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SoilMech Ch2 PhysProp and Compaction
SoilMech Ch2 PhysProp and Compaction
page 1
Chapitre 2.
2.1
Units
metres
tonnes (1 tonne = 103 kg)
t/m3
kilonewtons (kN)
MegaPascals (MPa) 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
kN/m3
Masse volumique .Attention : density densit (En Franais : rapport de la masse volumique du corps
une masse volumique de rfrence. Donc densit se traduit par : relative density ou specific gravity)
2
Poids volumique
1
Soil Mechanics
2.2
page 2
Soil is formed by the disintegration of rock under the action of various forces of nature such as
water, wind, frost, temperature changes and gravity. It may thus be considered to consist of a
3
network of solid particles which enclose voids or pores. The voids may be filled with water or air
or both.
Soil is thus a three phase material which consists of solid particles which make up the soil skeleton
voids which may be :
full of water if the soil is saturated,
full of air if the soil is dry,
partially saturated as shown in Figure 2.1.
Weights
Volumes
Air
Water
Solid
e =
Vv
Vs
A related quantity is the porosity, n, which is defined as ratio of the volume of voids to the total
volume.
n =
Vv
VT
3
4
vides
Indice des vides
Soil Mechanics
page 3
The degree of saturation, S, has an important influence on the soil behaviour. It is defined as the
ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids :
S =
Vw
Vv
The bulk unit weight is simply defined as the weight per unit volume
bulk =
WT
VT
When all the voids are filled with water the bulk unit weight is identical to the saturated unit weight,
sat, and when all the voids are filled with air the bulk unit weight is identical with the dry unit
weight6, dry =
Ws
.
VT
Gs =
W
Density of Soil
= s = s = s
Density of Water
w w Vs w
5
6
Fig. 2.2
Soil Mechanics
page 4
Water is added to the soil which is agitated to remove all air pockets. and when the pycnometer is
full up, its mass (m3) is measured.
Finally the pycnometer is emptied. cleaned and filled with water and its new mass (m4) found.
W
W
m1
m2
m3
m4
Exercises
1. Demonstrate that the specific gravity can be calculated by the formula :
Gs =
m2 m1
(m4 m1) (m3 m2)
2. A pycnometer having a mass of 620 g was used to determine the specific gravity of an ovendried sample of soil. If the mass of the soil sample was 980 g and the mass of the
pycnometer with the sample and filled up with water was 2112 g. determine the specific
gravity of the soil particles. The mass of the pycnometer when filled with water only was 1495
g.
2.2.5 Water (or moisture) content
The water content7, w, is a very useful quantity and it is simple to measure. It is defined as the
ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solid material. That value can be greater than 1 (100%)
in the case of peat (600%!).
w =
Ww
(x 100 if expressed in %)
Ws
7
8
Teneur en eau
humide
Soil Mechanics
page 5
weight. If the specific gravity of the particles is 2.68, find the void ratio and the degree of
saturation.
5. The mass of an oven-dried sample of clay is 11.26 gm and its (total) volume is 5.83 cm3. If the
specific gravity of the soil particles is 2.67 determine the shrinkage limit of the soil. The shrinkage
limit is the water content the soil would have had if fully saturated at its minimum volume.
6. The dry unit weight cannot be measured directly. It is deduced from the measured bulk unit weight
and water content. Prove that dry =
2.3
bulk
(1+w)
Compaction
Ws
) increases.
VT
Proctor, an American engineer, was the first to study, in 1933, the compaction process and
noticed the influence of the water content and energy of compaction on the dry unit weight. He
developed a standard compaction test still in use today. This test involves compacting soil into a
mould11 at various water contents
Standard Compaction Test
A sample of soil is compacted, at different water contents, into a mould in 3-5 equal layers, each
layer receiving 25 blows12 of a hammer of standard weight. The apparatus is shown in Fig. 2.3.
The important dimensions are :
Volume of mould
943.9 cm3
cisaillement
Compactage
11
Un moule
12
coup
10
Hammer mass
2.5 kg
Drop of hammer
304.8 mm
Soil Mechanics
page 6
Now Vs =
bulk
1+ w
Ws
Gs w
Ws + Ww
Ws + Ww
=
VT (1 + w)
(Vs + Vw ) (1 + w)
Vw =
Hence dry =
Ww
wWs
Gs w
Gs w + 1
The relation between the water content and dry unit weight for saturated soil is shown on the
graph in Fig. 2.5. This line is known as the zero air voids line.
Soil Mechanics
page 7
of
increasing compactive
Soil Mechanics
page 8
Typical Values
3
(dry )max (kN/m )
22
19
18
18
17
15
wopt (%)
7
12
15
15
17
25
Note that these are typical values. Because of the variability of soils it is not appropriate to use
typical values in design, tests are always required.
2.3.4 Field specifications
To control the soil properties of earth constructions (e.g. dams, roads) it is usual to specify that the
soil must be compacted to some pre-determined dry unit weight. This specification is usually that a
certain percentage of the maximum dry unit weight, as found from a laboratory test (Standard or
Modified) must be achieved.
For example we could specify that field dry unit weights must be greater than 98% of the
maximum dry unit weight as determined from the Standard Compaction Test. It is then up to the
Contractor to select machinery, the thickness of each lift (layer of soil added) and to control water
contents in order to achieve the specified amount of compaction.
Accept
Reject
Soil Mechanics
page 9
to achieve larger depths vibrating piles and drop weights can be used. The applicability of the
equipment depends on the soil type as indicated in the table below
Equipment
Smooth
13
rollers ,
vibrating
Weathered17
well graded
soils
Clays,
silty
clays,
uniform materials
wheeled
static
or
16
Grid rollers
Fine grained soils with Dams, embankments,
> 20% fines
subgrades
Sheepsfoot
static
Sheepsfoot
vibratory
13
rollers19,
rollers, as above, but also subgrade layers
sand-gravel mixes
Rouleaux lisses
Surface de roulement
15
Couche de fondation, la couche la plus basse dans la composition d'une route
16
Rouleaux pneus
17
rod
18
Couche de base, situe entre la surface de roulement et la couche de fondation
19
Rouleaux pieds de mouton
14
Soil Mechanics
Vibrating plates
21
page 10
20
All types
Tampers, rammers22
Most saturated
moist soils
and
Dry,
sands
gravels
and
Impact rollers
2.3.5 Exercises
7. In a compaction test a bulk unit weight of 16 kN/m3 was measured at a water content of 8%.
What would the water content have been if the soil had been fully saturated. Assume Gs = 2.70.
8.
On the application of the standard compaction test to a soil, the results tabulated below were
obtained. Obtain an estimate of the optimum water content, maximum dry unit weight and draw
the line of zero air voids relating dry unit weight and water content. Assume the specific gravity is
2.75.
Water content (%)
7.4
8.8
10.0
12.2
15.2
17.2
20
Plaques vibrantes
Petites rparations
22
Pilonneuses
21