MYCOM Practical WCDMA Course PDF

Practical WCDMA
Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi
Agenda
Network Architecture
Basic WCDMA Concepts
Multiple Access Methods
WCDMA Characteristics
WCDMA Receiver
Design Concepts
Link Budget
Uplink
Downlink
CPICH
Physical and Logical Channels

Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
Agenda
Radio Resource Management
Power Control
Handover Types
Capacity
Admission Control
Monitoring and Optimization

Drive testing
Drive testing results and optimization cases
Network Architecture
System Architecture
Node-B Iub
MSC/VLR
GMSC
PSTN/ISDN
GGSN
IP networks
RNC
Node-B
(optional)
Iur
HLR
Node-B
RNC
Node-B
UTRAN
Iu
3G-SGSN
MS = Mobile Station (WCDMA)

Node-B = Base Station (WCDMA)
RNC = Radio Network Controller
SGSN = 3G Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN = Gateway GPRS Support Node
HLR = Home Location Register
MSC = Mobile Switching Centre
GMSC = Gateway MSC
UTRAN = UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
System Architecture
Due to high bit rate requirements WCDMA has a new air
interface modulation compared to other technologies.
UTRAN consists of Base Stations and Radio Network
Controllers (RNC), which controls the Node-Bs.
A base station in WCDMA is called for Node-B.
New functionality has been implemented to manage the
radio resources.
RNC is controlling the Node-Bs. It manages the resource
allocation and is responsible for mobility management.
Node-B is managing the radio links and power control.
System Architecture
New interface has been introduced between RNCs, Iur.
(3GPP TS 25.423)
Core network elements are evolved from GSM.
Subscriber management is based on SIM concept familiar
from GSM.
Security is based on GSM security principles and
mechanisms and enhanced further.
Basic WCDMA Concepts
Multiple Access Methods:

Frequency Division Multiple Access
One user uses one frequency
Time Division Multiple Access

One users channel belongs to him
under a fraction of time and on certain
frequency
FDMA
Power
T im
e
nc
TDMA
Power
Ti m
e
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access

Every user is using the same resource but Power
each user has a code that identifies its
information
ue
req
Tim
F re
e
qu
nc
E
D
CO
eq
Fr
n
ue
cy
WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access
Duplex schemes:
Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Time Division Duplex
(TDD)
Channel Spacing: 5MHz on 200kHz raster
Frequency band:
FDD:
UL:1920-1980 and DL: 2110-2170
TDD:
1900-1920 and 2010-2025
Available channels: 12 for FDD and 7 for TDD
User data rates: up to 2Mbit/s
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Modulation:
Data modulation: QPSK (Downlink); BPSK (Uplink)
Spreading modulation: QPSK
10

Frame length:
10ms
Inter-BS synchronization:
FDD:
Asynchronous
TDD:
Synchronous (GPS or common clock)
Soft Handover
Power versus Capacity
Capacity limited by interference rather than number of
channels
Fast power control
1500Hz power control. GSMs power control rate is 2Hz.
This in order to reduce the near-far effect.
Spread spectrum technique:
Information is transmitted at a bandwidth much wider than
the information rate
11

Users are separated by codes.
Signals from other users would be like noise (interference)
WCDMA is interference limited (GSM is frequency limited)
Why would spreading the signal be good?
For a given information rate, the wider the bandwidth for
transmitting the information, the lower the required signal to
noise ratio would be.
This means that the wider the bandwidth is, the quality of the
channel can be lower.
This would also mean that the system is tolerant to
interference.
Information can be transmitted even if the quality is below noise
floor
12

Spreading the signal done in two phases:
Phase 1 by using spreading codes:
In uplink to separate users and control data
In downlink to separate common and dedicated channels in
one cell
Phase 2 by using scrambling codes

In downlink it identifies the cell
In uplink is identifies the user (call)
The radio planner allocates the scrambling codes for the

downlink part
The system allocates the spreading codes and the
scrambling codes in uplink
13

Spread Spectrum
A signal is spread in the spectrum by artificially
increasing the modulation rate (chip rate).
By this technique the wider the bandwidth used
for transmitting at a given information rate, the
lower the required signal to noise ratio.
This is the main advantage of spread spectrum
techniques.
The signal is later despread with the same
spreading signal to retrieve the original signal.
14

Spread Spectrum
A signal is spread in the spectrum by another
signal
GSM
200 KHz
270 Kbit
W-CDMA
X Code
3.84 Mcps
5 MHz
15

Spread Spectrum
Code
A narrow band signal is spread

with an orthogonal code.
NB
The signal is despread

with the same spreading code.
WB
Code
16

Processing gain/Spreading Factor
Chip Rate
)
Processing Gain (G) is defined as G = 10 log(
Service Rate
Processing
Gain
X Code (OVSF)
3.84 Mcps
5 MHz
17

Power Density (W/Hz)
Processing gain differ for different services

R
Voice user (12.2 kbps)
W
3.84 10 6
G=
) = 25dB
= 10 log(
3
R
12.2 10
Spread wideband signal
Power Density (W/Hz)
Packet Data user (384 kbps)
3.84 106
W
G=
= 10 log(
) = 10dB
3
384 10
R
Spread wideband signal

W
As can be seen the wider the signal, the lower the power
intensity is. This is why the processing gain is lower
18

Spreading Factor
Spreading factor for different rates are:
Higher bit rates = the lower processing gain
Lower bit rates = the higher processing gain
For 384kbps data rate, the spreading factor is 4

For 8kbps data rate, the spreading factor is 128
The higher the bit rate, the more power would be needed to
meet the quality requirements
As can be seen from the processing gain calculations, for a
high bit rate service, the power needs to be increased.
19
WCDMA Receiver
Rake Receiver:
Due to multi-path environment, the original transmitted
signal is reflected on obstacles such as buildings. This
makes the signal to take different path to a mobile
If multi-path signals could be combined together in a
constructive way, they can enhance the reception of the
signal.
Rake Receiver has several fingers which receive the
different multi-path signals with different delays
Each finger de-spreads the signal
After de-spreading the signals, they are combined.
For uplink purposes the fingers are used for macro-diversity.
This is done for soft handover.
The output of one finger is not combined and is used for
scanning the monitor sets. This finger is known as the
Search Finger.
20
WCDMA Receiver
Mobiles usually have four fingers. Three for active sets and
one for scanning the monitor sets.
Node-Bs could have more fingers. Some manufacturers
implement 6 fingers in the Node-Bs.
21
Design Concepts
22
Design Concepts:
RF design;
Basically there is no difference between 2G and 3G in terms
of RF design methodology.
Important to understand that in WCDMA each new site is
effectively a new interferer.
Important to pay attention how to control the propagation of
the sites.
Common shared resource in WCDMA is power. Therefore
coverage is important.
Trade off planning = coverage versus capacity
Trade off planning means that if you give too much
coverage you take away capacity as you have to use more
power
23
Design Concepts:
GSM
Radio channels are isolated
from each other.
The power broadcast on
one channel will not affect
the power required to
broadcast others.
The level transmitted by a
channel is not so important
and can be considered to be
constant.
WCDMA
Radio channels will interfere
with each other.
The more power broadcast
on one channel the more
noise. The more noise, the
more power is required to
overcome that noise.
The level transmitted on a
channel is critical. Too little
transmission results in
signals not being received,
too much transmission
results in excessive noise
on other channels.
24
Design Concepts:
GSM
A worst case broadcast can
be considered and one can
be confident that all other
broadcasts will work (BCCH
at max all the time).
The power level broadcast
on the control channel is
constant and isolated from
other signals.
WCDMA
One must consider all
broadcasting channels
together since each channel
will affect each other.
The power level broadcast

depends on the number of
channels being broadcast.
Each channel needs a
certain amount of power to
transmit and a certain
amount more to cope with
the noise from other
channels.
25
Design Concepts:
GSM
Radio reception is
considered in terms of the
absolute signal level
received.
WCDMA
Radio reception is
considered in terms of the
received signal level against
noise or interference.
The design need only to

ensure that the level
received from a channel is
above an acceptable
minimum level.
The design must ensure

that all data channels are
received at an exact signal
to noise level, no more and
no less.
An engineer needs to plan

the frequencies
An engineer needs to plan

the scrambling codes
26
Design Concepts:
GSM
Coverage does not vary
with the number of channels
being used nor on the
location of the users of
those channels. Service
therefore does not vary with
the traffic.
A mobile will only connect to
one cell at one time. There
is no benefit from combining
the signal from several
connections.
WCDMA
Service levels depend on
the number of channels
present and the locations of
users of those channels.
Service therefore depends
heavily on the traffic load.
A mobile can connect to

several cells at the same
time. The signal paths are
combined to improve. This
results in lower power to
make the connections,
hence less noise.
27
Design Concepts:
Reuse of legacy sites (co-location)
Advantage: cheap
Disadvantage: Inflexible design. Same mistakes
as in the existing network can occur.
Enough space must be available on pylons and
floor
Availability of extra Power supply and E1
Some high capacity design might not be possible
(e.g. 6-sector design on a 3-sector GSM network).
28
Antenna Installations
X-polar
UMTS
antenna
DCS
1800
BTS
UMTS
Node-B
Independent feeders /
independent antennas
X-polar
Dual Band
antenna
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
Duplexer
DCS
1800
UMTS
DCS
1800
UMTS
BTS
Node-B
Shared feeders /
Independent antennas
BTS
Node-B
Shared feeders /
Shared antenna
29
Design Concepts:
Typical cell sizes
There is no difference from RF point of view
In WCDMA the effective service area for a certain
service shrinks when the load increases (the so
called cell breathing). This happens for the shared
channels.
For common channels, there is no impact on the
cell size.
Cell type
Typical cell radius
Macro cells
1km to 30km
Small macro cells
0.5km to 4km
Micro cells
Up to 1km
Pico cells
Up to 400m
30
Design Concepts:
In GSM the desired signal must be strong enough to
override interference.
In WCDMA all the cells are transmitting on the same
frequency band. The figure of quality is Eb/No and Ec/Io .
Ec/Io is the case when other interferer are also taken into
consideration. This is indicated by the letter I.
Right at sector, Ec/Io is ratio of pilot power to total power
radiated from that sector.
Elsewhere, Ec/Io is ratio of power of particular pilot to total
power received from all sources.
e.g. if two sectors have Ec/Io of -5dB, the measured Ec/Io of
either of them at the equal Ec/Io boundary will be -8dB.
31
Design Concepts:
Cell Breathing
The more load in the system, the more
interference will be generated in the system.
This will have the effect that the receiver noise
floor is higher in a loaded system compared to an
unloaded system.
Each service requires a certain Ec/Io
In order to keep the Ec/Io requirement the best
service area for each cell will be smaller as to this
noise raise when the system carries more traffic.
32
Design Concepts:
Different services have different cell sizes
Different data rates, have different Ec/Io
requirements.
This means that for a given output power the cell
sizes are different for different data rates
The higher data rate the smaller the cell size is.
33
Design Concepts:
Aim is to contain each sector to its intended
coverage area
Poor coverage control leads to:
Access Failures
Slow Handoff dropped calls
Reduced capacity
Key metric is Ec/Io (not absolute level)
34
Design Concepts:
Power is the common resource in WCDMA.
Control channels and traffic channels share the same
resource i.e. power.
If more power is used for control channels, the portion for
traffic channels is reduced. Thus capacity is reduced.
The coverage for control channels must be higher than
traffic channels so that mobiles can decode neighbouring
cells before entering a soft handover zone.
The broadcast channel containing the cell information has to
be decoded before the mobiles enters the coverage area of
the cell.
This is why it is important to distribute the power in a correct
way between the common channels.
35
Design Concepts:
Common channels that need to share the power are:
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel carrying the
Paging Channel
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel carrying the
Forward Access Channel
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Typically the CPICH power is defined and the other
channels powers are set relative to CPICH power
36
Design Concepts:
Rule of thumb:
CPICH power 5%-10% of the total power
Usually 30dBm 33dBm
Transmitted Channel
Power Setting
P-CPICH
33dBm
PCCPCH
-5dB
SCCPCH-1
0dB
SCCPCH-2
0dB
P-SCH
-3dB
S-SCH
-3dB
PICH
-8dB
AICH
-8dB
37
Design Concepts:
It is important to consider the percentage of
maximum power of base station used for SCH
SCH consists of
Primary SCH (P-SCH) used to find slot
synchronization
Secondary SCH (S-SCH) used to find scrambling
code and frame synchronization
38
Design Concepts:
Scrambling code
Scrambling code planning in WCDMA is similar to
frequency planning for BCCH in GSM.
Each cell has its own scrambling code.
Total 512 scrambling codes are available.
These are in 64 groups (each group containing 8
codes)
Group
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
63
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
Code
Group 1
39
Design Concepts:
Scrambling code need to be selected in optimum
way because:
It has a great impact to the cell search algorithm
The call setup/HO performance depends on the
reliability of the search procedure in the cell
search setups
There must be large enough separation between
two cells using the same scrambling code.
A recommended minimum reuse distance of 64
can be used.
40
Design Concepts:
Scrambling code planning is independent for
each carrier layer.
The same codes could be used for two carriers.
Cell search time increases when the number of
neighbours is high e.g. in Urban area where a lot
of sites exist.
This means that the size of the number of
neighbours sets should be large enough to
include all useful candidates but as small as
possible to maintain fast synchronization
process.
41
Link Budget
42
Link Budget:
Link budget is needed for path loss and cell
range calculations before planning
There are a few WCDMA specific parameters:
Processing Gain
Load Margin (interference)
Power Control headroom
Soft Handover Gain
It is a must to consider both of the links when
balancing the uplink and downlink service areas.
43
Uplink Link Budget
Mobiles with data capability might have a higher output power (3GPP TS 25.101)
44
Link Budget:
Required Eb/No means that for some quality target
(BLER) a certain average bit-energy over total
noise+interference spectral density (Eb/No) is
required.
The value depends on the service and the MS
speed for which the link budget is to be
calculated.
45
Link Budget:
The reason why Eb/No requirement is lower for higher bit
rates is:
DPDCH and DPCCH are sent together.
DPCCH includes the overhead information bits.
When sending data, the DPDCH will require higher power.
The amount of overhead information does not increase
proportionally with information bit rate.
As DPDCH will have higher power when sending with
higher bit rates, DPCCH will enjoy higher power as well.
Therefore lower quality requirement will be put on DPCCH
channel.
Thus lower Eb/No for higher data rates.
46
Downlink Link Budget
47
CPICH Link Budget
48
Physical, Logical and Transport Channels
49
Logical Channels:
3GPP TS 25.211
50
Logical Channels
BCH Broadcast Channel
Carries system and cell-specific information; always
transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate
PCH Paging Channel
For messages to the mobiles in the paging area
FACH Forward Access Channel
Carries control information from base station to mobile in
one cell when the system knows the location cell of the
mobile
May also carry short user packets
May be transmitted over whole cell or over a portion using
lobe-forming antennas
51
Logical Channels
RACH Random Access Channel
Uplink channel used to carry control information from the
mobile station
May also carry short user packets
Always received from the entire cell
CPCH Common Packet Channel
Carries small and medium-sized packets
A contention-based, random access channel used for
transmission of bursty data traffic
Associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which
provides power control for the uplink CPCH
52
Logical Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink channel used to carry user or
control information between the network and the
UE
Corresponds to three channels:
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
SDCCH Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
ACCH Associated Control Channel
Transmitted over the whole cell or only a part

using lobe-forming antennas
May have fast rate changes (even every 10 ms),
and fast power control
53
Transport Channels:
Logical channels are mapped onto transport channels
54
Physical Channels:
55
Physical Channels
DPCH - Dedicated Physical Channel
A downlink or uplink dedicated physical channel used to
carry user or control information to User Equipment (UE)
over an entire or cell or part of the cell that uses
beamforming antennas
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
A common uplink physical channel used to carry control
information or short user packets from the UE
PCPCH - Physical Common Packet Channel
A common uplink physical channel used to carry short and
medium-sized user packets. Its always associated with a
downlink channel for power control
56
Physical Channels
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel that carries a
predefined bit/symbol sequence
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel
A fixed-rate downlink channel used to broadcast system and
cell-specific information
The P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of
each slot (I.e., it maintains a 90% duty cycle)
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
A downlink physical channel used to carry the FACH and
PCH transport channel
57
Physical Channels
SCH Synchronization Channel
A downlink signal used for cell search. The SCH
consists of two subchannels, the primary and
secondary SCH, which are transmitted during the
P-CCPCH idle period
PDSCH
A downlink channel used to carry the DSCH
transport channel
AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to
carry access preamble acquisition indicators for
the random access procedure
58
Physical Channels
AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry access
preamble acquisition indicators of CPCH
PICH Paging Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry the
paging indicators which disclose the presence of a page
message on the PCH
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink channel used to carry CPCH status
information
A CSICH is always associated with a physical channel used
for transmission of CPCH AP-AICH, and uses the same
channelization and scrambling codes
59
Physical Channels
CD/CA-ICH Collision-detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator
Channel
A fixed-rate common downlink physical channel used to
carry CD indicator only if the CA is not active, or a CD/CA
indicator at the same time if the CA is active
CDM Continuous Code Division Multiplex Pilot Channel
Similar to the cdma2000 pilot
Two types of pilot channels are defined:
Primary CPICH (P-CPICH)
Transmitted over the entire cell
Used as phase reference for SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH, PICH,
and default reference for all other downlink physical channels
Secondary CPICH (S-CPICH)

Can be transmitted over part of the cell, not entire cell. May be
used as reference for the S-CCPCH and downlink DPCH, or in
beamforming antenna schemes
60
Radio Resource Management
61
Power Control
62
Power Control
Power control is very important in WCDMA as
users are interferer to each other.
User 2
Channel #i
Channel #i
User 1
63
Power Control
The aim is to control the transmitted power from the
mobiles so that interference is minimized
Two different types of power control procedures for UL:
Open Loop; at call setup
Closed Loop; during the connection
Open Loop power control (UL):
The mobile (UE) estimates the access power level by
sending a preamble message at an estimated power level. If
the Node-B does not respond to the mobile, the mobile
waits a certain period of time and retransmits at a higher
power level. The mobile continues doing so until it receives
a response from the Node-B.
64
Power Control
Closed Loop power control (UL):
When the connection is established, the power is controlled
by the closed loop power control procedure.
The RNC sets the target BLER level for the service. From
this BLER, it derives a SIR target and sends it to Node-B.
The Node-B estimates an UL SIR level and decides if the
power of the mobile has to be increased or decreased (this
part is called for Inner Loop).
This power control is done 1500 times/second to achieve a
minimum output power.
The RNC calculates the SIR target once every 10ms (or
more) and adjusts the SIR target (this part is also called
Outer Loop).
DL power control is controlled by the mobile by sending
messages to the Node-B (the RNC determining the target
BLER and sending it to the mobile).
65
Power Control:
Open Loop
At call setup
Outer Loop
Quality target
RNC
Inner Loop
During a connection
66
Handover Types
67
Soft Handover (within WCDMA network)

Mobile is connected to two cells or more cells
from different Node-Bs.
RNC
68
Softer Handover (within WCDMA network)

Mobile is connected to two cells from the same
Node-B.
RNC
69
Hard Handover (within WCDMA network)

Mobile makes a handover to another frequency.
It is used usually when there is no network
support of macro diversity (soft handover).
It can also be used to change the mode between
FDD and TDD.
RNC
70
Inter-Radio Access Technology Handover (with

other networks)
Handover from WCDMA to another radio system
access system such as GSM.
GSM
WCDMA
71
Capacity
72
Capacity in WCDMA
Capacity is tuned mainly by power
Capacity is constrained by the number of active users in a
cell and the power allocation strategies.
PBTS =
Pi
Pi is the power given to user I at a certain time

PBTS is the maximum available power of the Node-B
How to reduce congestion?

Could reduce power allocation to all users = power limiting
bad for quality for many users
not recommended
Better approach: block at certain power threshold (before

power limiting)
73
Capacity in WCDMA
Capacity is controlled by mainly three different
features:
Admission Control which decides whether a
connection should be allowed or not.
Load Control which takes action when load is
increased so that the interference is minimized
Packet Scheduling which controls the handling of
the non-real time traffic so that the most optimized
way of transferring packets is chosen.
74
Capacity enhancement
6 sectored sites
More carriers than in 3 sectored site
Capacity gain is around 80% capacity (not 100%
as inter-sector interference has a negative impact)
Additional Carriers
Doubling the amount of carriers with power
splitting gives around 60% increased capacity
Increasing power
More power means more capacity as well
Other none-implemented features
75
Admission Control
76
Admission Control
Admission Control is a feature that decides whether a
request to establish a Radio Resource Connection (RRC) or
Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the Radio Access
Network (RAN) or not.
It controls the load in the system.
Admission Control is used to maintain stability and the
traffic capacity of RAN.
The Admission Control algorithm is executed when radio
access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified.
It takes all kind of handovers into account when calculating
the impact.
Both uplink and downlink is estimated separately.
The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not
admitted if the predicted load exceeds a certain thresholds
either in uplink or in downlink.
77
Admission Control
The traffic can be divided into two groups
Real Time (RT) or non-controllable
Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
Some portions of capacity must be reserved for the real
time traffic for mobility purposes all the time.
The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the
time.
Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT, one
must take into account the interference coming from
surrounding traffic.
This gives that traffic is divided between controllable and
non-controllable traffic.
78
Admission Control
Non-controllable traffic:
Real time traffic user
Other-cell users
Noise
Other NRT users which operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic:
NRT users
When is an RAB accepted?
An RAB is accepted if the estimated non-controllable uplink
and downlink load, measured in total received interference
power and transmitted carrier power, is kept below the
planned load target and the total load below the overload
threshold.
79
Monitoring and Optimization
80
Monitoring an WCDMA network

Drive testing
On street level signal strength and quality
Operational measurements from OMC
Per-sector attempts, blocks, failures, dropped
calls etc.
Performance Data from Node-Bs
Transmit/receive power
Usage and handoff statistics
Carrier Equipment usage
Diagnostic Logs from RNC and Node-Bs
Use on as needed basis
81
Monitoring an WCDMA network

Pre-Commercial; Initial Tuning
Drive Test based methods
Post Commercial; Optimization
Performance Monitoring (identify problem areas):
Dropped calls,
Access failures,
Node-B Performance Data (poor capacity, high handoff)
Congestion
Root Cause Analysis (identify solutions):

RNC Diagnostic Log analysis
Drive Test
Node-B Diagnostic Log analysis
82
Tools
Planning
Atoll, NetAct or Planet or etc
Drive test data collection
TOM or TEMS
Dedicated phones (usually 2)
Scanners
Post processing tools
NIMS PrOptima
ACTIX
Performance monitoring tools
NIMS PrOptima
NetAct
83
Drive Testing
WCDMA specific measures to look for:
RSCP for CPICH channel (RSCP = Received Signal Code Power)
Ec/Io
Scrambling code
Number of Active Sets
Number of Monitor Sets
BLER
Signal to Interference ratio (SIR) level
Tx power from the mobile (UE)
84
Initial tuning phase

Perform a full network/cluster drive test in an unloaded
network (RSCP and Ec/No)
Perform dropped call and access failure analysis.
Perform the RF coverage analysis
Optimize pilot pollution by
Tilting the antennas
Azimuth changes
Change of antennas
Power parameter changes
Tune the neighbour lists
85
Initial tuning phase

Collect both continuous calls and short calls to
get network statistics
86
Reporting examples:
Scanner RSCP sample distribution.
RSCP = Received Signal Code Power = signal strength
87
Reporting examples :
Scanner Ec/No sample distribution.
88
Scanner RSCP versus Ec/No sample distribution:
89
Problem area definition based on signal strength:
SC17-06
SC17-05
SC17-01
SC17-03
SC17-07
SC17-02
SC17-08
SC17-04
SC17-09
90
Problem area definition based on quality:
SC17-06
SC17-05
SC17-01
SC17-03
SC17-07
SC17-02
SC17-08
SC17-04
SC17-09
91
Drive test statistics:
92
93
94
Drive Testing Results and Optimisation

Cases
95
Problem from live network: Overshooting

No antenna optimization possible due to co-location with
GSM. Overshooting and dragging the call. Dropped due
to bad Ec/No
96
Problem from live network: Network problem /

Synchronization problem
Measurement Report being sent many times but no
response from network. Dropped due to bad Ec/No.
97
Problem from live network: UE Problem.

Good RSCP and Ec/Io. UE suddenly dropped the call and
went into Idle Mode. After going into idle mode, Master
Information Block was showing the PLMN was from
another network.
98
Problem from live network: IMSI Detach from the network.

Good RSCP and Ec/Io. Sudden IMSI DETACH
INDICATION by the network and RRC Connection
Release Complete.
99
Problem from live network: Missing neighbours 1/2
No external neighbours defined.
5
6
100
Problem from live network: Missing neighbours 2/2
101
Optimization experiences
Influence network with RF Design and
subsequent antenna changes
Parameter changes are mainly to suit needs of
network
Unlike GSM, parameters are rarely used to
influence system
everything is co-channel therefore, if signal is present,
cannot choose whether to use it or not
Optimizing power allocation to the various

channels is crucial
Pilot Pollution elimination is of great essential
Terminal problems
102
Optimization scenario in NIMS PrOptima
103
Optimization Process
104

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Practical WCDMA

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Physical and Logical Channels

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Monitoring and Optimization

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

MS = Mobile Station (WCDMA)

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Basic WCDMA Concepts

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Multiple Access Methods:

Time Division Multiple Access

Code Division Multiple Access

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Phase 2 by using scrambling codes

The radio planner allocates the scrambling codes for the

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

A narrow band signal is spread

The signal is despread

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

Processing gain differ for different services

Voice user (12.2 kbps)

Spread wideband signal

Power Density (W/Hz)

Packet Data user (384 kbps)

Spread wideband signal

WCDMA Basic Characteristics:

For 384kbps data rate, the spreading factor is 4

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

The power level broadcast

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

The design need only to

The design must ensure

An engineer needs to plan

An engineer needs to plan

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

A mobile can connect to

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Small macro cells

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi

Mycom Academy - Confidential - Ferri Tafreshi