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    Herni Rangan
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    There are several clinical methods to measure cardiac output both invasively and non-invasively, each with advantages and drawbacks. Cardiac output can vary significantly across a respiratory cycle due to changes in intra-thoracic pressure, so it is important to measure at evenly spaced points over a single cycle or average over multiple cycles. While invasive methods are accepted, there is evidence they are not accurate or effective for guiding therapy, so development of non-invasive measurement methods is increasingly important.

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    Measurement

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    There are several clinical methods to measure cardiac output both invasively and non-invasively, each with advantages and drawbacks. Cardiac output can vary significantly across a respiratory cycle due to changes in intra-thoracic pressure, so it is important to measure at evenly spaced points over a single cycle or average over multiple cycles. While invasive methods are accepted, there is evidence they are not accurate or effective for guiding therapy, so development of non-invasive measurement methods is increasingly important.

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    6 views1 page

    Measurement: Citation Needed Citation Needed

    Uploaded by

    Herni Rangan
    There are several clinical methods to measure cardiac output both invasively and non-invasively, each with advantages and drawbacks. Cardiac output can vary significantly across a respiratory cycle due to changes in intra-thoracic pressure, so it is important to measure at evenly spaced points over a single cycle or average over multiple cycles. While invasive methods are accepted, there is evidence they are not accurate or effective for guiding therapy, so development of non-invasive measurement methods is increasingly important.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Measurement

    There are a number of clinical methods to measure cardiac output, ranging from direct
    intracardiac catheterisation to non-invasive measurement of the arterial pulse. Each method has
    advantages and drawbacks. Relative comparison is limited by the absence of a widely accepted
    "gold standard" measurement. Cardiac output can also be affected significantly by the phase of
    respiration intra-thoracic pressure changes influence diastolic filling and therefore cardiac
    output. This is especially important during mechanical ventilation, in which cardiac output can
    vary by up to 50%[citation needed] across a single respiratory cycle. Cardiac output should therefore
    be measured at evenly spaced points over a single cycle or averaged over several cycles.[citation
    needed]

    Invasive methods are well accepted, but there is increasing evidence that these methods are
    neither accurate nor effective in guiding therapy. Consequently, the focus on development of
    non-invasive methods is growing.[2][3][4]

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