FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION

Pressure
Vessels

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION
Fabrication is the preparation of piping assy
,including cutting, threading , grooving, forming,
bending, and joining of components into
subassemblies. Fabricating maybe performed in the
shop or in the field.

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION
Assembly : is the joining together of two
or more piping components by bolting,
welding, bonding, screwing, brazing,
soldering, cementing, or use of packing
devices as specified by the engineering
design.

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION
Erection : is the complete installation of piping system in the

location, and on the support designated by the engineering design,

including, any field assembly fabrication, examination, inspection,
and testing, of the system are required by the Code.

328 WELDING
Welding shall conform to para. 328.1 through 328.6
in accordance with applicable requirements of para.
311.2.

328.1 Welding Responsibility

Each employer is responsible for the welding done
by the personnel of his organization and, except as
provided in para. 328.2.2 and 328.2.3, shall conduct
the tests required to qualify welding procedures, and
to qualify and as necessary re qualify welders and
welding operators.

GENERAL:

Para; 328, 330, 331, 332 and 333

apply for fabrication, assembly &
erection of metallic piping & component
328 ---- WELDING
330 ---- PREHEAT
331 ---- HT
333 ---- BRAZING / SOLDERING

Requirements for assembly or

erection are the same as fabrication

WELDING RESPONSIBILITY
Employer responsible for the welding done by
his employee and shall conduct of;

Qualification of Welding Procedures WPS

Qualification/Re-qualification of Welder and
Welding Operator
Exception provided in Para 328.2.2 and
328.2.3 (WPS & WELDER TEST BY OTHERS )

Welder test

WPS

WPS

Qualification Requirements

Qualification of WPS & Welder/Welding Operator

refer ASME IX, except as modified herein
When base metal not withstand 180deg guided
bend test as ASME IX,a qualifying welded
specimen is required to undergo the same degree
of bending as the base metal, within 5 deg.
Preheating refer to Para 330
Heat Treatment refer to Para 331
When impact testing is required, then the above
requirements shall be meet in WPS.
When consumables inserts, integrally machines
equivalent, backing ring are used, it shall
demonstrated in qualification
Materials are grouping to assigned P-number/
S-number to reduce number of PQRs

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION
330 PREHEATING
330.1 General
Preheating is used, along with heat
treatment, to minimize the detrimental
effects of high temperature and severe
thermal gradients inherent in welding.
The necessity for preheating and the
temperature to be used shall be specified
in the engineering design and
demonstrated by procedure qualification.
The requirements and recommendations
herein apply to all types of welding
including tack welds, repair welds, and
seal welds of threaded joints.

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION

330.1.1 Requirements and Recommendations.

Required and recommended minimum preheat
temperatures for materials of various P-Numbers are
given in Table 330.1.1. If the ambient temperature is
below 0C (32"F), the recommendations in Table
330.1.1 become requirements. The thickness
intended in Table 330.1.1 is that of the thicker
component measured at the joint.

FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND

ERECTION

Qualification by Others
Para 328.2.2
Subject to specific approval of the
Inspector, WPS qualified by others may be used

provided that:
Inspector shall be satisfied that proposed WPS
prepared, qualified & executed by expert in
welding and no change made in WPS.
Materials are P-1, P-3, P-4 Gr. No.1 (1 Cr
max), P-8 and impact test not required
Base metal to be joined = same P-number ,
except P-1, P-3 and P-4 Gp-1 may be welded
each other
If thickness 19mm, PWHT shall not be required

 Designed pressure

ASME B16.5 PN 50 class

300 rating for material the material at design
temperature
Design temperature = -29 to 399 deg. Celsius
inclusive
Welding process = SMAW or GTAW or
combination
Electrode for SMAW see table 328.2.2 (g)
By signature, employer accept responsibility for
both WPS & PQR
At least 1 welder/operator active has passed
qualification test using the procedure and Pnumber shown in WPS. He shall be qualified
using bend test as ASME IX, QW-302.
Qualification by radiography is not acceptable

Qualification Records
Employer shall maintain

a self-certified
record, available to owner & Inspector
It showing the date and result of PQR and
Welder Qualification
Identification symbol assigned to each
welder and welding operator

WELDER BADGE

Performance Qualification by
Others (Para 328.2.3)
Subject

to specifically approved by inspector ;

employer may accept a PQT made for another
employer
Acceptance is limited to qualification on piping
using same or equivalent WPS where the
essential variables are within the limit as ASME
IX
A copy of PQT record shall be obtained by
employer

Filler Metal
Filler metal shall conform to ASME IX

requirements

Filler metal

not yet incorporated in ASME,

may be used subject to Owners approval and
qualification test successfully made

Weld Backing Material

When backing are used, they shall conform to;
Ferrous metal backing rings shall be of
weldable quality with sulfur 0.05%
If two abutting surface welded to third member
& 1 or 2 of three are ferritic and the other
austenitic, it shall be demonstrated by WPQR
as Para 328.2
Backing rings may be continuous machined or
split band
Nonferrous & Nonmetallic backing ring may
be used subject Designers approval and
demonstrated by WPQR as Para 328.2

Backing

rings may be continuous machined or split band

Consumables Insert
Consumable insert may be used provided;

Nominal composition are same as the filler metal

Not cause detrimental alloying of the weld metal
Welding procedure using them are qualified as Para 328.2

Cleaning
Internal and external surfaces to be thermally
cut or welded shall be clean and free from;
Paint
Oil
Rust
Scale
Other material would be detrimental to the base

metal or weld

END PREPARATION
General
End

preparation is acceptable only if the

surface is reasonably smooth & true, and slag
is clean

Discoloration

remaining on thermally cutting

is not considered detrimental oxidation

End

preparation for groove welds as ASME

B16.25, or any other which meet WPS is
acceptable

End preparation is acceptable only if the

surface is reasonably smooth & true, and slag
is clean

Circumferential welds
Trimming to correct internal misalignment shall not
reduce min. wall thickness, tm
Component end may be bore to allow for a completely
recessed backing ring, provided not reduce min,wall
thickness
To improve alignment, pipe end may be sized end if
wall thickness are maintained
Weld metal may be deposited to permit alignment or
provide for machining to ensure satisfactory seating
rings or inserts

 When a girth/miter groove weld joints

component of unequal thickness and

one >1.5 thickness of the other, end
preparation and geometry shall be in
accordance with acceptable design in
ASME B16.25

Alignment
Circumferential Welds
Alignment of inside surface of component
shall be within Dimensional limit in WPS
& Engineering design
If

external surface not aligned, it shall be

tapered

Longitudinal Welds
Alignment of Longitudinal welds shall
be conform to the requirements of
Para 328.4.3 (a)

Branch Connection Welds

Branch Connections which abut the outside surface of
the run pipe shall be contoured for groove weld as
WPS requirements
Branch connections inserted through a run opening
shall be inserted inside surface of the run pipe at all
points
Run openings for branch connections shall not deviate
from the required contour > dimension m, see
fig.328.4.4
Root opening shall be within WPS tolerance.

pWPS

Welding Requirements
Welds include

addition weld shall be made in

accordance with WPS & qualified welder
Welder/operator shall be assigned with
identification symbol & marked on the joint or
records file
Tack welds at the root joint shall be made by
qualified welder and with filler metal
equivalent to be used for root
Bridges tacks shall be removed
Peening is prohibited on the root & cap

Stamp of welder

Tackweld by qualified welder

No welding shall be done if there is

impingement on the weld area of;
Rain
Snow
Sleet
Excessive

Wind
Weld area is frosted or wet

Welding End Valves

Welding

sequences, procedure, Heat

Treatment for a welding end valve
shall be such as to preserve (jaga)
the seat tightness of valve

Fillet and Socket Welds

Fillet welds may vary from convex to concave

The size of fillet welds refer Fig.328.5.2A

Slip on & Socket welding refer to Fig. 328.5.2B

Other socket welding component refer to

Fig.328.5.2C and MSS SP-119

Single welded for slip on flange shall be at the hub

FILLET WELD CONTOUR

Seal Welds
Seal

welding shall be done by a

qualified welder

Seal

welds shall cover all exposed

threads

Welded Branch Connection

Typical acceptable detail branch

connections see Fig. 328.5.4A 328.5.4E

Fig. 328.5.4D for basic types of weld

attachments used in fabrication of branch
connections

Size of welds shall be calculated in

accordance with Para 304.3.3 but not
less than size in Fig.328.5.4D

Nomenclature & symbols in

Fig.328.5.4D

Branch connections/fittings which abut

the outside of the run or insert in an
opening run shall be attached by
fully penetrated groove welds

Welds shall be finished with cover fillet

welds having a throat dimension not
less than tc, Fig.328.5.4D
sketch 1 & 2

Attaching reinforcing pad/saddle

to branch pipe
Full

penetrated groove weld &

finished with cover fillet throat
dimension tc

Fillet

welds having a throat

dimension 0.7tc. See Fig.
328.5.4D sketch (5)

 Outer

edge of reinforcing pad/saddle

shall be attached to the run pipe by
fillet welds having throat dimension
0.5Tr.
Fig. 328.5.4D sketch 3,4 and 5

vent hole shall be provided at the

side of any pad or saddle to reveal
leakage in the weld during welding &
heat treatment.

pad/saddle may be made in more

than one piece & each piece has a
vent hole, the strength of joint shall
be equivalent to based metal

Examination & repairs of welds

between branch and run shall be
made before attaching a
pad/saddle

Fabricated Laps
Typical fabricated laps shown Fig. 328.5.5

Welding for Severe Cyclic

WPS shall be employed which
provides a smooth, regular, fully
penetrated inner surface

WHY?

Weld Repair

Weld defect shall be removed to sound

metal

Use a Qualified WPS

Repair shall be made by Qualified welder

Preheating & PWHT shall be as original

welding

WPS REPAIR ASME IX

QW-202.3 Weld Repair and Buildup.
WPS qualified on groove welds shall be applicable for weld repairs
to groove and fillet welds and for weld buildup under the
following provisions:
(a) There is no limitation on the thickness of base metal
or deposited weld metal for fillet welds.
(b) For other than fillet welds, the thickness range for
base metal and deposited weld metal for each welding
process shall be in accordance with QW-451, except there
need be no upper limit on the base metal thickness provided
qualification was made on base metal having a thickness
of 112 in. (38 mm) or more.

HEAT
TREATMENT

HEAT TREAT
IN PIPING
ASME B31.3
IS PWHT

Preheat
Purpose of preheat.??
To minimize detrimental effects of
high temperature and severe thermal
gradients inherent in welding

HYDROGEN CRACKING

Where Preheat apply ?

All

joint welds

Tack

welds

Repair
Seal

Welds

welds of threaded joints

Preheat Requirements & Recommendations

See

Table 330.1.1 for recommended minimum

temperature

If

the ambient temp. < 0 0 Celsius, the

recommendations in Table 330.1.1 become
requirements.

Governed

thickness = thicker component

measure at the joint

Preheat for unlisted material

Preheat for unlisted material shall be
specified in WPS

Temperature Verification
Temperature shall be checked by use of;
Tempil Stick

Thermocouple pyrometers

Other suitable equipments

Thermocouples,
may be temporarily attached directly to
pressure containing parts using capacitor
discharge method of welding without
WPS qualification
After removal,
the area shall visually examined for
evidence of defects to be repaired

Preheat Zone
Preheat Zone
1"

1"

Preheat Dissimilar materials

When two dissimilar welded
together.
It is recommended to use higher
temperature shown in Table 330.1.1

Interrupted Welding
If the welding is interrupted,
Cooling rate shall be control or
other means shall be used to
prevent detrimental effects in
piping
Preheat shall be applied before
welding resume

Heat Treatment
Heat treatment shall be in accordance with
the material groupings & thickness in table
331.1.1

PWHT Governing Thickness

Use

thicker component at the joint

Reinforcement

pad/saddle shall not

be consider in determining
requirements.

PWHT

is required, when, weld

through thickness > min. thick PWHT

PWHT not required for:

Heating Method
Furnace
Local

Flame Heating
Electric Resistance
Induction Heating
Exothermic Chemical Reaction
It shall be able to control and provide
uniformity

Cooling Method
Cooling in Furnace
In air
Local insulation
Other suitable means

Temperature verification
similar to
Preheat requirements

Hardness Test
Hardness test are intended to
verify satisfactory PWHT;
Batch Furnace min. 10% of welds
Local PWHT 100% tested
Dissimilar metal each metal shall
be met max. hardness table 331.1.1
requirements

Alternative Heat Treatment

Normalizing
Normalizing

& Tempering

Annealing

May be applied in lieu of heat treatment

after welding, bending or forming,
provided mechanical properties meet
requirements & approved by designer

Dissimilar Materials
PWHT welded joints between dissimilar

ferritic metals or between ferritic metal

using dissimilar ferritic metal shall be at
the higher temperature ranges in table
331.1.1
PWHT welded joints incld both ferritic &
austenitic components & filler metals
shall be as required for the ferritic materials

Partial Heat Treatment

When

an entire piping assembly cant

fitted into furnace?

It

is permissible to heat treated

in more than 1 heat overlap at
least 300mm & outside the furnace
protected/insulated.

Any Question.???