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ME165-1 - Week-1.2 - Solar Energy - 2015-16 - 3T - 4095266 PDF
ME165-1 - Week-1.2 - Solar Energy - 2015-16 - 3T - 4095266 PDF
Prepared By:
Engr. Estelito V. Mamuyac
13 January 2016
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been
harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of
ever-evolving technologies.
Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for
practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other than
geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun.
Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar
photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture,
which can make considerable contributions to solving some of
the most urgent problems the world now faces.
SOLAR ENERGY
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the
development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar
energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits.
It will increase countries energy security through reliance on
an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent
resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the
costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices
lower than otherwise.
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
Energy from the Sun - About half the
incoming solar energy reaches the
Earth's surface.
The Earth receives 174 petawatts
(PW) of incoming solar radiation
(insolation) at the upper
atmosphere. Approximately 30% is
reflected back to space while the
rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans
and land masses.
The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the
visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
SOLAR ENERGY
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar
radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air
containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing
atmospheric circulation or convection.
When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is
low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the
Earth's surface, completing the water cycle.
SOLAR ENERGY
The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection,
producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones
and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land
masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 C.
By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into
chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass
from which fossil fuels are derived.
SOLAR ENERGY
The total solar energy absorbed
by Earth's atmosphere, oceans
and land masses is
approximately 3,850,000
exajoules (EJ) per year.
In 2002, this was more energy
in one hour than the world used
in one year. Photosynthesis
captures approximately 3,000 EJ
per year in biomass.
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 1. The first large solar furnace built in 1774 by the French Chemist L. Lavoisier. It was used to study the
properties of metals by melting them by solar radiation in a very pure environment. (Trombe 1955)
Source:
Figure 2. The Mouchot's solar power engine, as it was presented, in the 1778 Paris exhibition. The collected solar
energy, in the solar concentrator drives a steam engine to operate a press. The press was used to print during the
exhibition the "Sunshine Journal (Teller 1979).
Source:
Figure 3. The concentrator used by Ericson, in 1883, to collect solar radiation for a mechanical power
system (Jordan 1955).
Source:
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
Active Solar Heating
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
Passive solar . . . .
Passive solar relies on the inherent thermo-dynamic
properties of the system or materials to operate.
They do not need external energy sources.
SOLAR ENERGY
Passive Solar Heating
SEATWORK
SEATWORK
Exercises/Mini-workshop: (20 minutes)
Form 5 groups.
Assign each group with an example of the use of solar energy (see
previous page).
Determine whether the use is active or passive solar energy, and
why?
Each group will present their findings. (5 mins. per group)
This
passive
house
designed
specifically for the humid and hot
subtropical climate.
Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling yearround production and the growth (in enclosed
environments) of specialty crops and other plants not
naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive
greenhouses were first used during Roman times to
produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor
Tiberius.
The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the
16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from
explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important
part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent
materials have also been used to similar effect in poly
tunnels and row covers.
SOLAR THERMAL
SOLAR THERMAL
SOLAR THERMAL
Low-temperature collectors are generally installed to heat
swimming pools, although they can also be used for space
heating. Collectors can use air or water as the medium to
transfer the heat to their destination.
Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates
but are used for heating water or air for residential and
commercial use.
High-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using
mirrors or lenses and are generally used for electric power
production.
SOLAR THERMAL
SOLAR THERMAL
Heating, cooling and ventilation
SOLAR THERMAL
Solar Water Treatment
SOLAR THERMAL
Solar Water Treatment
Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water
potable.
The first recorded instance of this was by 16th century Arab
alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first
constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas.
2, could
The
plant,
which
had
solar
collection
area
of
4,700
m
Small scale solar powered
produce up to 22,700 L per day and operated for 40 years.
sewerage treatment plant
Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or
greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick,
and multiple effect.
These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the
most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units
are more suitable for large-scale application
SOLAR THERMAL
Cooking
SOLAR THERMAL
Process Heat
Solar process heating systems are designed to provide large
quantities of hot water or space heating for nonresidential
buildings.
Evaporation ponds are shallow ponds that concentrate dissolved
solids through evaporation.
The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one
of the oldest applications of solar energy.
Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach
mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams.
Altogether, evaporation ponds represent one of the largest
commercial applications of solar energy in use today.
SOLAR THERMAL
Solar Salt Evaporation Pond
SOLAR THERMAL
Process Heat (contd.)
Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls
used for preheating ventilation air.
UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 C and
deliver outlet temperatures of 45-60 C.
The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years)
make them a more cost-effective alternative to glazed collection
systems.
As of 2009, over 1500 systems with a combined collector area of
300,000 m had been installed worldwide. Representatives
include an 860 m collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee
beans and a 1300 m collector in Coimbatore, India used for
drying marigolds.
SOLAR THERMAL
Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC)
SOLAR THERMAL
Solar drying
Solar thermal energy can be useful for drying wood for construction
and wood fuels such as wood chips for combustion.
Solar is also used for food products such as fruits, grains, and fish.
SOLAR THERMAL
Solar drying . . . . . .
Technologies in solar drying include ultra low cost pumped
transpired plate air collectors based on black fabrics.
Solar thermal energy is helpful in the process of drying products
such as wood chips and other forms of biomass by raising the
heat while allowing air to pass through and get rid of the
moisture.[
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either
directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power (CSP).
CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight into a small beam.
PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric
effect.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
View of Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System from Yates Well Road,
San Bernadino County, California.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since
1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the
Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in
the world.
Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power
Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in
Spain.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Concentrating Solar Power systems use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a
conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating
technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the
concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar
power tower.
Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of
these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight,
and is then used for power generation or energy storage.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE COLLECTORS
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
Photovoltaic Cell (PV)
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell , is a device that converts light into
electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered in 1839, the photovoltaic
effect.
Photovoltaic cells were used mainly for the purposes of measuring
light.
The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In
1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell
using silver selenide in place of copper oxide.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
Photovoltaic Cell . . . . .
Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of
incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and
James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery.
Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald
Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell
in 1954.
These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of
4.56%.
By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum
efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
REFERENCES
Textbook
Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009
Web
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
http://www.renewableenergy.ph/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy