a b c b&c ~(b&c) av(b&c)

T T T T F T
T T F F T T
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F T F F T F
F F T F T F
F F F F T F

We see that in rows 2,3 and 4, both ~(b&c) and av(b&c) are true and a is also true.

Thus the conclusion is valid.

1. p:UN peacekeepers will not attack the local militants.

q: The militants will not make trouble / The militants behave themselves.

Given statements are

q -> p

p -> q

Therefore p ^ q

p q q->p p->q p^q

T T T T T
T F T F F
F T F T F
F F T T F

In the last row, both p->q and q->p are true but p^q is false.

So the statement is invalid.

2. p: Things are the result of coincidence

q: Things are for an end

r: Things are result of spontaneity

The given statements are

pvq

~(pvr)

Therefore q

p q r pvq pvr ~(pvr)

T T T T T F
T T F T T F
T F T T T F
T F F T T F
F T T T T F
F T F T F T
F F T F T F
F F F F F T

From the table, (pvq) and ~(pvr) are both true in only row 6 when q is also true.

So the conclusion is valid.