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Exercise 2.4 (Solutions)

Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0

Question # 1(i)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:

~ pq
q ~ p
p ~ q
~qp

Question # 1(ii)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:

q p
p q
~ q ~ p
~ p ~ q

Question # 1(iii)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:

~ p ~ q
~ q ~ p
p q
qp

Question # 1(iv)
Do yourself as above
Question # 2 (i)
Statement: ( p ~ p ) ( p q )
p

~p

p ~ p

p q

( p ~ p) ( p q)

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
F
T
T

F
F
T
T

T
F
T
T

T
F
T
T

Question # 2 (ii)
Statement: ( p ~ p ) q
p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

p ~ p
F
F
F
F

~p
F
F
T
T

( p ~ p) q
T
T
T
T

Question # 2 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) ( p ~ q )
p

~q

p q

~ ( p q)

p ~ q

( p ~ q) ~ ( p q)

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
T
F
T

T
F
T
T

F
T
F
F

F
T
F
F

T
T
T
T

FSc I 2.4 - 2

Tautology:
The statement which is true for all possible values of the variables in it is called
tautology.
Contingency:
The statement which is true or false depending upon the truth values of the
variables involved in it is called a contingency.
Absurdity or Contradiction:
The statement which is false for all the possible values of the variables involved
in it is called an absurdity or contradiction.
Question # 3 (i)
Statement: ( p q ) p
P
T
T
F
F

pq
T
F
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

pqp
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (ii)
Statement: p ( p q )
p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

pq
T
T
T
F

p ( p q)
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology
Question # 3 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) p
p

p q

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
F
T
T

~ ( p q)
F
T
F
F

~ ( p q) p
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (iv)
Statement: ~ q ( p q ) ~ p
p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

~p
F
F
T
T

~q
F
T
F
T

p q
T
F
T
T

~ q ( p q)
F
F
F
T

~ q ( p q) ~ p
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.

FSc I 2.4 - 3

Question # 4 (i)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) p
p
T
F

~p
F
T

p ~ p
F
F

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is false for all values
of p and q thus given statement is absurdity.
Question # 4 (ii)
Statement: p (q p )
p
T
T
F
F

q p
T
T
F
T

q
T
F
T
F

p (q p)
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 4 (iii)
Statement: q (~ q p )
P
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

~q p
T
T
F
T

~q
F
T
F
T

q (~ q p )
T
T
T
T

The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 5
Consider the truth table
p
T
T
F
F

q ~p ~q
T F F
F F T
T T F
F T T

pq
T
F
F
F

~ p ~ q
F
F
F
T

p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q )
T
T
F
T

p (~ p ~ q )
T
T
F
T

The last two column of the above table are identical this shows that the statement
p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q ) and p (~ p ~ q ) are equal
i.e. p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q ) = p (~ p ~ q )

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org

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