Professional Documents
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to
Presentation
on
PIPE SUPPORT SYSTEMS & PIPING FLEXIBILITY
(03-Feb-2005)
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Program Objectives
1.
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in
INDEX
PART-I Overview.
PART-II Support Basics.
PART-III Support Classification.
PART-IV Support Detailing.
PART-V Support Design.
PART-VI Line Designation
PART-VII Piping Flexibility
PART-VIII Sample Drawings .
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OVERVIEW
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Basic Terminology
Piping Elements: Any material or work required to plan & install piping system
is called piping elements. Specs, Materials, components, supports inspection etc.
Continued..
Hot load / Hot setting / Operating load
The weight that the spring has to support while the pipe line
system is in operation.
This is also called Operating load.
Cold load / Cold setting / Installed load
The weight that the spring has to support while the pipe line
system is NOT in operation. This is also called pre-set load.
Travel stops
Limit the spring travel at the top and bottom to a small
percentage beyond the specified range. In addition, they
prevent the spring form moving while the spring is not in
operation (in pre-set mode) or in hydrostatic testing phase.
Travel
Compression or expansion of spring in mm from Hot to Cold or
vice versa load variation.
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1.
Fixtures:
a. Hanger Rods
b. Spring hangers
c. Turn Buckles
d. Chains
e. Anchors
f. Brackets
g. Guides
h. Saddles
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2.
Structural Attachments:
a. Clips
b. Lugs
c. U-bolts
d. Straps
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SHOE
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SADLE
CLAMP SHOE
BASE SUPPT
BASE ADJ.SPT
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DUMMY SPT
VERT DUMMY
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ADJ. SPT.
ADJ.GUIDE
ADJ. GUIDE
SPT. NO WELD
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TRUNNION
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ELL.SPT.
SUPPORT
SUPPORT
CLAMP ELL.SPT
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ROD HANGER
THE
ROD
HANGERS
ARE
USED
FOR
NON
CRITICAL
SUPPORTS.
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ROD HANGERS
b)
1) Offset,Cold
-- 2) Operating Position Hot
Permissible horizontal
movement not to exceed +4
for Rod hangers .
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Timber group A
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a) Unloaded
Position
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b) Loaded in
Hot position
c) Pipe moves
down from cold
to hot position
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Constant spring
hangers are selected where absolutely necessary,
when the percentage variation of load from cold to
hot should be less than
6% for critical
pipelines, which give the
lowest %, load
variation. The geometry & kinematics of these
constant spring hangers is such that theoretically
and constant supporting force can be achieved
throughout its full range of expansion and
contract.
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CONSTANT-SPRING SUPPORT
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VARIABLE SPRING
Variable spring hangers are recommended for general
use on non-critical piping systems & where constant
supports are not required.
The inherent
characteristic of a variable spring is such that its
supportings force varies with spring deflection and
spring scale. The vertical expansion of piping causes
a corrresponding compression or extension of spring
& causes a change in the actual supporting force is
equal to the product of amount of vertical expansion
& the spring scale.
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Particular
Design
Application
Movement
Space
Cost
Low cost
High cost
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Upward movement
Downward movement
Movement
= (Cold load - Hot load) / Spring rate.
If result > 0 then movement direction is up. Otherwise, it's down.
Variability
(% load change)
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SNUBBERS
Rigid restraints are usually necessary when the
pipe is strong to survive loads such as earthquake
or high winds or other dynamic loads such as fluid
hammer. But when these restraints are used in
high temperature piping at some location it may
develop elevated stress levels. In these cases
snubbers are used.
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SNUBBER ASSEMBLY
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Mechanical Snubber
a) Photograph b) Schematic
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Hydraulic Snubber
a) Schematic b) Photograph
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SWAY BRACES
Sway braces are used to limit the effect of pipe vibration.
These are little more than variable springs acting in
horizontal plane. When sway brace is installed, the spring
preload is adjusted to be zero when pipe is in the operating
position. Sway braces, like variable springs, do add some
expansion stresses in the pipe.
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SWAY BRACES
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LOAD COMBINATIONS
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Load Cases
Normal
I Deadweight
II Deadweight + Thermal
Upset
Emergency
Faulted
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Pipe (NB)
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2.1 (7)
2.7 (9)
3.0 (10)
4.0 (13)
3.7 (12)
4.6 (15)
4.3 (14)
5.2 (17)
5.2 (17)
6.4 (21)
5.8 (19)
7.3 (24)
12
7.0 (23)
9.1 (30)
16
8.2 (27)
10.7 (35)
20
9.1 (30)
11.9 (39)
24
9.8 (32)
12.8 (42)
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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Since most piping systems are not made strictly of straight horizontal runs, the
standard support spacing may not be applied uniformly throughout. Locations of
supports should consider the following guidelines.
Pipe supports should be located as near as possible to concentrated weights such
as valves, flanges, etc. From a pipe stress point of view, the best location for
support attachment is directly on the equipment.
When changes of direction in a horizontal plane occur between the pipe and
associated supports, such as with pipe elbows, it is suggested that the spacing be
limited to three-fourths of the standard span shown in table.
The standard span does not apply to vertical runs of pipe (risers) since no moment
(and therefore no stress, as defined by the piping codes) will develop owing to
gravity loads in riser.
Support locations should be selected near existing building steel to maximize ease
of design & construction and to minimize the supplemental structural materials
used to transmit the pipe loading back to the building structure.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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5th Slot/Character :
Insulation Type
IH, IC, IS, ET
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Piping Flexibility
An Introduction
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Expansion Loads
Piping system which is too well restrained will not be able
to expand and large forces will develop at the points of lockup,
causing large stresses to develop in the pipe.
The ideal restraint conditions for thermal considerations is a
total lack of restraint. Since this is not feasible, given other
loads, some forces due to expansion will develop on restraints
even in the most optimally supported system.
Hence it is necessary to determine piping thermal
movements for use in spring hanger selection and design of
clearances in restraints.
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where:
dl = expansion (inches)
Lo = length of pipe (inch)
dt = temperature difference (oF)
31.3,etc)
Example: Thermal expansion for 1 meter Carbon steel pipe at 100C.
dl = 6.38/10
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-300 F
-100 F
- 25 F
70 F
(ambient)
200 F
400 F
A 106 (CS)
- 2.24
- 1.15
-0.32
0.99
2.70
A 312 304
(SS)
- 3.63
- 1.75
-0.46
1.46
3.80
6.13
micro in./In./ F
SS
9.16
micro in./In./ F
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2.
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PSA OBJECTIVE
Pipe Stress analysis is carried out to ensure safety against failure of the
PIPING SYSTEM by verifying the structural integrity against the
loading conditions, both external and internal during the life time of
the system in the plant.
Hence the objectives can be stated as :
1. Ensure that the stresses in the piping components in the system are
within the allowable limits.
2. Solve dynamic problems developed due to mechanical vibration,
fluid hammer, pulsation, etc.
3. Solve the problems associated due to higher or lower temperatures.
When piping is connected to strain sensitive equipment, the flexibility
required to satisfy the acceptable limits of nozzle loading on the
connected equipment overrides all other considerations.
The piping systems are mainly classified into 3 main categories and then
again sub-categories. The main categories are HOT Systems, COLD
Systems and CRYOGENIC Systems. In this the hot and cryogenic
lines must undergo FLEXIBILTY ANALYSIS.
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BASIC INFORMATION
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Thank you
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