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Vxfhvlrqhv | Vhulhv

Mxqh Dploor

4
414

Oplwh gh Vxfhvlrqhv
Vxfhvlrqhv1 Ghqlflq | Uhsuhvhqwdflq1

Xqd vxfhvlq hv xq wlsr sduwlfxodu gh ixqflq1 Hq frqfuhwr/


Ghqlflq 4 Xqd vxfhvlq hv xqd ixqflq s fx|r grplqlr hv ho frqmxqwr
gh orv hqwhurv srvlwlyrv1 Kdflhqgr @? ' s E? sdud fdgd ? ' c 2c c    od
vxfhvlq vh ghqrwd sru
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Orv hohphqwrv @? vh frqrfhq frpr wuplqrv gh od vxfhvlq/ sxglhqgr frlq0
flglu vxv ydoruhv hqwuh v1
Odv vxfhvlrqhv sxhghq wrpdu ydoruhv hq fxdotxlhu frqmxqwr1 Qr revwdqwh
do kdeodu gh vxfhvlrqhv hqwhqghuhprv vxfhvlrqhv uhdohv/ l1h1 vxfhvlrqhv fx|rv
wuplqrv vrq qphurv uhdohv1
Frpr fxdotxlhu ixqflq odv vxfhvlrqhv sxhghq vhu uhsuhvhqwdgdv phgldqwh
xqd h{suhvlq/ xq dojrulwpr/ xqd olvwd r xqd jufd1
Fxdqgr vh xwlol}d xqd h{suhvlq sdud uhsuhvhqwdu ho wuplqr jhqhudo gh
xqd vxfhvlq hv frvwxpeuh xwlol}du od ohwud ? r dowhuqdwlydphqwh ohwudv frpr
6/ /  r & sdud ghvljqdu od yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwh1 Hoor qrv vhuylu sdud
uhfrugdu txh vh wudwd gh xqd yduldeoh glvfuhwd txh wrpd vror ydoruhv hqwhurv1
Sru hmhpsor/ od vxfhvlq @? ' *? hv od vxfhvlq

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Pxfkdv vxfhvlrqhv hvwq ghqlgdv hq irupd uhfxuvlyd frpr od vxfhvlq gh
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| rwudv vh ghqhq gh irupd glihuhqwh sdud glihuhqwhv wlsrv gh hqwhurv frpr od


vxfhvlq @? ' f vl ? hv sdu | @? ' vl ? hv lpsdu1 Wrgdv hoodv vh uhsuhvhqwdq
phgldqwh dojrulwprv1
Xqd olvwd qlwd txh lqfox|d vxflhqwhv wuplqrv frpr sdud srghu suhghflu
ho uhvwr hv xwlol}dgd hq dojxqrv fdvrv1 Sru hmhpsor/
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hv od vxfhvlq irupdgd sru wrgrv orv qphurv sulprv1
Sxhvwr txh ho grplqlr gh xqd vxfhvlq vrq orv hqwhurv srvlwlyrv vx jufd
hv xq frqmxqwr gh sxqwrv hq ho sodqr hq yh} gh xqd fxuyd frqwlqxd1
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Ghqlflq gh Oplwh

Od lghd gh oplwh gh xqd vxfhvlq hv sdudohod d od gh oplwh gh xqd ixqflq


hq ho lqqlwr1 Lqwxlwydphqwh vh glfh txh xqd vxfhvlq wlhqh oplwh u vl orv
wuplqrv gh od vxfhvlq vh dsur{lpdq wdqwr frpr txhudprv d u wrpdqgr ?
vxflhqwhphqwh judqgh1 Irupdophqwh/
Ghqlflq 5 Xqd vxfhvlq E@?  wlhqh oplwh u vl sdud fdgd " : f h{lvwh xq
qphur  : f wdo txh sdud wrgr qglfh ? :  vh yhulfd
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Odv vxfhvlrqhv txh srvhhq oplwh +qlwr, vh glfhq frqyhujhqwhv | ho uhvwr


glyhujhqwhv
Hq or txh frqflhuqh d od frqyhujhqfld r glyhujhqfld gh xqd vxfhvlq
orv sulphurv wuplqrv qr wlhqhq lpsruwdqfld1 Or txh fxhqwd hv ho frpsru0
wdplhqwr gh odv frodv gh xqd vxfhvlq1 Sru frod gh xqd vxfhvlq vh ghvljqd
d wrgrv orv wuplqrv gh od plvpd fx|rv qglfhv vrq pd|ruhv txh xq qphur
hqwhur  : f/ l1h1 ho frqmxqwr @? *? : 1 Rwud irupd gh h{suhvdu txh
xqd vxfhvlq E@?  frqyhujh d u hv ghflu txh sdud fdgd " : f ho lqwhuydor
Eu  "c u n " frqwlhqh wrgrv orv wuplqrv gh od vxfhvlq vdoyr xq qphur
qlwr gh hoorv1

Surslhgdghv gh orv Oplwhv

Frpr hq ho fdvr jhqhudo gh ixqflrqhv ho oplwh gh xqd vxfhvlq vl h{lvwh hv


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Whruhpd 6 +Xqlflgdg gho Oplwh, Vl xqd vxfhvlq hv frqyhujhqwh/ vx oplwh
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Odv uhjodv xvxdohv gho fofxor gh oplwhv vrq yolgdv sdud vxfhvlrqhv1

Whruhpd 7 +Dojheud gh Oplwhv, Vhdq E@? | EK?  grv vxfhvlrqhv wdohv


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Whruhpd 8 +Uhjod gho Vdqgzlfk, Vhdq E@? c EK?  | ES?  wuhv vxfhvlrqhv
wdohv txh @?  S?  K? sdud wrgr ? + r sdud wrgr ? :  vlhqgr  xq hqwhur
srvlwlyr fxdotxlhud, |
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Whruhpd 9 +Ixqflrqhv Frqwlqxdv | Vxfhvlrqhv, Vhd E@?  xqd vxfhvlq


frq oplwh u | s xqd ixqflq uhdo frqwlqxd hq u | fx|r grplqlr frqwlhqh orv
ydoruhv gh od vxfhvlq1 Hqwrqfhv/
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Whruhpd : +Yduldeoh Glvfuhwd yv Yduldeoh Frqwlqxd, Vhd E@?  xqd vxfh0


vlq | s xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor gh od irupd EKc n4 wdo txh
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Ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru shuplwh xwlol}du od uhjod gh OKslwdo sdud vxfh0


vlrqhv1 Qr revwdqwh/ ho uhfsurfr qr hv flhuwr frpr or pxhvwud od vxfhvlq
@? ' t? 2Z?1 Glfkd vxfhvlq hv frqvwdqwhphqwh fhur | sru wdqwr frqyhujh d
fhur1 Hq fdpelr od ixqflq sE% ' t? 2Z% qr srvhh oplwh fxdqgr % wlhqgh
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Hmhpsor ; +Oplwhv Lpsruwdqwhv, Orv oplwhv vljxlhqwhv dsduhfhq frq judq
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Sru wdqwr/ | whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd txh od h{srqhqfldo hv xqd ixqflq


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hqgr frpr hq ho sulphu hmhpsor1 Ho fdvr % ' f hv wdpelq reylr1
61 Vh wudwd gh xq oplwh gh od irupd 4*4Vxevwlwxlprv ? sru xqd yduldeoh
frqwlqxd % | dsolfdprv OKslwdo uhvxowdqgr
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Frqyhujhqfld / Dfrwdflq | Vxfhvlrqhv Prqwrqdv

Od surslhgdg gh dfrwdflq gh xqd vxfhvlq wlhqh ho plvpr vljqlfdgr txh


sdud xqd ixqflq uhdo fxdotxlhud1
Ghqlflq < Xqd vxfhvlq E@?  hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh vl h{lvwh xq
 wdo txh @?   sdud wrgr ? ' / 2/ / 1 1 1 1 Glfkd vxfhvlq hvw dfrwdgd
lqihulruphqwh vl h{lvwh xq K wdo txh @?  K sdud wrgr ? ' / 2/ / 1 1 1 1 Xqd
vxfhvlq hv dfrwdgd vl hvw dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh h lqihulruphqwh d od yh}1
Ho vljxlhqwh uhvxowdgr hvwdeohfh od uhodflq hqwuh frqyhujhqfld | dfrwdflq
gh xqd vxfhvlq1
Whruhpd 43 +Frqglflq Qhfhvduld gh Frqyhujhqfld, Wrgd vxfhvlq frq0
yhujhqwh hv dfrwdgd1 R or txh hv htxlydohqwh/ wrgd vxfhvlq qr dfrwdgd hv
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Sru hmhpsor od vxfhvlq qdwxudo / 2/ / 1 1 1 / ?/ 1 1 1 qr hvw dfrwdgd sru or
txh hv glyhujhqwh1 Ho uhfsurfr hv idovr/ od vxfhvlq f/ / f/ / 1 1 1 hvwd dfrwdgd
shur qr hv frqyhujhqwh1
Ghqlflq 44 Xqd vxfhvlq E@?  hv prqwrqd fuhflhqwh vl @?  @?n
sdud wrgr ? ' / 2/ / 1 1 1 1 Glfkd vxfhvlq hv prqwrqd ghfuhflhqwh vl
@?  @?n sdud wrgr ? ' / 2/ / 1 1 1 1 Xqd vxfhvlq prqwrqd hv dtxhood
txh hv fuhflhqwh r ghfuhflhqwh1 Od vxfhvlq vh glfh hvwufwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
r hvwufwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl hq odv ghflrqhv dqwhulruhv vh vxevwlwx|hq
odv ghvljxdogdghv  |  sru odv gh | : uhvshfwydphqwh1
Sdud odv vxfhvlrqhv prqwrqdv od dfrwdflq edvwd sdud dvhjxudu vx frq0
yhujhqfld1
Whruhpd 45 Wrgd vxfhvlq prqwrqd fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh hv
frqyhujhqwh1 Gh irupd vlplodu wrgd vxfhvlq prqwrqd ghfuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd
lqihulruphqwh hv frqyhujhqwh1
Hmhpsor 46 Hvwxgldu od frqyhujhqfld gh od vxfhvlq uhfxuuhqwh
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gh uhfxuuhqfld/ hv ghflu
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Ghvfduwdqgr ho ydoru qhjdwlyr rewhqhprv u ' eSdud txh srgdprv dvhjxudu


txh vwh hv ho oplwh gh od vroxflq ghehprv frpsuredu od frqyhujhqfld gh
od plvpd |d txh ho surfhvr xwlol}dgr sdud fdofxoduor suhvxsrqd txh od vxfh0
vlq hud frqyhujhqwh1 Sdud hoor ghprvwuduhprv txh vh wudwd gh xqd vxfhvlq
prqwrqd | dfrwdgd or txh vhjq ho whruhpd dqwhulru lpsolfd od frqyhujhqfld1
Hq sulphu oxjdu revhuydprv txh @f ' f @ ' 2 Vxsrqlhqgr/ @? @?
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or txh suxhed sru lqgxfflq txh od vxfhvlq hv prqwrqd fuhflhqwh1


Sru rwud sduwh revhuydprv txh @f e | vxsrqlhqgr @? e vh wlhqh
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or txh suxhed wdpelhq sru lqgxfflq txh od vxfhvlq hvw dfrwdgd pdqwhqlq0
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Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ od vxfhvlq hv frqyhujhqwh |
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Vxevxfhvlrqhv

Ghqlflq 47 Vhd E@?  xqd vxfhvlq fxdotxlhud | ?& xqd vxfhvlq hvwufwd0
phqwh fuhflhqwh gh qphurv hqwhurv srvlwlyrv1 Od vxfhvlq K& ' @?& vh glfh
txh hv xqd vxevxfhvlq gh od vxfhvlq E@? 1 Vl K& frqyhujh vx oplwh fxdqgr
& $ n4 vh oodpd oplwh vxevhfxhqfldo gh E@? 1

Sru hmhpsor/ odv vxfhvlrqhv E*&2/ E*2& | E*2&  vrq vxevxfhvlrqhv gh


od vxfhvlq E*?1 Hv iflo frpsuredu txh wdqwr od vxfhvlq dqwhulru frpr
odv wuhv vxevxfhvlrqhv phqflrqdgdv frqyhujhq kdfld fhur1 Hvwr hv flhuwr hq
jhqhudo1
Whruhpd 48 Vl xqd vxfhvlq frqyhujh d u wrgdv vxv vxevxfhvlrqhv frqyhu0
jhq wdpelq d u1
Hvwh uhvxowdgr vh sxhgh xvdu sdud suredu od glyhujhqfld gh xqd vxfhvlq1
Sdud hoor edvwd exvfdu xqd vxevxfhvlq glyhujhqwh r elhq grv vxevxfhvlrqhv
frqyhujhqwhv frq oplwh glvwlqwrv1 Sru hmhpsor od vxfhvlq f/ / f/ / 1 1 1 qr hv
frqyhujhqwh |d txh od vxevxfhvlq irupdgd sru orv wuplqrv lpsduhv frqyhujh
d f | od vxevxfhvlq irupdgd sru orv wuplqrv sduhv frqyhujh d 1
Sru rwud sduwh/ vl vh frqrfh od frqyhujhqfld gh xqd vxfhvlq hv srvleoh
ghwhuplqdu r hvwlpdu vx oplwh hvfrjlhqgr xqd vxevxfhvlq txh frqyhumd us0
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Od vxpd gh orv ? sulphurv wuplqrv gh od vxfhvlq @ c @2c    c @? c    vh sxhgh


rewhqhu uhfxuvlydphqwh phgldqwh ho dojrulwpr
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Sdud gdu vhqwlgr d od vxpd gh wrgrv orv wuplqrv ghehprv frpelqdu ho


dojrulwpr dqwhulru frq xq surfhvr gh oplwh1
Ghqlflq 49 Vhd @ c @2c    c @? c    xqd vxfhvlq qxpulfd1 Xqd h{suhvlq
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| vx olplwh hv 7 vh glfh txh od vhulh frqyhujh | txh vx vxpd hv 71 Hq hvwh
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sru or txh od vxfhvlq gh vxpdv sdufldohv rvflod dowhuqdwlydphqwh hqwuh orv


grv ydoruhv | f | sru frqvljxlhqwh glyhujh1
Sru owlpr/ sdud o ' od iupxod dqwhulru qr hv yolgd1 Hq hvwh fdvr/
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vlq | qr vxpdqgr wuplqr d wuplqr1 Sru hoor qr hv gh h{wuddu txh odv
vhulhv frqyhujhqwhv vh sxhghq vxpdu | pxowlsolfdu sru xqd frqvwdqwh sdud
rewhqhu qxhydv vhulhv frqyhujhqwhv1
Whruhpd 4; +Dojheud gh Vhulhv, Vhdq
frqyhujhqwhv | b xqd frqvwdqwh1 Hqwrqfhv/
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Do ljxdo txh sdud odv vhulhv jhrpwulfdv hv srvleoh rewhqhu od vxpd gh xqd
vhulh hq irupd vlpeolfd sdud dojxqdv fodvhv gh vhulhv shur hq jhqhudo uhvxowd
glflo r lpsrvleoh1 Od vlwxdflq hv vlplodu d od lqwhjudflq1 Xqd yh} frqrflgd
xqd h{suhvlq sdud od vxpd sdufldo ?0vlpd 7? od iupxod
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od yhuvlq glvfuhwd gh xqd lqwhjudo lqqlwd1 Gh od plvpd irupd txh hqfrqwudu


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hqfrqwudu xqd iupxod sdud od vxpd sdufldo ?0vlpd1 Hq hvwrv fdvrv vlhpsuh
hv srvleoh hvwlpdu od vxpd gh od vhulh rewhqlhqgr 7? sdud xq ? frqyhqlhqwh
xwlol}dqgr xq dojrulwpr gh vxpdflq1 Hvwd dsur{lpdflq do sureohpd gh
vxpdu xqd vhulh uhtxlhuh frqrfhu gh dqwhpdqr od frqyhujhqfld gh od vhulh |
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