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Forces and Pressure Notes
Forces and Pressure Notes
3.1
UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE
1. Define Pressure
2. State pressures
formula
F
A
3. State relationship
between pressure and
area.
4. Describe applications involving High Pressure
Increasing the pressure by reducing the area
A sharp knife has a very The studs on a football
small surface area on its boot have only a small
cutting edge so that high area of contact with the
pressure can be exerted ground. The pressure
to cut the meat.
under the studs is high
enough for them to
sink into the ground,
which gives extra grip.
Example 1
A block of metal of
dimensions 0.5 m x 0.6 m
x 1.0 m has a mass of
300 kg. Calculate the
maximum pressure
acting on the ground.
3.2
What is
pressure in
liquid?
Relate
density to
pressure in
a liquid
= V = Ah
= Ahg
(e) pressure
F Ahg
=
= gh
A
A
Pressure in liquid = gh
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40
Explain gas
pressure
41
.
When the sucker is pressed
into place, most of the air
behind it is squeezed out. The
sucker is held in position by
the pressure of atmosphere
on the outside surface of the
rubber. If the seal between the
sucker and the surface is
airtight , the sucker will stick
permanently.
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(iii) Syringe
(iv)Vacuum cleaner
A vacuum cleaner
produces only a partial
vacuum. The fan inside the
cyclinder blows air out of
the vents. Which less air
inside , the air pressure
there drops. The
atmospheric pressure
outside then pushes air up
the cleaner hose ,carrying
dust and dirt with it.
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How does
the height ,h
of the Fortin
barometer
vary?
Example 4
The figure shows a mercury barometer is placed in
a school laboratory where the atmospheric
pressure is
75 cm Hg.
(a) What is the value of h
(b) What is the length of the vacuum space when
the glass tube is
(i) uplifted at height of 5 cm
(ii) lowered further into the dish at a depth of
4 cm
(c) If the density of mercury is
1.36 x 104 kgm-3 and the density of water is 1 x
103 kgm-3, determine
(i) the atmospheric pressure in the units Pa
(ii) the value of h if the mercury is replaced by
water.
Example 5
The figure shows a barometer. The vacuum space
is filled with a gas X.
What is the pressure of the gas X?
[ Take atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg ]
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Measuring
Aneroid Barometer
atmospheric
pressure
By using
Aneroid
Barometer
Pgas = Patmosfera + h
Pgas = Patmosfera
Pgas = Patmosfera - h
Example 1
The figure shows a manometer
containing mercury is connected to a
gas supply.
Measuring
gas
pressure
by using
Bourdon
Gauge
3.4
Define
Pascals
Principle
Experiment
to verify
the
Pascals
Principle
Pascals
Output force = output piston area
Principle in Input force
input piston area
Mathematic
Expression
F2 = A2
F1
A1
Explain
hydraulic
system
Determine
(a) The pressure transmitted in the
hydraulic fluid.
(b) The mass of the load.
(c) If the small piston is pushed down at
a depth a 0.04 m, what is the distance
moved by the large piston.
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48
Relate
buoyant
force to the
weight of
the liquid
displaced.
State
Archimedes
Principle
Buoyant
Force
and
Flotation
If
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State the A floating object displaces its own weight of fluid in which it
Law of
floats
floatation
Based on Figure (a), (b) ,(c) and (d)
Example 5
write the equations in words to
The figure shows a glass tube of
relate the forces acting on the
mass 0.012 kg with uniform
objects when the objects float and
diameter and cross-sectional area 4
stationary.
x 10-4 m2 , and it is filled with sand
so that it is made vertical in a
beaker containing water.
[ Density of water is 1000 kg m-3 ]
Determine
(a) The upthrust
(b) The mass of sand in the glass
tube.
Example 4
An object of mass 5 kg floats on the
surface water. What is the upthrust
experienced by the object.
Explain
why a boat
made of
steel will
float in
water, but
a block of
steel will
sink.
Figure 1
and 2
show a
same boat
sailing in
the sea
water and
the river.
figure 1
figure 2
A boat will
submerged The buoyant forces in the sea and in the river are the
same
deeper in
This is because the buoyant force is equal to the weight
the river.
of the boat which is unchanged.
The density of fresh water is lower than sea water.
The buoyant force of a floating boat is equal to the
weight of water displaced.
The lower the density of the water, the larger the volume
of water displaced.
A boat must displace more water to obtain sufficient
buoyant force to support its weight.
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If extra
weight is
put into
the boat,
why will
the boat
float lower
in the
water?
What is the
purpose of
Plimsoll
line mark
on a ship?
The density of sea water varies with location. It is to
ensure that a ship is loaded within safe limits, the Plimsoll
line marked on the body of the ship acts as a guide.
A ship will be submerged deeper in fresh water because
the density of fresh water is less than the sea water. For
this reason, a ship must displace more water to obtain
sufficient buoyant force to support its weight.
Moreover, a ship can float lower in the cold season as
cold water has a higher density.
SUBMARINE
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How does a
submarine
sink?
How does a
submarine
rises?
HIDROMETER
A hydrometer is an instrument
used to measure the relative
density of liquids such as milk
or acid in accumulators.
It consists of a tube with a bulb
at one end. Lead shots are
placed in the bulb to weigh it
down and enable the
hydrometer floats vertically in
the liquid.
In a liquid of lesser density, a larger volume of liquid must be
displaced for the buoyant force to equal the weight. So the more the
hydrometer is submerged.
The hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density.
HOT AIR BALLONS
A hot-air balloon displaces a large volume of air.
The buoyant force due to the surrounding air is
equal the weight of the air displaced.
When buoyant force is smaller, than the weight
of the total weight of the balloon, the balloon will
rise.
When the total weight of the balloon is equal to
the buoyant force, it remains floating in the air.
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3.6
State
Bernoullis
principle
Mark the water level in the vertical tubes P,Q and R in the following
figures.
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Filter pump
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Carburettor
Aerofoil
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