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GEOTECHNICAL MANUAL FOR SLOPES - GEO-HongKong PDF
GEOTECHNICAL MANUAL FOR SLOPES - GEO-HongKong PDF
MANUAL
FOR
SLOPES
GEOTECHNICAL
MANUAL
FOR
SLOPES
R.K.S. Chan
Head, Geotechnical Engineering Office
January 2011
12
Page
No.
TABLES
171
LIST OF TABLES
173
TABLES
175
FIGURES
201
LIST OF FIGURES
203
FIGURES
207
PLATES
273
LIST OF PLATES
275
PLATES
279
ADDENDUM
297
47
excessive.
Filter paper side drains should not be used in triaxial tests, because
they can lead to errors in strength measurement and are generally unnecessary
for the soils of Hong Kong.
Membrane corrections must be made in the usual
way.
Saturation by back pressure can only be obtained by applying a small
effective stress to the specimen.
Specimens that start with a very low degree
of saturation can be difficult to saturate.
In these cases, saturation can
be carried out by first percolating deaired water under a small hydraulic
gradient through the specimen until air stops bubbling from it.
A back
pressure can then be applied to complete the saturation.
The strain rate for drained tests with pore pressure monitoring should
be such that the pore water pressure fluctuation is negligible, and in any case
the fluctuation should be no greater than 5% of the effective confining pressure.
For undrained tests, the rate should be selected so as to allow complete
equalisation of pore water pressure throughout the specimen.
It is desirable
that the strain rate does not exceed 2% per hour.
For undrained tests, failure can be defined either as the maximum deviator
For fully-drained tests, these
stress or as the maximum obliquity (1'/3').
two criteria coincide.
3.8.2
Interpretation of Results
100
A = wetted cross-sectional area (m2),
P = wetted perimeter (m), and
S = gradient of channel
Stepped channels are not particularly effective as energy dissipators.
However, there would seem to be no practicable alternative.
The flow in
stepped channels is turbulent, and sufficient freeboard must be allowed for
splashing and aeration.
The stepped channel details shown in Figure 8.8 make
some allowance for splashing and are the most effective used in Hong Kong to
date for reducing the velocity of flow.
In the absence of any experimental
data, the size of the stepped channel and gradient of the invert may be
determined using Figure 8.7 by assuming a velocity of 5 m/sec through the
minimum section (at the top of each step).
At the top of slopes, the velocity
is lower and the cross-sectional area of flow greater, but splashing and
aeration is less.
Therefore, the section adopted for the stepped channel may
also be used to cross narrow berms.
8.3.5
Changes in Direction
8.3.6
Junctions of Channels
132
10.5
10.5.1
Only load cells suitable for long-term monitoring of rockbolt and anchor
loads are considered in this Section.
The anchor load can either be determined at intervals, by measuring the
force required to jack the anchor head away from its seating, or it may be
monitored continuously with a compression load cell between the anchor head
and bearing plate.
The types of load cell available and their advantages and
disadvantages are given in Table 10.3.
10.5.2
144
12.5
British Library
Website: http://www.bl.uk
Buildings Department
(Formerly Buildings Ordinance Office)
HKSARG*
Website: http://www.bd.gov.hk
Geotechnical Abstracts
38 Rmerstr., 5OOO Kln 5O
Germany
145
Highways Department
(Formerly Highways Office)
HKSARG*
Website: http://www.hyd.gov.hk
Lands Department
HKSARG*
Website: http://www.landsd.gov.hk
PCCW Limited
(Formerly Hong Kong Telephone Company
Ltd.)
Website: http://www.pccw.com
297
ADDENDUM
298
[BLANK PAGE]
299
Readers should note that the following Chapters/Sections of this Manual have been
supplemented or superseded by later publications:
(a)
Chapter 1 and Section 2.3.3 are superseded by the Geological Survey Maps and
Memoirs and Geoguide 3 (GCO, 1988), which should be read in conjunction
with GEO Publication No. 1/2007 (GEO, 2007a) and GEO Technical Guidance
Note (TGN) No. 10 (GEO, 2009a).
(b)
Chapter 2 (except Section 2.3.3), Sections 3.5 and 10.2 are superseded by
Geoguide 2 (GCO, 1987), which should be read in conjunction with GEO TGN
Nos. 3 (GEO, 2004d), 5 (GEO, 2009b), 6 (GEO, 2004a) and 10 (GEO, 2009a).
(c)
(d)
(e)
Sections 5.2.2, 5.3.6, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, and 9.5 are supplemented by the Works
Bureau Technical Circular No. 13/99 (Works Bureau, 1999), which should be
read in conjunction with GEO TGN Nos. 7 (GEO, 2004b) and 15 (GEO, 2007b).
Section 5.2.4 is superseded by this Technical Circular, and Tables 5.1 to 5.4 are
superseded by Tables 1 to 4 of the same Technical Circular.
(f)
Section 5.3 is supplemented by GEO Report No. 138 (Ng et al, 2003) and GEO
Publication No. 1/2007 (GEO, 2007a).
(g)
(h)
Sections 5.5 and 9.5 are supplemented by GEO TGN No. 7 (GEO, 2004b).
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
Sections 8.4, 9.6 and 11.4.2 are supplemented by GEO Publication No. 1/2000
(GEO, 2000) and GEO TGN No. 20 (GEO, 2007c).
(n)
(o)
300
(p)
(q)
The Works Bureau Technical Circular referred to in (e) above, together with the latest
information on the list of GEO publications including the complete list of the series of Hong
Kong Geological Survey Maps and Memoirs, can be found at the following websites:
http://www.devb.gov.hk and http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/publications/geo/index.htm on the
Internet respectively.
Copies of the GEO Circular No. 33 referred to in (k) above can be obtained from the
Technical Secretary of the Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and
Development Department, Civil Engineering and Development Building, 101 Princess
Margaret Road, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, (Tel: (852) 2762 5087, Fax:
(852) 2715 0501, E-mail: enquiry@cedd.gov.hk).
REFERENCES
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
301
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)
302
(t)
(u)
(v)
Ng, K.C., Parry, S., King, J.P., Franks, C.A.M. & Shaw, R. (2003). Guidelines
for Natural Terrain Hazard Studies (GEO Report No. 138). Geotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 138 p.