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Ag+ , Hg+,Pb+2
Cu+2 + //
AL+3,Fe+2,Fe+3
Ca+2

23 :

-
-
-
-
-
0

-: $
7 6N 5#N & # # $ / 70 6N
& B0 S 3 5#N ( a & #
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= 7 K 95 $ 7 1` b E & 5 4
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@ 5 9503 ` 95 $ 7 1 & 5 4
& &@0 2
95 5 9503 ` 95 $ 7 1 & 5 4
& 3
b = 5 e 95 $ 7 1` 612 & 5 4
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7 6N 5#N & #
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& 3

J! :

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B0 E
'&
&- $&9/
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= H2S7 K

Cu+2

J ! F $E

5 0 9 a 0 6` + // 5 ( H2S+HCL) & 5 4 - 5 70
be + (
+ //
HCl

) H2 SO 4 (aq )+CuS (s
9 //
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9b

( 0e

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//" "Q ///" "Q

6` - : & 5 4 @ 5 9503 NH4OH 5 S E 3 @ $ 3 =$

- $
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95 $ - 5 +05 3
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- + $[K b
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= :

AL

&

5 0
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5, 5
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)Al2(SO4)3 (aq)+6NaOH(aq
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)NaAlO2(aq)+2H2O(l

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+05 58 5 &

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& 4
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58 $ 95 $3 =$ 95
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95 @ 5
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75

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Ca

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&
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@ 58 5 @ 5 950
@ 5
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58 5 % ,
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=
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7 / 1 5+ 1 5 T 50

a$

59
@2 =
5S b
S &1 g
6 gb
S & 5S
5S b
S & 5S
5S b
S & 5S


*+i&: \+ U
ek < !+J a UJ ^ " 0!" N

* "% 3 b F= 3 j

'l,

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= :+
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5 #
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5 0 4 &8)5 0 70 ( 0 @ 5, 5 20
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B - 5 0 5 #
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) 5
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(
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&.#9 + 1: $3

N a C l+ H 2 O

@ 7$

( 5 # 70Mb [-:&S
NaOH

H C l+ N a O H

HCL

Va M a Vb M b
=
na
nb
:d
4 = Va b @ 2
( $ = Ma 50) b/
= na 350 b
4 = Vb # @ 2
( $= Mb # )50/
= nb 350 #

) ( 0

( ) ( 50 350
0 & 1 (&9
)( 0

( ) ( 50 350
0 & 1 (&9

&i [0 -: &0
(-:&9
( $ b
350 4 = b b
( $ 5 #
350 5 # = 4 5 #
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@ 7$

( 5 # 7 ; @

350

b #

&


@
Q :
5 @ & 4 Va b$
& 05 [/ I3
3 &
0 - 9 : & 50 1-: T &9

&:\+ U

=N

( Ma 4 #

Vb
Mb
nb

Vb$

( Mb 5 . 4

b
Va
Ma
na

Va M a Vb M b
=
na
nb
Q : 9
4 . Va b( $ Ma .
5 . & @+ ' # % & 5 E 2
0 - 9 : & 50 1 7 &9 b # : T
-@ 9 - & & (4 4 # & 0) & 50 (
& -@ 9 - # & #+ C0 & 1 70 b 59 # -: $

& 5 20 ) & 70 (& #9 % #

S
* %4

Va Ma

=
* " % nb
-@ 9 - & @+ '# & 5

% " 4* %

na

-: $3 E 2
*%4

*$ =

*%

5+ 7 ; @

% 4

% 4

100

7 :
Q : 9 9
4 . Va b( $ Ma 4 . # Vb
5 . & # Vb 4 45I 0 I Z+0 4
- 9 & 50-: T &9
50 & -@ 9 - 70 #) & (& 5
350 -@ 9 - & # 70 Mb 59 # -:

35 B

Va M a Vb M b
=
na
nb
-@ 9 T -

&#

&#

70 59 #-:

= 50 & + =+0 Vb 4

) 4I3

( Mb


2 b 5 50 . e/
: 0 F K 5 0 70 0 @ @ 5
( 35 = @ @ 5
$ + 1 = 70 0 e b @ -
-:
C a C l2 + 2 H 2 O

2 H C l+ C a ( O H ) 2

2HCL b

# Ca(OH)2

0 25 = Va
50 0.5 = Ma/
2 = na

20 = Vb
? ?? = Mb
1 = nb

Va M a Vb M b
=
na
nb
0.5 25 20 Mb
=
2
1
Mb = 0.3125 mol/L
K .
@ 58 5 5 58 5 (
5 20 -: 0 70 5 & 8
b 5 50 . e / @ - & @+ ' = & 5 @
$ 0 1
Z+0
5, 5 E 2
:
b = 5 C0 1 e @ 58 5 E#
N a C l+ H 2 O

-@ 9 -
-@ 9 -

H C l+ N a O H

& 50 K = ++ = NaOH
& @ 5, 5 70 & #+ 59 #-:
4

* %4

Va Ma

* " % nb
4

* %4

na

0.010 0.1

=
40

& @ 5, 5 = K 0.04
-@ 9 - & @+ ' = & 5 @ 5, 5 5 2 70 59 #-:
* %
%

% " 4* %

*$ =

% 4

* % *$

100

0.04
' %

=
0.1

%40= 100


: I
H C l+ N a O H

N a C l+ H 2 O

70 & :
350 = b 350 # = 50
( =50 . = . .

350 = b
350 # = 50 .
& = & 5 @ 5, 5 =K =++
& @ 5, 5 = 35 & K . = .= & 5
0.04
' %

=
0.1

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

%40= 100

=: N
4 b
50 . e
5 @ 58 5 b C0 0
0 F K
& 3 (
@ = &.#$ + e 0 & =+ @5 0 ( $ - @ 5, 5 )
5 0 70 0 + 58 5 .
b = 5 50 . e / [
@4 -
& 3 (
$ 1)
50/
& K @ 5, 5 & 0 0 + e = @$ b 70 0
& (&/ /
5 50 . e /)
( $ e .
b
K 70 @ 58 5 5 0 = 5 $ 0 C0
& (& 9 /
50) /
b 5 50 . e/
70 K @ 5 5 0 = 5 $ 0 C0
& (& 9 /
)
e [5 0 70 0 C0 0 $ 1 &0 95 58 5 .
@ b & -
& (& 9 /
350 )
$ 5 0 70 0 @ 58 5 350 . 4$ &+ 70 K C0 & b
& (& 9 /
&+ )
b #+
= 5 e & @ - & @+ '& 5
b 51 51 [0 . e [ 5 0 70 0 C0 0 $ 1 @
@4 -
& 3 (
@ 5 350 .)
$ 0 70 0
95 70 K . - 5, 5 [ & 0 5
b 5 e @350 - & b)350 -@ 9 & # 70
5 0 C0
5 3 2 @9 T & 3 (

C
\+ U

) 3 U

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Z 7 $ T
2 @

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@ 7

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- &# .
- &#

' I +Z :+ M
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.$ ,+
+ $ &# .
& -: #
4$
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& & 83
#0 7 M#+
-

#$

= F I +Z 0 : + M
= 0 a
350 0
#$
Mf " a UJ =

-
-
-
-

I +M
& a
& %a
&0

= B "e = o & + -

B = N :X V + -

:
= ) S @5 0 =(7 2 70 @& o
= ) @ 7 25 T 5(= 5 0 70 @& o
= & = % & - =
* " % *

% " " % * =

100

* % "*< " '

70 % a = = = @ 9

50 & -
5 9 - -:
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&0
50 & C0 E $ $ = 0 % a 0
0 K
B 7 7.
-@ 9 0 K C0 &. $ & % a & 5 =
) = ( X 0 K
- 350 0


) 0 e3 :( pV

I +M 9
0 - 9 - & .
=
0 & -

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& =

* " % *
%

100

% " " % * =
* % "*< " '

; . -: $3 - +
( X) K59 - 350 0
BaCL2
XH2O

&0
& % = =5 0

( X )
& 50

BaCL2.XH2O
& = = &05 0

X K59 7 .

= 9:
5 a 0 70 &+ & F9 5 = BaCL2.XH2O F+2 K .
5 5
` + 2@$ K5 = F T K . @ - & @+ ' & 5
= T K , a & ' (4 =
:
O

&0

H e At

B a C l2 + x H

B a C l2 .x H

= & = ) S @ % & (7 2 = )
= K . = . .

@(7 2

* " % *
%

% " " % * =

100

* % "*< " '

0.3989

2.6903
70

XH2O
K .
( X )
B

100

= 14.79%

&-:

BaCL2
K .
50/ K
7.

0.3989 208
=X

2.2923 18

= mol 2

&) , -:
BaCL2.2 H2O

=: N
58 70 K . 7 2@$ + - )@ 70 K . 7 $ Na2CO3.XH2O a [0
T &+ @ X & S -
@ 0 & @9 -
& I 5 70 Z+ @ 5
2 @ - 5 @ 5 9 & 114
= 70 K . 114 ` + 2@$ F+28
= CaCL2.XH2O
T = K . F 8 @ X & S -
FeCL3.XH2O -:
- @ - 350 0
& &K K 5 K . = &%
& &K K 5 = a = = K .
& ( &K K = a @K .= 7 2
&+
@ - & @+ ' & 5

+ = v + &$ @ 7 2 T 5 K .
70 K 72 -
&+
0 & @9
9 & 03 @ - 350 0
+
70 K .
= 5 0 7 K 5
- $ 0 % 70
` a % ` . a ) ( K ` a
= Z$ , - v$ +
5 0 70 0 C0 @ 58 5 50 : K
+ [& 0
&
&0
& @+ ' & 5
+ = &$
&) , & ' (4
K .
- 5 F 58 )@ Na2CO3.XH2O 5 5
0 K 70 0 5 $ 5 0 70 0 . C0 b .
@ X & S -
e @ - & @+ ' & 5
@ 5 = &K K
a0
@ & 4$ 350 0
-
@7 2
5 K .= &% =9 = a = = K =9 = a
= 0 K . &) , a & ' (4 =

@ 5 9 T @ 5
@
$
95 70 K 72 - @ 5
@ % 4 - 9 T @ 5 v$ +
& b 70
- @ % 4 - 9 T @ 5 T $ 70 v$ +
@ 5 F9
95 70 E I 70 K @ 5
5 6120 e
@ 5 % E 2
& @9

I +Z , ;:c 3
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&#
$
F T 0 .
- $

-
-
-
-

#$

'& a ` #9 - 0

: I +M
[0 1$
0 ) ( ) 59 Z93
a ` $
`a
7 5 ,1 -
[0 S 3 0(
70 ` a
95 0 . $ &S ` a
&#$5 $ 0 $
#+$ &S ` a = -
# -
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& 70 $ 7 -

= 9:
$- $
5
5, 5 5 0
5 0 6 g
` a K5 6 14 K = Z @5 & - 5
-
) (Ba=137 , CL=35.5 ,S32, O=16
-:
BaS O 4 + 2N aCl

K
K
B 7 49 7 . -:
& 5 5 = K .

5 , $
5

B a C l2 + N a 2 S O 4

K
K

= 9:
6 g Z 5 0 70 9 &B1
5 70 K - 5, 5 % #+
&+ & @9 5 &+
5 70 K . &B1 @5 & @9 - 5, 5

5 & -@ 9 5, 5 70 #+ &-:
3

+ NaNO

AgCl

K .
K .
: =+0 5 K 58 5 K . = #9
1.8866 100
== % NaCL
= 94.33%
2
Cl

K
K .
: =+0 5 K = K .
1.1448 100
== %CL
= 57.2%
2

NaCl + AgNO

#9 K
K .

NaCl

K .

K .

-
-
-
-

=: N
5B - 0 70 K . ( 0 $ S & , 0 2 9 T @
- $ @ & @9 - 5 = 7 K
5 K . K .
= 5 E# - ` e
- 8 +
e 5
eb 6 g
9b
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