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RhizariaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Rhizaria
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheRhizariaareaspeciesrichsupergroupofmostlyunicellular[1]
eukaryotes.[2]Amulticellularformhasalsobeendescribed.[3]This
supergroupwasproposedbyCavalierSmithin2002.Beingdescribed
mainlyfromrDNAsequences,theyvaryconsiderablyinform,having
noclearmorphologicaldistinctivecharacters(synapomorphies),butfor
themostparttheyareamoeboidswithfilose,reticulose,or
microtubulesupportedpseudopods.Manyproduceshellsorskeletons,
whichmaybequitecomplexinstructure,andthesemakeupthevast
majorityofprotozoanfossils.Nearlyallhavemitochondriawith
tubularcristae.

Contents

Rhizaria
Temporalrange:Neoproterozoic
Recent

LiveAmmoniatepida

Scientificclassification
1
2
3
4

Groups
Evolutionaryrelationships
References
Externallinks

Groups

Domain:

Eukaryota

Kingdom:

Protista

(unranked): SAR
(unranked): Rhizaria
CavalierSmith,2002

Phyla

TherearethreemaingroupsofRhizaria:[4]
CercozoaVariousamoebaeandflagellates,usuallywithfilose
pseudopodsandcommoninsoil
ForaminiferaAmoeboidswithreticulosepseudopods,common
asmarinebenthos
RadiolariaAmoeboidswithaxopods,commonasmarine
plankton

Cercozoa
Retaria
Foraminifera
Radiolaria

AfewothergroupsmaybeincludedintheCercozoa,butonsometrees
appearclosertotheForaminifera.ThesearethePhytomyxeaandAscetosporea,parasitesofplantsand
animalsrespectively,andthepeculiaramoebaGromia.ThedifferentgroupsofRhizariaareconsidered
closerelativesbasedmainlyongeneticsimilarities,andhavebeenregardedasanextensionofthe
Cercozoa.ThenameRhizariafortheexpandedgroupwasintroducedbyCavalierSmithin2002,[5]who
alsoincludedthecentrohelidsandApusozoa.
AnotherorderthatappearstobelongtothistaxonistheMikrocytida.[6]Theseareparasitesofoysters.

Evolutionaryrelationships
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RhizariaarepartofthebikontcladealongwithArchaeplastida,Chromalveolata,Excavata,andsome
smaller,unresolvedgroupssuchasApusozoaandCentrohelida.Asbikonts,theyalldescendfroma
heterotrophiceukaryoteancestorwithtwoflagella.
Historically,manyrhizarianswereconsideredanimalsbecauseoftheirmotilityandheterotrophy.However,
whenasimpleanimalplantdichotomywassupersededbyarecognitionofadditionalkingdoms,
taxonomistsgenerallyplacedrhizariansinthekingdomProtista.Whenscientistsbeganexaminingthe
evolutionaryrelationshipsamongeukaryotesusingmoleculardata,itbecameclearthatthekingdom
Protistawasparaphyletic.RhizariaappeartoshareacommonancestorwithStramenopilesandAlveolates
formingpartoftheSAR(Stramenopiles+Alveolates+Rhizaria)superassemblage.[7]Rhizariahasbeen
supportedbymolecularphylogeneticstudiesasamonophyleticgroup.[8]

References
1.ChristopherTaylor(2004)."Rhizaria".
2.NikolaevSI,BerneyC,FahrniJF,etal.(May
2004)."ThetwilightofHeliozoaandriseof
Rhizaria,anemergingsupergroupofamoeboid
eukaryotes".Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.101
(21):806671.doi:10.1073/pnas.0308602101.
PMC419558.PMID15148395.
3.Brownetal.(2012)."AggregativeMulticellularity
EvolvedIndependentlyintheEukaryotic
SupergroupRhizaria".
4.MoreiraD,vonderHeydenS,BassD,Lpez
GarcaP,ChaoE,CavalierSmithT(July2007).
"Globaleukaryotephylogeny:Combinedsmalland
largesubunitribosomalDNAtreessupport
monophylyofRhizaria,RetariaandExcavata".
Mol.Phylogenet.Evol.44(1):25566.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.001.PMID17174576.
5.CavalierSmith,Thomas(2002)."Thephagotrophic
originofeukaryotesandphylogeneticclassification
ofProtozoa".InternationalJournalofSystematic
andEvolutionaryMicrobiology52(2):297354.
doi:10.1099/00207713522297.ISSN14665026.
PMID11931142.Retrieved20070608.
6.Hartikainen,HStentiford,GDBateman,KS

6.Hartikainen,HStentiford,GDBateman,KS
Berney,CFeist,SWLongshaw,MOkamura,B
Stone,DWard,GWood,CBass,D(2014).
"Mikrocytidsareabroadlydistributedand
divergentradiationofparasitesinaquatic
invertebrates".CurrBiol24(7):80712.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.033.
7.Burki,FShalchianTabrizi,KMinge,M
Skjaeveland,ANikolaev,SIJakobsen,KS
Pawlowski,J(2007).Butler,Geraldine,ed.
"PhylogenomicsReshufflestheEukaryotic
Supergroups".PLoSONE2(8):e790.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790.PMC1949142.
PMID17726520.Retrieved20080124.
8.Burki,FabienShalchianTabrizi,Kamran
Pawlowski,Jan(August23,2008)."Phylogenomics
revealsanewmegagroupincludingmost
photosyntheticeukaryotes".BiologyLetters4(4):
3669.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224.PMC2610160.
PMID18522922.Retrieved15January2015.

Externallinks
MolecularPhylogenyofAmoeboidProtistsTreeofRhizaria(http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologi
e/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Rizharia.html)
TreeofLifeEukaryotes(http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizaria&oldid=718128843"
Categories: Rhizaria Neoproterozoicfirstappearances

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