nd final statees of the systtem. Internall energy of a
Th
sub
bstance does not include any energy that
t
it may possess
p
as a result
r
of its macroscopic
m
c position or
moovement. Tha
at so why in SFEE
S
(Stead
dy flow energ
gy equation) C2/2 and gz iss there.
Reecognize that h
and similarly
= u + pv
p from whicch u2 + p2 v2 = h2
u1 + p1v1 = h1
Q
QW = [(h2 + C22/2 + gZ2) - (h1+C
C12/2 + gZ1)]
= [(h2 - h1) + (C22/2 - C12/2) + g(Z2 - Z1)]
or
[W
Where C = Vellocity (m/s), h = Specific enthalpy
e
(J/k
kg), z = elevattion (m)
Bu
ut Reme
ember:
Miicroscopic vieew of a gas is a collection of particles in random mootion. Energy
y of a particle consists of
tra
anslational energy, rottational ene
ergy, vibrattional energ
gy and speciific electron
nic energy.
Alll these energ
gies summed
d over all thee particles off the gas, form
m the specifiic internal en
nergy, e , of
thee gas.
30
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Perpetua
al Motio
on Mac
chine off the First Kind-PMM
M1
Th
he first law sttates the gen
neral principlle of the consservation of energy.
e
Energ
gy is neither created nor
desstroyed, but only gets tra
ansformed froom one form to
t another.
here can be no
n machine which would
d continuoussly supply mechanical
m
woork without some other
Th
forrm of energy disappearing
g simultaneoously (Fig. sh
hown in below
w). Such a fictitious mach
hine is called
ap
perpetual mootion machine
e of the first kind, or in brrief, PMM1. A PMM1 is thus
t
impossible.
he converse of the above statementt is also tru
ue, i.e. theree can be no machine which
w
would
Th
con
ntinuously coonsume work
k without som
me other form
m of energy appearing
a
sim
multaneously
y (Fig.).
A PMM1
P
The
e Converse of
o PMM1
Enthalpy
y
Th
he enthalpy of a substance
e H is defined
d as
H = U + PV
P
h = u + pv
p
Specific Enthallpy
or ( dQ )
or
= d(u+pv)
( dQ ) P =
dh
W
Where H = U + PV is the enthalpy, a property of system.
s
Specific enth
halpy h = H/m
m, kJ/kg and also h = u + pdv
Where h = sp
pecific enthalpy, kJ/kg
31
Chapter 2
The specific heat of a substance at constant volume Cv is defined as the rate of change of
specific internal energy with respect to temperature when the volume is held constant, i.e.,
u
Cv =
T v
For a constant volume process
( u )v =
T2
C .dT
v
T1
The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
Q = u + W
or
d Q = du + d W
For a process in the absence of work other than pdv work
d W = pdv
Therefore d Q = du + pdv
Therefore, when the volume is held constant
(Q )v = ( u )v
T2
(Q )v = Cv .dT
T1
Since u, T and v are properties, Cv is a property of the system. The product m Cv is called the
heat capacity at constant volume (J/K).
T P
For a constant pressure process
( h )P
T2
.dT
T1
Therefore
dQ = dh vdp
Therefore ( dQ )P = dh
32
(Q ) p
Chapter 2
= ( h) p
( Q )P
Cp
T2
.dT
T1
is a property of the system, just like Cv. The heat capacity at constant pressure is equal to m
C p (J/K).
(i)
C 12
C 22
dQ
dW
+ gz1 +
= h2 +
+ gz2 +
h1 +
2
dm
2
dm
(ii)
C12
dQ
C22
dW
gZ1
gZ 2
h1 +
+
+
= h2 +
+
+
2000 1000 dm
2000 1000 dm
dQ
C12
w1 h1 +
+ z1 g +
2
dWx
C22
= w2 h2 +
+ z2 g +
d
2
33
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Ma
ass balance
w
A 1C
v1
A 2C
v2
+ w
2
= w
A 3C
v3
3
3
+ w
+
A 4C
v4
dQ
C12
C22
w1 h1 +
+ Z1 g + w2 h2 +
+ Z2 g +
2
2
dWx
C2
C2
= w3 h3 + 3 + Z3 g + w4 h4 + 4 + Z4 g +
2
2
d
F
Fig.
34
Chapter 2
dWx
dQ
= 0;
= 0, and the change in potential energy is zero. The equation reduces to
dm
dm
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
(a)
2
2
The continuity equation gives
AC
AC
(b)
w= 1 1 = 2 2
v1
v2
When the inlet velocity or the velocity of approach V1 is small compared to the exit velocity V2,
Equation (a) becomes
Here
C22
h1 = h2 +
2
or
C2 = 2(h1 h2 )m / s
h1 = h2
or the enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of the fluid after throttling.
Turbine and Compressor:
Turbines and engines give positive power output, whereas compressors and pumps require power
input.
For a turbine (Fig. below) which is well insulated, the flow velocities are often small, and the K.E.
terms can be neglected. The S.F.E.E. then becomes
35
Chapter 2
dWx
dm
Wx
= h1 h2
m
The enthalpy of the fluid increase by the amount of work input.
or
Heat Exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, Figure shown in
below a steam condenser where steam condense outside the tubes and cooling water flows through
the tubes. The S.F.E.E for the C.S. gives
wc h1 + ws h2 = w c h3 + ws h4
or , ws ( h2 h4 ) = w c (h3 h1 )
Here the K.E. and P.E. terms are considered small, there is no external work done, and energy
exchange in the form of heat is confined only between the two fluids, i.e. there is no external heat
interaction or heat loss.
Fig. Figure (shows in below) a steam desuperheater where the temperature of the superheated steam is
reduced by spraying water. If w1, w2, and w3 are the mass flow rates of the injected water, of the
steam entering, and of the steam leaving, respectively, and h1, h2, and h3 are the corresponding
enthalpies, and if K.E. and P.E. terms are neglected as before, the S.F.E.E. becomes
w1h1 + w2 h2 = w3 h3
and the mass balance gives
w1 + w2 = w3
36
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Th
he above law
w is also callled as stead
dy flow ene
ergy equatiion. This can
n be applied
d to various
pra
actical situattions as work
k developing system and work absorp
ption system. Let the ma
ass flow rate
un
nity.
(1)) Work deve
eloping systtems
(a) Water turbines
In this casse Q = 0 and U = 0 and equation
e
becomes
2
C
p1 v1 +z1g + 1 = z2g + p2 v2 + W
2
(b) Steam or gas turbin
nes
In this casse generally Z can be assumed to be zero and thee equation becomes
C 2 C22
W = ( h1 h2 ) + 1
+ Q
2
orbing syste
ems
(2)) Work abso
(a) Centrifuggal water pum
mp
The system
m is shown in the Figure below
b
Fig.
he energy equ
uation now becomes,
b
In this sysstem Q = 0 and U = 0; th
C22
p1 v1 +z1g + W = z2g + p2 v2 +
2
al compress
sor In this system
s
z = 0 and the equ
uation becom
mes,
(b) Centrifuga
2
2
C1
C
+ h1 + W Q = 2 + h2
2
2
(c) Blowers In this case we have z = 0, p1 v1 = p2 v 2 and Q = 0; now thee energy simp
plifies to
37
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
C2
u1 +W = u2 + 2 ass C2 C1
2
f
the tem
mperature rise is very small and heat loss is negleected (i.e.) h
h = 0, q = 0
(d)) Fans In fans
and hence th
he energy equ
uation for fan
ns becomes,
C2
W= 2
2
essor In a reciprocating
g compressorr KE and P
PE are neglig
gibly energy
(e) Reciprocatting compre
equation app
plied to a reciprocating coompressor is
h1 Q = h 2 W
or
W = Q + ( h2 h1 )
g and absorb
bing system
ms
(3)) Non-work developing
(a) Steam boiiler In thiss system we neglect Z, KE
and W (i.e.) Z = K
KE = W = 0;; the energy
equation for a boiler beco
omes Q = (h2 h1)
(b) Steam con
ndenser In
n this system
m the work doone is zero and
a
we can also
a
assume Z
and KE
are very sma
all. Under ste
eady conditioons the chang
ge in enthalp
py is equal too heat lost by
y steam. Q =
(h1 h2) and
d this heat is also equal to the changee in enthalpy
y of cooling water
w
circulatted (i.e.) the
heat lost by steam will be
e equal to heat gained by the cooling water.
w
(c) Steam nozz
zle:
C2 = C12 + 2(h1 h2 )
(viii) Unsteady
y Flow Anallysis:Ma
any flow proccesses, such as
a filling up and
a evacuatiing gas cylind
ders, are not steady, Such
h processes
can
n be analyzed
d by the conttrol volume teechnique. Coonsider a dev
vice through which
w
a fluid
d is flowing
un
nder non-stea
ady state cond
ditions (Figu
ure-shown in below). The rate
r
at which
h the mass off fluid
witthin the conttrol volume iss accumulateed is equal too the net ratee of mass flow
w across the control
c
surrface, as giveen below:
38
rst Law
Fir
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
F
Fig.
dmv
dm1 dm
d 2
= w1 w2 =
d
d
d
here mv is th
he mass of flu
uid within th
he control volume at any instant.
i
Wh
Over an
ny finite periiod of time
mv = m1 m2
Th
he rate of acccumulation off energy with
hin the contrrol volume iss equal to thee net rate of energy flow
acrross the control surface. If
I Ev is the en
nergy of fluid
d within the control
c
volum
me at any instant,
Ra
ate of energy increase = Rate
R
of energy
y inflow Ra
ate of energy outflow.
dQ
dW
dEv
C2
C2
w2 h 2 + 2 +Z2g
= w1 h1 + 1 +Z
Z1g +
equatiion... A
d
2
2
d
mC2
Ev = U +
+ mgZ
m
2
v
Wh
here m is thee mass of fluiid in the conttrol volume at
a any instantt
2
dE
d
mC
C
v =
+ mgZ =
U +
d
d
2
v
dm1 dQ
dm 2 dW
C12
C2
+
h 2 + 2 +Z2g
+Z1g
h1 +
2
2
d
d
d
( equaation........B )
Following Figu
ure shows all these energy
y flux quantitties. For any
y time interva
al, equation (B)
( becomes
2
2
C
C
Ev = Q W + h1 + 1 +Z1g dm
m1 h2 + 2 +Z2g dm2
2
2
Fig.
Equatioon (A) is gene
eral energy equation.
e
Forr steady flow,
dEv
=0
d
and the equatioon reduces For
F a closed system
s
w1 = 0,
0 w2 = 0, theen from equattion (A),
dEv dQ
dW
=
d
d
d
Orr
dEv = dQ
d dW or dQ = dE + dW
d
39
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Floow Processess
Ex
xample of a variable flo
ow problem
m:
Va
ariable flow processes
p
may
y be analyzed
d either by th
he system tecchnique or th
he control vollume
tecchnique, as illlustrated below.
Consideer a process in
i which a ga
as bottle is filled from a pipeline
p
(Figu
ure shown in below). In
thee beginning the
t bottle con
ntains gas of mass m1 at state
s
p1, T1, v1, h1 and u1. The valve iss opened
and gas flows in
nto the bottle
e till the masss of gas in th
he bottle is m2 at state p2, T2, v2, h2 an
nd u2. The
sup
pply to the piipeline is verry large so th
hat the state of gas in the pipeline is constant at
p p ,TP , v P , h P , u P and v P .
Sy
ystem Techn
nique: Assum
me an enveloope (which is extensible) of
o gas in the pipeline
p
and the tube
wh
hich would ev
ventually entter the bottlee, as shown in
n Figure abov
ve.
Energy
y of the gas be
efore filling.
C2
E1 = m1 u1 + ( m2 m1 ) P + uP
2
Wh
here ( m2 m1 ) is the ma
ass of gas in the
t pipeline and
a tube whiich would enter the bottlee.
E2 = m2 u2
C2
E = E2 E1 = m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m1 u1 ) P + uP
2
The P.E. terms
t
are neglected. The gas in the boottle is not in
n motion, and
d so the K.E. terms have
beeen omitted.
Now, therre is a chang
ge in the volume of gas because of the
t
collapse of the envellope to zero
vollume. Then the
t work done
W = p (V2 V1 )
p
= p p 0 ( m2 m1 ) v P
= ( m2 m1 ) p p v P
Ussing the firstt for the process
Q = E + W
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + uP ( m2 m1 ) pP vP
2
40
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + h P
2
C
Ev = Q + h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
Noow
Ev = U 2 U1 = m2 u2 m1 u1
C2
Q = m2 u2 m1 u1 h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
D
Discharg
ging an
nd Charrging a Tank
Let us considerr a tank disccharging a flu
uid into a su
upply line (Fiigure). Sincee dWx = 0 an
nd dmin = 0,
app
plying first la
aw to the con
ntrol volume,,
C2
+ gz dmout
dUV = dQ
Q + h +
2
out
Assuming K.E. and P.E. of the
t fluid to be
b small and dQ = 0
d(mu) = hdm
mdu+ udm = udm+ pv dm
d
Ag
gain
or
dm du
=
m
pv
onst.
V = vm = co
vdm + mdv = 0
dm
dv
=
m
v
du
dv
=
pv
v
d ( u + pv ) = 0
or
dQ = 0
wh
hich shows that
t
the process is adiab
batic and
quasi-static.
For cha
arging the tan
nk
41
Chapter 2
( hdm )
in
= UV = m2u2 m1u1
where the subscript p refers to the constant state of the fluid in the pipeline. If the tank is initially
empty, m1 = 0.
m p h p = m2 u2
Since
mp = m2
hp = u2
If the fluid is an ideal gas, the temperature of the gas in the tank after it is charged is given by
c pTp = cvT2
T2 = Tp
or
Example 1
The work and heat transfer per degree of temperature change for a closed system is given by
dW 1
dQ 1
= kJ / C;
= kJ / C
dT 30
dT 10
Calculate the change in internal energy as its temperature increases from 125C to 245C.
Solution:
dT
dW =
30
W =
T2
dT
1
1
=
(T2 T1 ) = ( 245 125 )
30
30
T1 30
dQ =
Q=
T2
dT
10
dT
10
T1
1
( 245 125 ) = 12 kJ
10
C2
C2
w1 h1 + 1 + Z1 g + Q = w2 h2 + 2 + Z2 g + W
2
2
Chapter 2
Hence Q = 0
Also W = 0
The datum can be selected to pass through axis; then
Z1 = Z2.
Hence
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
C22
C2
( or ) = ( h1 h2 ) + 1
2
2
and
1
p
T2 = T1 2
p1
for air = 1.4
1
T2 = 423
= 309 K
3
For air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgC
Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgC.
R = 287 J/kg K = 0.287 kJ/kg K
S.F.E.E. : - We have (h1 h2) = Cp(T1 - T2)
C22
C2
902
= ( h1 h2 ) + 1 = 1.005 103 (423 309) +
2
2
2
or, C2 = 487 m / s.
Example 3
An evacuated cylinder fitted with a valve through which air from atmosphere at 760 mm Hg and
25C is allow to fill it slowly. If no heat interaction is involved, what will be the temperature of air in
the bottle when the pressure reaches 760 mm Hg?
Use the following:
(1) Internal energy of air u = u0 + 0.718T kJ/kg where
T is temperature in C.
(2) R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
Applying first law, ignoring potential and kinetic energy terms, to the vessel as control volume.
43
Chapter 2
Q + m i h i = m e h e + m2 u2 m1 u1 + W
m1 = 0 ( evacuated ) m2 = mi
hi = u2
u2 u0 103.48
=
= 144.2C
0.718
0.718
Example 4
A system whose mass is 4.5 kg undergoes a process and the temperature changes from 50 C to
100C. Assume that the specific heat of the system is a function of temperature only. Calculate the
heat transfer during the process for the following relation ship.
80
cn = 1.25 +
kJ / kg C [t is in oC]
t + 160
Solution:
100
100
80
=
=
Q
mc
dt
4.5
1 2
50 n
50 1.25 + t + 160 dt
100
100
dt
= 4.5 1.25dt +
0.0125t + 2.0
50
50
100
100
1
= 4.5 [1.25t ]50 +
ln ( 0.0125t + 2.0 )
0.0125
50
1
= 4.5 [1.25 50] +
(ln (1.25 + 2.0 ) ln (0.625 + 2 ))
0.0125
1
3.25
= 4.5 62.5 +
ln
= 358 kJ
0.0125 2.625
44
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
ASKED
D OBJEC
CTIVE QUESTIONS (G
GATE, IES, IAS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Ques
stions
A
Applicatiion of First
F
Law
w to Ste
eady Flo
ow Proc
cess S.F
F.E.E
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions Q1
Q and Q2
2:
[GA
ATE-2009]
Th
he inlet and
d the outle
et conditions of
ste
eam for an
n adiabatic
c steam tur
rbine
are as indic
cated in the
t
figure. The
otations are as usually followed.
no
ATE-1.
GA
If mass
m
flow rate
r
of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/ss the power
r output of
the
e turbine (in
n MW) is:
(a) 12.157
GA
ATE-2.
[GA
ATE-2009]
(b) 12.941
(cc) 168.001
(d) 168.785
Asssume the ab
bove turbin
ne to be par
rt of a simp
ple Rankine
e cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the
e pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic
k
and
d potential
ene
ergy effects
s, the specifi
fic work (in kJ/kg) supp
plied to the pump is:
[G
GATE-2009]
(a) 0.293
(b) 0.35 1
(c)) 2.930
(d) 3.510
3
GA
ATE-3. The
e following
g four figures have been dra
awn to re
epresent a fictitious
the
ermodynam
mic cycle, on
n the p-v and
d T-s planess.
[G
GATE-2005]
Acc
cording to the
t
first law
w of thermodynamics, equal
e
areas are enclose
ed by
(a) Figures 1and
d 2 (b) Fig
gures 1and 3 (c) Figuress 1and 4
(d) Figures 2 and 3
45
Chapter 2
which 10 A current is flowing. Consider the tank along with its contents
as a thermodynamic system. The work done by the system and the heat
transfer to the system are positive. The rates of heat (Q), work (W) and
change in internal energy ( U) during the process in kW are [GATE-2011]
(a) Q = 0, W = 2.3, U = +2.3
(b) Q = +2.3, W = 0, U = +2.3
(c) Q = 2.3, W = 0, U = 2.3
(d) Q = 0, W = +2.3, U = 2.3
46
Chapter 2
IES-2.
Two blocks which are at different states are brought into contact with each
other and allowed to reach a final state of thermal equilibrium. The final
temperature attained is specified by the
[IES-1998]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-3.
For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and
the work done by the system is equal to the change in
[IES-1992]
(a) Enthalpy
(b) Entropy
(c) Temperature
(d) Internal energy
IES-4.
IES-5.
v3
1
v
(a)1 1
p2
1
p1
v3
1
1 v1
(b) 1
p2
1
p1
(c)1
(b) 1
( v3 v1 ) p1
( p2 p1 ) v1
1 ( v3 v1 ) p1
( p2 p1 ) v1
[IES-1998]
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
[IES-2007]
(d) Unpredictable
IES-6.
A closed system undergoes a process 1-2 for which the values of Q1-2 and W1-2 are
+20 kJ and +50 kJ, respectively. If the system is returned to state, 1, and Q2-1 is [IES-2005]
10 kJ, what is the value of the work W2-1?
(a) + 20 kJ
(b) 40 kJ
(c) 80 kJ
(d) +40 kJ
IES-7.
IES-8.
47
Chapter 2
IES-9.
IES-10.
Q kJ/min
W kJ/min
AB
BC
CD
DA
+687
-269
-199
+75
+474
0
-180
0
(d) 98
The values of heat transfer and work transfer for four processes of a
thermodynamic cycle are given below:
[IES-1994]
Process
1
2
3
4
300
Zero
-100
Zero
300
250
-100
-250
The thermal efficiency and work ratio for the cycle will be respectively.
(a) 33% and 0.66 (b) 66% and 0.36.
(c) 36% and 0.66
(d) 33% and 0.36.
IES-12.
A tank containing air is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the
paddle wheel is 9000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the
tank is 3000 kJ. The external work done by the system is:
[IES-1999]
(a) Zero
(b) 3000 kJ
(c) 6000 kJ
(d) 9000 kJ
For a simple closed system of constant composition, the difference between the
net heat and work interactions is identifiable as the change in
[IES-2003]
(a) Enthalpy
(b) Entropy
(c) Flow energy
(d) Internal energy
IES-14.
Assertion (A): The internal energy depends on the internal state of a body, as
determined by its temperature, pressure and composition.
[IES-2006]
Reason (R): Internal energy of a substance does not include any energy that it
may possess as a result of its macroscopic position or movement.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
48
Chapter 2
IES-15.
IES-16.
IES-17.
IES-17a
A closed system receives 60 kJ heat but its internal energy decreases by 30 kJ. Then the
[IES-2010]
work done by the system is
(a) 90 kJ
(b) 30 kJ
(c) 30 kJ
(d) 90 kJ
IES-18.
A system undergoes a process during which the heat transfer to the system per
degree increase in temperature is given by the equation:
[IES-2004]
dQ/dT = 2 kJ/C The work done by the system per degree increase in
temperature is given by the equation dW/dT = 2 0.1 T, where T is in C. If
during the process, the temperature of water varies from 100C to 150C, what
will be the change in internal energy?
(a) 125 kJ
(b) 250 kJ
(c) 625 kJ
(d) 1250 kJ
IES-19.
IES-20.
[IES-1997]
49
Chapter 2
Enthalpy
IES-23.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
IES-25.
Which one of the following is the steady flow energy equation for a boiler?
(a) h1 +
v12
v2
= h2 + 2
2 gJ
2 gJ
(b) Q = ( h2 h1 )
(c) h1 +
v12
v2
+ Q = h2 + 2
2 gJ
2 gJ
(d) Ws = ( h2 h1 ) + Q
[IES-2005]
A 4 kW, 20 litre water heater is switched on for 10 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, what is the increase of the water temperature?
[IES-2008]
(a) 15C
(b) 20C
(c) 26C
(d) 30C
Chapter 2
A system executes a cycle during which there are four heat transfers: Q12 = 220
kJ, Q23 = -25kJ, Q34 = -180 kJ, Q41 = 50 kJ. The work during three of the
processes is W12 = 15kJ, W23 = -10 kJ, W34 = 60kJ. The work during the process 4 1 is:
[IAS-2003]
(a) - 230 kJ
(b) 0 kJ
(c) 230 kJ
(d) 130 kJ
IAS-2.
IAS-2001]
IAS-3.
A reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs delivers a
work output of 54 kJ while it rejects a heat of 66 kJ. The efficiency of this
engine is:
[IAS-1998]
(a) 0.45
(b) 0.66
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.82
IAS-4.
If a heat engine gives an output of 3 kW when the input is 10,000 J/s, then the
thermal efficiency of the engine will be:
[IAS-1995]
(a) 20%
(b) 30%
(c) 70%
(d) 76.7%
IAS-5.
IAS-6.
In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes, the heat and work are
as follows:
[IAS-1996]
Q: + 30, - 10, -20, + 5
W: + 3, 10, - 8, 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be:
(a) Zero
(b) 7.15%
(c) 14.33%
(d) 28.6%
51
Chapter 2
IAS-7.
Match List-I (Devices) with List-II (Thermodynamic equations) and select the
correct answer using the codes below the lists:
[IAS-1996]
List-I
List-II
A. Turbine
1. W = h2 h1
B. Nozzle
2. h1 = h2
C. Valve
3. h1 = h2 + V2/2
D. Compressor
4. W = h1 h2
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
2
1
(b)
2
3
1
4
(c)
4
3
1
2
(d)
3
2
4
1
IAS-8.
IAS-9.
IAS-10.
[IAS 1994]
(c) 25 J
[IAS-1994]
(d) 30 J
[IAS 1994]
Which one of the following is the correct expression for change in the internal
energy for a small temperature change T for an ideal gas?
[IAS-2007]
(a) U = Cv T
(b) U = C p T
52
U =
Cp
Cv
Chapter 2
(d) U = C p Cv T
IAS-12.
IAS-13.
During a process with heat and work interactions, the internal energy of a
system increases by 30 kJ. The amounts of heat and work interactions are
respectively
[IAS-1999]
(a) - 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
(b) -50 kJ and 80 kJ
(c) 50 kJ and 80 kJ
(d) 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
IAS-14.
IAS-15.
In an adiabatic process 6000 J of work is performed on a system. In the nonadiabatic process by which the system returns to its original state 1000J of
heat is added to the system. What is the work done during non-adiabatic
process?
[IAS-2004]
(a) + 7000 J
(b) - 7000 J
(c) + 5000 J
(d) - 5000 J
Enthalpy
IAS-16.
[IAS 1994]
(d) ML3T-2
IAS-18.
When air is compressed, the enthalpy is increased from 100 to 200 kJ/kg. Heat
lost during this compression is 50 kJ/kg. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energies, the power required for a mass flow of 2 kg/s of air through the
compressor will be:
[IAS-1997]
(a) 300 kW
(b) 200 kW
(c) 100 kW
(d) 50 kW
53
Chapter 2
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below Lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas
1. Absolute zero temperature
B. Nernst Simon statement
2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson effect
3. Quasistatic path
D.
pdv
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IAS-20.
4. Isenthalpic process
A
6
2
B
5
5
C
4
7
5. Dissipative effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature
change
A
B
C
(b)
2
1
4
(d)
6
1
7
D
3
4
during phase
D
3
4
A gas chamber is divided into two parts by means of a partition wall. On one
side, nitrogen gas at 2 bar pressure and 20C is present. On the other side,
nitrogen gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35C is present. The chamber is rigid and
thermally insulated from the surroundings. Now, if the partition is removed,
(a) High pressure nitrogen will get throttled
[IAS-1997]
(b) Mechanical work, will be done at the expense of internal energy
(c) Work will be done on low pressure nitrogen
(d) Internal energy of nitrogen will be conserved
54
Chapter 2
h1 +
W = (P2 P1 ) =
1
( 3000 70 ) kJ/kg = 2.93
1000
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Fig-1 & 2 both are power cycle, so equal areas but fig-3 & 4 are reverse power
cycle, so area is not meant something.
GATE-4. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
Q = u2 u1 + W or 2000 = u2 u1 5000 or u2 u1 = 3000kJ
GATE-4a. Ans. (a) Q = 0, W = 2.3, U =
+2.3
Tank is well insulated so Q = 0
Work is given to the system in
the form of electric current.
T1
55
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
P
P1 P2
=
( v = const.) or T2 = 2 T1
P1
T1 T2
and
d
v
v1 v 3
=
( p = const.)) or T3 = 3 T1
v1
T1 T3
c (T T )
Q31
(T T )
= 1 p 3 1 = 1 3 1
cv (T2 T1)
Q12
(T2 T1)
Effiiciency, = 1
v3
T1 T1
v
= 1 (v 3 v1) p1
or = 1 1
( p2 p1) v1
P2
T1 T1
P1
IES-5. Ans. (c
c) It is du = Q
W, as u is a thermoodynamic prooperty and itts cyclic integ
gral must be
zeroo.
W
or Q1 2 + Q2 1 = W1 2 + W2 1
IES-6. Ans. (b) dQ = dW
or 20 + ( 10 ) = 50 + W21
or W21 = 40kJ
V2
Q Wx = h +
+ gz
2
O Wx = 140 10 + 0
or Wx = 150 kJ / kg
Cha
ange of internal energy = -100 kJ/kg is superfluous data.
IES-9. Ans. (b) Q = E+ W
E = 30 kJ (ddecrease in in
nternal energ
gy)
(
done by the system
m)
W = + 50 kJ (work
Q = 30 + 50 = + 20 kJ
IES-10. Ans. (a
a) Net work =
74 180 kJ/m
min = 294 kJ
J/min = 294/6
60 kJ/s = 4.9 kW
dW =47
IES-11. Ans. (b
b)
th =
Woork ratio =
amics
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
IES-13. Ans. (d
d)
IES-14. Ans. (a)
( The interrnal energy depends
d
only
y upon the in
nitial and fin
nal states of the system.
Inteernal energy
y of a substa
ance does noot include an
ny energy th
hat it may possess
p
as a
resu
ult of its ma
acroscopic position or movement.
m
T
That
so why in SFEE v2/2
/ and gz is
there.
If in
nternal energ
gy include poosition or movement then
n why this v2/2
/ and gz term
ms is there.
Bur Remembe
er:
Miccroscopic view of a gas is a collectioon of particlles in randoom motion. Energy
E
of a
parrticle consists of transla
ational energy, rotatio
onal energy
y, vibration
nal energy
and
d specific ellectronic en
nergy. All th
hese energies summed oveer all the parrticles of the
gass, form the sp
pecific interna
al energy, e , of the gas.
IES-15. Ans. (b
b) dQ = dU + pdV
if V is con s tan t
( dQ )v = ( dU)v
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
Q2 = 180
0kJ = u + W = u + ( 40))
U1 = 100kJ, U2 = 100
0 + 170 = 270
0 kJ,
U3 = 270 180 + 40 = 130 kJ
IES-17. Ans. (d
d)
IES-17a.
-5 = -20+ dW
5 = +15kJ
dW = -20+5
An
ns. (a)
dQ = dU + dW
d
or 60 = 30 + dW
or dW = 90 KJ
57
Chapter 2
2.dt = du + ( 2 0.1T ) dT
150
0.1
0.1
1502 1002 = 625kJ
T 2 =
100
2
2
IES-19. Ans. (c) Change of internal energy from A to B along path ACB = 180 - 130 = 50 kJ. It will
be same even along path ADB. Heat flow along ADB = 40 + 50 = 90 kJ.
or
du = 0.1TdT =
or
dQ dE dW
=
+
dt
dt
dt
dW
= 0.75 kJ / k
dt
dE
= 0.25 kJ / K
dt
dQ dE dW
Therefore
=
+
= 0.25 + 0.75 kJ / K = 1.00 kJ / K
dt
dt
dt
then
20 4 T = 2400
T = 30C
IES-26. Ans. (c) Enthalpy of additional gas will be converted to internal energy.
Uf= miui+(mf-mi)hp = 0.25x200+(1-0.25)x400 = 350 kJ
As total mass = 1kg, uf=350 kJ/kg
Note: You cannot simply use adiabatic mixing law here because it is not closed system.
This is a problem of variable flow process. If you calculate in following way it will be
wrong.
Final internal energy of gas(mixture) is
m u + m2 u2
u= 1 1
m1 + m2
kJ
kJ
(0.25kg) 200
+ (0.75kg) 300 kg
kg
u=
(0.25 + 0.75)kG
u = 275
kJ
kg
58
Chapter 2
dQ = dW
Areas PTS=
IAS-3. Ans. (a) =
1
1
Area (WVUR) Work PTS= 48 =24 Nm
2
2
work output
work out put
54
=
=
= 0.45
Heat input
work output + heat rejection 54 + 66
W 3 103 watts
=
= 0.3 = 30%
Q
10.000 J/s
Therefore efficiency, =
5
100% = 14.33%
35
1
5 1 = 17.5 J or W = du + W = 2.5 + 17.5 = 20 J
2
1
{(5 1) + (4 2)} (1500 500)
2
1
{(5 1) + (4 2)} (1500 500) + (5 1) 500
2
3000
= 0.6
5000
du = 0
Chapter 2
m ( h1 ) +
60
3.
Chapter 3
Heat transfer and work transfer are the energy interactions. A closed system and its
surroundings can interact in two ways: by heat transfer and by work transfer.
Thermodynamics studies how these interactions bring about property changes in a system.
(b)
The same effect in a closed system can be brought about either by heat transfer or by work
transfer. Whether heat transfer or work transfer has taken place depends on what constitutes
the system.
(c)
Both heat transfer and work transfer are boundary phenomena. Both are observed at
the boundaries of the system, and both represent energy crossing the boundaries of the system.
(d)
It is wrong to say 'total heat' or 'heat content' of a closed system, because heat or work is not
a property of the system. Heat, like work, cannot be stored by the system. Both heat and
Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to temperature difference only. All other energy
interactions may be termed as work transfer.
(f)
Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials. The magnitude of
heat transfer or work transfer depends upon the path the system follows during the change of
state.
(g)
Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells about the
direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
62
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
Q
Qualitatiive Diffference
e between Hea
at and Work
W
Siign Conv
ventions
s
Work done
d
BY the system
s
is +ve
e
Obviously work don
ne ON the sysstem is ve
Heat giiven TO the system
s
is +v
ve
Obviously Heat reje
ected by the system
s
is v
ve
W =Q
but when heat is converted into work in
n a complete closed
c
cycle process
p
Q >W
Th
he arrow indicates the direction of energy transform
mation.
Wo
ork is said too be a high grade
g
energ
gy and heat is
i low grade
e energy. Th
he complete conversion
c
of low grade en
nergy into high grade eneergy in a cycle is impossib
ble.
HEAT
T and WORK
K are NOT pr
roperties beecause they depend
d
on thee
63
Chapter 3
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as differences between
their end states.
Thus
Similarly
1
2
Note. The operator is used to denote inexact differentials and operator d is used to denote exact
differentials.
64
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
C
Clausius
s' Theo
orem
Let a system be
b taken from
m an equilib
brium state i to another equilibrium state f by foollowing the
rev
versible path
h i-f(Figure). Let a reverssible adiabatiic i-a be draw
wn through i and anotheer reversible
adiiabatic b-f bee drawn thro
ough f. Then a reversiblee isothermal a-b is drawn
n in such a way
w that the
areea under i-a-b-f is equal to
t the area under
u
i-f. App
plying the firsst law for
Processs i f
Qi f = U f U i + Wif
Processs i a b f
Qiabf
= U f U i + Wiabf
i
Since
Wif = Wiabf
Qi f = Qiabf
= Qia + Qab + Qbf
Since
Qia = 0 and
d Qbf = 0
Qif = Qab
Fig. Rev
versible Patth Substitutted
by Two
o Reversible
e Adiabatics
and a Reversible
e Isothermall
65
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
F
Fig.
A Reverssible Cycle Split
S
into a Large Num
mber of Carn
not Cycles
a
dQ1 heat is absorb
bed reversiblly at T1, an
nd dQ2 heat is rejected
For the elemeental cycle abcd
versibly at T2
rev
dQ1
dQ2
=
T1
T2
If h
heat supplied
d is taken as positive and
d heat rejecteed as negative
dQ1 dQ2
+
=0
T2
T1
Sim
milarly, for th
he elementall cycle efgh
dQ3 dQ4
+
=0
T3
T4
or
dQ
d
=0
T
Th
he cyclic inttegral of d Q/T for a re
eversible cy
ycle is equall to zero. Th
his is known as
a Clausius'
theeorem. The leetter R emph
hasizes the fa
act that the equation is va
alid only for a reversible cycle.
c
66
Chapter 3
Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If the adiabatics are close to
one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw-toothed zig-zag line will coincide with
the original cycle.
67
Chapter 3
Let us assume that Clausius statement is true and suspect Kelvin-Planck statement
Moral: If an engine/refrigerator violates one version of II Law, it violates the other one too.
All reversible engine operating between the same two fixed temperatures will have the same
and COP.
If there exists a reversible engine/ or a refrigerator which can do better than that, it will violate the
Clausius statement.
Let us presume that the HP is super efficient!! For
the same work given out by the engine E, it can pick
up an extra Q from the low temperature source and
deliver over to reservoir at T1 . The net effect is this
extra has Q been transferred from T2 to T1 with no
external work expenditure. Clearly, a violation of
Clausius statement!!
SUM UP
Heat supplied = Q1; Source temperature = T1 ; Sink temperature = T2
Maximum possible efficiency = W/Q1= (T1 T2)/T1
Work done = W = Q1(T1 T2)/T1
68
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
Carnot Engine
E
with
w sam
me effic
ciency or
o same
e work output
o
T1 Q1
=
T2 Q2
Sin
nce,
T1 T2 Q1 Q2
=
T2
Q2
T1 T2 = (Q1 Q2 )
T2
Q2
T2 T3 = (Q2 Q3 )
T3
T
= (Q2 Q3 ) 2
Q2
Q3
For sam
me work ou
utput
W1 = W2
Q1 Q 2 = Q2 Q3
T1 T2 = T2 T3
For sam
me efficiency
1 = 2
orr 1
T
T2
= 1 3
T1
T2
o T2 = T1 T3
or
Whic
ch is the
t
mo
ore effe
ective way
w
to increase the
efficiency off a Carn
not engiine: to increase
e T1 keeping T2
stant; orr to decrrease T2 keeping
g T1 con
nstant?
cons
Th
he efficiency of
o a Carnot engine is giveen by
= 1
T2
T1
If T2 is constan
nt
T2
= 2
T1 T2 T1
AS
S T1 increasess, increasess, and the sloope
d
(Fiigure). If T1 is
i constant,
decreases
T1 T2
69
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
1
=
T1
T2 T1
As T2 decreasess, increasess, but the slo
ope
r
consttant (Figure)).
remains
T2 T1
Also
Since
T2
T1
= 2
= 2 and
T1
T1 T2 T1
T2 T1
T1 > T2 ,
>
T2 T1 T1 T2
1 = 1
T2 T
T1
If T1 is increase
ed by the sam
me T, T2 rem
maining the same
s
2 = 1
T2
T1 + T
The
en
1 2 =
T2
T T
2
T1 + T
T1
(T
=
Sin
nce
T2 ) T + ( T )
T1 (T1 + T )
T1 > T2 , ( 1 2 ) > 0
Th
he moree effectiv
ve way to increease thee cycle efficiency
e
y is
d
decrea
ase T2.
70
to
Chapter 3
750 650
= 0.1333
750
QA = 1.1539QA 2
71
Chapter 3
Similarly
QB = 1.3636QB 2
i.e. 1.1539Q A 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ
Q A 2 = 2000 QB 2
Example 3.
A solar powerd heat pump receives heat from a solar collector at temperature Th, uses the entire
energy for pumping heat from cold atmosphere at temperature Tc to a room at temperature Ta. The
three heat transfer rates are Qh, Qa and Qc respectively. Derive an expression for the minimum ratio
Qh/Qc, in terms of the three temperatures.
If Th = 400 K, Ta = 300 K, Tc = 200 K, Qc = 12 kW, what is the minimum Qh? If the collector captures
0.2 kW/m2, what is the minimum collector area required?
Solution:
Let Qh, Qa and Qc be the quantity of heat transferred from solar collector, room and atmosphere
respectively.
Qa = Qh + Qc
Qa Qc = Qh
or,
COPHP =
Ta
Qa
Q + Qc
= h
and also
Ta Tc
Qa Qc
Qh
Qh + Qc
Ta
=
Qh
Ta Tc
Qc
Ta
T Ta + Tc
Tc
=
1 = a
=
Qh Ta Tc
Ta Tc
Ta Tc
Qh =
Qh (Ta Tc )
=
Qc
Tc
Qc (Ta Tc )
Area =
Tc
12 ( 300 200 )
200
= 6kW
6
= 30m2
0.2
72
Chapter 3
Example 4.
A reversible engine works between 3 thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The engine absorbs an equal
amount of heat from the reservoirs A and B, maintained at temperatures of T1 and T2 respectively
and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C maintained at T3. The efficiency of this engine is times
the efficiency of reversible engine operating between reservoirs A and C only. Show that
T1
2T
= ( 2 1) + 1 (1 )
T2
T3
Solution:
1 =
W1
2Q1
2 =
T1 T3
T1
T1 T3
T1
1 = 2 =
2Q1
T1
73
Chapter 3
T T3
W1 = 2Q1 1
T1
( T1 T3 )
Q1 Q1 2Q1
+
=
1
T1 T2
T3
T1
1
1
2 2 2
+
=
+
T1 T2 T3 T3 T1
T1 2T1
=
(1 ) + ( 2 1)
T2
T3
Example 5.
Ice is to be made from water supplied at 15C by the process shown in figure. The final temperature
of the ice is -10C, and the final temperature of the water that is used as cooling water in the
condenser is 30C.
TH
22.5 + 273
= 413.35 106
= 443.36 MJ
TL
2.5 + 273
74
Chapter 3
75
Chapter 3
IES-2.
IES-3.
IES-3a.
IES-3b.
76
[IES-1996]
(b) First Law of Thermodynamics
(d) Third Law of Thermodynamics.
Chapter 3
[IES-1993]
Assertion (A): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter
system without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
Reason (R): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be
transferred from a cold to a hot body.
[IES-1999]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Clausius' Theorem
IES-6.
(a) The
cycle
violates
first
and
An inventor says that his new concept of an engine, while working between
temperature limits of 27C and 327C rejects 45% of heat absorbed from the
source. His engine is then equivalent to which one of the following engines?
(a) Carnot engine
(b) Diesel engine
[IES-2009]
(c) An impossible engine
(d) Ericsson engine
77
Chapter 3
An inventor states that his new engine rejects to the sink 40% of heat absorbed
from the source while the source and sink temperatures are 327 C and 27 C
respectively. His engine is therefore equivalent to
[IES-2010]
(a) Joule engine
(b) Stirling engine
(c) Impossible engine
(d) Carnot engine
A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1, and T2, The energy
rejected by this engine is received by a second reversible engine at
temperature T2 and rejected to a reservoir at temperature T3. If the efficiencies
of the engines are same then the relationship between T1, T2 and T3 is given by:
[IES-2002]
(a) T2
(T1 + T3 )
2
(b) T2
(T
2
1
+ T32
(c) T2
= T1T3
(d)
T2 =
(T1 + 2T3 )
2
IES-10.
A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K & T2 (T2 < 900 K), &
another reversible engine between T2 & 400 K (T2 > 400 K) in series. What is the
value of T2 if work outputs of both the engines are equal?
[IES-2005]
(a) 600 K
(b) 625 K
(c) 650 K
(d) 675 K
IES-10a.
IES-11.
Two reversible engine operate between thermal reservoirs at 1200 K, T2K and
300 K such that 1st engine receives heat from 1200 K reservoir and rejects heat
to thermal reservoir at T2K, while the 2nd engine receives heat from thermal
reservoir at T2K and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir at 300 K. The
efficiency of both the engines is equal.
[IES-2004]
What is the value of temperature T2?
(a) 400 K
(b) 500 K
IES-12.
(c) 600 K
(d) 700 K
78
Chapter 3
(b) 90C
(c) 100C
(d) 110C
IES-13.
An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects 40% of absorbed heat from the
source, while the sink temperature is maintained at 27C, then what is the
source temperature?
[IES-2009]
(a) 750C
(b) 477C
(c) 203C
(d) 67.5C
IES-13a
IES-14.
A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent of the heat supplied during a cycle
of operation. If this engine is reversed and operates as a heat pump, then what
is its coefficient of performance?
[IES-2009]
(a) 1.0
(b) 1.5
(c) 2.0
(d) 2.5
IES-15. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature of
227C; the heat is rejected at 27C, the cycle is reversible, then what amount of
heat is rejected?
[IES-2009]
(a) 250 kJ/s
(b) 200 kJ/s
(c) 180 kJ/s
(d) 150 kJ/s
IES-16.
One reversible heat engine operates between 1600 K and T2 K, and another
reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400 K. If both the engines
have the same heat input and output, then the temperature T2 must be equal
to:
[IES-1993]
(a) 1000
(b) 1200
(c) 1400
(d) 800
A heat engine is supplied with 250 KJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature
of 227C. The heat is rejected at 27C. The cycle is reversible, if the amount of
heat rejected is:
[IAS-1995]
(a) 273 KJ/s
(b) 200 KJ/s
(c) 180 KJ/s
(d) 150 KJ/s.
79
Chapter 3
[IAS-1996]
IAS-5.
80
Chapter 3
Assertion (A): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be transferred
from a cold to a hot body.
Reason (R): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter system
without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
IES-6. Ans. (d)
300
T
= 0.5
IES-7. Ans. (c) Carnot efficiency of engine = = 1 2 = 1
600
T1
IES-7a
T2
T1
300
1
=
= 0.5
600
2
carnot = 50% But inventor claims 60% efficiency (means 40% heat rejection). It is then
impossible.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. Ans. (c) Figure from another question
W1 = W2
or Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 or T1 T2 = T2 T3 or T2 =
IES-10a.
Ans. (b)
When equally efficiency
T
T2
= 1 3
T1
T2
or 1
T2
300
= 1
1200
T2
81
T1 + T3 900 + 400
=
= 650K
2
2
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
IES-12. Ans. (c
c)
Sou
urce Tempera
ature = T1,
Inte
ermediate Temperature = T
Sin
nk Temperatu
ure = T2
W1 = W2
T
T
Q1 1 = Q2 1 2
T
T1
T1
T1
T2
T T2
1 = 1 1 = 1
T T1
T
T
T
T1 + T2
T + T2
180 + 20
0
=2
=
= 100C
T = 1
2
2
T
IES-13. Ans. (b
b) Sink temp
perature = 27
7C = 27 + 27
73 = 300K
It is given that engine rejeccts 40% of ab
bsorbed heat from the
sou
urce
Q
Q
Forr a carnot cyccle engine 1 = 2
T2
T1
Q 0.4
4Q
30
00
=
T=
= 750K = 477C
T
30
00
0..4
IES-13a
Ans. (c)
Q1 Q2
=
T1 T2
or T1 = T2
Q1
Q
= 30
03 1 = 1010 K = 737 o C
Q2
0.3Q1
Q1 Q2
=
T1
T2
Q
0.5 Q1
1 =
T1
T2
IES-14. Ans. (c
c)
T2
= 0.5
T1
T1
=
T1 T2
1
1
=
=2
T2
5
1 0.5
1
T1
IES-15. Ans. (d
d) Heat supp
plied by the Heat
H
Engine = Q1 = 250 kJ/sec
k
Sou
urce tempera
ature = 227C = 500 K
Sin
nk temperatu
ure = 27C = 300K
3
82
Chapter 3
250 Q2
=
Q2 = 250 0.6 = 150kJ / sec
500 300
IES-16. Ans. (d) Two reversible heat engines operate between limits of
T2 and 400K
1600K and T2;
Both have the same heat input and output,
T1 T2
1600 T2 T2 400
is same for both or
=
or T2 = 800 K
T1
1600
T2
i.e.
Q1 Q2
=
T1
T2
Q = W
300 + Q1 + Q2 = 50
IAS-4. Ans. (b) For reversible cycle
T1 T2 T3
=
=
Q1 Q2 T3
or
T1 T2 Q1 Q2
=
T2
Q2
or T1 T2 = (Q1 Q2 )
Similarly
T2
Q2
T2 T3 = ( Q2 Q3 )
T3
Q3
If T1 T2 = T2 T3 then Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3
or W1 = W2
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Reversible engine has maximum efficiency where
83
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
W
=
=
=
T1 T2
T1 T2 T1 T2
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
4.
Entro
opy
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A
c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
Let it be assum
med that two
o reversible adiabatics
a
AC and BC in
ntersect each
h other at point C (Fig.).
A be drawn in such a wa
ay that it inteersects the reeversible adiabatics at A
Let a reversiblee isotherm AB
e processes AB,
A BC, and CA
C together constitute
c
a reversible cy
ycle, and the
and B. The three reversible
r
th
he net work output in a cycle. But such
s
a cycle is impossiblle, since net
areea included represents
woork is being produced
p
in a cycle by a heat
h
engine by
b exchangin
ng heat with a single reseervoir in the
proocess AB, which
w
violattes the Kelv
vin-Planck statement
s
o the secon
of
nd law. Theerefore, the
asssumption of the intersection of the reversible
r
ad
diabatics is Fig.
F
wrong. Through
T
one point, there
can
n pass only one
o reversiblee adiabatic.
nce two consstant propertty lines can never intersect each otther, it is infferred that a reversible
Sin
adiiabatic path must represe
ent some prooperty, which
h is yet to be identified.
i
83
Entropy
Chapter 4
dQ
ds =
Reversible
S
s = J / kg K
m
It is an extensive property, and has the unit J/K. The specific entropy is an intensive property and
has unit J/kgK
The change of entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of availability of heat for
transformation into work.
If the system is taken from an initial equilibrium state i to a final equilibrium state f by an
irreversible path, since entropy is a point or state function, and the entropy change is independent of
the path followed, the non-reversible path is to be replaced by a reversible path to integrate for the
evaluation of entropy change in the irreversible process
Sf Si =
dQrev
= ( S )irrev path
T
84
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
Th
hen for any cy
ycle
dQ
ds
Sin
nce entropy is
i a property and the cycliic integral off any property is zero
dQ
T
Th
his equation is
i known as the
t inequalitty of Clausiu
us. It providess the criterion of the reverrsibility of a
cyccle.
If
dQ
= 0 , the cyclle is reversibble,
T
d
dQ
< 0, the cycle isi irreversibble and possible
T
85
Entropy
Chapter 4
dQ
> 0 , the cycle is impossible, since it violates the second law.
T
Flow of current through a resistance when a battery discharges through a resistance heat is
dissipated. You cant recharge the battery by supplying heat back to the resistance element!!
Pickpocket
!!!Marriage!!!!.............................................are irreversible Process.
An irreversible heat pump will always need more work than a reversible heat pump.
86
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
Maximum Work
W
Obtainable fr
rom two Finite
F
Bod
dies at tem
mperature
es T1 and
T2
Let us consideer two inden
ntical finite bodies
b
of con
nstant heat capacity at temperaturee T1 and T2
resspectively, T1 being high
her than T2. If the two bodies
b
are meerely brough
ht together in
nto thermal
con
ntact, deliverring no work,, the final tem
mperature Tf reached wou
uld be the maximum
T + T2
Tf = 1
2
ne is operated
d between th
he two bodies acting as thermal
t
enerrgy reservoirrs (shown in
If a heat engin
Fig
g. below), parrt of the hea
at withdrawn
n from body 1 is converted to work W by the heat engine, and
thee remainder is rejected to
t body 2. Th
he lowest atttainable fina
al temperaturre Tf corresp
ponds to the
dellivery of the largest possiible amount of
o work, and is associated
d with a reverrsible process.
A
As work is deelivered by th
he heat engin
ne, the temp
perature of body 1 will bee decreasing and that of
bod
dy 2 will be increasing.
i
When
W
both th
he bodies atta
ain the final temperaturee Tf, the heatt engine will
stoop operating. Let the bodiies remain att constant pressure and undergo
u
no ch
hange of phase.
Fig.
Total heat with
hdrawn from body 1
Q1 = Cp ( T1 Tf )
Wh
here Cp is thee heat capaciity of the twoo bodies at coonstant presssure.
Total heat rejeccted to body 2
Q2 = Cp (Tf T2)
A
Amount of tootal work dellivered by thee heat enginee
W = Q1 Q2
= Cp (T1 + T2 - 2T
Tf)
For given valuees of Cp, T1 and
a
T2, the magnitude
m
off work W dep
pends on Tf. Work obtain
nable will be
ma
aximum when
n Tf is minim
mum.
Noow, for body 1,
1 entropy ch
hange S1 is given
g
by
T
Tf
dT
f
S1 = C p
= C pln
T1
T1
T
For body 2, enttropy change S2 would be
Tf
Tf
dT
S2 = C p
= C pln
T2
T
T2
nce the work
king fluid ope
erating in thee heat engine cycle does not undergo any entropy
y change, S
Sin
of tthe working fluid in heat engine = dS
d = 0 . Applying the entrropy principlle
87
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
Suniv 0
C pln
Tf
T1
C pln
+ C pln
Tf2
T1T2
Tf
T2
nimum
From abovee Eq. for Tf to be a min
C pln
n
Tf2
T1 .T2
=0
Tf2
= 0 = ln 1
or
ln
Tf = T1 .T2
T1T2
For W to be
e a maximum
m, Tf will be T1 .T2 . From
m abow Equattion
Wmax = C p (T1 + T2 2 T1T2 ) = C p ( T1 T2 )2
Th
he final temp
peratures of the
t two bodiees, initially at
a T1 and T2, can range from
f
(T1 + T2)/2 with no
dellivery of work
k to
T1 .T2 with
w
maximu
um delivery of
o work.
Maximu
um Work Obtainable from a Finite Bo
ody and a TER :-
F
Fig.
Ma
aximum Worrk Obtainable
e When One of the Bodiess is a TER.
88
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
T0
SBody = C p
T
T
dT
= C pln
n 0
T
T
SHE =
dss = 0
STER =
Q W
To
T0 Q W
+
T
To
By the entropy principle,.
Suniv = C pln
l
Suniv 0
C pln
T0 Q W
0
+
T
To
or
C pln
T0 W Q
To
T
or
T
W Q
C pln
l 0
T
To
or
W Q + T0C pln
or
T
Wmax = C p (T T0 ) T0ln
n
To
To
T
To
T
89
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
(Fig.. )
Q W
=
T T
At stea
ady state, Ssys = 0
Ssurr =
W
T
he irreversible process is thus
t
accompa
anied by an entropy
e
increease of the un
niverse.
Th
Suni
u v = Ssys + Ssurr =
[ii]] Adiabatic
c Dissipation of Work :: Let W be the
t stirring work
w
supplied to a viscou
us thermally
inssulated liquid, which is dissipated adiabatically
a
into interna
al energy inccrease of thee liquid, the
tem
mperature off which incre
eases from Ti to Tf ( show
wn in fig beloow). Since th
here is no flow
w of heat to
or from the surrroundings.
(
(Fig.
)
To calculate th
he entropy ch
hange of the system, thee original irreversible patth (dotted lin
ne) must be
rep
placed by a reversible
r
on
ne between the
t
same end
d states, i an
nd f. Let us replace the irreversible
perrformance off work by a reversible
r
isoobaric flow off heat from a series of resservoirs rang
ging from Ti
to Tf to cause th
he same chan
nge in the sta
ate of the sysstem. The entropy changee of the systeem will be
C p dT
Tf
dQ
Ssys = f
=f
= C p ln
T
Ti
Ri T
Ri
here Cp is thee heat capaccity of the liq
quid.
wh
Suniv = Ssys + Ssurr = C pln
n
Tf
Ti
Entropy Genera
ation
Reversiible Processe
es do not effecct the entrop
py of the univ
verse.
Impossible Processe
es decrease th
he entropy off the universse.
Suniverse = 0
90
Entropy
Chapter 4
Entropy Generation in the universe is a measure of lost of work.
91
Entropy
Chapter 4
Summary
1.
Clausius theorem:
2.
S f Si =
dQ
=0
T rev.
dQ rev
= ( s ) irrev . path .
T
4.
dQ
0
T
At the equilibrium state. The system is at the peak of the entropy hill. (isolated)
5.
Tds = du + Pdv
6.
Tds = dh Vdp
7.
3.
8.
Clausius Inequality:
P
V
S2 S1 = m Cv ln 2 + CP ln 2
P1
V1
92
Entropy
Chapter 4
n 1
n
n 1
0.25
p n
10 1.25
= ( 273 + 40 )
T2 = T1 2
p
1
1
Therefore T2 = 496 K
2
dT
vdp
dT
dp
= Cp
R
T
T
T
p
1
1
1
1
2 1 = C p
T
p
=1.005ln 2 R ln 2
T
1
p1
496
= 1.005ln
0.287 ln(10)
313
= 0.4627 0.6608
= 0.1981 kJ / kg K .
Total change in entropy = 5 (-0.1981) = - 0.9905 kJ/K (Reduction).
(Hence heat is rejected during the process).
Example 2.
Two compartments of an insulated vessel each of 3 m3 contain air at 0.7 MPa, 95C and 0.35 MPa,
205C. If the removed, find the change in entropy, if the two portions mix completely and
adiabatically.
Solution:
93
Entropy
Chapter 4
m1 =
p1V1
0.7 106 3
=
= 19.883 kg
RT1 287 ( 273 + 95 )
m2 =
p2V2
0.35 106 3
=
= 7.654 kg
RT2
287 ( 273 + 205 )
Cv (m1T1 + m2T2 )
Cv (m1 + m2 )
S1 = m1Cv ln
Tf
T1
= 398.6 K = 125.6C
= 19.883 1005 ln
398.6
= 1595J / K
368
398.6
= 1396.6J / K
478
S = 1595 1397 = 198J / K
S2 = 7.654 1005 ln
94
Entropy
Chapter 4
Data for Q2 and Q3 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial
condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under
isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2m3. Heat exchange occurs with the
atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
GATE-2.
[GATE-2003]
(d) 200 kJ
GATE-3.
The entropy change for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0.4652
(b) 0.0067
(c) 0
(d) 0.6711
GATE-4.
One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high
temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is:
(a) Equal to entropy change of the reservoir
[GATE-2010]
95
Entropy
Chapter 4
(b) Equal to entropy change of water
(c) Equal to zero
(d) Always positive
GATE-7.
(b) 0
(c) 0.160
[GATE-2011]
(d) 0.355
If the air has to flow from station P to station Q, the maximum possible value of
pressure in kPa at station Q is close to
[GATE-2011]
(a) 50
(b) 87
(c) 128
(d) 150
The relation ds =
dQ
, where s represents entropy, Q represents heat and T
T
IES-2a.
Entropy
Chapter 4
Which of these cycles could possible be executed by the engine?
(a) 1 alone
(b) 3 alone
(c) 1 and 2
(d) None of 1, 2 and 3
IES-4.
A Carnot engine operates between 327C and 27C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition?
[IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K
(b) 1.0 kJ/K
(c) 1.5 kJ/K
(d) 2.0 kJ/K
Temperature-Entropy Plot
IES-4a
Isentropic flow is
[IES-2011]
IES-5.
97
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IES-6.
A cycle of pressure
p
volume
dia
agram is sh
hown in th
he given
Fig
g.
I,
Same
S
cyc
cle
on
tem
mperature-e
entropy
diagram
willl be represe
ented by:
[IES-1995]
IES-7.
[IES-1997]
98
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
The
e same cyc
cle, when re
epresented on the pre
essure-volum
me coordin
nates takes
the
e form
IES-8.
Ma
atch figures
s of Colum
mn-I with th
hose given in Column
n-II and se
elect given
bellow the colu
umns:
[IES-1994]
Collumn-I (p-v diagram)
Colum
mn-II (T-s diagram)
Cod
des:
(a)
(c)
IES-9.
A
1
3
B
2
1
C
3
2
(b)
(d)
A
2
3
B
3
2
C
1
1
A cyclic
c
proce
ess ABCD shown
s
in
the
e V-T diagra
am perform
med with
a constant
c
ma
ass of an id
deal gas.
The
e process of
o p-V diagr
ram will
be as shown in
n
[IES-1992]
99
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IES-10.
Thr
ree process
ses are repr
resented on
n the p-v an
nd T-s diagr
rams in the
e following
figu
ures. Match
h processess in the tw
wo diagramss and selec
ct the corre
ect answer
usiing the code
es given bellow the diag
grams:
[IES-1994]
Cod
des:
(a)
(c)
IES-11.
A
1
3
B
2
2
C
3
1
(b)
(d)
A
2
1
B
3
3
C
1
2
Tw
wo polytropiic processes undergon
ne by a perffect gas are
e shown be
elow in the
pre
essure-volum
me co-ordin
nates.
[IES-2008]
Wh
hich represe
entation sho
ows correcttly the abov
ve processess on the tem
mperature
enttropy co-ord
dinates?
100
0
Entropy
Chapter 4
IES-12.
(a)
IES-14.
(c)
dQ
=0
T
Q
T
=0
(b)
Q
T
<0
(c)
Q
T
>0
(a)
IES-16.
(b)
[IES-2005]
dQ
<0
T
(d)
(a)
IES-15.
dQ
> 0 but <
T
dQ
0
T
(b)
(d)
dQ
=
T
[IES-1998]
Q
T
[IES-1994, 2011]
dQ
>0
T
(c)
dQ
<0
T
(d)
dQ
0
T
dQ
= 0 and S > 0
T
dQ
(c)
> 0 and S = 0
T
(a)
dQ
= 0 and S = 0
T
dQ
(d)
< 0 and S < 0
T
(b)
101
Entropy
Chapter 4
IES-18.
IES-19.
IES-20.
Which one of the following temperature entropy diagrams of steam shows the
reversible and irreversible processes correctly?
[IES-1996]
A Carnot engine operates between 27C and 327C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of Work, What is the entropy change during heat addition?
[IES-2005]
102
Entropy
Chapter 4
(a) 0.5 kJ/K
IES-22.
IES-23.
(a) + (T2 T1 )
T2
+ 2 (T2 T1 )
T1
( d ) ln
IES-24.
IES-25.
IES-26.
A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two
constant temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant
temperature at 400 K. The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ
heat per minute. The ratio of heat drawn from two reservoirs
(a) 1
IES-27.
(b) 1.5
(c) 3
Q1200
is nearly.
Q800
[IES-1992]
(d) 10.5
In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars
[IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars
103
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IES-29
A mass
m
M of a fluid at tem
mperature T1 is mixed
d with an eq
qual mass of
o the same
fluiid at tempe
erature T2. The
T
resultan
nt change in
n entropy of
o the universe is:
[IES-1992]
(a) Zero
(b) Negliigible
(c) Alwayss negative
(d) Always positive
p
Increase in
n entropy off a system represents
r
(a) Increase in availabiliity of energy (b) Increasse in tempera
ature
e in pressure
(d) Degrad
dation of energy
(c) Decrease
[IES-2011]
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IAS Quest
Q
ions
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A
c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
IA
AS-1.
Wh
hich one of the
t
followin
ng is the cor
rrect statem
ment?
Tw
wo adiabatic
c will:
(a) Intersect at absolute zerro temperature
(b) Never interssect
(c) Become orth
hogonal at ab
bsolute zero temperature
t
(d) Become parallel at absollute zero tem
mperature
[IAS-2007]
The Prop
perty of
o Entro
opy
IA
AS-2.
Heat flows be
etween two
o reservoirss having te
emperature
es 1000 K and
a
500 K,
resspectively. If
I the entrop
py change of
o the cold reservoir
r
iss 10 kJ/K, th
hen what is
the
e entropy ch
hange for th
he hot reser
rvoir?
[IAS-2004]
(a) 10 kJ/K
(b) 5 kJ/K
(c)) 5 kJ/K
(d) 10 kJ/K
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
IA
AS-3.
[IAS-1997]
104
4
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
The
IA
AS-4.
le on temperature-entr
ropy diagram will be re
epresented as:
The
e
therma
al
efficien
ncy
of
t
the
hyp
pothetical heat
h
engine
e cycle show
wn
in the
t
given figure is:
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.45
0
(c) 0.35
(d) 0.25
[IAS-2000]
AS-5.
IA
Wh
hich one of the followiing pairs be
est expresses a relatio
onship similar to that
exp
pressed in the pair
r pressure
e-volume for a the
ermodynam
mic system
und
dergoing a process?
[IAS-1995]
(a) Enthalpy-en
ntropy
(b) Pressu
ure-enthalpy
P
mperature
(d) Tempeerature-entroopy
(c) Pressure-tem
IA
AS-6.
105
5
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IA
AS-7.
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
IA
AS-8.
Cla
ausius inequ
uality is sta
ated as
(a)
IA
AS-9.
Q < 0
(b)
[IAS-2001]
Q = 0
(c))
>0
(d)
For
r real therm
modynamic cycle:
(a)
dQ
> 0 butt <
T
(b)
[IAS-2003]
dQ
<0
T
(c))
dQ
=0
T
(d)
dQ
=
T
IA
AS-10(i). If a system undergoes an
a irreversiible adiabatic processs, then (sym
mbols have
usu
ual meaning
gs)
[IAS-1999]
dQ
= 0 an
nd S > 0
T
dQ
(c)
> 0 an
nd S = 0
T
(a)
dQ
= 0 and S = 0
T
dQ
(d)
< 0 and S < 0
T
(b)
IA
AS-10(ii). A cyclic
c
heat engine rece
eives 600 kJ of heat fr
rom a 1000 K source and
a
rejects
450
0 kJ to a 300
3
K sink. The quanttity
resspectively
(a) 2.1 kJ/K and
d 70%
nd 70%
(c) + 0.9 kJ/K an
dQ
a
and
efficien
ncy of the engine
e
are
T
(b)) 0.9 kJ/K and
a 25%
(d)) 2.1 kJ/K and
a 25%
[IAS-2001]
A
Applicattions off Entrop
py Prin
nciple
IA
AS-11.
Wh
hich one of the
t
followin
ng statemen
nts is not co
orrect?
[IAS-2003]
(a) Change in entropy
e
durin
ng a reversiblle adiabatic process
p
is zerro
(b) Entropy increases with the
t addition of heat
ansion processs
(c) Throttling is a constant entropy expa
hen a gas is heated under
u
consta
ant pressure given by
(d) Change in entropy wh
s2 s1 = mC
C p log e
IA
AS-12.
T2
T1
Entropy
Chapter 4
Reason (R): There is no heat transfer in an adiabatic process.
[IAS 1994]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-14.
IAS-16.
107
Entropy
Chapter 4
TQ = 300 K,
PQ = 50 kPa
TP = 350 K,
PP = 150 kPa
T
P
SQ SP = c P ln Q R ln Q
TP
PP
300
50
SQ SP = 1.005 ln
0.287 ln
350
150
SQ SP = 0.160 kJ/kg-K
GATE-7. Ans. (b) If air has to flow from station
P to station Q adiabatically means no
entropy change in surroundings,
then
SQ SP 0
c P ln
TQ
TP
R ln
PQ
PP
PQ
300
1.005 ln
0.287 ln
0
350
150
P
0.287 ln Q 0.15492
150
PQ 87.43
108
P
0.15492 0.287 ln Q 0
150
P
ln Q 0.53979
150
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
T R
Rev
IES-2. Ans. (b
b) The chang
ge of entropy
y may be regarded as a measure
m
of th
he rate of av
vailability of
hea
at for transformation intoo work.
IES-2a Ans. (b
b)
S gen =
1000
492
+
= 0.02233kkW / K
(285
(
+ 273) (5 + 273)
So cycle is im
mpossible Cy
ycle
See in both the case Carrnot Cycle an
nd Reversiblee cycle entrop
py change of the
t
Universe wiill be zero.
Irreversible cycle entrop
py change willl be positive.
Thee entropy ch
hange durin
ng heat add
dition
Q1 600
=
=
= 1 kJ
k /K
T1 600
IES-4a
Ans. (b)
IES-5. Ans. (c))
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (c))
IES-9. Ans. (d) AB constan
nt pressure heat
h
addition.
IES-10. Ans. (c) XA consstant pressu
ure heat rejeection. XB = const. temp
p. heat rejecction. XC =
isen
ntropic heat rejection.
r
IES-11. Ans. (b
b)
IES-12. Ans. (b
b)
IES-13. Ans. (b
b)
b)
IES-14. Ans. (b
IES-15. Ans. (c
c)
109
9
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
IES-17.
dQ
= 0 does not neccessarily meaans reversiblle process. If dQ = 0 .
T
Con
nsider the prrocess 34 iff it is
irreeversible prrocess then also
entropy will deccrease.
IES-18. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible adiabaticc expansion, entropy chan
nge is zero and no changee in entropy
of surroundings
s
s.
b) Entropy in
ncrease in prrocess = 100 (0.4 0.3) = 10 kJ/kg
IES-19. Ans. (b
Enttropy change
e of surround
dings = 5 kJ/K
K
Thu
us net entrop
py increases and
a the proceess is irreverrsible.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible process entropy
e
chan
nge is zero an
nd in four figu
ures it is rep
presented by
stra
aight vertical line. Howev
ver, in irreveersible processs, entropy in
ncreases in all
a processes
(exp
pansion as well
w as compression).
IES-21. Ans. (b
b)
( T1 T2 ) S = W
or S =
300
= 1 kJ / k
600 300
IES-22. Ans. (c
c)
T
dQ 1 + 2 T
IES-23. Ans. (d
d)
dT
=
T = ln 2 + 2 (T2 T1 )
T
T
T1
T1
T1
T1
IES-24. Ans. (c
c)
IES-25. Ans. (d
d)
110
0
Entropy
Chapter 4
Q
6
= 2
800 100
Q
8
= 4
600 100
Q + Q4
= 1 2
Q1 + Q3
3 4
+
4
3 = 0.85
= 1
6+8
IES-26. Ans. (d) Refer to given figure, as given
Engine work developed = 100 kW
= 100 1000 60
= 6 106 J/min.
Qs = total heat supplied
Thus,
Qs1 Qs2 QR
+
=0
1200 800 400
Qs1
9.2 106 Q 6 3.2 106
+
=0
1200
800
400
2Qs1 + 3(9.2 106 Qs1 ) 6 3.2 106
=0
2400
or
111
Enttropy
Cha
apter 4
IES-28. Ans. (d
d)
IES-29
Ans. (d)
Previious 20
0-Yearrs IAS Answ
wers
IA
AS-1. Ans. (b)
IA
AS-2. Ans. (b)
+Q
= 10
0
500
or Q = 5000 kJ
Q 5000
S1 =
=
= 5kJ / k
1000 1000
1
t thesystem
m is +ive
Heat added to
Heat rejecteed from the syystem is -ive
S2 =
IA
AS-3. Ans. (d)
1
( 5 1) ( 800 40
00 )
Work done
d
area1 2 3
=
= 2
= 0.25
IA
AS-4. Ans. (d) =
Heat ad
dded areaunder curve 2 3
( 5 1) 800
IA
AS-5. Ans. (d) That so wh
hy we are usin
ng pv or T
s diagram.
IA
AS-6. Ans. (a))
IA
AS-7. Ans. (b
b)
IA
AS-8. Ans. (d)
IA
AS-9. Ans. (b)
112
2
Entropy
Chapter 4
dQ
= 0 does not necessarily means reversible process. If dQ = 0 .
T
Q Q2
Q
450
= 1 2 = 1
= 0.25 = 25%
IAS-10(ii). Ans. (b) = 1
600
Q1
Q1
IAS-10(i). Ans. (a)
= 2kJ / K
IAS-13. Ans. (c) Entropy generated = dsat 400K dsat 800K =
400 800 400
800
Q 5 3600
=
kJ / K = 61.4kJ / K
IAS-14. Ans. (c) S =
T
293
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Ans. (b)
113
Availability, Irreversibility
S K Mondals
5.
Chapter 5
Availability, Irreversibility
Availability
The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can be obtained in a
process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains a dead state.
Clearly, the availability of a system depends on the condition of the system as well as those of the
surroundings.
Availability:
Yields the maximum work producing potential or the minimum work requirement of a process
Allows evaluation and quantitative comparison of options in a sustainability context
Availability = Maximum possible work-Irreversibility
W useful = W rev I
Irreversibility
The actual work done by a system is always less than the idealized reversible work, and the
difference between the two is called the irreversibility of the process.
I = Wmax W
This is also sometimes referred to as 'degradation' or 'dissipation'.
T0
T
= Wmax = Q1 1 = mcp 1 0 dT
T1
T
T0
= (T1 T0 ) S
Availability, Irreversibility
S K Mondals
= u u T (S S
1
= h h T (S S
1
Chapter 5
(For closed system), it is NOT ( 1 2) because
= T0 [ S S ]
3.
Availability function
C
A = h T0S +
+ gz
2
= u T0S + P0V
C12
Availability = A1 A0 = ( h1 h0 ) T0 ( S1 S0 ) +
+ gz
2
For closed system
Availability = 1 0 = u1 u0 T0 ( S1 S0 ) + P0 ( V1 V0 )
4.
= T0 ( S1 S2 )
5.
6.
Irreversibility
= T0 ( S )Univ
113