WELCOME TO TRAINING ON PDH &SDH TECHNOLOGY USED IN OPTICAL TRANSMISSION

Presented By: A.K. RAI DM (OPT)

TOPIC COVERED ON SDH

PDH INTRODUCTION SDH FUNDAMENTAL NEXT GEN SDH

Position of Transmission Eqpt. in Telecom NW

Switching Equpt

Transmission Eqpt.

Switching Equpt

TELECOM NETWORK Access NW Access NW

Subscribers

Subscribers

Different Transmission Media

Twisted pair Coaxial cable Wireless transmission. Optical fiber

Why optical fiber transmission ?

Large transmission capacity, Good quality Small attenuation. Strict security. Large trunk distance.

Advantages of Optical Transmission

Large bandwidth permits high data transmission, which also supports the aggregation of voice, video, and data Technological improvements are occurring rapidly, often permitting increased capacity over existing optical fiber

Advantages of Optical Transmission

Immunity to electromagnetic interference reduces bit error rate and eliminates the need for shielding within or outside a building Glass fiber has low attenuation, which permits extended cable transmission distance

Advantages of Optical Transmission

Light as a transmission medium provides the ability for the use of optical fiber in dangerous environments Optical fiber is difficult to tap, thus providing a higher degree of security than possible with copper wire Light weight and small diameter of fiber permit high capacity through existing conduits

History of Digital Transmission

70s - introduction of PCM into Telecom networks 32 PCM streams are Synchronously Multiplexed to 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) Multiplexing to higher rates via PDH 1985 Bellcore proposes SONET 1988 SDH standard introduced 1990s DWDM introduced

PULSE CODE MODULATION

The input signal is sampled prior to digitisation and an approximation to the input is reconstructed by the digital-toanalogue converter: input

Sampling

Digitisation

code, modulate
Transmission Wire/optical fibre Aerial/free-space

Filtering

Digital-to-analogue conversion

Demodulate, Decode

output

Nyquists Sampling theorem

For a signal of bandwidth B Hz, the minimum sampling rate is 2B samples/s

In the telephone system the speech signal has a bandwidth up to 3.4 kHz and a sampling rate of 8 kHz,

The 32-channel PCM Transmission system

30 speech signals plus two control channels for signalling and synchronising:
Signal bandwidth 3.4 kHz Sampling rate 8 kHz (8000samples/sec) Hence frame length 1/8000 sec or 125Qs Sample size 8 bits/sample Hence bit rate from each signal 8*8000=64 kbit/s 32 channels Hence each time slot 3.906 Qs
1/(8000*32)

Overall data rate 2.048 Mbit/s 32*64 kbit/s =2048 kbit/s or 2.048 Mbit/s

E1 format for 32 CH PCM

TS 0 is used for synchronization & alarm transport TS 16 is used for channel associated signalling( CAS) information & multi frame alignment word (MFA) 30 Channel for voice
ITU-T G.704 (32 Time Slots)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Omniplexer - 30 Channel Assignments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HIGHER ORDER DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING TECHNOLOGY

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

(PDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

(SDH)

PDH MULTIPLEXING
Plesiochronous means non synchronous. Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s requires two intermediate multiplexing stages of 8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s. The multiplexing of several tributaries can be achieved by Bit by bit multiplexing (bit interleaving) There are four bit streams to be multiplexed. One bit is sequentially taken from each tributary so that the resulting multiplexed bit stream has every fifth bit coming from the same tributary.

PDH features
Bit interleaving is used for North American and European PDH system. A typical 8.448 Mb/s plesichronous multiplexer has four primary (E1) MUX, each having an out put of 2.048 Mb/s, bit interleaved to form the next level in hierarchy. Note that this output rate of 8.448 Mb/s is not exactly four times the tributary bit rate of 2.048Mb/s. This is a result of the non-sychronous nature of the system.

PDH Features
Every tributary has its own clock. Every tributary is timed with plesiochronous frequency, that is a nominal frequency about which the shifts around it within prefixed limits. For example, the primary multiplexer output is 2.048 Mb/s +- 50ppm. To account for the small variations of the tributaries frequencies about the nominal value when multiplexing four tributaries to the next hierarchy level, a process known as positive stuffing (also known as positive justification) is used.

Positive Pulse stuffing or justification

Pulse stuffing involves intentionally making the output bit rate of a channel higher than the input rate. The output channel therefore contains all the input data plus a variable number of stuffed bits that are not part of the incoming subscriber information. The stuffed bits are inserted at the specific locations, to pad the input bit stream to the higher output bit rate. This stuffed bits must be identified at the receiving end so that destuffing can be done to recover the original bit stream.

Positive Pulse stuffing or justification

Pulse stuffing is used for higher order multiplexing when each of the incoming lower order tributary signal is unsynchronized, and therefore bears no prefix phase relationship to any of the other.

PDH Multiplexers
2.048 Mbit/s 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 (32 channels x 64 = 2048 channels) 4 1 2 x16 x4 3 4 13 14 15 61 16 62 63 64 139.264 Mbit/s 34.368 Mbit/s 8.448 Mbit/s

PDH Bit Rates (European Standard)

Notation E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 Data Rate 139264 Kbps 34368 Kbps 8448 Kbps 2048 Kbps 64 Kbps No. of ch. 1920 480 120 30 1

PDH Bit Rates (American Standard)

Notation T4/DS4 T3/DS3 T2/DS2 T1/DS1 T0/DS0 Data Rate 139264 Kbps 44736 Kbps 6312 Kbps 1544 Kbps 64 Kbps

PDH Multiplexers
Multiplexer Stages
64 kbits/s 480 ch 34.368 Mb/s x4 1920 ch 139.264 Mb/s x4 x4 7680 ch Europe 564.992 Mbit/s

x30

30 ch 2.048 Mb/s

120 ch 8.44Mb/s x 4

A typical Plesiochronous Drop and Insert

PDH Equipments in Telecom. Network

Tel. Subscribers
Switching Equip. A 2Mb/s Trib. 1- 64 Add
2/140 OPTIMUX PDH Equip. A

2/140 OPTIMUX PDH Equip. B

34M b/s

2/140 OPTIMUX PDH Equip B.

2/140 OPTIMUX PDH Equip. C

2Mb/s 1 32 Drop

Switching Equip. B

2Mb/s 1-32 Add

2Mb/s 33-64 & 1-32 Drop

Switching Equip. C

Tel. Subscribers

Tel. Subscribers

SDH Equipments in Telecom. Network

Tel. Subscribers
Switching Equip. A Master Clock (2MHz.)

NMS

2Mb/s Tribs ADD/DROP

STM-1/ 4/16 Equip. A

SDH Equip. in Ring

STM-1/ 4/16 Equip. B STM-1/ 4/16 Equip. C

2Mb/s Tribs ADD/DROP Switching Equip. B

2Mb/s Tribs ADD/DROP Switching Equip. C

Tel. Subscribers

Tel. Subscribers

Comparison Of SDH & PDH Technology

For SDH, tributaries & data are mapped/de mapped to VC-4 container directly and have its own identity. For PDH , tributaries are mux. /de-mux. in steps and have no identity. Synchronous Digital Multiplexers have tributaries with the same clock frequency, and they are all synchronized to a master clock. Plesiochronous Digital Multiplexers (non synchronous) have tributaries that have the same nominal frequency (that means there can be small difference from one to another), but they are not synchronized to each other. For synchronous case, the pulses in each tributary all rise and fall during the same time interval. For the PDH, the rise and fall time of the pulses in each tributaries do not coincide with each other.

Disadvantage of PDH System

Inability to identify individual channels in a higherorder bit stream; Insufficient capacity for network management; Non compatibility between different vendors. No worldwide standard optical interface specification. Restricted to point-to-point transmission. Cant sustain high bit rate multiplexing (Above 140Mb/s) Impossible to extract base-band signal in between without complete De multiplexing the aggregate restoration time is several seconds to minutes

Advantage of SDH System

Simple multiplexing processes Easy access to various signals in a multiplexed high bit rate signal Standardized interface can support multi vendor inter working, international connection and many different services; i.e. Voice , Ethernet, video, ATM, IP Support advance Network Management System (OAM&P) Overhead bits for Fault, Configuration, Performance Monitoring, Security and Accounting management

Advantage of SDH System

Service restoration time is less than 50 ms A flexible and efficient way of networking Network Distribution: Add/Drop capability Network survivability: APS (Automatic Protection Switching) Traffic Cross connection: capacity management, bandwidth management and protection route diversity

SDH Frame Format

STM-N

Section Overhead

Administrative Unit

RSOH

MSOH

Pointer

Virtual Container

Path Overhead

Container

Mapping Elements
Container Virtual Container Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group Administrative Unit Administrative Unit Group

Mapping Elements
The Container (C ) Basic packaging unit for tributary signal ( PDH )
Clock

PDH Circuit

Alignment

Line Input

Mapping Elements
The Virtual Container ( VC ) Formation of the container by adding of a POH ( Path Overhead ) The Tributary Unit ( TU ) Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC The Tributary Unit Group ( TUG ) Combines several TUs to formed a new VC

Mapping Elements
The Administrative Unit ( AU ) Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last The Synchronous Transport Module ( STM-N) Formed by adding a section overhead ( SOH ) TO AUs

SDH Hierarchy
STM-64 x64 STM-16 x16 STM-4 x4 STM-1 AUG x3 AU-3 AU-4 VC-4 x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
E3: 34.368Mb/s DS3: 44.736Mb/s

AU-4-64c x4 AU-4-16c x4 AU-4-4c

VC-4-64c

C-4-64c

9039.872Mb/s

x16

VC-4-16c

C-4-16c

2259.968Mb/s

VC-4-4c

C-4-4c

564.992Mb/s

C-4

E4: 139.264Mb/s

High Order Payloads Containers of Base Signal (Low Order Payloads)

VC-3 x7 x7 x1 TUG-2 x3 TU-12 x4 TU-11 VC-11 VC-12

C-3

STM-n AUG AU-n VC-n

Synchronous Transport Module Administrative Unit Group: One or more AU(s) Administrative Unit: VC + pointers Virtual Container: payload + path overhead

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

DS2:6.312 Mb/s

C-12

E1: 2.048Mb/s

C-11

DS1:1.544Mb/s

Frame Structures
*
STM-1
9 Rows 270 Columns 155.52 Mbit/s

270 columns x 9 rows = 2430 bytes 2430X8byte=19440bits 8000 fps x 19440 bits = 155.52 Mbit/s

STM-4
9 Rows

1,080 (270*4 )Columns

4 x 155.52 Mbit/s = 622.08 Mbit/s

622.08 Mbit/s

STM-16
9 Rows

4,320 (270*16) Columns

2488.32 Mbit/s

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

International organization defined standardized bit rates : 155.520 Mbit/s 622.080 Mbit/s 2.488 Gbit/s 9.953 Gbit/s 39.81312 Gbit/s STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 63E1 1890 Ch

252E1 7560 Ch 1008E1 30240Ch 4032E1 120960Ch.

STM-256 16128E1 483840Ch

Overhead Layer Concepts

path multiplex section regenerator section PTE REG regen. section ADM or DCS multiplex section regen. section regenerator section REG PTE

path regen. section multipl. section termination termination termination

service (E1, E4..) mapping demapping

path regen. section termination termination

PTE = path terminating element MUX = terminal multiplexer REG = regenerator ADM = add/drop multiplexer DCS = digital cross-connect system

service (E1, E4..) mapping demapping

SDH Frame

SDH Over Head

SDH Overhead

RSOH bytes
A1, A2 Frame alignment J0 Reg Trace byte Z0 Spare byte B1 Reg Monitoring E1 Reg EOW F1 Data Channel D1-D3 64kbps X 3=192kbps Management Channel

Regenerator Section
Regeneration section layer is the lowest level of link components in a SDH network Deals with the transport of an STM-N frame across the physical medium Point-to-point connection between two regeneration section termination points with direct optical or electrical domain connectivity Terminated by Regenerator Section Terminating Equipment (RSTE) The Regeneration section is mainly designed to overcome physical limitations of the transport technology

Pointer
H1, H2, H3 Pointers

Pointers were included into SDH design to provide tools to compensate for incoming payload phase differences

It avoids delay and jitter in payload

MSOH
B2 MSOH error monitoring K1, K2 APS function D4-D12 576 data communication channel S1 syncronization status M1 MSOH remote monitoring E2 EOW channel

Multiplex Section
One or more consecutive regenerator sections might compose a multiplex section
Main element to build different topologies (e.g. ring)

Deals with the transport of path layer payloads across the physical medium Multiplex section is a point-to-point logical link that connects to ADM, MUX, or DCS devices
These devices might not include a path termination

Overhead is interpreted and modified by Multiplex Section Terminating Equipment (MSTE)

Multiplex section (MS) overhead is accessed only after the section overhead has been first terminated

Path Over Head (POH )

J1 trace byte B3 Error monitoring C2 Path signal label of container G1 Higher order alarm status F2 data channel H4 pointer indicator F3 user channel K3 APS status N1 TCM byte

Path Over Head (POH )

J1 trace byte B3 Error monitoring C2 Path signal label of container G1 Higher order alarm status F2 data channel H4 pointer indicator F3 user channel K3 APS status N1 TCM byte

POH
One or more connected multiplex sections may provide a transport service for a path
Multiplex section may carry multiple paths by multiplexing

Deals with the transport of various payloads between SDH terminal multiplexing equipment Path layer maps payloads into the format required by the MS Layer Communicates end-to-end via the Path Overhead (POH) POH is terminated and modified by Path Terminating Equipment (PTE)
Regenerator and multiplex section overhead must be terminated to access the overhead

SDH TOPOLOGY
Point-to-point
Used for SDH island trunks in old asynchronous networks, or data services as POS or ATM links Linear point-to-multipoint
Adds up ADM in the middle Max. 16 nodes

Hub network
A DCS interconnects ADMs

Ring
ADMs are put into a ring Redundant, multiple connected rings
Automatic protection switching (APS)

USHR

Add and Drop Example

STM-4 Ring 4 x STM-1 channels Uni-directional routing Provisioning: add 1-3 (drop 3-1) add 3-4 (drop 4-3) add 4-2 (drop 2-4) 2 channels occupied
Add 1-3

ADM 1 Add 4-2 Drop ADM 2 OC-12 ADM 4 Drop ADM 3 Add 3-4 Drop

Network Protection

1:1 protection
1:1 protection (special case of 1:n)
Bi- or unidirectional Revertive Typically dedicated protection May transmit traffic on both channels, or use protect for low priority traffic
Working facility

Protection facility

ADM/Router

ADM/Router

1:n protection
1:n protection
Bi- or unidirectional Revertive Shared protection facility

ADM/Router

Protection facility

ADM/Router

Shared protection
STM-1#10 into STM-1#4

Fiber cut

No dedicated protection bandwidth - only used when protection required Only nodes next to the failure know about the protection switch No traffic lost

A
STM-1#4 into STM-1#10 STM-1#10 into STM-1#4

Loops

Working Traffic

Next Generation SDH Technology

New SDH

Customer
Edge
Ethernet Ficon Escon Fibre Channel Adaptation

Operator
Core

Link Generic Virtual Frame Concatenation Capacity Adjustment Procedure Scheme

SDH MUX/DEMUX

Native Interfaces

GFP

VC

LCAS

SDH/ SONET/ OTN

GFP
Ethernet IP/PPP Fibre Channel ESCON Others

Clients

GFP - Client Specific Aspects

Frame Mapped

(payload dependent)

Transparent Mapped

GFP

GFP - Common Aspects

(payload independent)

Transport

SDH/SONET VC-n Path

OTN ODUk Path

Others (e.g. Fibre)

Making SDH efficient through Virtual Concatenation (VC)

data Ethernet ATM Fast Ethernet ESCON Fibre Channel Gigabit Ethernet 10 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s SDH VC- 3 VC- 3 VC- 4 VC-4-4c VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-16c efficiency 20% 50% 66% 33% 66% 26% 42% NewSDH VC-12-5v VC-12-12v VC-12-46v VC-3-2v VC-3-4v VC-3-8v VC-4-6v VC-4-7v efficiency 92% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100% 89% 95%

Example:

100M Ethernet 8x E1 Services 2x 10M Ethernet

VC-12-46v VC-12-5v VC-12-5v

STM-1 = 64 x VC-12

More services integrated- by using VC!

SDH Line Rates Transport

10M Ethernet over SDH?
10 M

5x

Standard Containers are inefficient!

SDH Payload Sizes C-11 1.600 Mbit/s C-12 2.176 Mbit/s C-2 6.784 Mbit/s C-3 48.384 Mbit/s C-4 149.760 Mbit/s

Concatenate 5 x VC-12!
Contiguous Concatenation only large containers!
Contiguous Concatenation C-4-4c 0.599 Gbit/s C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s

Contiguous Concatenation

Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps One towing truck (POH) for all containers All containers are on one path thru the network

C4

C4

C4

C4

VC-4-4c

Virtual Concatenation

 Offers structures in a fine granularity  Every container has its own towing truck (POH)  Every container might take a different path
VC-4 #4 VC-4 #3 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #1 VC-4-4v

STM-16

RSOH AU-4 Pointers

VC-4-1 VC-4-5 VC-4-9

VC-4-2 VC-4-6 VC-4-10 VC-4-14

VC-4-3 VC-4-7 VC-4-11 VC-4-15

VC-4-4 VC-4-8 VC-4-12 VC-4-16

Contiguous Concatenation VC-4-4c

MSOH

VC-4-13

The block has to start at defined positions in the payload The block consists of consecutive VC-4-ns There is only one pointer STM-16
RSOH AU-4 Pointers Pointers VC-4-1 VC-4-5 VC-4-9 MSOH VC-4-13 VC-4-2 VC-4-6 VC-4-10 VC-4-14 VC-4-3 VC-4-7 VC-4-11 VC-4-15 VC-4-4 VC-4-8 VC-4-12 VC-4-16

Virtual Concatenation VC-4-7v

The blocks can start at any position in the payload The block consists of distributed VC-ns Each container has its own pointer

VC-4

Example High Order VC: VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s VCGs: VC-4-1v VC-4-2v VC-4-7v
VCG Granularity

Minimum

Payload Size Payload Size Payload Size

149,76 Mbit/s 299,52 Mbit/s 1048,3 Mbit/s 38338 Mbit/s

VCG Payload Capacity

Maximum

VC-4-256v Payload Size

VC-12

Example Low Order VC: VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s VCGs: VC-12-1v Payload Size VC-12-2v Payload Size VC-12-5v Payload Size
VCG Granularity

Minimum

2,176 Mbit/s 4,352 Mbit/s 10,88 Mbit/s 139,26 Mbit/s

VCG Payload Capacity

Maximum

VC-12-64v Payload Size

The end