Topics

Sampling
PCM Principles
PDH & SDH Systems
STM 1 Frame structure
Bit rates of STM-1 ,STM-4 ,STM-16

Sampling Theorem
A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly

if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice the maximum

frequency component in it.
Fs 2Fm

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Developed by A.M.Reaves in 1938
Uses TDM technique
Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz
Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Ts=125 sec)
8 bits per sample
Digital Bit Rate: 8000 X 8 = 64 Kbps

BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM

(2MB)

One sample duration (approx) = 4

s
Duration between samples = 125
s

30 Channel PCM System

30 voice channels
One channel for synchronisation
One channel for signalling
Totol no.of channels =32
One frame (125 s) is divided into 32 time slots

PCM bit rate

32 time slots in a frame
Each slot having 8 bits
Total no.of bits per frame= 32*8 =256 bits/frame
Total no.of frames per sec =8000
Total no.of bits per sec =256 * 8000 =2048 Kbps

PDH
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
a technology used in telecommunications network to transport large

quantity of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic

and microwave radio wave systems.
the term plesiochronous is derived from greek plesio which means
near, and chronous, time.
it means that pdh networks run in a state where different parts of the
network are almost, but not quite perfectly synchronised
The basic data rate is 2.048 Mbps

 E1- 2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel]

E2- 8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel]
E3- 34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel]
E4- 139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

140/565

565/140

140 Mbps

140 Mbps

34 Mbps

8 Mbps
34/8

8/34

8 Mbps

140/34

34/140

34 Mbps

2 Mbps
8/2

2/8

2 Mbps

PDH HIERARCHY

Limitations of PDH

Specialized equipment required for interwork two

hierarchy
Inability to identify individual channels in a higher order
bit stream.
Insufficient capacity for network management
Higher bit rates are difficult to achieve
Supports only linear topology
no common standards among vendors.

SDH-Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy
SDH is an ITU-T standard for a high capacity telecom network.
SDH is a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a

simple, economical and flexible telecom infrastructure.

This is the information structure used to support information

payload and overhead information organized in a block frame

structure which repeats every 125 micro seconds
The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is synchronous

multiplexing - data from multiple tributary sources is byte

interleaved.

MERITS OF SDH
Simplified multiplexing / demultiplexing techniques
Direct access to lower speed tributaries
Enhance Operation , Administration & Maintenance
Easy growth to higher bit rates in steps with evolution of

transmission technology
Capable of transporting existing PDH
Capable of transporting future ATM
Capable of operating multi vendor and multi operator

environment

SDH Rates
SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of

155.52 Mbit/s.
The basic unit of SDH is STM-1
STM-Synchronous Transport Module
Higher rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate

therefore the hierarchy is synchronous.

STM-N
Where N =1,4,16 ,64 n is a multiples of four

SDH BIT RATES

SDH Levels
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64

Bit rates in Mbps

155.520
622.080
2488.320
9953.28

STM-1 Frame
Synchronous Transport Module
A frame with a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s is defined in

ITU-T Recommendation G.707

It is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270

columns.

SDH FRAME
REPRESENTATION
9

S
O
H

261

PAY
LOAD

270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

STM-1 frame structure (contd..)

As indicated in the figure, the STM n signal is
multiples of
frames consisting of 9 rows with 270 bytes in each row
The order of transmission of information is first from
left to right
and then from top to bottom
The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and
used by
the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3 parts

19

Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH)

Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH)
Pointers

THE TRUCK ANALOGY

PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD

THE TRUCK ANALOGY

PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD

THE TRUCK
PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD

SDH Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)
270

1
1

RSOH
3
4

Payload

AU Pointer

(transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s

transmit
row by row

FRAME
REPRESENTATION
1ST ROW

2ND ROW

3RD ROW

9TH ROW

9
261

261
I

S
O
H

261

261
261

PAY LOAD
270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

BIT RATE : STM-N

NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFROWS
ROWS==99
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFCOLUMNS
COLUMNS==9+261=270
9+261=270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBYTES
BYTES==9x270
9x270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS==9x270x8
9x270x8
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS/ /SECOND
SECOND==9x270x8x8000
9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155520000
=155.520
=155.520Mbps
Mbps(STM-1)
(STM-1)
BIT
BIT RATE
RATE OF
OFSTM-N
STM-N ==(Nx155.520)
(Nx155.520)Mbps
Mbps

SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS

34M

8M

2M

64K

140M

34M

C4

C3

M
U
X

8M

2M

S
D
H

63
1

C12

SDH Multiplexing
The multiplexing principles of SDH follows these terms
Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into

Virtual Containers (VCs) by adding justification bits and Path

Overhead (POH) information.
Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in
a Tributary Unit (TU) or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the
first byte of the Virtual Container to be located.
Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple lower-order
path layer signals are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or
when the higher-order path signals are adapted into a Multiplex
Section.

Multiplexing Structure

Elements of SDH

29

Container (C)

Virtual Container (VC)

Tributary Unit (TU)

Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Administrative Unit (AU)

Administrative Unit Group (AUG)

Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM N)

CONTAINER
Input is PDH
Provides justification for PDH signals
Output is synchronous
JUSTIFICATION
P
D
H

2Mb/s

CONTAINER

34 BYTES

SDH
synchronized

VIRTUAL CONTAINER
35 BYTES - ONE 2MB

POH

CONTAINER

TRIBUTARY UNIT
When pointer is added to the virtual container ,it is called

tributary unit ( ONE 2 MB)

4X9

POINTER

VC

36 BYTES

4 X9

4 X9

4 X9
TU12
(1)

TU12
(2)

TU12
(3)

TUG-2

12 X9
TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP-2
TU12 CONTAINS -ONE 2 MB
TUG-2 CONTAINS THREE 2MB

Tributary unit group -3

Homogeneous assembly of identical

tributary units
Tug-2
(1)

Tug-2
(7)

TUG-3

TUG-3 CONTAIS 21X2MB

VC-4 FORMATION
Virtual container formation
TUG-3

TUG-3

VC-4=261

TUG-3

VIRTUAL CONTAINER -4
Virtual container 258C + 1C POH+ 2C fixed stuff byte

258+1+2=261Columns

P
O
H

FIXED
TUFF

vc

 AU POINTER IS ADDED TO THE VC

AU Pointer

PAYLOAD

ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUP

SOH BYTES ARE ADDED
270C X 9R

RSOH
AU POINTER

MSOH

PAY LOAD

The following are the different steps in

the mapping of 2Mbps stream
Formation of container C12
Formation of virtual container VC12
Formation of tributary unit TU12
Multiplexing of TU12 s to form TUG3
Multiplexing of TUG3s to form VC4
Formation of administrative unit AU4
Formation of administrative unit group AUG
Adding SOH to form STM1

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-12)

S
O
H

P
T
R

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

TU-12

P
T
R

P
O
H

TU-12

TU-12

CONTAINER-12

STM-1

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
x3
TUG-3

x7
STM-n
AUG
AU-n
VC-n

Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path
overhead

TUG-2
x3
TU-12

VC-12

C-12

E1: 2.048Mb/s

Mapping of 34 Mbps stream

STM-1

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
x3
TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

STM-n
AUG
AU-n
VC-n

Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path
overhead

E3: 34.368Mb/s
DS3: 44.736Mb/s

Mapping of 140 Mbps stream

STM-1

STM-n
AUG
AU-n
VC-n

AUG

AU-4

Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path
overhead

VC-4

C-4

E4: 139.264Mb/s

SDH End-to-End Connection

SDH
PDH

PTE

MSTE
STM-1

Regenerators
section
REG
REG
STM-N

STM-N

MSTE

STM-N

Multiplex section
Path

PDH

PTE
STM-1

Section Overhead
RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead

SECTION OVERHEADS
A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

J0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

RSOH

AU POINTER
B2

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D1
0

D1
1

D1
2

S1

B2

B2

M1

E2

MSOH

SOH BYTE ALLOCATION

A1,A2

Frame alignment

B1B2

Error monitoring

D1..D3

Data communication channel for RSOH

D4..D12

Data communication channel for MSOH

E1-E2

Order wire channel

F1

Maintenance

J0

STM Identifier

K1 K2

Automatic protection switching

S1

SYNCHRONISATION STATUS

M1

Txmn Error acknowledgement

Media dependent bytes