PHYLOGENY

Earth and Life Science

Module 14
Second Quarter
 Let’s Try! 9. Monophyletic group is also called ____________.
A. clade
B. domain
C. genus
D. taxa
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the 10. Group which shows common ancestor.
correct answer. A. monophyletic C. polyphyletic
1. Greek word “phylon” from the word phylogeny means_________. B. paraphyletic D. polytomy
A. Ancestor C. Origin 11. Indicates more than two immediate descendants.
B. Branch D. Tribe A. monophyletic C. polyphyletic
2. Greek word genesis from the word phylogeny means __________. B. paraphyletic D. polytomy
A. Ancestor C. Origin 12. Includes recent common ancestors but not all descendants are
B. Branch D. Tribe included.
3. Diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and connections among A. monophyletic C. polyphyletic
organisms. B. paraphyletic D. polytomy
A. evolution C. lineages tree 13. Refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendants are
B. family tree D. phylogenetic tree included.
4. Lineages that evolve early from the root and remain unbranched. A. monophyletic C. polyphyletic
A. basal taxon C. root B. paraphyletic D. polytomy
B. branch point D. sister taxa
5. The point where split takes place. For numbers 14-15, analyze the structure of phylogenetic tree.
A. basal taxon C. polytomy
B. branch point D. sister taxa 14. What letter represents the
6. Branch with more than two lineages. root?
A. basal taxon C. polytomy A. A B. I C. J D. K
B. branch point D. sister taxa
7. Point of two lineages stem from the same branch. 15. B and C are _______
A. basal taxon C. root A. branch point
B. branch point D. sister taxa B. node
8. Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree. C. sister taxa
A. basal taxon C. root D. polytomy
B. branch point D. sister taxa
 Let’s Recall
Directions. Match the picture with each type of
evidence. Choose your answer from the word bank
below.

A. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE

B. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE

C. EMBRYOLOGY

D. FOSSIL RECORDS

. E. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

F. MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
 Let’s Recall
Explain in your own words:

JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK:

1. Tendency toward perfection
2. Use and Disuse
3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits

CHARLES DARWIN:
1. The struggle for existence
2. Survival of the fittest
3. Natural Selection
4. Descent with modification
 Let’s
Let’sEvaluate
Recall 7. Asserted that populations could grow faster than their
resources
1.Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive THOMAS MALTHUS
and reproduce more than those less adapted to the environment.
NATURAL SELECTION 8. Occurs when a small population of organisms breaks away
from the larger group to colonize a new area
2. The change in the gene pool of a small population that takes FOUNDER EFFECT
place strictly by chance
GENETIC DRIFT 9. Results in changes in the genetic content of a population
over time
3. May be caused by environmental disasters leading to the death EVOLUTION
or extinction of organisms
BOTTLENECK EFFECT 10.The diagram that traces evolutionary relationships and
connections among organisms
4.Proposed that organisms could acquire characteristics during their PHYLOGENETIC TREE
lifetime that they could pass down to their offspring
JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK 11. Structures with similar functions but different ancestors.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
5. Occurs when there’s a change in the genetic makeup due to DNA
replication, radiation, or other environmental stressors. 12. Structures with similar structures but same ancestors.
MUTATION HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

6. Devised a system for identifying, naming, and classifying 13. Father of Taxonomy
organism CAROLUS LINNAEUS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
 Let’s Recall
Dig In
Directions. Analyze the phylogenetic tree. Fill in the
blanks with the correct answer. 1. The root of the tree is represented
by the letter ____.
2. _____ shows a common ancestor of
B and C.
3. F represents the ______________.
4. B and C are __________________.
5. Which is more likely closely related,
A and C or C and D? __________
Let’s Elaborate

In trees, two species are more related if they have a more

recent common ancestor and less related if they have a
less recent common ancestor.
 Let’s Elaborate
Phylogeny
• from the Greek words phylon which means “tribe”
and genesis which means “origin”
• Evolutionary relationships among organisms

Phylogenetic trees
• shows genealogy or organism’s line of evolutionary
ROOT indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise
development to all organisms on the tree
• diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and
BRANCH indicates where two lineages diverge
connections among organisms
POINT
• are hypotheses, not definitive facts
• In trees, two species are more related if they have BASAL a lineage that evolved early from the root
a more recent common ancestor and less TAXON and remains unbranched
related if they have a less recent common SISTER two lineages that stem from the same
ancestor. TAXA branch point
POLYTOMY a branch with more than two lineages
 Let’s Elaborate Four groups of evolutionary tree

1. Monophyletic – also called “clade”,

shows common recent ancestor and
Identify what type of evolutionary tree is all of its descendants
included:
2. Paraphyletic – consists of recent
common ancestor but not all
descendants are included

3. Polyphyletic – lack a common

ancestor, only distant relative

4. Soft polytomy – indicates more than 2

immediate descendants
 Let’s Elaborate Create a CLADOGRAM based on the
CHARACTER MATRIX.
Cladogram
• Diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships
among groups
DRAGONFLY
• Sometimes called phylogenetic tree but not exactly
similar to it HOUSEFLY

Fill out the following CHARACTER MATRIX. Put a ANT

check if the organism has the given trait SPIDER 2 SETS OF
CELLS LEGS ANTENNA WINGS
CELLS LEGS ANTENNA WINGS
WINGS 22SETS
SETS WORM
WINGS
OF
OF
WINGS
WINGS ANTENNA
Worm
Worm ✓
Spider LEGS
Spider ✓ ✓
Ant CELLS
Ant ✓ ✓ ✓
Housefly
Housefly ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Dragonfly
Dragonfly ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
 Let’s Elaborate Which two species are
1. Whic more closely related,
CLADOGRAM worm and spider or worm
and ant?
DRAGONFLY

HOUSEFLY
What species is more
ANT closely related to
SPIDER 2 SETS OF dragonfly?
WINGS
WORM
WINGS

ANTENNA
LEGS What organisms do not
CELLS have wings?
 Let’s dig in DIRECTION: Use the cladogram
1. Whic to answer the questions below:
Activity 1A 1. What trait separates lamprey
from tuna?
2. What trait separates
salamander from turtle?
3. Which organism is closely
related to leopard?
4. Which organism’s DNA is
most different from leopard?
Why?
5. Which organisms do not have
4 walking legs?
 Let’s dig in DIRECTION: Use the cladogram
1. Whic to answer the questions below:
Activity 1B 1. What trait separates rabbits
and primates from crocodiles?
2. Which organism is closely
related to rodents/rabbits?
3. What traits do the bird and its
closest relatives share?
4. Which organism will have
DNA most similar to the bird?
5. Which organism’s DNA will
differ the most from the bird?
 Let’s dig in
1. Whic
Activity 2
1. ____ wings
2. ____ 6 legs
3. ____ segmented body
4. ____ double set of wings
5. ____ cerci(back appendages)
6. ____ crushing mouthparts
7. ____ legs
8. ____ curly antennae
 Let’s
Let’sElaborate
Dig In
Activity 3
Directions. Complete the sentences.
A branch with more than two lineages is (6) ____
(1) ____were grouped and used as evidence and while the (7)____shows the ancestral lineage that
basis for further classification of living things. The gave rise to all organisms on the tree.
evolutionary history of a group of organisms is
called (2) ____ from the Greek word phylon which The four groups of evolutionary tree are
means “tribe” and genesis which means “origin”. monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic and soft
polytomy. (8)_______ is also called clade which
A (3) _____ can be read like a map of evolutionary shows common ancestor and all their
history. Rooted phylogenetic trees have single lineage descendants. (9)_______ group refers to recent
at the base representing a common ancestor. common ancestor but not all descendants are
Structures of phylogenetic tree are tip or terminal included.(10)____includes recent common
node, basal taxon, sister taxa, polytomy and root. The ancestors are not included only distant relative.
(4)____is the point where split occurs. Lineage that (11)____ indicates that branching is unknown.
evolve early from the root and remains unbranched is
called (5) _______.
 Let’s dig in DIRECTION: Use the cladogram to
answer the questions below:
1. Whic 1. What trait separates lamprey from
Activity 1A tuna? JAWS
2. What trait separates salamander
from turtle? AMNIOTIC EGG
3. Which organism is closely related
to leopard? TURTLE
4. Which organism’s DNA is most
different from leopard? Why?
LANCELET, FARTHEST AWAY
FROM LEOPARD IN THE
CLADOGRAM
5. Which organisms do not have 4
walking legs?
LANCELET,LAMPREY,TUNA
 Let’s dig in DIRECTION: Use the cladogram to
1. Whic answer the questions below:
Activity 1B 1. What trait separates rabbits and
primates from crocodiles? EGGS
WITH SHELLS
2. Which organism is closely related
to rodents/rabbits? PRIMATES
3. What traits do the bird and its
closest relatives share? EGGS
WITH SHELLS, AMNIOTIC EGG,
FOUR LIMBS, BONY SKELETON,
VERTEBRAE
4. Which organism will have DNA
most similar to the bird?
CROCODILES
5. Which organism’s DNA will differ
the most from the bird? SHARKS
 Let’s dig in
1. Whic
Activity 2
1. F wings
2. C 6 legs
3. A segmented body
4. G double set of wings
5. E cerci(back appendages)
6. D crushing mouthparts
7. B legs
8. H curly antennae
 Let’s
Let’sElaborate
Dig In
Activity 3
Directions. Complete the sentences.
A branch with more than two lineages is (6) ____
(1) ____were grouped and used as evidence and while the (7)____shows the ancestral lineage that
basis for further classification of living things. The gave rise to all organisms on the tree.
evolutionary history of a group of organisms is
called (2) ____ from the Greek word phylon which The four groups of evolutionary tree are
means “tribe” and genesis which means “origin”. monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic and soft
polytomy. (8)_______ is also called clade which
A (3) _____ can be read like a map of evolutionary shows common ancestor and all their
history. Rooted phylogenetic trees have single lineage descendants. (9)_______ group refers to recent
at the base representing a common ancestor. common ancestor but not all descendants are
Structures of phylogenetic tree are tip or terminal included.(10)____includes recent common
node, basal taxon, sister taxa, polytomy and root. The ancestors are not included only distant relative.
(4)____is the point where split occurs. Lineage that (11)____ indicates that branching is unknown.
evolve early from the root and remains unbranched is
called (5) _______.
WHAT IS YOUR
KEY
TAKEAWAY?
HAPPY NEW YEAR!