FORMULAS

in
ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

CURRENT

where:
I = current, Amperes (A)
Q = electric charge, Coulombs (C)
t = time, seconds (s)

Note:
1 C = electrons
= protons

VOLTAGE

where:
V = voltage, Volts (V)
W = work, Joules (J)
Q = electric charge, Coulombs (C)
Note:
1 Volt (V) = 1 Joule (J) / Coulomb (C)

RESISTANCE

where:
R = resistance, Ohms ()
= resistivity or specific resistance, -m and -CM/ft units
L = length, meters (m) or feet (ft)
A = area of cross-section, and circular mil (CM) units

Note:
1 CM = /4 square mil
1 inch = 1000 mils

TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON RESISTANCES

where:
= initial temperature, C
= temperature at (positive for conductors, negative for insulators and approximately zero for some
alloys)
T = inferred absolute zero temperature
= -234.5 C for annealed copper

CONDUCTANCE

where:
G = conductance, Siemens (S) or mhos
R = resistance, Ohms ()

TRACTIVE FORCE OF A MAGNET

where:
F = force, Newtons (N)
A = total area of contact ()
B = flux density (Wb/ or T)
= absolute permeability or permeability of free space or vacuum
= H/m

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CONDUCTORS

where:
F = force, Newtons (N)
l = length of each conductors in meters
d = distance between conductors in meters
= current carried by conductor A
= current carried by conductor B

FORCE OF ATTRACTION OR REPULSION BETWEEN

MAGNETIC POLES

where and are the magnetic pole strengths in Weber (Wb)

d = distance between poles in m
k = proportionality constant

where:
= relative permeability
= absolute permeability or permeability of free space or vacuum
= H/m

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

where:
B = magnetic flux density, Weber/meter (Wb/m) or Tesla (T)
= magnetic flux, Weber (Wb)
A = area, square meter

RELUCTANCE

where:
R = reluctance, (
L = length of magnetic path, m
A = area of cross-section,
= permeability of material, H/m
mmf = magnetomotive force
= magnetic flux, Weber (Wb)