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fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
1
ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri
gansazRvrebebi
fsiqologiis miznebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmeSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis segregacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoqmedeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva
socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cvenebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sedegebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda
imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs erT-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, romelmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (Whiteman, 1993, gv. 49-51):
testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT gasuli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cavatare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, ZiriTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTodi, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisferi da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad identuria. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, romlebzec es Tojinebi exata...
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvelaze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-
kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc

calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzaurobaSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTuleebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
laze metad?, maCveneT cudi Tojina...

sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maTgan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze
metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daaxasiaTes, rogorc sasiamovno. ar dagaviwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absoluturad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma
bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cudad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba adre miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani
bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva
sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli negatiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klarendonis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSkarad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sazogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis procesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva
arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom
yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsnida miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavlena uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mosaxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi?
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan ganzomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT procesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samyaros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT
fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi

da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
ras unda niSnavdes es.
gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs fundamentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare procesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmartebis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qceva, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTxovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieruli meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaTvis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrovebul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsiqologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxovelis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, romlebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ikvleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi mocemul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozardi sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Simpanze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-
ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT gavarkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovlinebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxuloben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT erTmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresiulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqologiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, magaliTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
Zalebi.
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedagogiuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqologia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zveli Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, magram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTuTad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis sakuTar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mecnieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, rodis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adamianebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ratom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens unikalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxvebis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidreobam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmedeba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gaxda yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologiis, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule

TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagire zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv garemoSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorlirebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Semoqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male gaigebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewili teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlenebis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es piradi gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias unikalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqologebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben adamianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xolo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kulturaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi farTod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. rogorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqologia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, sociologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bevri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsiqologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs adamianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kognituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnierebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba
_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurisprudenfsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im procedurebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaciis Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumamdea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsiqologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli

individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsiqologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovnebasTan, rogorebicaa literatura da dramaturgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqologiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa ukve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqologias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqmeli, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waReba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqologiis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsiqologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic fundamentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontroleba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adamianis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsiqologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dakvirveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi aseTi dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas monacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romelSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Segrovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazomebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis garantias gvaZleven.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis
sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yveqcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es
qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT

informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba adamianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, risi miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvirvebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom
qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Segroveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara
iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an
surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.
vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis procesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-
aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molodini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma

ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mravalgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis SesanarCuneblad.
movlenis axsna
maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino informacias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis
laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze detalur, specifikur donemde.

fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli doneebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqologiuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlevrebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas
rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon
Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crurwmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sedegebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis ufro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa
SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvalebis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daSvebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswavlisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogonebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobili bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedvelobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-
suraTi
1.1
miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur

procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsiqologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSaobs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaciebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidinos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori individis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinantebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arsebuli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewoorganizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _
organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,

isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewolas (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive aucilebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT axsnas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRebad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yovelTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxeduli ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi sufrasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mdebare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasuxismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, rogorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq SegviZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqveni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi avxsnaT.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis monacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. rodesac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsnelad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naTlad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu

rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan movlenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akavSirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. magaliTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveuli cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, ucnobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofiliyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoTvas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvelebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistematurad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli centraluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kontroli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zlierebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mizez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelovania, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad SexvdebiT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adamianebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqtebis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi-
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Serlok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis safuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswavlul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamianis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZvelze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mocemul qcevas.
qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wignSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamoiwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularuli varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xelisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologebi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobeson da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod optimistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsiqologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,

rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mravali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqologebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqologiaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa kolonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrobluri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsiqologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi dominanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bornstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romlebic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla
am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvisas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra

saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pirdapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqologiur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ erTerTi umTavresi mizania fsiqologiuri gamocdilebis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT
studentebs, romlebic fsiqologiis disciplinis Sesaval
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamocdilebiTaa gamowveuli (ro-
gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiqrob, rom deda fsiqikurad daavadebuli myavs? es sagani
maswavlis, rogor unda miviRo ukeTesi niSnebi?); xandaxan es kiTxvebi presis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqologiuri informaciiTaa gamowveuli (marTalia, rom rac
ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi? qalebi
yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi
arian, vidre kacebi?). CvenTvis
am kursis swavlebis sirTule swored isaa, rom mecnieruli kvlevis is Sedegebi warmoavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvnelovania studentebisaTvis.
`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da

qveTavi cdilobs swored amgvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am gamocemaSi specialuri CanarTebi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTxvas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
sakiTxebis mecnierulad axsna, romlebic yvelaze metad
aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaamdidrebs Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqikuri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsiqologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan misi aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon rodis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelovania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqologiis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofilebaSi mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arsebul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-
leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Teoriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi
fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
mokle istoria aqvs, werda eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli herman ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnierebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobierebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZlebloba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis gamo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filosofosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristoteles mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveuli formebi induri iogas uZveles tradiciaSic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa dialogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msjeloba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calkeul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mecnierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fizika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsiqologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fundamentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm
Wundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laipcigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ganaTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri procesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vundtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan

sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil informacias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, romelsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiyenoT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Tavidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi testirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava

struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi
10
uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli gamocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,
1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, misma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT
samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval
universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi
gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis universitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laboratoriebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,
eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mowafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,
romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis
laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave
dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainteresebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. uiliam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,
henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca fsiqologiis safuZvlebi (1890-1950), romelic, mravali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asociacia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerikaSi 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria funqcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi
misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am
debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mecniereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenciali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZenaSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi martiv reaqciebs (ki-s, an ara-s Tqma, Rilakze
TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sistematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSualebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am
eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqologiuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aqcenti mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da
monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSSSi Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis
sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTodebi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxovrebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sensoruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZnobebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis
Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainteresebda kiTxvebi ratom da rogor. mis midgomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis
da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom adamianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am midgomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZnebis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Semadgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.
mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam frontze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,
radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule
martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elementaruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs
erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel
qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,
radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod
verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvaliswinebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo
Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxovelebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs.
struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, romlis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi azriT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, rogorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara
martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, magaliTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre
saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqologias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispiro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
funqcionalizmi:
mizanmimarTuli fsiqika
daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gadavidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cnobismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis ukeTesi wvdoma miiReboda (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).
miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjeroda, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil laboratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili
emociebis, me-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, religiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. misi Tbilsisxliani fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyvaneba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsisTvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda
da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri gamocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movlenebis kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa

aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seqmnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganviTarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,
ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,
rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaTvis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad
unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros
winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swori ar iqneba Tu ityviT: ginda `varskvlavuri
omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla? metyvelebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swavloben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs
moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis
gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da metyvelebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).
am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqturaze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc klasikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa
da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ZiriTad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba unda iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyvaneboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqturebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tviseba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis garemosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniSvnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi
da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms garemosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: ra aris nebismieri qceviTi aqtis funqcia an mizani? funqcionalizmis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli filosofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri procesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ganaTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca progresul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul
skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: meqanikuri
11
humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsiqo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da

daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: adamianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),
an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determinizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri
da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiuli? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aixsnas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire komponentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba ganapirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yoveli momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tvali, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da
Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTxebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad
udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da erTmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cnebebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. amitom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils ganvixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamedrove fsiqologias asaxaven.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,

rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi
SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT
aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZleba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifikur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini
Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am winadadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredebSi mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aRweris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqturiT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazRvreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struqturebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdilebam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba gkiTxon: ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobiologiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis analizis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa
da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi
ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZleba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxebis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovilebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosagzao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamowveuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan warmoSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZeben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqtivobis Sedegi.
biologiuri perspeqtiva
aa
fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva
12
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qcevas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlieri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tandayolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltolvebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis gadaWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. deprivaciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ sawvavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu misi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yvelaze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froidma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gakvirvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobili iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amocnobis surviliT.
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ideebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan muSaobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aRmoaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jansaR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeTiqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. froidis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom adamianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionaluri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebuli. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdevrebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianelebma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socialuri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,
romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsiqologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxvadasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecnobiT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,
aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavloben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli tipis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upirveles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben garemos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amzadebs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isini ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva unda gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakontroloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirvebad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Sedegi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZulebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiuterebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmartebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad
isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxvevabihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod gazomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents individis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
13
Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimentis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontroleben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioristebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili ZiriTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva
saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqologiis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti
eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi
dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi gaiziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aRmoCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis problemebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principebma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde
migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis
axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoebis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.
humanisturi mimdinareoba
14
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioristuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsiqologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ganapirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,
rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc
garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaCndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Sinaganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, adamianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari potenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garegani damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT danaxul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenomenologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moqmedi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swavloben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdiloben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-
listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, namdvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxeulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqologiis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,
xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs
rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse disciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris
is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias adamianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryofiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi
gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgomebis gaCenaze.
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,
rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi
gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela
procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da
gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT adamianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xolo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilobrivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi movlenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, rogorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruliad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gzebidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adamians momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisaxeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qcevebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRacas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gancdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,

problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvinSi sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdinareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamedrove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis ZiriTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCevis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bunebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: garemosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STamomavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis genebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Taobis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evoluciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, rogorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adamianis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistocenis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadirobasa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxeSad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsiqologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents akeTebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis
procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fantazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)
_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvaobaze akeTebs.
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqologia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul

gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Segroveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da SenarCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adaptaciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evoluciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqikuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaciis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis
gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTulebebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evoluciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben gaigon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evoluciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gavlenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis
process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gzebis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi moipovon.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
15
kulturuli mimdinareoba
16
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvaobebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniSvnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamianis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da
ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis
amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zalebis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris
SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kvebiTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkanian amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kulturuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxvadasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobebis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).
kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs
ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Teoriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaciebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrceldeba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena samyaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bavSvis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kulturuli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamocdilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Tavis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu rogor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorcielebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdinareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, romlebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Tezisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sazogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropologma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinowski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze centrirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis safuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinareoba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-
bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis

sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
mimdinareobebis Sedareba:
agresiis magaliTi
Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea
agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxrilSi 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.
magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor
axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;
imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.
yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa
da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. TiToeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevrebis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da
SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli
sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva regions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowveul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. agreTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom
ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar
aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrualur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, rogorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac siamovnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrkolebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamarTlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asakSi.
bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadenili agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gaxda. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoblebisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Semdeg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebulebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdilebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-
cxrili
1.1
mimdinareoba
rogor esmis
adamianis buneba
qcevis
determinantebi
kvlevis fokusi
kvlevis ZiriTadi
Temebi
biologiuri
pasiuri
meqanisturi
memkvidreoba,
bioqimiuri
procesebi
tvini da nervuli
sistemis
procesebi
qcevis da fsiqikuri
procesebis
bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT
marTuli
memkvidreoba,
adreuli
gamocdileba
aracnobieri
ltolvebi,
konfliqtebi
qceva, rogorc
aracnobieri
motivebis garegani
gamoxatva
bihevioristuli
reagirebs stimulze,
SeiZleba misi Secvla
garemo,
konkretuli
stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi
pirobebi
qceva da misi
stimulebi, mizezebi
da Sedegebi
humanisturi
aqtiuri,
usazRvro
potencialis
mqone
potenciurad
sakuTari
Tavisadmi
mimarTuli
adamianis
gamocdileba da
potenciali
cxovrebis paternebi
faseulobebi,
miznebi
kognituri
SemoqmedebiTad
aqtiuri,
reagirebs
stimulze
stimulis
Semcveli
pirobebi,
fsiqikuri
procesebi
fsiqikuri
procesebi,
ena
qceviTi
indikatorebis
saSualebiT
Seswavlili
fsiqikuri procesebi
evoluciuri
plesitocenis eris
problemebis
gadaWraze
adaptirebuli
adaptacia
gadarCenis
mizniT
ganviTarebuli
fisqologiuri
adaptacia
ganviTarebis
adapturi funqciebis
TvalsazrisiT
ganxiluli
fsiqikuri meqanizmebi
kulturuli
icvleba kulturis
zegavleniT
kulturuli
normebi
damokidebulebebisa
(attitudes) da
qcevebis kroskulturuli
sqemebi
adamianis
gamocdilebis
universaluri da
kulturulad
specifikuri aspeqtebi
tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi arsebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli
Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gaupatiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.
evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis gamo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli adamianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis seleqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen
da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturuli Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis
gamovlenis albaTobaze.

ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,
raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsiqologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxvadasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cveneuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsiqologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sakuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT TiToeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoikiTxavT am wignSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
17
cxrili
1.2
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
18
kiTxva
vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas
rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT

TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi?
klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi
(community psychologist)
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi?
bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls

brZanebebis Sesruleba?
eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias,

romelic namdvilad vici?
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi

erTmaneTisagan?
pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

qcevis genetikosi
rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~
socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb?
ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao?
Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli

àmrev~moswavles?
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

skolis fsiqologi
ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win?
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli

danaSaulis Cadenis dros?
sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis

mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?
sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian

bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moRvaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsiqologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bolos 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTxidan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba
(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-
logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusirebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.

ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqologiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis dominirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raodenobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scarborough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis universiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma miiRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo cxovelis goneba. 1895 wels
meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daamTavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantura, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
suraTi
1.2
suraTi
1.3
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo

naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT
qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis

doqtoris xarisxi
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi

warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araerTxel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mamakacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-
kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,

doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukuneSi myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsiqologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, romelic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
italielebi ityvian: wavediT! (andiamo!)
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqologiuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-erTi adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mimdinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi

upiratesobas floben
19
nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motivaciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Sinagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTavaria is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas

garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kulturuli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi interpretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pasuxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
da met qals moiTvlis.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
vifiqroT momavalze
20
`fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ am gamocemas mokle eseebi davamateT, romlebic fsiqologiaSi, rogorc mecnierebaSi, momxdar clilebebs
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadasvlasTan erTad. am TavSi mokled aRvwereT, Tu rogor Seicvala es disciplina gasuli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mimdinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mogvitans Semdegi 100 weli? aSkaraa, rom fsiqologiis Sinaarsi da praqtika momavalSi Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac fsiqologebi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi procesebi, magram arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic konkretul dros moaqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18
TavebSi ganxiluli socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis
umetesoba im mecnierebma wamoiwyes, vinc cdilobda gaego, ra Zalebma ganapiroba meore msoflio omis saSinele-
bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, romeli sazogadoebrivi moZraoba Seipyrobs

msoflios XXI saukuneSi, magram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi dauyovnebliv reagirebas moaxdenen am sakiTxebze da maT
Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqologiur kvlevaze, agreTve,
did gavlenas moaxdens is teqnologiuri siaxleeebi, romlebic adamianebsa da kulturebs Soris manZils amcirebs.
internetis gamo XXI saukuneSi didi mniSvneloba mieniWeba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sakiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
bolos farTod gamoiyeneboda kompiuterebi da tvinis Sesaswavli sxva mowyobilobebi, romlebzec vundts da mis
kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxvewili teqnologiuri miRweve-
bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs saSualeba miecemaT zedmiwevniT zustad gaarkvion, ra mimarTebaa fsiqikur procesebsa da tvinis aqtivobas Soris. aseve, genetikuri kvlevis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swrafad Secvalos is gzebi, romlebiTac mkvlevrebi acalkeveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiToeuli individis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs _ inovaciebi fsiqologiis Sinaarssa da praqtikaSi _ mivmarTavT swored specialur
qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis gverdi

www.psychologicalscience.org
_ amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoebis gverdi
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqologia aris individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.

fsiqologiis mizania qcevis
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontrolebis
xelSewyoba.

vundtis da titCeneris Sromebidan ganviTarda struqturalizmi, romelic aqcents elementaruli SegrZnebebisagan agebuli fsiqikisa da qcevis struqturaze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganviTarebuli funqcionalizmi
aqcents qcevis miRma arsebul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tanamedrove fsiqologiis safuZvlebi.
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svidive Tanamedrove midgoma
gansxvavebulad xedavs adamianis bunebas, qcevis determinantebs, kvlevis sferosa
da meTodebs.
qcevasa da tvinis meqanizmebs Soris mimarTebas swavlobs.
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis fsiqologis profesia

moculobiT ufro internacionaluri da praqtikosebisa da mkvlevrebis SemadgenlobiT ufro mravalferovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela TavSi muqi SriftiTaa gamoyofili, rom advilad SeamCnioT, xolo yoveli Tavis bolos igive terminebi ganmeorebiTaa mocemuli. garda amisa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wignis bolos, leqsikonSi mocemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
ganmartebulia.
biheviorizmi
bihevioristuli
mimdinareoba
garemos cvladebi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
kognituri mimdinareoba
mecnieruli meTodi
organizmuli cvladebi
fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sferoSi muSaoben da sxvadasxva specialobis gamocdilebas eyrdnobian. fsiqologiis profesiis warmomadgeneli pasuxs scems TiTqmis
yvela kiTxvas, romelic realur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas exeba.
situaciis cvladebi
struqturalizmi
funqcionalizmi
fsiqodinamikuri
mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
qceva
qcevis monacemebi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva instinqturi

ZalebiTa da Sinagani konfliqtebiT, cnobieri da
aracnobieri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
biheviorizisaTvis qceva ganpirobebulia garegani stimulebiT.
humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis mniSvnelovania racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individSi.
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs
usvams im fsiqikur procesebs, romlebic qceviT reaqciebze
zemoqmedebs.
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCenis procesSi Seguebis Sedegad ganviTarda.
qcevas da mis interpretacias kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
21
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
2
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
korelaciis meTodi
qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
sandooba da
validoba
TviTangariSi
qcevis dakvirveba da
gazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
informirebuli
Tanxmoba
riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
ganzrax motyueba
kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
22
ZiriTadi cnebebi
avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mister feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, romlebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Semdeg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi

WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqologebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sainteresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mecnierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZnobebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli daskvnebis gakeTeba.
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs

geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavsebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqrisaken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brundebodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperimentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperimentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayofilebina.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba

Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mizezebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRebuli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
aRmoCenis etapi
23
aRmoCenis etapi
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or

Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am TanmimdevrobiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqologiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombinaciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determinizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
24
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis

saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqologiuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad Tu-maSin~ winaswarmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiqcevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gadasinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebulebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmariteba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis

sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Sedegi mohyveba.
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,

man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoayalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi monacemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieqturoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specialuri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieqturobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar xedaven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciurobis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixilavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvirveblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munsterberg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi sityvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaocebuli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,

romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,
1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasargeblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvlevis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecniero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamoqveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
25
belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoitanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romelSic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciurobis minimumamde dasayvanad?
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodismentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi

wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da erTic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).
26
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde

dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdroindeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi

iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur SexedulebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram
es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirvedasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis
is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
momdinareobs.
suraTi
2.1
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresiulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT

dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedurebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogierTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, agreTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsiqologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacionalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviTpativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia arasworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRvreba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyrobis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli procedura.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)

_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, romelic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi
(dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom adamianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dadgenaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi orazrovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqmedeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs.
saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. testis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli

unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSualebas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecnierebma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. operaciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT ganmartavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
27
obieqturobis sirTule
28
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,

ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alternatiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alternatiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur
mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimentatoris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,
romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
iRebs.
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimentuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul axsnaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, romelic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis
saidan
viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni daskvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pasuxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimentatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 students misces virTxebis jgufebi, romlebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda eswavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinamdvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxebze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studentebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT

xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxinjebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini

medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnaloba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurnalobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeqti (Roberts et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moaTavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba

radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTvaliswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimentatori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias

iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukidebeli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molodinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodinis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,
1966).
29
30
cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da

piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis temperatura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semotanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodinebidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asistents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevrebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kontroli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, romelsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,
rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden

Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis
salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakontrolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvnelovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eqsperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvladebis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulisxmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi moxvdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _
eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia

anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas

miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi

jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
Sedegia.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic

eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _
SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.
suraTi
31
saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A
sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,

sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Semowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advilad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kostiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mravalgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabrunebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
32
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi

damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damokidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sasurvelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul pirobebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvavebuli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani

eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase martivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosazrebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqologebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statistikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneblebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gansazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
2.4
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi

es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wertili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro
met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu

mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT muSaobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produqciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod

imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. korelaciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegobrivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magaliTad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arsebuli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xmauria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegobrioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqrobasa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romantiulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
suraTi
33
es faqti amgvarad axsna: im saRamos seqsis

Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,
Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa
darCenodaT?~ (niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da
sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. miwisZvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,
_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),
magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Sobadobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad
SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa
da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris
korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakontrolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis
Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,
rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas
miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiTqos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi
xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsiqologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs
gTavazobT:
saidan
viciT
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
34
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu

ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?
mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris
destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT
(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan
gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs
sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis
raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadastura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis
maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad
avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
qcevas.
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis

gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxveviTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota
an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda
daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamovlindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba
am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis
konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes
fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa
saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi
survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia
saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani
reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan
Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi
reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,
meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas
gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur
daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec qviSian napirze
okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.
qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqtikulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furclebze. qvezRurblovani reklamis gamomgonebeli~
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekranze gaelvebulma warweram iyideT batibuti!~
58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,
1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu
orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira
qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani
teqstis ganTavsebiT: Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cavjdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma
satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRurblovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba marketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad
ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro
metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom
upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qvezRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa
da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperimentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.
2.5).
suraTi
2.5
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli

kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma
saidan
viciT
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsierebis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti
Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237
qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes
saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSveobiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles
or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines
mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.
isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5
kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laboratorias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gaezomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da
TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma
ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri
romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).
am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba
da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobesebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi

moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daamates. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars
mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kasetaze mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu
Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mousmendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera mexsiereba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli

rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxarjavT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.
`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani mizania myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs
gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem-
eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.

cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg
SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an
TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav
uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba
damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qvezRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.
35
deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu

rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan procesebs.
Sejameba
36
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.

amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods
iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZleulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedurebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli
gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi
mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron
alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, rogoricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari
daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs
iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli
da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis
dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia
da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs
Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pirTa SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamodgebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis
mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri samyaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis
efeqti.
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalferovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dakvirvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva
da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erTerTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-
gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo

piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi fenomenis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazRvrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis
an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis
mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upiratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis
sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis
ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da validoba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis
sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agrovebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur monacemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan
erTad unda ganixiloT.
sandooba da validoba
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da
validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs
fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis
Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi
sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda
gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda
miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac
aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237
cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,
rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis
Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba
im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,
romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bednierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bednieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. validuri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis
gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.
rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT

rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi
validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi
sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,
Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi
sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),
magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da
validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazomebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari

gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver
daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi
(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdileba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi
mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsualuri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT
SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report
measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an
zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis
sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron
erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze
miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an
anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. kiTxvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi
(Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo
qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebulebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb (ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi
saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,
sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac

pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,
ara, ar vici.
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris
dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.
mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan
gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. interviuerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi
interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis processac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports
_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas respondentTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis
gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mravalgvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver
gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze molaparakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da
validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba
ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon
TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos
socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac
adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar
Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STabeWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos namdvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma
ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT
TviTangariSi
37
SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,

gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans
miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSualebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoebulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier
gacemul pasuxebze.
qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva
38
fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ainteresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirinTSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;
students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,
romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis
sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa
dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,
zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba
qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,
daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis CamonaTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas
aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirvebisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da
Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis
laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis
piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is
emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad
iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon
is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWirdebaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,
an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti gazomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec arsebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqnilobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis
Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi
uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis RirsSesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,
rogor muSaobs tvini.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da
iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
qceva.
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bunebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar

ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis
TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.
adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxolod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba
sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri
iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi
movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvlevari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti
aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis
rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvirvebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia
jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Paterson and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze
swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tanganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi
rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tavdapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaakeTebda:
Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mraval saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi
bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,
vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli
dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba

gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvnelovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTavrebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. magaliTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswavlas warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone calkeuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instrumenti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da procedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi

qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawileebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,

rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqologebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamoqveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawesebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moelian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmuneben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur adgilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, monawileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli informacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian monawileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxileben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakontaqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayofa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobili sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emociuri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTarebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
39
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swavlobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklavdeT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yuradRebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Catareba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
ganzrax motyueba
40
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli

informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoqmedebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu

fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovelTvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informaciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac

axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eqsperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,

eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gakeTebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
et al., 1988).
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcvekvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,

rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dakvirveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, romlebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damokidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimyenebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswavlo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT

cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad

mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kritikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imisaTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovnebisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazogadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev

mcdarad miaCniaT, rom homo sapiensis sxva qmnilebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTlebulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben laboratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad manipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxovelebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sifrTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
41
fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi
fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba
internetSi fsiqologiisadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds

waawydebiT. magaliTad, Sizofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedroveobas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela CvenganisaTvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli moxmareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad ufro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
Z i r i Ta d a d s e r i o z u l i
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
42
Tavsebuli, romelTa umetesoba amerikis fsiqologTa

asociaciis, an amerikis fsiqologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semowmebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ugzavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Te o r i u l i s a f u Z v l e b i s ,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyndeba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebulma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srulyofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi SedarebiT susti rogorRac gaZ-
samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT.

kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad daxvewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gadacemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis bulvaruli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsiqikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. marTalia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis
vreba~, magram, zogadad, es

procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofilebs.
amitom, rodesac informacias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internetSi seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebismieri informacia unda Seicavdes gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~. moyvanili informaciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
m i Ti Te b u l i
s a Ta n a d o
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!
konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi propagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswavlidan miRebuli formaluri codna im araformalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.

mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi operaciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis martiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da

movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtkicebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ganixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis stadiaze dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov-
lenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. mkvlevari

Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ideebi mowmdeba da dasturdeba, an uariyofa.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi

wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
43
ideebis SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi mecnierul meTods iyeneben. es aris
monacemebis imgvarad Segroveba da interpretireba,
rom Secdomebi minimumamde
iqnes dayvanili.
mkvlevrebi ebrZvian damkvirveblis tendenciurobas procedurebis standartizaciis da operaciuli gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebis gziT.
kvlevis eqsperimentuli
meTodebi gansazRvravs,
arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTeba.
mkvlevrebi alternatiul
axsnebs kontrolis saTanado procedurebis
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
kvlevis korelaciuri meTodi gansazRvravs, ramdenad aris ori cvladi
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. korelacia ar gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas.
44
fsiqologebi cdiloben ise
gazomon monacemebi, rom
isini sando da validuri
iyos.
fsiqologiuri kvleva
moicavs sakuTari Tavis
Sefasebis da qcevis
gazomvas.
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
yvela mkvlevari valdebulia pativi sces kvlevis
m o n a w i l e Ta , a r a a q v s
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu
cxovelis, ZiriTad uflebebs. eTikuri da humanuri mopyrobis garantirebisaTvis SemuSavebulia
mTeli igi damcveli saSualebebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegebi sworad gamoviyenoT,
unda vicodeT, rogor
viazrovnoT kritikulad
da rogor SevafasoT
kvlevis Sedegebi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
A-B-A sqema
aRmoCenis etapi
TviTangariSi
dasabuTebis etapi
damatebiTi cvladi
damokidebuli cvladi
damoukidebeli cvladi
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba
determinizmi
eqsperimentuli meTodi
validoba
Teoria
kvlevis Semdegi interviu
kontrolis procedura
korelaciis koeficienti
korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi
molodinis efeqti
operaciuli gansazRvreba
ormagad brma kontroli
placebo efeqti
placebo kontroli
populacia
reprezentatuli SerCeva
sandooba-standartizacia
qcevis gazomva
SemTxvevis Seswavla
SerCeva
cvladi
cdis pirTa Soris sqema
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
hipoTeza
statistikuri damateba
statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da
daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
monacemebis analizi
aRweriTi statistika
daskvniTi statistika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
Ziritadi terminebi
45
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
46
ogorc rogorc meore TavSi

aRvniSneT, fsiqologebi statistikas imisaTvis iyeneben, rom Segrovebul monacemebs azri mianiWon. statistika,
agreTve, saWiroa miRebuli daskvnebisaTvis
raodenobrivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad. amdenad,
statistikis codna dagexmarebaT daafasoT is
procesi, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba fsiqologiuri codna. pirovnul doneze, statistikis
principebis gageba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi dagexmarebaT, rodesac sxvebi monacemTa
gamoyenebiT Seecdebian Segacvlevinon azrebi
da moqmedebebi.
studentTa umetesobisaTvis statistika
mSrali, uintereso sagania. miuxedavad amisa,
statitikas Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgvari
gamoyeneba aqvs. amis saCveneblad moviyvanT
mxolod erT proeqts, dawyebuls realuri
problemiT da damTavrebuls statistikuri
argumentebiT, romlebic zogadi daskvnebisaTvis
moiSvelies. misi ganxorcieleba presis pirvel
gverdebze moTavsebulma informaciebma gamoiw-
mkvlevarTa gunds hqonda varaudi, rom morcxvobas, sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da

Zaladobis qcevas Soris kavSiri unda arsebobdes (Lee et al., 1977). amitom maT daiwyes
monacemebis Segroveba, romlebic amgvar kavSirs
gamoavlenda. mkvlevrebma igulisxmes, rom erTi
SexedviT aramoZalade adamianebi, romlebic
uecrad Cadian mkvlelobas, Cveulebriv, morcxvebi da araagresiulebi arian, TavianT vnebebs
da agresiebs mkacrad akontroleben. marTalia,
cxovrebis manZilze isini mraval travmas
iReben, magram iSviaTad, an saerTod ar gamoxataven brazss, Tumca ganicdian mas. garegnulad isini TiTqosda mSvidi adamianebi arian,
magram SigniT brZola mimdinareobs gamalebuli
vies im morcxvi adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

uecrad mkvlelebi gaxdnen. magaliTi:
naTesavebi, TanamSromlebi da nacnobebi
fred kovans wynar, sasiamovno, bavSvebis moyvarul, keTil~ kacad axasiaTebdnen. fredis
skolis yofilma direqtorma ganacxada, rom
kovans saukeTeso niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi,
TanamSromlobasa da religiaSi. TanamSromlis mixedviT, kovani aravis elaparakeboda,
magram xalisiT asrulebda sxvebis davalebebsa da Txovnebs~. erTxel, valentinis
dRes, kovani naxevrad avtomaturi iaraRiT
Sevida samsaxurSi, mokla oTxi TanamSromeli,
policieli da Semdeg Tavi moikla.
es istoria sakmaod xSir movlenas asaxavs:
morcxvi, wynari adamiani uecrad Zaladobas
Cadis da SokSi agdebs yvelas, vinc mas icnobda.
ra saerTo aqvs fred kovans maTTan, vinc
moulodnelad wynari da mzrunveli adamianidan
moZaladed da umowyalod gardaiqmna? ra
pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian amgvari adamianebi Cvengan?
emociebis gasakontroleblad. isini wynari,

pasiuri, pasuxismgebliani adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben rogorc bavSvobisas, aseve
mozardobaSi. simorcxvis gamo maT Zalian axlobeli adamianebi ar hyavT da aravin icis, sinamdvileSi ras ganicdian. Semdeg, uecrad raRac
feTqdeba. kidev erTi mcire wyena, kidev erTi
mcire socialuri wnexi sakmarisia, rom naperwklis roli iTamaSos da gamoaTavisuflos
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cakluli Zaladoba.
radgan am adamianebs ar uswavliaT, rogor
SeiZleba pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtis gadaWra problemis ganxilvisa da molaparakebis
gziT, fizikurad amJRavneben TavianT agresias.
mesame kiTxvari minesotis mravalfaziani

pirovnebis sakvlevi kiTxvari iyo, romelic
pirovnebis mraval ganzomilebas swavlobs (ix.
Tavi 14), magram amJamad misi mxolod erTi, egos
zekontrolis~, anu ipoqondriulobis skala
gamoiyenes, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad akontrolebs adamiani impulsebs. rac ufro maRalia qula, miT metia egos kontroli.
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom kriminal
mkvlelebTan SedarebiT, uecari mkvlelebi (1)
ufro xSirad daaxasiaTebdnen sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc morcxvs, (2) ufro metad airCevdnen
qalis Tvisebebs, vidre mamakacisas da (3) egos
zekontrolis ufro maRal qulas miiRebdnen.
sanam Sedegebze gadavalT, unda ganvixiloT
ramdenime procedura, romlebic am monacemebis
gasaanalizeblad gamoiyenes. mkvlevrebis mier
Segrovil realur monacemebs masalad gamoviyenebT, raTa Tqven statistikuri analizis
sxvadasxva tipi SegaswavloT.
monacemebis analizi
mravali fsiqologi mklevrisaTvis monacemTa
analizi amaRelvebeli proceduraa, radgan swored aq mJRavndeba swori iyo Tu ara misi varaudi.
am qveTavSi nabij-nabij gavivliT uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis zogierT monacems. Tu ukve gadaaTvaliereT wigni, ricxvebi da gantolebebi nanaxi geqnebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom maTematika iaraRia,
maTematikuri simboloebi ki _ ideebisa da
konceptualuri operaciebis warmodgenis mokle
gza.
S.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19 cdis pirTa monacemebi, anu nedli qulebi _ realuri, namdvili
qulebi, an sxva sazomebi. rogorc xedavT, 10
cdis piri uecar mkvlelebs miekuTvneboda,
xolo 9 _ kriminal mkvlelebs.
am monacemebidan raimes gageba Zalian rTulia,
aq ubralod raRac ricxvebis grovaa mocemuli.
nebismieri mkvlevari imasve igrZnobda, rasac
Tqven _ dabneulobas. ras niSnavs es qulebi?
gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisagan mkvlelTa
es ori jgufi? am araorganizebuli monacemebiT
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia.
swored am monacemebisaTvis azris miniWebis
mizniT gamoiyeneba statistika. aRweriTi sta-
monacemTa analizi
mkvlevrebma Camoayalibes hipoTeza, rom

simorcxve ufro metad axasiaTebT uecar
mkvlelebs _ maT, visac manamde ar CaudeniaT
raime danaSauli, an antisocialuri qceva, vidre
kriminal mkvlelebs, visac mkvlelobamde hqoniaT Zaladobis kriminaluri qcevebis SemTxvevebi. garda amisa, uecari mkvlelebi TavianTi impulsebis ufro maRali donis kontroliT gamoirCevian, vidre Zaladobis Cadenas
Cveuli adamianebi. dabolos, maTi pasiuroba
da sxvebze damokidebuleba sqesobrivi rolebis
kiTxvarSi gamovlindeba ufro feminur da
androginul (qalis da mamakacis erTdroulad)
TvisebebSi, vidre kriminali mkvlelebisa.
am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma kaliforniis cixeebSi testebis da kiTxvarebis
Catarebis nebarTva miiRes. 19 patimari (yvela
mamakaci) daTanxmda kvlevaSi monawileobis
miRebaze. mkvlelobamde rig maTgans danaSaulebis mTeli seria hqonda Cadenili, xolo
sxvebs ar gaaCndaT kriminaluri warsuli. am
ori tipis cdis pirebisagan mkvlevrebma sami
tipis monacemi moagroves: simorcxvis qula,
sqesobrivi rolis identifikaciis qula da
impulsis kontrolis qula.
simorcxvis qula stenfordis simorcxvis
kiTxvaris saSualebiT Sefasda. am kiTxvaris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo kiTxva:
morcxvi xarT Tu ara?~, razec mocemuli iyo
pasuxis ori varianti: ki~, an ara~. sxva kiTxvebi
exeboda simorcxvis saxeebs da xarisxebs,
simorcxvis mizezebsa da sababs.
meore kiTxvari iyo sandra bemis (Sandra Bem)
sqesobrivi rolebis kiTxvari, romelic warmoadgens zedsarTavi saxelebis sias, magaliTad,
agresiuli, mosiyvarule. cdis pirma unda
upasuxos, ramdenad Seesabameba es Tvisebebi
mas (Bem, 1974, 1981). zogierTi zedsarTavi
feminur, anu qalis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda qalis sqesobriv rols. zogierTi
zedsarTavi mamakacis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda mamakacis sqesobriv rols.
individis sqesobrivi rolis saboloo qulis,
romelic feminurobasa da maskulinobas Soris
sxvaobas asaxavda, gamoTvla Semdegnairad
xdeboda: feminurs akldeboda maskulinuri
qulebi, xolo maskulinuri da feminuri qulebis kombinacia individis androginulobas
aCvenebda.
47
cxrili
s.1
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis nedli

monacemebi
BSRI
MMPI
feminurobaegos
patimrebi simorcxve
maskulinoba zekontroli
am monacemebis tipur maxasiaTeblebs warmogvidgens. garda amisa, aRweriTi statistika aCvenebs,

ramdenad icvleba qulebi tipuri qulis mimarT,
anu monacemebis variabilobas _ gafantulia
qulebi, Tu erTmaneTTan axlosaa dajgufebuli.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor iReben mkvlevrebi am
sazomebs.
jgufi 1: uecari mkvlelebi
sixSireTa ganawileba
48
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
+5
-1
+4
+61
+19
+41
-29
+23
-13
+5
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
jgufi 2: kriminali mkvlelebi

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ara
ara
ki
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
-12
-14
+33
-8
-7
+3
-17
+6
-10
15
11
14
10
16
11
6
9
2
tistika ricxobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva

aspeqtis obieqturad aRweras niSnavs maTematikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT. Tu odesme
gamogiTvliaT Tqveni niSnebis saSualo maCvenebeli, maSin aRweriTi statistika gamogiyenebiaT. axsniTi statistika albaTobis Teorias
iyenebs, raTa sandod aCvenos, romeli Sedegebia
SemTxveviT miRebuli.
aRweriTi statistika
aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli
kanonzomierebis Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs.
is cdis piris an cdis pirTa monacemebs, an
cvladebs Soris kavSirs aRwers. amitom mkvlevari ara calkeuli cdis piris monacems, aramed
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs
maTi centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da
korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
qulaTa ganawilebis naTlad warmosaCenad

unda avagoT sixSireTa ganawilebis mrudi, anu
imis Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba
sxvadasxva qula. simorcxvis monacemebis
Sejameba advilia: 9-jer gvxvdeba pasuxi diax
da 10-jer _ pasuxi ara. TiTqmis yvela dadebiTi
pasuxi pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo TiTqmis
yvela uaryofiTi pasuxi _ meores, magram
sqesobrivi rolis da egos zekontrolis
monacemebi ar xvdeba ki~-s da ara~-s martiv
kategoriebSi. jer ganvixiloT sqesobrivi
rolis monacemebi. yvelaze maRali qulaa +61
(maqsimalurad feminuri) da yvelaze dabali
_33 (maqsimalurad maskulinuri). 19 qulidan 9
dadebiTia d 10 uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom 9
mkvleli SedarebiT feminuria, xolo 10 _
maskulinuri; magram rogor nawildeba es
qulebi jgufebSi? sixSireTa ganawilebis
mrudis agebisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji
iqneba qulebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken. qulebis
aseT dalagebas rangebis mixedviT mowesrigeba
ewodeba, rac S.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
cxrili
s.2
sqesobrivi rolis qulebis rangis

mixedviT dalageba
yvelaze maRali
+61
+41
+23
+19
+6
+5
+5
+4
+3
-1
-7
-8
-10
-12
-13
-14
-17
-29
-33
yvelaze dabali
SeniSvna: + qulebi ufro feminuria; - qulebi ki, ufro

maskulinuri.
cxrili
grafikebi
ganawilebaTa aRqma xSirad bevrad advilia,
roca isini grafikebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
grafikis yvelaze martivi formaa svetebiani
grafiki. svetebiani grafiki saSualebas
gvaZlevs monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba
davinaxoT. misi gamoyenebiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT,
ramdenad metma uecarma mkvlelma daaxasiaTa
sakuTari Tavi, rogorc ufro morcxvi,
kriminal mkvlelTan SedarebiT (ix. sur. S.1).
suraTi
s.3
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis sixSireTa

ganawileba
kategoria
sixSire
+60-dan -69-mde
+50-dan +59-mde
+40-dan +49-mde
+30-dan +39-mde
+20-dan +29-mde
+10-dan +19-mde
0-dan +9-mde
-10-dan -1-mde
-20-dan -11-mde
-30-dan -21-mde
-40-dan -31-mde
1
0
1
0
1
1
5
4
4
1
1
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _

statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adasturebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod SemTxveviTaa miRebuli.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiToeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
s.1
mkvlelTa ori jgufis simorcxve

(svetebiani grafiki)
ufro rTuli monacemebisaTvis, rogoricaa

sqesobrivi rolis qulebi, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT histograma, romelic Zalian hgavs svetebian grafiks, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT, aq
warmodgenili kategoriebi intervalebia, anu
TiToeuli sveti raodenobriv kategorias
asaxavs da ara saxelwodebis kategorias. histograma gvaZlevs ganawilebaSi qulebis vizualur suraTs, romlebic intervalebSia
moTavsebuli. S.2 suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom
mkvlelTa ori jgufis sqesobrivi rolebis
qulebi gansxvavebulia.
S.1 da S.2 suraTebidan Cans, rom simorcxvisa
da sqesobrivi rolebis TvalsazrisiT mkvlevarTa hipoTeza dadasturda: uecarma mkvlelebma meti albaTobiT daaxasiaTes sakuTari
Tavi, rogorc morcxvi da ufro meti albaTobiT gamoiyenes feminuri niSnebi sakuTari
Tavis aRwerisas, vidre kriminalma mkvlelebma.
monacemTa analizi
Semdegi nabijia amgvarad dalagebuli qulebis ufro mcire jgufebSi gaerTianeba. am

jgufebs anu kategoriebs intervalebi ewodeba.
mocemul kvlevaSi 10 kategoria gamoyves, TiToeulSi 10 qula moxvda. mesame nabijia sixSireTa
ganawilebis cxrilis ageba, sadac intervalebi
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken iqneba
CamoTvlili da miTiTebuli iqneba, ramdeni
qula moxvda TiToeul intervalSi, anu miTiTebuli iqneba sixSire. Cveni sixSireTa ganawileba
gvaCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
meryeobs _20-sa da +9-s Soris (ix. cxrili S.3),
xolo patimarTa qulebis umetesoba nulisagan
didad ar aris daSorebuli, rac niSnavs imas,
rom isini arc Zlierad uaryofiTia da arc
Zlierad dadebiTi.
monacemebi ukve gamoyenebadi saxiTaa warmodegnili, axla SeiZleba maTi grafikulad
warmodgena.
49
50
suraTi
s.2
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi

aqamde qulebis ganawilebis mxolod zogadi
suraTi SevqmeniT. cxrilebi da grafikebi
Sedegebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmareba, magram Cven
meti gvinda vicodeT, magaliTad, erTi qula,
romelic mTeli jgufis tipuri warmomadgenelia. es qula gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
xdeba, roca ori an meti jgufis Sedareba
gvsurs, radgan bevrad ufro advilia ori
jgufis tipuri qulis Sedareba, vidre mTeli
ganawilebebis. erT amgvar tipur qulas, romelic mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciulia,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi ewodeba (is
ganawilebis centrSia moTavsebuli da sxva
qulebi mis garSemo jgufdeba). Cveulebriv,

fsiqologebi centraluri tendenciis sam
gansxvavebul sazoms iyeneben: modas, medianas
da saSualos.
moda iseTi qulaa, romelic bevrad ufro
xSirad Cndeba, vidre sxvebi. simorcxvis sazomis
mixedviT, uecari mkvlelebis yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo diax~ - aTi cdis piridan cxram
Tqva, rom morcxvi iyo. kriminal mkvlelebs
Soris modaluri pasuxi iyo ara~. sqesobrivi
rolebis modaluri qula uecari mkvlelebisaTvis +5 iyo. SegiZliaT gviTxraT, ramdenia
egos zekontrolis qulebis moda uecari mkvlelebisaTvis? moda aris centraluri tendenciis
yvelaze advilad gansasazRvri maCvenebeli,
magram xSirad is naklebad gamosadegia. am
gamousadegobis erT-erT mizezs maSin dainaxavT,
roca yuradRebas miaqcevT imas, rom egos
zekontrolis modis _17-is zemoT mxolod erTi
qulaa moTavsebuli, xolo 6 monacemi mis
qvemoTaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom 17 yvelaze xSiri
qulaa am ganawilebaSi, is SeiZleba ver asaxavdes tipur anu centralur maCvenebels.
mediana namdvilad centraluri qulaa,
radgan ganawilebis zeda naxevars qveda naxevrisagan gamoyofs, anu medianis zemoT da qvemoT
qulaTa erTi da igive raodenoba Tavsdeba.
medianaze maRali qulebis raodenoba igivea,
rac medianaze dabali qulebisa. rodesac
qulebis raodenoba kentia, mediana zustad Sua
qulaa, xolo luwi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi,
ori SuaSi mdebare ori qulis gaSualeba xdeba.
Tu, magaliTad, kriminali mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebs daalagebT, naxavT, rom
mediana _10-ia, mis zemoT da qvemoT Tanabari
raodenobis, oTx-oTxi monacemi xvdeba. uecari
mkvlelebisaTvis mediana +5-ia _ rigiT mexuTe
da meeqvse qulis saSualo, maTgan TiToeuli
+5-ia. medianaze ar zemoqmedebs ukiduresi
qulebi, magaliTad, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis qula +129 rom yofiliyo +61-is
nacvlad, mediana mainc +5 darCeboda da isev
zeda da qveda naxevris gamyofi iqneboda.
martivad, mediana ganawilebis SuaSi myofi
qulaa.
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
M=(X)/N
am formulaSi M saSualoa, X TiToeuli individis qula, (berZnuli aso sigma) mis Semdeg
moTavsebuli wevrebis jamia, xolo N qulaTa
mTliani raodenobaa. radgan sqesobrivi rolebis
yvela qulis jami (X)/115-ia, xolo maTi raodenoba (N) 10, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi
rolis qulebis saSualo (M) iqneba:
M=115/10=11.5
SeecadeT, Tavad gamoTvaloT egos zekontrolis qula, saSualo 11.4-is toli unda iyos.
medianasagan gansxvavebiT, saSualos mniSvnelobaze ganawilebis yvela qulis mniSvneloba
zemoqmedebs. ukiduresi qulis mniSvnelobis
cvlileba saSualos mniSvnelobas cvlis.
magaliTad, meoTxe cdis piris sqesobrivi rolis
qula +61-is nacvlad +101 rom yofiliyo, mTeli
jgufis saSualo 11.5-dan 15.6-mde gaizrdeboda.
variabiloba
ganawilebis, rogorc mTelis reprezentaciuli qulis, codnis garda, saWiroa agreTve
vicodeT, ramdenad reprezentaciulia centraluri tendenciis es sazomi. danarCeni qulebi
masTan axlosaa, Tu gafantulia? variabilobis
sazomebi is statistikebia, romlebic centraluri tendenciis romelime sazomis irgvliv
qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs.
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli saSualo, centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an standartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze maRal da yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba,
variabilobis martivi sazomi.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation SD) _
qulaTa wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSualodan, variabilobis sazomi
magaliTi migaxvedrebT, ratomaa saWiro variabilobis sazomebi. warmoidgineT, rom skolis

maswavlebeli xarT. wlis dasawyisia da 30
meoreklasels kiTxva unda aswavloT. iciT, rom
klasSi saSualo moswavles pirveli klasis
donis wignis wakiTxva unda SeeZlos da amis
mixedviT dagegmavT gakveTilebs. magram imisTvis,
rom ukeT aagoT swavlebis procesi, umjobesia
icodeT, ramdenad msgavsia an gansxvavebuli 30
moswavlis kiTxvis unari. Tu isini daaxloebiT
erT doneze arian (dabali variabiloba), SegiZliaT meore klasis standartuli gakveTili
dagegmoT. magram, iqneb ramdenime moswavles
bevrad rTuli masalis kiTxva SeuZlia, sxvebi
ki Zlivs kiTxuloben (maRali variabiloba) aseT
SemTxvevaSi, saSualo done ar iqneba klasis
reprezentaciuli da sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili
unda dagegmoT moswavleTa mravalferovani
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
variabilobis yvelaze martivi sazomi diapazonia, anu sixSireTa ganawilebaSi yvelaze
maRal da yvelaze dabal maCvenebls Soris
sxvaoba. uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis
qulebisaTvis diapazoni 90-ia: (+61) _ (-29). egos
kontrolis qulebis diapazoni ki 10-ia: (+19) _
(+9). diapazonis gamosaTvlelad mxolod ori
qulis codna gWirdebaT _ yvelaze maRlis da
yvelaze dablis.
diapazonis gamoTvla Zalian advilia, magram
mkvlevrebi variabilobis sxva, ufro daxvewil
sazomebs amjobineben, romlebic yvela qulas
iTvaliswinebs da ara mxolod ukidures maCveneblebs. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli
sazomia standartuli gadaxra, romelic qulebsa da maT saSualos Soris sxvaobis saSualos aCvenebs. ganawilebis standartuli gadaxris gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis saSualo da
TiToeuli qula unda icodeT. procedura Semdegia: TiToeul qulas aklebT saSualos, Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvliT. qvemoT mocemulia formula:
(X M )
simboloebis umetesobas ukve unda cnobdeT

saSualos gamosaTvleli formulidan. (X-M)
niSnavs individualur qulas gamovakloT saSualo~ da mas, Cveulebriv, gadaxris qulas
monacemTa analizi
monacemTa wyebis aRsawerad yvelaze xSirad

saSualo gamoiyeneba. mis gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis yvela qula ikribeba da iyofa maT
raodenobaze. saSualos gamosaTvleli formula
Semdegia:
51
52
uwodeben. saSualos yovel qulas akleben da

Sedegad miRebuli qula kvadratSi ahyavT (uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebis gasabaTileblad). Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvlian maTi SejamebiT
() da monacemTa raodenobaze (N) gayofiT.
simbolo miuTiTebs, rom kvadratuli fesvia
amosaRebi masSi moTavsebuli sidididan. es
manamde ganxorcielebuli kvadratSi ayvanis
gasabaTilebladaa gakeTebuli. S.4 cxrilSi
gamoTvlilia uecari mkvlelebis egos kontrolis qulebis standartuli gadaxra. gaixseneT, rom am qulebis saSualo 14.4-ia, e.i. swored es sidide unda gamovakloT TiToeul qulas,
raTa Sesabamisi gadaxris qulebi miviRoT.
cxrili
s.4
uecari mkvlelebis egos-zekontrolis

qulebis standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla
qula
(X)
kvadratSi ayvanili
gadaxra (qulas
minus saSualo) gadaxrebi (qulas minus
saSualo)2 (X-M)2
(X-M)
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
standartuli
gadaxra = SD=
2.6
2.6
-1.4
2.6
-1.4
4.6
-0.4
-5.6
-3.4
-0.4
6.76
6.76
1.96
6.76
1.96
21.16
0.16
29.16
11.56
0.16
(X M)2
86.4 = ( X M)2
86.40
= 86.40 = 2.94
10
SD=2.94
standartuli gadaxra gveubneba, ramdenad

cvalebadia qulaTa erToblioba. rac ufro
metia standartuli gadaxra, miT metadaa qulebi
gafantuli. sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis
standartuli gadaxra uecari mkvlelebisaTvis
24.6, xolo kriminali mkvlelebisaTvis mxolod
10.7-ia. es aCvenebs, rom kriminalTa jgufSi
variabiloba naklebia. aq qulebi saSualos
garSemo mWidrodaa dajgufebuli. rodesac
standartuli gadaxra mcirea, saSualo kargad

asaxavs mTel ganawilebas. rodesac standartuli gadaxra didia, saSualo naklebad tipuria.
saSualo naklebad tipuria mTeli jgufisaTvis.
korelacia
fsiqologiuri monacemebis interpretaciis
kidev erTi sasargeblo iaraRia korelaciis
koeficienti, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris bunebas da siZlieres zomavs (magaliTad, simaRle da wona, an sqesobrivi rolis da
egos zekontrolis qulebi). is gveubneba, Tu
ra zomiTaa dakavSirebuli erTi cvladis
qulebi meore cvladis qulebTan. Tu adamianebs
erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT da meore
cvladzec imave tendencias avlenen, korelaciis
koeficienti dadebiTi iqneba (nulze meti). Tu
adamianebs erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT,
xolo meoreze _ dabali, korelaciis koeficienti uaryofiTi iqneba (nulze naklebi). Tu
qulebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, korelacia
nuls uaxlovdeba (ix. Tavi 2).
korelaciis koeficienti +1-dan (sruli dadebiTi korelacia) _1-mde (sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia) icvleba. rac ufro Sorsaa koeficienti nulidan nebismieri mimarTulebiT, miT
ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ori cvladi
dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. rac ufro maRalia
koeficienti, miT ukeTesad viwinaswarmetyvelebT
cvlads, Tu meore viciT.
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevaSi korelaciis
koeficienti (aRiniSneba r-iT) sqesobrivi rolebis qulebsa da egos kontrolis qulebs
Soris aris +0. 35, e.i. es qulebi dadebiTad korelirebs, anu is adamianebi, romlebic ufro
feminurad aRiqvamen Tavs, egos ufro maRal
kontrols avlenen. Tumca korelacia rom
zomieria, es imas niSnavs, rom am kavSirSi mravali gamonaklisia. patimrebis TviTSefaseba rom
gagvezoma da misi egos kontrolis qulebTan
korelacia _0.68 rom yofiliyo, maT Soris
iqneboda uaryofiTi korelacia. maSin vityodiT,
rom egos maRali kontrolis mqone adamianebs
dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT, xolo kavSiri ufro
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
aris statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
daskvniTi statistika
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis monacemebis
dasaxasiaTeblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT da axla ukve gvaqvs warmodgena Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze
pasuxi jer mainc ar gagvicia. hipoTeza gulisxmobda, rom uecari mkvlelebi ufro morcxvi,
feminuri da maRali zekontrolis mqoneebi
iqnebodnen, vidre kriminali mkvlelebi. am ori
jgufis saSualo pasuxebis da variabilobis
Sesadareblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT
da aRmoCnda, rom am jgufebs Soris marTlac
aris gansxvaveba, magram sakmarisad didia es
gansxvavebebi? es kvleva rom gagvemeorebina sxva
cdis pirebze, igive Sedegebs miviRebdiT, Tu
miRebuli Sedegi mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa?
rogorRac rom mogvexerxebina da uecari da
kriminali mkvlelebis mTeli populacia Segveswavla, saSualoebisa da standartuli gadaxrebis mniSvnelobebi igive iqneboda?
suraTi
s. 3
swored am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad

gamoiyeneba daskvniTi statistika. is gveubneba,
Cveni monacemebidan da Cvens SerCevaze ra
daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia. daskvniTi
statistika iyenebs albaTobis Teorias, raTa
gansazRvros albaToba imisa, rom monacemebis
esa Tu is erToblioba SemTxveviTi variaciis
Sedegia.
normaluri mrudi
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor muSaobs daskvniTi statistika, unda ganvixiloT im ganawilebis Tvisebebi, romelsac normaluri mrudi
ewodeba. rodesac cvladis monacemebi (magaliTad, simaRle, egos kontroli an inteleqtis
koeficienti) didi raodenobiT individebisagan
miiReba, Sedegebi xSirad ise nawildeba, rogorc
S.3 suraTze naCveneb mrudzea gamosaxuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mrudi simetriulia
(marcxena naxevari marjvenas sarkisebuli
asaxvaa) da zaris forma aqvs _ maRalia SuaSi,
sadac qulebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli da
dabldeba, rac ufro vSordebiT saSualos. am
tipis mruds normaluri mrudi, an normaluri
ganawileba ewodeba (gadaxril ganawilebaSi
monacemTa analizi
Zlieri iqneboda, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi, radgan

_0.68 ufro Sorsaa nulidan, kavSiris ararsebobis maCvenebeli wertilidan, vidre +0.35.
53
54
qulebi romelime erT bolos lagdeba, SuaSi

ganTavsebis nacvlad).
normalur mrudze medianis, modis da saSualos mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea. mrudis
sxvadasxva nawilSi monacemTa garkveuli procenti xvdeba. suraTi S.3 stenford-bines inteleqtis
testis IQ qulebs aCvenebs. am qulebis saSualo
100-ia, standartuli gadaxra ki _ 16. Tu standartul gadaxrebs X RerZze moaTavsebT saSualodan manZilebis aRsaniSnad, aRmoaCenT, rom
moncemebis 68%-ze odnav meti Tavsdeba
saSualosa (100) da erT standartul gadaxras
Soris orive mimarTulebiT (IQ 84-sa da 116-s
Soris). qulaTa kidev daaxloebiT 27% xvdeba
meore da pirveli standartuli gadaxris
farglebSi (IQ 68-sa da 84-s Soris) saSualos
qvemoT da saSualos zemoT (IQ 116-sa da 132-s
Soris).Q 5%-ze naklebi xvdeba saSualodan sami
standartuli gadaxris farglebSi da Zalian
mcire raodenobiT qulebi rCeba am sazRvrebs
miRma _ 1%-is 1/4-mde.
daskvniTi statistika aCvenebs imis albaTobas, rom qulebi namd-vilad asaxavs imas, risi
gazomvac gsurT da ar aris SemTxveviTad miRebuli. magaliTad, meti albaTobaa, rom viRacas
eqneba 105 IQ da ara 140, magram 140 IQ-s qona
ufro mosalodnelia, vidre 35-is.
normaluri mrudi maSinac miiReba, roca
monacemebi SemTxveviTi variaciis gamoa Segrovebuli. Tu monetas 10-jer aagdebT da CaiwerT,
ramdenjer gamovida aversi da ramdenjer reversi, aRmoCndeba, rom erTic da meorec 5-jer
gamodis. Tu ganagrZobT monetis agdebas da 1010 agdebis 100 serias daafiqsirebT, aRmoCndeba,
rom zogierT seriaSi sul aversi geqnebaT,
zogierTSi _ sul reversi, magram, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, geqnebaT Tanabari gayofa. yvela
1000 agdebis grafiki rom agegoT, normaluri
ganawilebis mruds miiRebdiT.
statistikuri sandooba
mkvlevarma, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom monacemTa ori mwkrivis saSualos Soris gansxvavebaa,
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli
mrudia, romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvisebis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad
araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
unda Seamowmos, namdvilia es gansxvaveba, Tu

mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa. radgan SemTxvevis
gamo miRebul gansxvavebebs normaluri ganawileba aqvT, mkvlevars SeuZlia normaluri mrudi
gamoiyenos.
sailustraciod movitanoT martivi magaliTi.
davuSvaT, Tqvens fsiqologiis leqtors ainteresebs, ganapirobebs Tu ara gamomcdelis sqesi
imas, gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu ara miRebuli niSnebi student qalebTan da mamakacebTan. amisaTvis,
leqtori studentebs Tanabrad yofs or jgufad,
erT jgufs qal gamomcdels amagrebs, xolo
meores _ mamakacs. Semdeg jgufebis saSualo
qulas adarebs. es saSualo qulebi, albaT,
msgavsi, xolo maT Soris raime mcire gansxvaveba
SemTxvevis Sedegi iqneba. ratom? imitom rom,
Tu es mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa da orive jgufi
erTi da igive populaciidanaa (gansxvaveba ar
aris), maTi saSualo erTmaneTTan axlos unda
iyos. viciT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudis
qveS moTavsebuli sivrcis sxvadasxva nawilSi
monacemebis garkveuli procenti xvdeba, amitom
mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis niSnebis mesamedze
naklebi unda aRematebodes qali Camtareblis
jgufis saSualodan erTi standartuli gadaxriT qvemoT da zemoT moTavsebul qulebs.
albaToba imisa, rom mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis saSualo qula qali gamomcdelis jgufis
saSualo qulebis umetesobaze sami standartuli gadaxris (orive mimarTulebiT) miRma
moTavsdeba, Zalian mcirea. aseTi sididis gansxvaveba rom migveRo, namdvilad darwmunebuli
viqnebodiT imaSi, rom sxvaoba namdvilia da,
rogorc Cans, kavSirSia gamomcdelis sqesTan.
Semdegi kiTxva iqneboda, rogor zemoqmedebs es
cvladi gamocdis qulaze.
qali da mamakaci studentebi SemTxveviTad
rom gagvenawilebina TiToeul jgufSi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda analizi imisa, zemoqmedebs Tu
ara gamomcdelebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
mxolod erT sqesze Tu oriveze. davuSvaT, iseTi
monacemebi miviReT, romlebic aCvenebs, rom
mamakaci gamomcdelebi qal studentebs ufro
maRal niSnebs uweren, vidre qali gamomcdelebi,
magram mamakac studentebs orive erTnairad
afasebs. Tqvens leqtors SeuZlia statistikuri
daskvnis procedura gamoiyenos, raTa Seafasos
is albaToba, romliTac miRebuli sxvaobebi
mxolod SemTxvevis Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqsperimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvaoba, romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba naklebia, vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsiqologiaSi aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze
nakleb albaTobas, anu p<0.05.
aris tendencia: sxvaoba isaa, rac SemTxveviT

mxolod 100-dan 10-jer moxdeba, magram es sxvaoba
ver eteva standartSi, romlis mixedviTac is
SemTxveviT 100-dan mxolod 5-jer unda moxdes
(sxvaoba simorcxveSi, romelic sxva, sixSiris
qulebisaTvis saTanado statisikuri kriteriumiT iqna gaanalizebuli, maRali sandoobiT
gamoirCeva). amrigad, daskvniTi statistikis
gamoyenebiT SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT im arsebiT
kiTxvebs, romlebiTac daviwyeT. axla TiTqmis
gavarkvieT im adamianebis buneba, vinc uecrad
morcxvi, zomieri adamianidan uecar mkvlelad
iqceva. Tumca, nebismieri daskvna mxolod debulebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gamokvleul movlenebs
Soris SesaZlo kavSiri arsebobs. zustad amisi
mtkiceba arasodes SegviZlia. mecnierebaSi
miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis Riaa Semdeg
Catarebuli da ukeTesi kvlevebis SedegebisaTvis.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
axla ukve viciT, ra aris statistika, rogor
da sad unda gamoviyenoT is, magram isic unda
vicodeT, rom xandaxan mas arasworad iyeneben.
xSirad adamianebi arasando monacemebs mxolod
imitom endobian, rom isini statistikurad
damuSavebulad iTvleba. sxvebi ki ujereben, an
ar ujereben statistikosebis mier mowodebul
informacias raime produqciis, romelime politikosis, an winadadebis Sesaxeb, magram ar esmiT,
ras asaxaven moyvanili ricxvebi. meore Tavis
bolos ramdenime rCeva mogeciT imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor gaxdeT kvlevis brZeni momxmarebeli.
statistikis am mokle mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT
SegviZlia es rCeva im situaciebzec ganvavrcoT,
romlebSic adamianebi konkretul statistikur
mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.
statistikis arasworad gamoyenebis mravali
gza arsebobs. kvlevis nebismier safexurze
miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ dawyebuli iqidan,
vin arian cdis pirebi, rogoraa dagegmili
kvleva, romeli statistikebi gamoiyeneba da
rogor _ Rrma efeqti SeiZleba hqondes im
daskvnebze, romlebsac monacemebze dayrdnobiT vakeTebT.
monacemTa analizi
gamoTvla sxvaobis zomas da qulebis gafantvas

emyareba.
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sxvaobas fsiqologebi namdvilad~ miiCneven, Tu albaToba imisa,
rom is SemTxveviT moxda, 100-dan 5-ze naklebia
(Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: p<0.05). Tu sxvaoba am
kriteriums daakmayofilebs, is sandoa. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkacri albaTobis
doneebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa p<0.01 (100-dan 1ze naklebi) da p<0.001 (1000-dan 1-ze naklebi).
statistikurad sando gansxvavebiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia daskvnis gakeTeba sakvlevi qcevis
Sesaxeb. monacemTa statistikuri sandoobis Sesamowmeblad mravali gansxvavebuli kriteriumi arsebobs. konkretuli kriteriumis SerCeva
damokidebulia kvlevis gegmaze, monacemTa
formasa da jgufebis zomaze. aq mxolod erTerT yvelaze gavrcelebul kriteriums, t-kriteriums ganvixilavT, romelic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT maSin, roca mkvlevars ainteresebs, statistikurad sandoa Tu ara ori jgufis saSualoebs
Soris sxvaoba.
Cvens magaliTSi SegviZlia t-kriteriumi
gamoviyenoT imis Sesamowmeblad, sandod gansxvavdeba Tu ara kriminali mkvlelebisa da
uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
erTmaneTisagan. S.2 suraTi aCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis ganawileba sakmarisad
gansxvavdeba imisaTvis, rom namdvili~ iyos. Tu
saTanado gamoTvlebs CavatarebT, romlebic
Seafasebs sxvaobas or saSualos Soris, rogorc
am or saSualos garSemo variabilobis funqcias,
vnaxavT, rom Zalian mcire Sansia _ 100-dan 5-ze
naklebi (p<0.05), rom aseTi maRali t-s mniSvneloba
miviRoT, Tu ar arsebobs araviTari namdvili
sxvaoba. amdenad, sxvaoba statistikurad sandoa;
anu uecarma mkvlelebma sakuTari Tavi Seafases
rogorc ufro feminuri, vidre kriminalma
mkvlelebma, xolo mkvlelebs Soris sxvaoba
egos zekontrolis qulebSi sando ar aRmoCnda
(p<0.10), amitom ufro frTxilad unda visaubroT
am sxvaobaze. nawinaswarmetyveleb mimarTulebaSi
55
56
cdis pirebis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

da ar unda gamogveparos, roca kvlevis Sedegebs
vecnobiT. magaliTad, abortis uflebisadmi
damokidebulebis kvleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs
mogvcems imisda mixedviT, sad CavatarebT mas _
samxreTis patara fundamentalistur qalaqSi,
Tu niu iorkis universitetSi. aseve, erTi da
igive gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba
ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone jgufma
_ abortis uflebis momxreebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis _ sxvadasxva daskvna gamoitanos.
maSinac ki, roca cdis pirebi SemTxveviTadaa
SerCeuli da meTodi sworadaa gamoyenebuli,
raTa mikerZoebas ar hqondes adgili, statistikam
SeiZleba mainc araswori Sedegi mogvces, Tu
statisitikis ZiriTad daSvebebs davarRvevT.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 20 adamians
vutarebT inteleqtis tests, maTgan 19 iRebs 90dan 110-mde qulas, xolo erTi _ 220-s. mTeli
jgufis saSualo maCveneblze Zlier zemoqmedebas moaxdens es erTi calke mdgomi Zalian
maRali monacemi. amgvari monacemebisaTvis
umjobesia medianis an modis gamoyeneba, romelic
ufro reprezentaciuli iqneba jgufis saSualo
inteleqtisa, vidre saSualosi. am SemTxvevaSi
saSualo Seqmnis suraTs, rom jgufis tipur
wevrs maRali IQ aqvs. amgvari mikerZoeba
gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans, roca SerCevis zoma
mcirea, magram 20-is nacvlad 2000 cdis piri
rom gvyoloda, erTi calke mdgomi monacemi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aRweriTi statistika
axsniTi statistika
diapazoni
ver moaxdenda aseT did gavlenas da saSualo

jgufis monacemebis reprezentaciuli iqneboda.
amgvari motyuebis Tavidan acilebis kargi
gzaa SerCevis zomis gaTvaliswineba. didi zomis
SerCevisas Secdomis albaToba naklebia. kidev
erTi dazRvevaa centraluri tendenciis yvela
sazomis _ medianis, modis da saSualos naxva.
Tu isini msgavsia, Sedegebis axsna ufro sando
iqneba. kvlevis meTodologia da Sedegebi
yovelTvis yuradRebiT unda gaaanalizoT.
SeamowmeT, moyvanilia Tu ara eqsperimentis
angariSSi ra zomisaa SerCeva, rogoraa gazomili
variabiloba da sandoobis done. naxeT, ramdenad
Seesabameba gamoyenebuli meTodi kvlevis miznebs.
statistika fsiqologiuri kvlevis xerxemalia. is gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavigoT monacemebi da ganvsazRvroT, sworia Tu ara Sedegebi.
fsiqologebi monacemTa sixSiris ganawilebas
amzadeben, iTvlian centraluri tendenciisa da
variabilobis sazomebs. iyeneben korelaciis
koefiecients qulaTa nakrebs Soris kavSiris
siZlieris da mimarTulebis gansasazRvravad;
naxuloben, ramdenad reprezentaciulia miRebuli Sedegebi da sandod gansxvavdebian Tu
ara populaciisagan. statistika SeiZleba arasworad, an SecdomiTac iyos gamoyenebuli da
SecdomaSi Seiyvanos isini, visac is ar esmis.
magram, roca statistika sworad da eTikurad
aris gamoyenebuli, mkvlevars fsiqologiuri
codnis gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs.
variabilobis sazomebi
korelaciis koeficienti
mediana
moda
normaluri mrudi
sando gansxvaveba
saSualo
sixSireTa ganawileba
standartuli gadaxra
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
3
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
evolucia da
bunebrivi gadarCeva
adamianis genotipis
cvalebadoba
biologia da qceva
movusminoT tvins
nervuli sistema
Tavis tvinis
struqturebi da maTi
funqciebi
hemisferoTa
lateralizacia
endokrinuli sistema
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: miRwevebi
tvinis funqciebis
lokalizaciis sferoSi
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi
moqmedebis
potenciali
sinafsuri gadacema
neirotransmiterebi
da maTi funqciebi
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas
axdens cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba tvinze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
57
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
kinigzis muSas, fineas geijs, 1948

wlis 13 seqtembers ubeduri SemTxveva mouvida _ moulodneli
afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri
sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi
geiji etliT miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man
kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami
kviris ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdils ebrZoda,
oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba
mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi,
romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino
sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda,
rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT
saswauli iyo:
58
es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis win

moxda naklebad cnobil qalaqSi (kavendiSi,
vermonti). SemTxveva naklebad cnobilma
soflis eqimma aRwera da metropolitenis
eqimebmac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT miiRes.
mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina
am adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis
TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves (harlou,
1968, gv. 329).
risiT, es iyo sxva adamiani, rogorc amas misi

eqimis angariSi adasturebs:
balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs Soris
dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli,
RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani
(rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa
da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas
ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SezRudvebs,
an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba.
zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmas
awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs,
ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde
is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da
Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrulebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalurad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom misi
megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen: es aRar iyo
geiji~ (gv. 339-340).
sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fizikuri dazianebebi hqonda Tumca man dakarga mxedveloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena
mxare nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram
misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da metyveleba ucvleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri Tvalsaz-
geijis Semoxveva moxda maSin, rodesac

mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen hipoTezebis Seqmnas
tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin
isurvebda geijis saxelganTqmulobis gaziarebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,
radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul
dokumentirebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom
fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba
gansazRvravs.
ratom aris TiToeuli Cvengani unikaluri

individi? fineas geijis istoriidan gamomdinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis
tvini da, ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri
Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangasxvavebT Tqven gar-
SemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs

memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyalibebisa da Tqveni tvinis formirebis saqmeSi.
dafiqrdiT, qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleblobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqologiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa, Seiswavlos adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
rogoricaa: buneba aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba
garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom
individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri
Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime
mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT agresiulobisaken midrekileba. alternatiuli variantia
imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba
Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis
xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es
adamianebi aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze
Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda
moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs
garemos garkveuli pirobebis Zalisxmeva moaxmaros mas Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis
Secvlas. Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT
garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir
SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu
wignis es Tavi, garkveulwilad, Tqveni biologiuri potencialis mniSvnelovani aspeqtis

dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sakmarisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da koordinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi
mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad kompiuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams,
Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre varskvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi 100 miliardi
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas
saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki
ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis
sakuTar operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom,
Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba
saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is wesebi,
romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvelyofen. kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi
aRvwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis survilidan _
Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did
sirTules warmoadgens, vidre mTeli am wignis
darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan anatomiisa da mravali axali terminis swavlas,
romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im informaciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursSi moelodiT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT
ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri
tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos Soris,
romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansazRvravs, romelsac adamianad yofna hqvia.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawileobs biologia unikaluri individebis SeqmnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer aRvwerT,
rogor gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreobiToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas; Semdeg
vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da
klinikuri kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi; amis
Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs
biologiur funqciebsa da cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven SeviswavliT individebs Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa
da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.
59
60
rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.

magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSoblis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da warmoidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi
bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT Warbad dasaxlebul da Rarib garemocvas, romelSic bavSvebi izrdebian da
dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo pirobebs agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur
Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvirdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT,
Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis
aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur
repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis
elementebi) da Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor
gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.
evolucia da bunebrivi
gadarCeva
1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji
Teologiis ganxriT daamTavra, inglisidan gem
bigliT~ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mogzaurobis dros darvini agrovebda yvelafers,
rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa
da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZ-
vlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda sakiTxebs, dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa

da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas
sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels
gamocemuli `saxeobaTa warmoSoba~. am naSromSi darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria _ moZRvreba dedamiwaze sicocxlis evoluciis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis
Sesaxeb, romelSic mogzaurobis dros Segrovili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi
im mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic
biglma~ moinaxula, iyo galapagosis kunZulebi
_ vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasavleT sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxoveli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad `darvinis
skvinCad~ cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini
dainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas
amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi
iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,
radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) darvinis
Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas mokle drois ganmavlobaSic

ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.
peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant,
1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqipelagis erT-erT kunZulze `darvinis skvinCebze~
Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis
drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis raodenoba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis populaciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda
aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanadgurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara
zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi
da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Semcirda 80%-ze metiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvinCebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis
frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, rogorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdevno wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam
imata. ratom? imitom, rom mxolod eseni, didi
sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT
gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba
Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire
zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis
frinvelebma raodenobiT ajobes didi zomis
frinvelebs imitom, rom maTi niskartebi ukeT
iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebasTan. peter da rozmari grantebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan
efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva.
mkvlevrebi dResac agrZeleben sxvadasxva
saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo pirobebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul
xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis sxvadasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis magaliTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini
evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadarCenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis
nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule
moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, romelTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT,
ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba garkveuli procesis Sedegi iyo, romelsac mogvianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli
saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan
frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZulebze. isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.
procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda,
bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo. sakvebi resursebi da
sacxovrebeli pirobebi bunebrivi pirobebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kunZulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mcenareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,
xolo zogan uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo,
magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris garkveuli araerTgvarovneba SeiniSneboda. imis
gamo, rom kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raodenoba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis
Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma
ukeT iyo misadagebuli am kunZulze arsebuli
sakvebis mopovebasTan. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT
mdidar kunZulebze binadrobdnen, gadarCebodnen, Tu msxvili niskarti eqnebodaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic
mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu gaxsnisaTvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kunZulis garemo pirobebi gansazRvravda, frinvelebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli gadarCeboda da gamravldeboda da romeli daiRupeboda STamomavlobis gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian
gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da
xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan `darvinis
skvinCebis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom organizmi, romelic kargad aris
Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda
iyos is, ufro met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre
naklebad Seguebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, organizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro
niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben
imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tvisebebi
ar aqvT. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba
izomeba mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis
raodenobiT.
61
62
ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa

Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba), saxeobis
evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Seswavlis mizniT, Cven unda SemovitanoT evoluciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.
modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki
im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan
memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri struqtura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi
am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCis ganviTareba
da qceva. skvinCis garegnoba da misi qcevis
repertuari ganixileba, rogorc fenotipi. Cveni
skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mocemul garemo pirobebTan erTad mokle niskartis fenotips. am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara
Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad
rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips gadarCenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda,
magram, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mxolod mcire
zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli,
maSin Cvens skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone
skvinCebTan SedarebiT seleqciuri upiratesoba
eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT
gamravleba. memkvidreobiT TavianTi genotipis
gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs,
romlebic mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi
mxolod mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba, mravali
Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs
miviRebT, Sesabamisad, mxolod mcire zomis
Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis garemo
saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi
3.1 warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartivebul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis
evoluciasac mivusadagoT.
genotipi (Genotype) organizmis genetikuri

struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT iRebs.
fenotipi (Phenotype) organizmis xiluli niSanTvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
suraTi
3.1
rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva

garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis
wevrebs Soris konkurencias resursebisaTvis
brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am
cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT,
eqnebaT gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno
TaobaSi Seguebul genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.
adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic
adamianis saxeobis evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT,
Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri
da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis biologiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis evoluciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi
Tviseba bipedalizmi da encefalizacia iyo
gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacobriobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi
niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis unars,
magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia

ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe, romelic kodirebs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis
unars. kulturis arseboba xelovnebis, literaturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da filantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis genotipis potencialis gamo.
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros
upiratesoba saziaro biologiur potencials
eniWeboda _ bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencialSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis.
Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili
imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan
da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT miRebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni
ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma.
memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miReba) meqanizmis
Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.
genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebulia genetikuri masala, romelsac dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organizebulia umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis
zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi (genTa
erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben
ricxvs 30 000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi
Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro in-
xolo encefalizacia Tavis tvinis zomis momatebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia adamianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela miRwevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.
rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze
amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Seswavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis
unari. Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad
ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines
kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovrebisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens
ufro didi inteleqtis garantias mniSvnelovani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTardeboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis farglebSi). genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda
Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna
naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genotipebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac gamravlebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg,
Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna
(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi
upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganviTarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis.
iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTiTebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis
povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda
dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magivrad, rom
yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari
gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,
adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis
gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda
socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazogadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis warmoqmnaganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis
gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.
metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evoluciis bazas _ kulturebis tendencias, daswavlis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvlilebebs. kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba
iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teqnologiebis ganviTareba da daxvewa. kulturuli
evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs.
personaluri kompiuteris gamoyenebis Segueba,
63
struqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi

mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da ganapirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: sxeulis formas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romelTac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Casaxvis momentSi
Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas 23s dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma
aTasobiT gens Seicavs. spermisa da kvercxujredis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali
milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs.
sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias mamrisa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y
qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs
mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY
kombinacia mamrobiTi Tvisebebisas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvilebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa 50% saerTo
gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad
unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani
tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizikurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan.
sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT
absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
64
genetika (Genetics) mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis

memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA deoxyribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gadacemis fizikuri baza.
geni (Genes) memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)
mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur komponentebs Seiswavlis.
genebi da qceva
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZlo gaxada adamianis genotipSi uamravi cvalebadobis arseboba. am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa
fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis genetikis sferoSi
mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsiqologiis meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezobrivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa memkvidreobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000;
Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et al., 1994).
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven
unda aRvweroT saocari aRmoCena: Tqveni subieqturi kargad yofnis bednierebis, romelsac Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdiT safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri komponenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan
viciT
bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma qceviTi genetikis
klasikuri meTodi gamoiyenes. maT Seiswavles monozigoturi (genetikurad identuri, MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli
anu sibsebis msgavsi, DZ) tyupebis mier
sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri
kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis
kiTxvebic, magaliTad, sxvebTan SedarebiT,
ramdenad bednieri xarT?~mkvlevrebma
Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria,
rodesac respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da
30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini
analizi (sur. 3.2): 30 wlis respondentis
gamonaTqvami Seadares misi tyupiscalis
gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva,
rom TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ
tyupebis pasuxebs Soris maSin, rodesac
MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia
jvaredini analizis Sedegad dadasturda.
mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali korelacia SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSvebiT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti
aqvs (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).
3.2
bednierebis genetikis safuZvlis

Semswvleli cdis sqema
mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis
bednierebisdoneebs Soris 20 da 30 wlis asakSi
xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki

SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri komponenti
hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas
garemo ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven
romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad
rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia
Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi
movlenebi dabadebis dros miRebuli bednierebis saSualo donis~ garkveul variaciebs
iwvevs. analogiisaTvis gaixseneT rogor muSaobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura
daayeneT 20C-ze garemo garkveulad Secvlis
am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli
igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam
aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans aqvs bednierebis
donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT,
magaliTad, 20C, an 30C), romelic narCundeba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare
movlenebis miuxedavad, magram aucilebelia,
rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan: korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba~. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa
socialur sistemebs da sociualuri qcevis
evoluciur safuZvlebs.
suraTi
sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros

genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamovlena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs
aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni
genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu
rogor afasebT momxdar movlenebs rom Tqveni
da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven,
SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT, magram genetika
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa,
saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev
genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996). rogori axsnac ar
unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan
miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen
Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa Tu
Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvra.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi
araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven maRali xarT, ar
niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is,
rom Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom aucileblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis
gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod
garkveul konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri
zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri
masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad.
fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi,
SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savarjiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTareba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri potencialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto
genebi da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs,
vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba individualuri gansxvavebebis warmoSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: individualuri
genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven
Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras? sociobiologebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas
qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seiswavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da
sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evoluciur safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro
meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi genetikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis
sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs Seis-
65
puri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris urTierTqmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori umTavresi Segueba iyo _ bipedalizmi da encefalizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo
gaxada swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT miRebul genebsa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben
evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri
qcevis gagebisaTvis.
biologia da qceva
66
wavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evoluciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis

zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000)
uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli
SezRudvebia Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis~ gamo. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire
zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri
dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac
didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi.
Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa
im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces
viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic gvexmareba bednieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes? miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT
ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kulturuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli
viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megobrebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT (Buss, 2000).
Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois
ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad,
romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars,
sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamravldes fenoti-
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba adamianis genotipis mniSvnelovan produqts mivapyroT _ im

biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcielebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis mogzaurobamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi
msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biologiuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650),
romelmac SemogvTavaza im droisaTvis Zalzed
radikaluri idea: adamianis sxeuli aris cxoveluri manqana~, romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad SeviswavloT empiriuli dakvirvebis
gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenis meSveobiT.
dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris
meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri
energia aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimulirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas cxoveluri sulis~ meSveobiT;
tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls
kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romelic moZraobiT
refleqsur pasuxs axorcielebs.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli
dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906 wlamde, rodesac
ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleqsebis safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kavSirebi sensorul da motorul nervul boWkoebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Seringtonma wamoayena idea, rom nervuli sistema rogorc
amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba),
ise Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba)
procesebs moicavs. XX saukunis dasawyisamde
movusminoT tvins
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTodebis meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba
dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis
dasanax struqturebze, damTavrebuli ujredebiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri
mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis
mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli
done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze
ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic
Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis
gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.
intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi
tvinSi pirdapir intervencias gulisxmobs. es
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) moZRvreba nervuli sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis SemTxvevidan iReben, romliTac wignis es Tavi
daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis dazianebis Semdeg
qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiqrebina, rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri
qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis
Semdeg mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka
swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi
pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda adamianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves tan~
im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis warmoTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom tanis~
tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazianebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Seeswavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyvelebis darRveva hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi
broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis igive
ubanSi, romelsac axla `brokas are~ ewodeba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben
ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da
tvinis dazianebas Soris.
brokas are (Brocas area) Tavis tvinis ubani,
romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi
gardaqmnis.
dazianeba (Lesions) tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
biologia da qceva
mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis

struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. santiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina
fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da
ganaviTara Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis
gadacemis Sesaxeb. 50 wlis Semdeg eleqtronuli
mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.
1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini
ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa, aramed
integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. ujreduli
ansamblebis~ erToblioba, romelic specifikur
funqciebs asrulebs.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi
Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben. dRes, neiromecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT xdeba.
neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwyeba im teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben.
Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad
struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri
Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT
endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas meore
makontrolebel biologiur sistemas, romelic
nervul sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.
67
moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis daWeriT

mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli
muxtis gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze
detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleqtruli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom
eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqesobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva
an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis
gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimulacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.
tvinis aqtivobis registracia da

warmosaxva
68
SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi

garkveul problemas warmoadgens is, rom mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazianebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Seswavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur funqciebs
Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs
sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis
dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis
saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva.
maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli
ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli
kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba
sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli
dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da ara
adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni
diskusia wignis meore TavSi, rom cxovelebze
aseTi tipis eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis
Cveneuli gageba radikalurad Seicvala,
rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles
cxovelebze dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi
adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.
garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT
tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi ubnebis pirdapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis
Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis
pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad
zogi neiromecnieri tvinis funqciebis kartirebas axdens gareSe stimulaciaze tvinis

eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registraciis meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba
SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes Seswavlili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlevrebi tvinSi ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleqtrodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi
registracia naTels hfens individualuri
neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimulaciaze sapasuxod.
adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben

sxva tipis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac Tavis zedapirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtruli aqtivobis registraciis mizniT. am eleqtrodebiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg), anu
tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s
iyeneben fsiqologiur aqtivobasa da tvinis
pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad,
erT eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxeebis serias da sTxoven maT damaxsovrebas. eegze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqtivoba (Sommer et al., 1995).
yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri
meTodebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad neiroqirurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu
sxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis mizniT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal, aqtiur tvins
aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram
- EEG) tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.
PET-skani (PET-scans) tvinis suraTebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
dros cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI _ Magnetic resonance imaging) tvinis suraTebis Seqmnis
meTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
3.3
qsovilis dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi

meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri funqciebis SeswavlisaTvis (Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).
pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PETskani) gamoyenebis dros cdis pirs Seuyvanen
radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs,
romlebic tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujredebis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT moTavsebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben
radiaqtiurad moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema
kompiuters, romelSic tvinis dinamiuri ruka
dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iyenebs magnitur velebs da radiotalRebs tvinis
SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis.
radganac pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa dayenebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis paralelurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magnituri pulsi
iTiSeba, atomebi vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwyeben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo. specialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI Functional MRI) meTodi, romelic aerTianebs PET-skanisa da mrt-is upiratesobebs
da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur cvlilebebs.
biologia da qceva
suraTi
69
informacia kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs

sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. suraTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis
struqturebis dakavSireba fiziologiur procesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvisaa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro detalur informacias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs
axali meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI,
romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlilebebis registraciis meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas
iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura
da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi
kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa:
yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba
(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).
300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac
dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla; 100 weli
gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom
tvinis garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs
asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoiyenon teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis
Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili
tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
nervuli sistema
70
nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT specializebuli nervuli ujredisagan, neironisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic
mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema
iyofa or mTavar nawilad: centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns). cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan, xolo pns im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius

system - CNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical
nervius system - PNS) nervuli sistemis nawili,
romelic spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan
Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba
kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
sxeulTan. suraTi 3.5 warmoadgens kavSirs cnssa da pns-s Soris.

cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis
integrireba da koordinireba, Semosuli nervuli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns
iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias zurgis
tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins
pns-Tan akavSirebs) saSualebiT. Tavad es nervuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan
xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris da ukavSirdeba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini
aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena
nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im
martivi, swrafi refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze,
romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.
magaliTad, organizms, romlis zurgisa da Tavis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia mtkivneul
suraTi
3.4
nervuli sistema
adamianis nervuli
sistemis ierarqiuli
agebuleba
periferiuli nervuli sistema

(nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis
tvinis farglebs gareT)
(Tavisa da zurgis tvini)
somaturi nervuli
sistema
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema
(sensoruli da motoruli
nervuli, nebiTi)
(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)
simpaTikuri nawili
gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini
Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda
am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis
ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia.
zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs
sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc
es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis
gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze
moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba. zeda segmentebis
dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa,
cns-s ar aqvs uSualo kontaqti gare samyarosTan; es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas informacia sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, magaliTad, Tvalebidan da yurebidan da aseve gaataros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis
sxva organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori
tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moqsomaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)
periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas
kanisa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic
nervous system - ANS) periferiuli nervuli
sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis
kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs
sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.
3.5
parasimpaTikuri nawili
centraluri nervuli sistema

Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan. periferiuli nervuli
sistema funqciis mixedviT or
nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi
nervuli sistema akontrolebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
Sida procesebs. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aseve
or nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo
parasimpaTikuri sistema akontrolebs qcevas Cveulebriv
pirobebSi.
medebas. magaliTad, warmoidgineT rom beWdavT

werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris
klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli
sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra daweroT, Tqveni Tavis tvini
agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesabamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis
tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba informacia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki
Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi
nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis
tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxorcielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas
da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad sasicocxlo
procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis
iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv nebiT
kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magaliTad, sunTqva,
saWmlis moneleba da agzneba. ans maSinac
muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT. is uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas
anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs
ori tipis reaqciebs: organizmis reaqciebs
safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa, esenia: simpaTikuri
biologia da qceva
centraluri nervuli
sistema
suraTi
71
da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi

urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.
simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis
reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi, parasimpaTikuri
ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc daZabuli mdgomareobebis momgvarebeli safrTxis, an stresis
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias
axorcielebs.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division)

avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
72
suraTi
dros is amzadebs tvins brZolisaTvis~: saWmlis

moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida organoebidan kunTebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlierdeba da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis
gavlis Semdeg erTveba parasimpaTikuri sistema,
raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynardeba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema
wynardeba da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasimpaTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis
Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, rogoricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizualuri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviwroebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZlivi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi 3.6 suraTzea
asaxuli.
3.6
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida reaqciebsa da
qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxaresaa gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic
imave funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxares. miaqcieT yuradReba
imas, rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis
erTobliobas, e. w. simpatikur vels qmnis.
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da

maTi funqciebi
Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianis
Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrma regionSi,
romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli
centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva
da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis
limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis,
emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcielebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars
ekvris cerebrumi didi tvini. tvinis swored
es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvini da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens
sensoruli informaciis integrirebas, koordinacias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraqtul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (sur. 3.7). axla
ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami
ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis
ReroTi, TalamusiTa da naTxemiT.
suraTi
tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels

gaaCnia. misi struqturebi aregulirebs
sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (sur. 3.8). zurgis
tvinis zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo
tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis wnevisa
da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis
dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad
sasicocxlo funqciebs.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) tvinis Reros ubani,
romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles
da guliscemas.
xidi (Pons) tvinis Reros ubani, romelic
akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis
tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.
retikuluri formacia (Reticular formation)
tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs
Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos sensoruli
informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
3.7
Tavis tvinis struqturebi

Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia: tvinis Rero, naTxemi, limburi
sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.
biologia da qceva
73
suraTi
3.8
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da

naTxemi
es struqturebi ZiriTadad sasicocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia
CarTuli: sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba,
moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoruli informaciis pirveladi gadamuSaveba
Thalamus Talamusi
Pons xidi
Medulla mogrZo tvini
Cerebllum naTxemi
Reticular formation retikularuli formacia
aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli

boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi jvaredindeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kontrols tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da
piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili tvinis marcxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli. uSualod
mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi,
romelic agzavnis informacias tvinis Reros
sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri
(badebrivi) formacia warmoadgens nervebis xSir
qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis
mzaobas, miiRos axali stimulacia da Zilis
74
Talamusi (Thalamus) Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic sensorul informacias gadascems didi
tvinis qerqs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) Tavis tvinis nawili,
romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da
wonasworobas; aseve sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) Tavis tvinis
regioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas,
ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas,
aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) limburi sistemis nawili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,
agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones

(Kinomura et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba
komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Talamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac Semosuli sensoruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis
ubanSi gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba.
magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems informacias
Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom
naTxemi, romelic tvinis RerosTanaa dakavSirebuli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akontrolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZraobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoordinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniSvnelovania daswavlisaTvis, anu is xels uwyobs
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa,
1996; Raymond et al., 1996).
limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul
qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas.
is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas,
sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones;
axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols.
limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan:
hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da
hipoTalamusi (sur. 3.9).
suraTi
3.9
limburi sistema
hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze

ufro didi struqturaa, mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) mexsierebis,
romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi
8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,
romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod,
fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze ufro
cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.
saidan
viciT
hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi
27 wlis asakSi h.m-s Cautarda operacia
epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi
amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m-s SeeZlo mxolod
Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga
axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari.
operaciidan didi xnis Semdegac ki pacients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli
iyo, weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia
Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamoiwvia implicituri mexsierebis darRveva, anu

h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebis unari, romelic cnobierebasTan

ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis
Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis
gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT misi
damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi me-8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis
kontrolSi da emociuri mexsierebis formirebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis
dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawynareba gamoiwvios (Cven fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi
ganvixilavT). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis
dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri
gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al.,
1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi
aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTebulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da
safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).
hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
patara zomis struqturaa, Tumca umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur
aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _
neironTa patara grovebisgan, romlebic motivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur procesebs aregulirebs (kveba, temperaturis regulireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu
homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis rezer-
biologia da qceva
limburi sistemis struqturebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia

warmodgenili: isini monawileoben motivaciuri qcevis,
emociuri mdgradobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis
regulaciaSi.
75
suraTi
3.10
qerqi
edidi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs
vebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis

stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi moipovos da
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) tvinis struqtura,

romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas
(rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
76
miiRos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura iklebs,

hipoTalamusi sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle
uneblie moZraobebs kankals iwvevs. hipoTalamusi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) sxeulis Sida aris

mudmivoba.
didi tvini
didi tvini (Cerebrum) tvinis nawili, romelic

umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs
aregulirebs.
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis darCenil nawils da misi masis or mesameds qmnis.
misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da
emociuri funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis
gare fena, romelic miliardobiT neironisgan
Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis,
iwodeba didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve
iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad, cerebralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis
momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis
msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewodeba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas emsaxureba.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) didi tvinis gare zedapiri.

hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) didi tvinis
ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa
dakavSirebuli.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) nervul
boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or
hemisferos akavSirebs.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) tvinis ubani,
romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs
motorul kontrolSi da kogntiur qmedebebSi.
suraTi
3.11
motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi

sxeulis sxvadsxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da
tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im umnis zomaze,
romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis
Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze
gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulizaciisadmi da miT
ufroZlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.
wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi SegrZnebebis kontrolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da temperatura moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri
Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili, vizualuri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana
nawilSia moTavsebuli. temporaluri (safeTTxemis wili (Parietal lobe) tvinis ubani Sublis
wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT;
Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
kefis wili (Occipital lobe) tvinis yvelaze ufro
ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT
qerqs.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) tvinis ubani,
romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa
moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero,

gamoiyenes ra ori mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi
Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore,
msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac lateraluri naprali
ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizontalurad (sur. 3.10). es vertikaluri da horizontaluri dayofa gvexmareba gamovyoT tvinis oTxi
ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.
frontaluri (Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia
motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,
rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da
miznebis dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am
ubnis dazianeba adamianis individualobis
Secvlas iwvevs. es swored is ubani iyo, romlis
dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba
gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis)
77
78
qlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis

ganxorcielebaze, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli hemisferos gverdiT
zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom romelime wili ama Tu im specifikur funqcias marto akontrolebs. tvinis struqturebi TavianT
movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben
erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli; ise,
rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven
recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT
megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc erTiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan TanamSromlobs. miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs
SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansazRvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa:
mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba,
an sruliad ikargeba.
sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba
kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT, romelic
Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli. gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi
mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis
qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli kunTebi, magaliTad,
fexis TiTebi, motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT kontroldeba. sxeulis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis
neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 suraTze xedavT, sxeulis
zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad,
motoruli qerqis ori udidesi ubani xelis
TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebiT
cerasTan da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyvelebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide
im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamianis xeliT manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars
gaaCnia.
somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centraluri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli marcxena da marjvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamuSavdeba informacia temperaturis, Sexebis,
sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb. motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili
sxeulis qveda nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda
nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan. sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan,

enasTan, cera da saCvenebel TiTebTan, anu
sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben
centrisken. aseve, motoruli qerqis msgavsad,
somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili
dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan,
xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi,
romelic ori safeTqlis wiliTaa warmodgenili.
auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi
informacias orive yuridan iRebs. auditoruli qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani
metyvelebis gagebaSi. vizualuri informacia
muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerqSi, romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udidesi nawili eTmoba informacias, romelic
baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im
adgilidan, romelic Tvalis ukana zedapirzea
ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.
qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis
brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis
udidesi nawili CarTulia informaciis interpretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis miReba, asociaciur qerqSi xorcieldeba.
asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia
gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).
asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva modalobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis
saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi
sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex)
Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva
ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia
muSavdeba.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) safeTqlis wilis
nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi
informacia.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSaveba mimdinareobs.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) qerqis nawili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi
xorcieldeba.
dawerili sityvis wakiTxva

suraTi
3.12
rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas

informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli
impulsebi Talamusis gavliT atareben Tvalis baduradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri ubnebisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul
impulsebs safeTqlis wilis ukana nawilSi,
angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis
vizualuri kodis (asoebis forma da ganlageba)
Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba)
Sesabamisis akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is
gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e. w. vernikes ares, sadac
xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da
interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba
brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi
uzrunvelyofs sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa
da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,
rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis
hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT,
rodesac pol brokam tenis autofsia Cautara,
man tvinis dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi
aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa,
rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis
msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac
dRes `brokas afazias~ uwodeben), dazianeba
marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo lokalizebuli.
igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena
hemisferoSi msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna
SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
biologia da qceva
rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi

erTad? warmoidgineT magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba
Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (sur. 3.12). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsiqologiis maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis
furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria
da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva.
biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am qmedebaSia
CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.
neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramdenime
etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri
stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba
nervuli ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi,
romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT
vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri
qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli
xveuli), sadac sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis
akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba
Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is
gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi, romelsac
`vernikes are~ ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi
dekodireba da interpretacia: ah! Sokoladi!
ar vityodi uars.~ nervuli impulsebi mere
egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv
agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi, rac
tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs
sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa
mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis. axla
ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven
xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas.
yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni
tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian
efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas _ Targmnis
ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans nervul
kodad; gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb; dabolos,
am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturebi. rodesac
did tvinze daviwyeT saubari, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia
warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo speqtrSi
naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi
monawileoben. davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs
Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.
79
suraTi
3.13
korZiani sxeuli
korziani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boWkoebis erTobliobas, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavsirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani
sxeulis gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris
komunikacias.
hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis

Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis qirurgiuli wesiT
mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es
meTodi gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxloebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos erToblioba,
romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba) gadaWras (sur. 3.13). qirurgiuli
Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos epilefsiis
Tanamdevi agresiuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
orive hemisferoze gavrcelebas. operacia,
rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis
qcevac, ZiriTadad, ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs,
romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes, xSirad
uwodeben pacientebs gayofili tviniT~.
gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblobaTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer sperim (1968) da
maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri
informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli hemisferosaTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika
vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs
emyareboda (sur. 3.14). yovel TvalSi, marjvena
mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia
marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT, in-
suraTi
3.14
mxedvelobiTi informaciis
nervuli gza
80
mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza,

romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua zedapiridan
iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan
meoreze korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelobiTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan ar jvaredindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis
mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili
informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,
xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodgenili informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.
suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normaluria, Tu pacienti `gayofili tviniT~ iyenebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapovnelad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT
velSia moqceuli, radganac orive procesis ganxorcielebas marjvena hemisfero
akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven
sTxovT pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli
im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas
amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan
marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs gadaWrili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis
piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
saidan
viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tovliani peizaJi, xolo marcxenas qaTmis
fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win
arsebuli obieqtebidan am ori suraTis

Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena
xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo
marcxena xeliT Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis narCenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad. radganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani
sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras
xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda
aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli
niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis
fexs xedavda. marcxena hemisferos kogniturma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romelsac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva
nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).
zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva
meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia marcxena hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad
iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis
mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols.
metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT,
yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia funqciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom
memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-sa da
caciebis 15%-Si metyvelebas marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15%-Si
metyveleba orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba
(Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemi-
biologia da qceva
formacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadaecema marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive
hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian
swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT;
magram, radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli
gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena mxedvelobiT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad
mxolod marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs
gadaecemoda (sur. 3.15).
radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs, mas SeuZlia mkvlevrebs elaparakos~ maSin, roca marjvena hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia.
komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan miRweul
iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT:
es amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas,
an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebda. ganixileT gayofili tvinis~ mqone
pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemisferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier Catarebuli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac marcxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.
81
82
sferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena

naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis
moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-munjTa enis
gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa
da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems azrs),
marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs
darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et
al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia ara metyveleba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,
ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari,
romlebic komunikacias axorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero
ukeTesia~, vidre marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes,
rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis
amoxsnis gansxvavebuli stili~ aqvs. marcxena
hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is informacias
nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki
ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad
aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis damaxasiaTebeli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba
ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas.
magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire detalebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs
problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdroulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,
rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi midgoma sWirdeba marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT
mexsierebis mobilizebaSi (Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT
darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia
lateralizebuli saSualo~ tvinSi, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvavebebi. rodesac metyvelebis lateralizaciaze
vsaubrobdiT, Cven, aseve, vaxseneT tvinis funqciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba:
caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena hemisfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akontrolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis
tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda
ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs
zogadi gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis
tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;
Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis
da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaWrisas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrtis saSualebiT
Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis
aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis
pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi
(eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo
lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi am
amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis
Tanabrad monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi
Sedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan,
romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas
exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve
gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom
wlebSi am kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT arsebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.
Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri
mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki ganvixiloT
endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sistemasTan erTad sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.
endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore, Zalzed specifikur maregulirebel sistemas endokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis
muSaoba Seavsos. endokrinuli sistema jirkvle-
suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs.
hipofizi, Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic
limburi sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) jirkvlebis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi

gamoyofen hormonebs.
hormonebi (Hormones) qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis
mier, aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas
axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso
niSan-Tvisebebze.
da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokrinuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadarCenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da
daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeobebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis
regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis warmoqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis
hipofizi (Pituity gland) moTavsebulia tvinSi,
gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas
axdens sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis sekreciaze.
testosteroni (Testosterone) mamakacTa sasqeso
hormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba
da astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve
pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSanTvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
estrogeni (Estrogen) qalTa sasqeso hormoni,
romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da
pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.
biologia da qceva
bis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesinjerebs hormonebs (sur. 3.16). hormonebi Zlier
gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur cxovelqmedebaze, Tumca isini gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da
zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.
hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze;
isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi
da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gavlenas axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; warmoadgenen guneba-ganwyobilebisa da xasiaTis
Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms
83
cxrili
3.1
mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT

mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebis funqciebi
jirkvali
hipoTalamusi
hipofizis hormonebis
gamoyofa
wina hipofizi
saTesleebi da
sakvercxeebirZis
gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
ukana hipofizi
wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
farisebri jirkvali
metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba
paraTireoiduli
jirkvali
kalciumis done
nawlavi
saWmlis moneleba
pankreasi
glukozis metabolizmi
Tirkmelzeda
jirkvali
brZolisa da gaqcevis~
pasuxebi
metabolizmi
sqesobrivi ltolva
qalebSi
sakvercxe
qalebis sasqeso niSnebis

ganviTareba
kvercxujredis warmoqmna
saTesle
84
regulirebadi funqciebi
mamakacis sasqeso
niSnebis ganviTareba
spermis gamomuSaveba
sqesobrivi ltolva
mamakacebSi
meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli

sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi sisxlSi qimiuri
nivTierebebis doneze reagireben an maTi stimulireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan momavali nervuli impulsebis mier xdeba. amis
Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da gadaadgildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken,
romelTac specifikuri receptorebi gaaCniaT.
hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT gaTvaliswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis genetikurad gansazRvrul adgilebSi gamoavlenen.
sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi uamrav bioqi-
miur process aregulireben, amis gamo maT sicocxlis mesinjerebi~ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985).
es mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontrolebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis
gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwylebis metabolozmi da sxeulis zrda, magram ra
xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamoyofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini
energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari
Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struqtura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens gadamrTvel
ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sistemebs Soris. hipoTalamusis specializebuli
ujredebi informacias tvinis sxva ubnebidan
iReben, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxvadasxva hormonebi hipofizSi, riTac isini astimulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias.
hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomuSavdeba. es qarxnebi~ sxvadasxva hormonebs awarmoebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs
aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
procesebi ganvixiloT.
hipofizs xSirad mTavar jirkvals~ uwodeben,
radganac is 10 sxvadasxva saxis hormons gamoimuSavebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jirkvlis sekretorul muSaobaze axdenen gavlenas.
aseve, aq sinTezirdeba zrdis hormonebi. zrdis
hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis
Seferxebas qondriskacobas; misi siWarbe iwvevs
gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis sekreciis produqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis
sinTezs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, spermis gamomuSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve monawileobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis safarvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri
simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios
agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba.
qalebSi hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben
estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormonaluri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli komponentia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofierebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zogierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hormonebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas akon-
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces saukunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria kavSiri tvinsa da
qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods
mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis
mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis dazianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis
dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs,
iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli
teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxulebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.
nervuli sistema centralur da periferiul
nawilebad iyofa. centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferiuli nervuli sistema Sedgeba somaturi da
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod,
limbur sistemad da did tvinad. tvinis Rero
aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs,
rogoricaa sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis moneleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis
moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogierT procesze. limburi sistema mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da
mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismgebelia metyvelebisa da azrovnebis umaRles funqciebze.
kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemisfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas
akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero informacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena
ki ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqciaTa Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda
gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi.
endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli,
romelic gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo
procesebis regulirebisaTvis.
neironi (Neuron) nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi
umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli sistemis muSaobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiromecnierebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies,
magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am mravalwaxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan.
wignis am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT
da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZnobaTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeulis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis
meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis ganxilviT.
neironi
neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, romlis funqciaa miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri
Semadgenlobisa da funqciis neironebi (ZuZum-
suraTi
3.16
neironTa tipebi
yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formas
da datotvis xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis
moZraobis mimarTuleba. warmodgenilia interneironis
ori tipi.
trolebs, amiT ki, saboloo jamSi, ovulaciis

procesi irRveva.
85
fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi
miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis saqmeSi
86
daafiqsireT TvalebiT
nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb
xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans,
an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze.
axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da
SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive
obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi am ori qmedebis dros?
ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom
tvinis igive ubnebi iyos CarTuli orive procesSi, romlebic aRqmasa da vizualur
warmosaxvas gulisxmobs? teqnologiurma progresma SesaZlo gaxada neiromecnierTaTvis am saintereso kiTxvas
zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wignis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did
warmatebebs miaRwies mxedvelobis nervuli safuZvlebis
SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT
Tvali miadevnon vizualuri
informaciis transformacias
Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde.
rogor unda gansazRvron
mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara
vizualuri qerqis erTi da
igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri warmosaxvis da ara vizualuri
aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa
jgufma stiven koslinis
xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al.,
1999) gamoiyena ori meTodi:
pet-(pozitronul-emisiuri
tomografia) skani, romelic
Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da
ganmeorebiTi transkrania-
luri magnituri stimulacia

(rTMS), romelic sruliad
axali teqnologiaa da sul
ramodenime wlis winaT iqna
gamoyenebuli adamianTa kognitur neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis

pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsovraT oTxi kvadratuli gamosaxuleba da mere warmoedginaT isini daxuWuli TvalebiT. cdis pirTa amocana
iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi
obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi
siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise
iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis
pirebs aucileblad unda
warmoedginaT vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. pet-gamokvlevaSi monawileTa tvini Seswavlili iyo amocanis gadawyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena,
rom aqtiurobdnen vizualuri
qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic
mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis
drosac iaqtiurebdnen. magram
gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan, rom korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba: is, rom orive

amocanis dros aqtiuria
tvinis erTi da igive ubnebi,
ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive
funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki erTveba rTMS,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia ufro zusti daskvnebis gakeTeba. es axali
teqnika magnituri stimulaciis pulsebs iyenebs droebiTi, Seqcevadi dazianebebis~ warmoqmnisaTvis. qsovilis faqtobrivi dazianebis
gareSe SesaZloa tvinis regionebis inaqtivacia. ra xdeba zolebis Sedarebisas, rodesac rTMS gamoyenebis Sedegad cdis pirebs uzianebdnen~ pirvelad vizualur qerqs? iseve, rogorc
Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi
aRqmisas, vizualuri warmosaxva seriozulad ferxdeba. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom pirveladi vizualuri qerqi CarTulia vizualuri warmosaxvis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monacemebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT
tvinSi funqciebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb? radganac
mecnierebi agrZeleben muSaobas axali teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT, didia imis albaToba, rom Tqvens kiTxvebsac male gaecema zusti
pasuxebi.
dendritebis stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRebuli informaciis integrireba da misi gadadendritebi (Dendrites) neironis datotvili morCebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
soma (Soma) neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
aqsoni (Axon) neironis wagrZelebuli boWko,
romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) bolqvismagvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
Rebuloben savse buStukebs Seicavs.
neironis mTavari struqturebi
wovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva

saxis neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs
saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (sur. 3.17). adamianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100
miliardsa da 1 trilions Soris meryeobs.
rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias
erTi da gadascemen mas meore boloTi. ujredis
datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval signalebs iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendritebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli receptorebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis
miReba. ujredis sxeuli, anu soma, Seicavs
birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis sicocxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba
neironi nervuli impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli impulsi igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neirotransmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.
87
suraTi
3.17
suraTi
3.18
tkivilis ganridebis
refleqsi
am reflesis ganxorcielebaSi mxolod sami neironi monawileobs: sensoruli,

motoruli
da
interneironi.
88
cema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis, romelsac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadascems informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, romelic, magaliTad, zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT
metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi
milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore boloSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvismagvari struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa,
romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mimdebare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neironebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi, neironebi
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) neironi,
romelic sensoruli receptorebidan informacias centraluri nervuli sistemisken atarebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, romelic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken
atarebs.
interneironi (Interneurons) _ tvinis neironi,
romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva inter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.
informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT

gadascemen _ dendritebidan somis gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken (sur. 3.18).
arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sensoruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi iReben informacias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben
mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken, receptoruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni
da mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTlisadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi;
motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. tvinis neironTa
ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic
gadascemen informacias sensorulidan motorul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul motorul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi
interneironi modis, romlebic tvinis ZiriTad
muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami
tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilisgan
ganridebis refleqsi (sur. 3.19). rodesac kanis
zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis
glia (Glia) ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs
dazianebul da daRupul neironebs da xels uSlis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.
amgznebi Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
buli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astrocitebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-encefalur

bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxlZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi
uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver gadalaxaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne
nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad,
tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, neiromecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom
glia gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komunikaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis
gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas
uzrunvelyofen.
moqmedebis potenciali
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, romlebic agzavnian informacias~ da astimulireben~ erTmaneTs. movida dro, ufro detalurad
aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac
nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSavebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi
warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis, grZnobebis, survilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi kiTxvaa: ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu upasuxos Tu
ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad,
neironebi am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi dendtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli informaciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazRvrisas, es signalebi maT ganmuxtvas~ Tu arganmuxtvas~ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,
yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi ganimuxte! da
Semakavebeli ar ganimuxto! signalebis
balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn
moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri

safuZveli
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmedebis potenciali, Cven unda is bioqimiuri garemo
aRvweroT, romelSic neironi arsebobs da
iRebs Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli
komunikacia eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawilakebis, ionebis, nakadiT xorcieldeba, romelic
gamWolavs neironis membranas Txel kans~,
romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli ga-
receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT,

isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli neironebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis interneironebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs
motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da
ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba
ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkivneul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias
situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli,
tkivilis SegrZneba mxolod mas Semdeg Cndeba,
rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes.
cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba
tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg
jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs potenciurad
mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze
xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti raodenobis gliuri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva momdinareobs berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxelwodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis mTavar
funqciebze _ isini neironebis sayrdens warmoadgenen. xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniSvnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia ganviTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi
exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon maTi
Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi, meore funqciaa
cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da
iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi
mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs;
maT, aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi
neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis
STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri
ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian
saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis
garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvnelovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis
siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa tvinis mgrZnobiare neironebis dacva sisxlTan erTad Semosuli toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specialize-
89
suraTi
3.19
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli
aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da

kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba
sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi gamWolavs, romlebic rogorc
seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod
kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi rodesac nervuli impulsi ar
gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur
gadanawilebas (Signidan gareT `gamotumbavs~ natriumis ionebs da `Catumbavs~
kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis
odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo,
natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,
natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi gamodis
90
remosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli

boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa
savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,
ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs
ionebs natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalciumisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs, romelTac
rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi
gaaCniaT (sur. 3.19). membrana, anu makaronis
zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive
siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi balansis
SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri,
anu imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida
areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti kaliumis
ionia, vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa koncentracia piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana
srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs
natriumis ionebs SeaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis
aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto
meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic gamotumbavs~ natriums da Catumbavs~ kaliums. am
tumboTa warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe
ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (70/
1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT.
es ki niSnavs, rom ujredis Sida garemo polarizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis potenciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur
garemos, romelSic nervul ujreds SeuZlia

moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis
potencialidan moqmedebis potencialze amagznebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.
nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia
Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis Sida da
gare areebs Soris. es, aseve, iwvevs cvlilebebs
ionuri arxebis funqciebSic ujreduli membranis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas membranis gavliT. Semakavebeli informacia aiZulebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da
SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac
neirons ganmuxtvisagan daicavs. amagznebeli imSemakavebeli Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) Semosuli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs,
ar ganimuxtos.
moqmedebis potenciali (Action potential) nervuli
impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis
gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
mosvenebis potenciali (Restins potential) neironis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis
polarizacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.
moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi

moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqimiuri buneba mraval maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs.
moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma
ar aris damokidebuli stimulaciis intensivobaze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.
miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls,
iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba
qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba.
sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is,
rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali
TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar

sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis siCqare gansxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
200 m/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, yvelaze ufro
nelSi ki 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi neironebis aqsonebi
dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis garsiT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri
ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni emsgavseba simze
acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs
Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba
ewodeba (sur. 3.17). mielinis garsian neironebSi
moqmedebis potenciali xtunavs~ erTi Seviwrovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela
ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis
dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli
xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im
saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis
demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali,
da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri ujredebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss
da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas
(Joyce, 1990).
mas Semdeg, rac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am segmentze
yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (sur. 3.20).
absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros
momdevno stimulacia, rac ar unda intensiuri
iyos is, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis
generirebas; SefardebiTi refraqteruli periodis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod normalurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gicdiaT unitazis Carecxva, rodesac is wyliT
ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kritikuli done, rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba
hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis, rom neironma
aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis
generirebis unari, is unda gadaimuxtos~ da
Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT gavrcelebas _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan
dabruneba, radganac aqsonis winamdebare segmentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.
pulsacia ionuri arxebis gaxsnas iwvevs da

natriumis ionebi ujredis Sida areSi Semodian,
rac mas ganmuxtvis saSualebas aZlevs. radganac
natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia,
maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia
sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT
da iwvevs membranis depolarizacias 70 milivoltidan 55 milivoltamde. am dros sakmarisi
raodenobis natriumi Sedis ujredSi, raTa es
cvlileba gamoiwvios.
iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aRmoceneba, natriumi iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi.
Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs.
Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; depolarizaciis mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mimdebare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas
ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am
gziT Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT signali vrceldeba aqsonSi (sur. 3.19).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosvenebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac
neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis
arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, kaliumis ionebi gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamosvla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin,
rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujredis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis potenciali
warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgomareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.
91
suraTi
3.20
eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi

ganawileba moqmedebis potencialis
dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis,
depolarizaciis gziT iwveven mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi
potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT.
rodesac neironi depolarizebulia, masSi mokle
refraqteruli periodi myardeba romlis drosac
momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis potencialis gamowveva ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis
potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida
areebs Soris.
kebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis, moZraobas aqsonuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan

mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neirotransmiteria moTavsebuli bioqimiuri nivTiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimulirebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve
iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis
Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsuri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli
neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapirobebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian
swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs
postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis
dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSirdeba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul receptorul molekulebs.
neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul
molekulas ori winapirobis Sesrulebis Semdeg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri,
an qimiuri nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes receptorul molekulas; meore, neirotransmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes receptoruli molekulis formas ise, rogorc
gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSirdeba receptors, rac imas niSnavs, rom postsinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda
receptorul molekulas, mas SeeZleba mezo-
sinafsuri gadacema
92
rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs

mis mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs
terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces informacia mezobel neirons, magram rogor?
neironebi xom erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinafsebs qmnian patara sinafsuri napraliT presinafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinafsur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis
an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis
potenciali terminalur balTas aRwevs, is
moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas iwvevs,
romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da
romelic warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas
erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis
gavliT (sur. 3.21). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur daboloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStu-
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels) nervuli ujredis

membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis
intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis Semdeg.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) mosvenebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali
nervuli impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis
segmentSi.
sinafsi (Synapse) or neirons Soris arsebuli.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) erTi
neironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis
procesi sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) qimiuri
mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa,
gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis
stimulacias iwvevs.
suraTi
3.21
sinafsuri gadacema
moqmedebis potenciali presinafsur neironSi iwvevs neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas
sinafsur napralSi, risi
gadalaxvis Semdegac isini
astimulireben postsinafsur
membranaSi arsebul receptorul
molekulebs. erTi da igive
neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali
neirotransmiteri arsebobdes.
Tqven, albaT, gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixilavT ase detalurad nervul sistemas. es xom
fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis
qcevas, azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi,
sinafsebi swored is biologiuri mediumebia,
romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xorcieldeba. Tuki Tqven SecvliT sinafsis
normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa
qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis
muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis
meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi, wamaldamokidebuleba da, zogadad,
sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am
TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven dagexmarebaT
gaigoT mTeli wigni _ `fsiqologia da cxovreba~.
bel neirons gadasces informacia ganmuxtvis~

an arganmuxtvis~ Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis
funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba receptorul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi
gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis
mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT,
neirotansmiters SeiZleba hqondes amgznebi, an
Semakavebeli efeqti, e.i., erTi da igive neirotransmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinafsisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli
neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan
aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom
gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis
potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da
Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs
saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas
adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
93
neirotransmiterebi da maTi
funqciebi
tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias 60-ze
meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia asrulebs.
intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi
garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.
TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am
daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinafsur napralSi iwvevs postsinafsuri membranis
biologiur pasuxs da Tu misi gamoTavisufleba
ar Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva.
imisaTvis, rom Tqven warmodgena SegeqmnaT, Tu
ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmiterebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad
gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs, romlebic
miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervuli sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri funqcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve SesaZlebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.
acetilqolini
94
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur,

ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi. alchaimeris
daavadebis (degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic
ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros
pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas iwvevs acetilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazianeba. acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs
nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis
SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia acetilqolinis sinafsuri moqmedebis Secvla. magaliTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic arasworad konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvdeba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra acetilqolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi;
kurare, amazoniis indielebis mier gamoyenebuli
Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs wamlaven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas
acetilqolinis receptorebis blokirebis gziT,
xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur
sinafsur aqtivobas.
gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli Sema-
kavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinafsebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba

rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare neironebi
tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogorebicaa: Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili.
gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs fsiqopaTologiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul
aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done
iklebs, adamianebSi es damatebiT nervul aqtivobas iwvevs, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba
(Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvas xSirad benzodiazepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT mkurnaloben,
rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, romlebic gaem
dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs,
samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad
ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur
receptorul molekulebs.
dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini

kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri substanciebis klass, romelic or mniSvnelovan
neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins
Seicavs. orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi
da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini CarTulia depresiis zogierT formaSi. wamlebi, romlebic
tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas
uwyoben xels, guneba-ganwyobilebis gaumjobesebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawinaaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis Semcveloba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi.
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, am daavadebis
mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda
iseTi wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi
dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. medikamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi
warmoiqmna saintereso, magram naklebad saxarbielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis gamoyenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia parkinsonis daavadebis niSnebi progresuli da
fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis
darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis
mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis
gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZula mecnierebi
daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis
wignis am Tavis wakiTxvisas Tqven axal informacias

iZenT niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom Tqveni tvini icvleba?
savaraudoa! studentebi, romlebic pirvelad Sedian SexebaSi Tanamedrove neiromecnierebasTan, xSirad interesdebian,
Tu
rogor
gavlenas
axdens
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
maT tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria,
romelic mark rozencvaigisa
da misi kolegebis mier iqna
Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxvavebebs virTagvebs Soris,
romlebic gamdidrebul da
gaRaribebul garemoSi aRizardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).
gaRaribebul garemoSi virTagvebi marto iyvnen moTavsebuli galiaSi; gamdidrebul
garemoSi isini mozrdil galiaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen
da yoveldRiurad ecvlebodaT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli
periodis (ramdenime kvira da
Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seiswavles virTagvebis tvini.
Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gamdidrebul garemoSi gazrdili virTagvebis saSualo
tvini ufro mZime da msxvili
pozitiuri atributebi _
iyo, vidre gaRaribebul garemoSi gazrdili cxovelebisa.
SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda
maSinac ki, rodesac virTagvebi gamdidrebul garemo-
Si mxolod ramdenime dRiT

Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrdasrul virTagvebSic aRiniSneboda, anu, ara marto mzardi, aramed zrdasruli virTagvebic gamdidrebul areSi
moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen
upiratesobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokvleva virTagvebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis
gadatana adamianebzec SeiZleba: mdidar garemos dadebiTi gavlena aqvs tvinis ganviTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli
teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zalzed specifikuri gansxvavebebis aRmoCena, romlebic
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. musikosebma, romlebic violinoze ukraven, Zalian natifad unda akontrolon marcxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki
Tqven daubrundebiT 3.11 suraTs, naxavT rom sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili TiTebs
eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi,
pasuxismgebeli marcxena xelis TiTebze, meviolineebSi
ufro didia, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (Elbert et al.,
1995). es efeqti araa nanaxi
marjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis,
romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani datvirTva violinoze dakvrisas. marcxena
TiTebis reprezentacia sensorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro
daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis gasaumjobeseblad.

yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimuSavebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi, romelic
agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri procesis regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri
didi iyo im musikosebSi, romelTac violinoze dakvra

bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde
daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiqreT imaze, rom cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas SeuZlia
aseve uaryofiTi gavlena
moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze.
gaixseneT tvinis struqtura,
hipokampi, romelic Cven
manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. mecnierebma
uCvenes, rom qronikuli
stresi mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmis fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri resursebi
maqsimaluradaa daZabuli
(ix. Tavi 13) hipokampis neironTa dendritebis atrofias iwvevs (McEwen, 1999;
Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven,
albaT, ukve mixvdiT, amis Sedegia mexsierebis zogierTi
formis darRveva. magaliTad,
virTagvebi qronikuli stresis pirobebSi kargaven labirinTSi orientaciis unars
(Conrad et al., 1996). neiromecnierebis Tanamedrove
mimarTulebebis mniSvnelovani amocanaa im meTodebis aRmoCena, romlebic
tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisagan
daicaven. aseTi kvlevis
Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasargeblo iqneba.
nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTilamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neironebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es serotoninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa
Sekavebas iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli
Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da uCveulo
ra gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze
95
emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi

grZeldeba. bevri antidepresanti, mag. prozaki,
aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis
ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Barondes, 1994).
endorfinebi
96
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia,

romelTac Cveulebriv neiromodulatorebs uwodeben. neiromodulatori aris substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi (Semoklebulia
endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi,
daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi
opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi
erTi da igive receptorebs ukavSirdeba. endorfinebs uwodeben samoTxis gasaRebs~ maTi
siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamokvleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi
nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis
Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da placebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995;
Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba nivTiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic morfinisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blokirebas iwvevs. nebismieri tkivilgamayuCebeli
procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTaaRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
visuflebas iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis

miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros akupunqtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored endorfinebi ganapirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogoricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi da azotis oqsidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi
(Barinaga, 1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi
ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis
tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. magaliTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiterTagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukavSirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir gamWolaven mimRebi
ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam
unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev
bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is
SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni
tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis.
erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs
qcevas da Tqvens sulier procesebs, magram
meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini
yvela am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni
arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom
gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris
mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT
sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT damatebiTi codnis SeZenaSi.
Sejameba
neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, motoruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis neironTa
umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemortymulia gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimuxteba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis Sesabamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi
sul an arafris kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian
informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT aqsonis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba
sinafsur napralSi da gadascemen informacias
mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo procesia damokidebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani neirotransmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da
icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis
Sedegad.
adamianTa evoluciaSi or
fexze siarulma da encefalizaciam mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, maT Soris metyvelebisa da kulturis ganviTareba, gamoiwvia.
memkvidreobiTobis mTavari
erTeuli genia. genebi gansazRvraven im gavlenis CarCoebs, romelsac garemo faqtorebi iwvevs da romelic
fenotipis cvlilebiT gamoixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben, rom
tvinsa da qcevas Soris damokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvinis dazianebis mqone pacientTa Seswavla, tvinis garkveuli ubnebis dazianeba,
tvinis eleqtruli stimulacia, tvinis aqtivobis
registracia da kompiuteruli teqnikis meSveobiT tvinis gamosaxulebis miReba.
Tavisa da zurgis tvini centralur nervul sistemas
(cns) qmnian.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) Sedgeba neironebisagan, romlebic cns-sa
da sxeuls akavSireben. pns
Sedgeba somaturi nervuli
sistemisagan, romelic ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas
aregulirebs da avtonomiuri nervuli sistemisagan
(ans), romelic aregulirebs

sasicocxlo procesebs.
Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan: tvinis Rero, limburi
sistema da didi tvini.
tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia
sunTqvaze, saWmlis monelebasa da guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawileobs grZelvadiani mexsierebis, agresiis, kvebiT da sqesobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs
umaRles mentalur procesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralizebulia Tavis tvinis erT romelime hemisferoSi. magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
hemisfero erTad muSaobs,
maT funqcionirebis sxvadasxva tipi axasiaTebT _ marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria, marjvena ki
holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebebis fonze zogadi daskvnebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos. magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebs lateralizaciis gansxvavebuli saxeebi axasiaTebT.
endokrinuli sistema gamoimuSavebs da sisxlis nakadSi gamoyofs hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben
zrdas, pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas, metabolizms, saWmlis monelebasa da agznebas.
hipoTalamusi akontrolebs
endokrinul sistemas hipofizis stimulirebis
gziT.
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi, nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi erTeuli,
iRebs, amuSavebs da gadascems informacias sxva
neironebs, jirkvlebsa da
kunTebs.
neironebi gadascemen informacias dendritebidan
ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv
terminaluri balTisaken.
sensoruli neironebi iReben informacias specializebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan da agzavnian
mas cns-ken. motoruli neironebi agzavnian informacias cns-dan kunTebisa
da jirkvlebisaken. interneironebi gadascemen informacias sensoruli
neironebidan sxva motorul an interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis sumacia miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRurbls, moqmedebis potenciali igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri
daboloebisaken.
sul an arafris kanons
damorCilebuli moqmedebis potenciali aRmocendeba, rodesac gaxsnili ionuri arxebi ujredis membranis Sida da gare
areebs Soris ionTa ganvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
97
neirotransmiterebi gamoTavisufldeba sinafsur

napralSi. napralis gadalaxvis Semdeg isini uerTdeba postsinafsuri membranis receptorul molekulebs.
aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es
neirotransmiterebi membranas, damokidebulia receptoruli molekulis
bunebaze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
98
adamianis qcevis genetika

amagznebeli Sesavali~
asociaciuri qerqi
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans)
aqsoni
brokas are
bunebrivi gadarCeva
genebi
genetika
genotipi
glia
dazianeba
dendritebi
didi tvini
didi tvinis qerqi
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava)
eleqtroencefalograma
(eeg)
endokrinuli sistema
estrogeni
Talamusi
Txemis wili
interneironi
ionuri arxebi
kefis wili
korZiani sxeuli
limburi sistema
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (MRI)
memkvidreobiToba
mogrZo tvini
mosvenebis potenciali
motoruli neironi
motoruli qerqi
moqmedebis potenciali
mxedvelobis qerqi
naTxemi
neiromecniereba
neiromodulatori
neironi
neirotransmiterebi
nuSisebri kompleqsi
parasimpaTikuri sistema
periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns)
PET (pozitronulemisiuri tomografia) _
skani
retikuluri formacia
refraqteruli periodi
safeTqlis wili
sasqeso qromosomebi
sensoruli neironi
simpaTikuri sistema
sinafsi
sinafsuri gadacema
smeniTi qerqi
soma
somatosensoruli qerqi
somaturi nervuli sistema
sociobiologia
sul an arafris kanoni
tvinis Rero
tvinis hemisferoebi
terminaluri balTa
testosteroni
fenotipi
funqciuri magneturrezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI)
Semakavebeli Sesavali~
Sublis wili
centraluri nervuli
sistema (cns)
xidi
hipoTalamusi
hipokampi
hipofizi
homeostazi
hormonebi
SegrZnebebi
4
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
fsiqofizika
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken
mxedvelobis sistema
adamianis Tvali
guga da broli
badura
Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
ferTa SegrZneba
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
SeuZlia Tu ara
teqnologias dazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena
smena
bgeris fizika
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
smenis fiziologia
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosva
gemos SegrZneba
Sexebisa da kanis
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobisa da
kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebi
tkivili
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs
cxare saWmeli tkivils
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
99
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man

Tavisi warmatebuli SemoqmedebiTi karieris ganmavlobaSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs warmoadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sruliad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis
tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSevrebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da
TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli asociaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod
uswormasworo~ da WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.
es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvlilebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.
magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTisxili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro
jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno
rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.
100
dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens

sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? dainteresebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis
qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van
gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis
swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros macocxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis
rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli
gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaerkves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad
aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosmenili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,
Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is

istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da
TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is
Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi SemoqmedebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.
maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis
Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma
ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da garkveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,
rom misi mxedveloba uaRresad daxvewili~ da
privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda
formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels
feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakarga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo
samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo
aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebisagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven
ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,
romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovnilebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daicvaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT
samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam
ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli
saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris
specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive
srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ramuras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,
magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, romelic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli signalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli
procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda
gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnierebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac
vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza
idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi
elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba
ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)
es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana
da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaarsebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare
movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis
gancdas Soris kavSirebi.
fsiqofizika
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis
xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave
manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis
sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe orjer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis
sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa
yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven

aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajildovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur
elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,
rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis
SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba
perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali
donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,
interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.
Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor
axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva informaciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros
erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebamde, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena
da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexmarebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis
winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa
ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs
Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,
romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebuli siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs
swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,
gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,
Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor
gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili
da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, ferebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi
siamovnebis miReba.
101
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli

gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.
es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _
Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa
da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsiqologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine
& Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis
istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri
(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana termini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic
akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensivobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoruli gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologiur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teqnika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimulisaTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu
SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gansazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsiqofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis intensivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSirebs.
absoluturi zRurblebi da
sensoruli adaptacia
rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, usustesi energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia organizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos
toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es
kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls
_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas,
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) mecniereba fizikuri

stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis
Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
102
absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) fizikuri

energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli
signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function)
grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur RerZze).
gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs

sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magaliTad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an
Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul
siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi
xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamoyeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aRniSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme
SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi
SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT SevajamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertikalur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone
gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri
fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.
sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis pirobebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizianeblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti
absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis
0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da grafikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda
zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori
mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-
velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben

gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvlilebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da
zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gangaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis
aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo-
cxrili
4.1
miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi

movlenebisaTvis
sensoruli
SemCnevis zRurbli
modaloba
sinaTle
sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul

sibneleSi
bgera
saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m

manZilze
gemo
erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l

wyalze
ynosva
sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli

samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
Sexeba
suraTi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze

daSvebuli futkris frTa
4.1
radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi

garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisazRvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formis

mrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba
gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizianeblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRizianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier
dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis
done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeblisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT
gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizianeblis ganzomileba.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZnobiarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,
vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi
iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali
garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis

procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris
sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad,
albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle
naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adaptaciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamianebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,
sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg
Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis
SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven
cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani
sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqanizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqmedoT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da

signalis SemCnevis Teoria
Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulisxmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,
1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
103
magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sistematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,
romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli
gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,
monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti
sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: diax, aris
sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5
dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: ara, ar aris
sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT
2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es
struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT diax~-s ufro xSirad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,
Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis
SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis
axal wyaroze.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias)

sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia arasensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas
ganapirobebs.
104
suraTi
signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri

midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis problemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusirebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad
msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri
fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teoria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sensorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da
(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damoukidebeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis
pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive
_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis
erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli
warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi
stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben
diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli warmodgenilia da ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri
Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
4.2
signalis SemCnvis Teoria

matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi
stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~
da àra~ pasuxebisaken.
ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon

operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,
amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari
gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _
avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi
gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,
TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rirebuleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis
SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis
kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad
ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,
Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven
gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi
fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili
da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven miawodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul
cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli
receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: igivea~
an gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg
Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,
sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis
funqcias _ gansxvavebulia pasuxebis procentebs.
sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisazRvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismieri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis
sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis
zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemulia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva-
stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,

A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamotoveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli
da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda
diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did
raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,
vinc qronikulad ambobda ara~-s, iZleoda
rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari
gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia
C matricaze.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari gangaSis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoeTvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maCveneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels erTnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxvavebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamoyofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis
SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina sensoruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camoyalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxvavebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxvevisa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli
gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSisaTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi
mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori
uaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangrZlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamotoveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpirobebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki aras~ Tqma
stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis
gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre diax~
pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcdari gangaSi), diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad
iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-
105
suraTi
4.3
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis

kanoni
rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT
ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda
daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi
sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,
romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10
standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis
sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damokidebuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT
grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis
sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,

romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis swori
xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis
Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT
or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standartuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gansxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amocanaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis
sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis
zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 milimetris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris
sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram
20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaTvis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.
Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa
106
sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi

fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc
wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _
JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebulebad.
veberis kanoni (Webers law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensivobis proporciulia.
miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri

sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4
milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3
gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan
erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle
xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefardeba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2
mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia
veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli stimulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,
rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria standartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia
saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli
sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis
Semdegi saxis iqneba: I/I=k, sadac I standartuli
intensivobaa, I ki namatia _ im sxvaobis
odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxvaobas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris
proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis
TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT ganixileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad
gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,
4.2
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken
veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi

stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis
stimulis
ganzomileba
veberis konstanta
(k)
bgeris sixSire
0.003
sinaTlis intensivoba
0.01
sunis koncentracia
0.07
dawolis intensivoba
0.14
bgeris intensivoba
0.15
gemos koncentracia
0.20
veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini

dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni
sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris
universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis
intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.
cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas
aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis
gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia
SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,
es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,
vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.
sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT
ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro
tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!
sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad

gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi
formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore
formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas
nervul impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _
specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven
fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis
mier.
fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina

SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor
xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs
specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,
rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva
sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam specifikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zedapirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,
gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri
movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis
biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,
aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im
movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi
formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis
gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,
transformacia ewodeba.
vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia
transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur
tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT
ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis
tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs TiToeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben
TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,
Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transformacia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqtivobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (magaliTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas
biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis
SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis
saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).
sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRizianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signalebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamuSavebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis
signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis
neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis integrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli
cxrili
107
cxrili
4.3
adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba
stimulebi
sensoruli
receptori
organo
Cxirebi da kolbebi
Tvali
mxedveloba
sinaTlis talRebi
smena
bgeriTitalRebi
yuri
ZiriTadi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
xmauri, toni
Sexebis
SegrZnebebi
eqsternaluri
kontaqti
kani
nervuli daboloebani
kanSi (merkelis
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)
Sexeba, tkivili,
siTbo, sicive
ynosva
aqroladi
nivTierebebi
cxviri
ynosvis organoebis
bewviani epiTeliumi
suni (muskusi,
yvavilovani, damwvris,
pitnis)
gemo
xsnadi nivTierebebi
ena
gemos bolqvebi
gemo (tbili, mJave,

mlaSe, mware)
wonasworobis
SegrZneba
meqanikuri da gravitaciuli Zalebi
Sinagani
yuri
naxevarrkalovani
arxebis bususebi da
derefani
moZraoba sivrceSi,
gravitaciuli
miziduloba
kinesTeTikuri
SegrZnebebi
sxeulis moZraoba
kunTebi,
myesebi,
saxsrebi
nervuli boWkoebi
kunTebSi, myesebSi
sxeulis nawilebis
moZraoba da pozicia
blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben

informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma
da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi informacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi
da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur
ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian SegrZnebisa da asociaciis procesebze.
cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da receptorebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.
108
SegrZneba
Sejameba
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damokidebulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvirveblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur
gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis
absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
ferebi, obieqtebi,
teqstura, moZraoba,
siRrme
Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa

damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _
absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis
Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu
ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizianeblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos
gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizikuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis
cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,
Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva
tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas
sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
adamianis Tvali
guga da broli
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,

romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi
4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSualebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sekrebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaTles da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle
Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvirvale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis
wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.
fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT
mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT
mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba
moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvrildeba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis

sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes
an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kaklisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaTle, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier baduraze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul
obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare
sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT
Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,
misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomodacia ewodeba.
normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamianebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazonSi SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan
mxedvelobis sistema
mxedvelobis sistema
mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTarebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa

da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT
daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upiratesobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.
mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi
Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.
mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze

fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaTlis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven
cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki irisis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvrelis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle
Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi
fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs
linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. analogiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs minisebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel
firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis
Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi
procesis komponentebi.
109
suraTi
4.4
adamianis Tvalis
struqtura
rqovana, guga da broli axorcieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas
baduraze. baduradan nervuli
signalebi gadaecema tvins
optikuri nervis meSveobiT.
ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.

Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlomxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT
ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare
sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni
gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare
obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba
akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris
iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da
brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlilebebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamianebisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad
Sordeba maT.
110
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis

saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis
sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze
mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli
ujredebi.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis
tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, axdens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,
Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare
samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis talRidan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba
baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis
qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvadasxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime
maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis
_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unikalurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,
kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian
nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan
zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da
zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,
CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni
wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba
ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa specializebuli.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxirebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca
daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT
suraTi
4.5
retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli
da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviCvenebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs nervuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.
Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive
Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, romlebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kaklis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian
sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi
kreben impulsebs erTze meti receptoruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sedegebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am
ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi
toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSualebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadamrTveli punqtisaken.
ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT ganmuxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzavnian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-
akomod
i.
mxedvelobis sistema
bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs verafers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pirobebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedvelobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven
ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _
Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobesebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan
TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZnobiareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis
Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaTleze, vidre kolbebi.
badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,
romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod
ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.
es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis
mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrunvelyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras
sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im informaciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervuli ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli
impulsebis kombinirebas mravali receptoridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi
agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri ujredi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an
111
suraTi
4.6
ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni
marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris
niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,
112
bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare

Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da
gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vizualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken
atarebs.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli ujredebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gaswvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis
tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris damyarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi receptorebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli ujredebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva
bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujredebs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi
saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri
nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu
brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs
receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pivizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis
nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informacias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori

mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom
TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registracias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore
mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini avsebs~ am adgils
Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,
Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis
dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena
TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven
ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel
adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am
adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres
dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da
ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,
sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da
moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic mocemulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos
miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gamTlianda.
(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso -is

(gamoiTqmis, rogorc xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi
TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvaredinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari
TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,
romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tvalis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis
ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs
aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve
optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi
tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori
blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad
iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu
rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris
_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian
obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizualuri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad
gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxedvelobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:
4.7
adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi

diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semosuli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviCvenebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba baduridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive
vizualur centrSi.
Tavis tvinisken mimavali

nervuli gzebi
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnulebis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is adgilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi
mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informaciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,
gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaRwevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,
romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,
romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis
formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
saidan
viciT
mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,
xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena
vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis
sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis
drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen marjvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirurgebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis
tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena
nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Seicavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. magaliTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben
fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis
wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,
romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobierebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc savaraudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana-
mxedvelobis sistema
suraTi
113
Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvenebeli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniSnavi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gansazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis
brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, rogorc axerxebda amas saR~ marjvena vizualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,
agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno
brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri
iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi figura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi
doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtkicebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.
roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri
uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTiTebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver
xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
114
donis mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxedveloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli
informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi
Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacientebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri darRvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom
is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxlebeli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis
iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna
sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vizualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;
Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedvelobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobierebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.
Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is
informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvinisaken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram
unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis
daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da
sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).
axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs
davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erTerTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom
Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis
gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli

informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.
rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
ferTa SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _
isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT
davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STabeWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan
_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens
sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asaxva. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev
1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,
ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda
energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis
aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es
zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa
da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavrcelebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis
ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos
ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre
danarCeni...
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini

amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia
sinaTlis wyaroSi.
talRis sigrZe da feri

sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod
patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, romelsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.
sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris
aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos
sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radiotalRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganasxvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT
Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu
manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.
xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi
(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac
1999 wlis dekemberSi ramdenime sainformacio saagento

iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,
romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan
brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qirurgiul proceduras, romelic mis mxedvelobas aRadgenda. proceduras ventai lui,
mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, Mark
Humayun) da maTi jgufis sxva
wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,
2001). am proceduraSi patara
mikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da
kolbebisa da Cxirebis funqcias cvlida, romelic ar funqcionirebda daavadebis gamo.
samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar
iyo kargi kandidati am procedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika
imeds aZlevda maT, visac vizualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli
hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis
dabrmavebis mizezi maT baduraze mdebare receptoruli
ujredebis _ kolbebisa da
Cxirebis kvdoma _ degeneraciuli daavadeba gaxda (uanderis sibrmave gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-
Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Semdeg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti

raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,
roca sensoruli receptorebi
wyveten TavianT arsebobas,
vizualuri gzebis sxva ujredebi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da
gangliozuri, ganagrZoben
arsebobas. baduras struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),
es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli stimulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa
da maTi kolegebis mier konstruirebuli mikroprocesori
zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, romelic Semomaval signals arafunqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.
mTlian sistemas, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc mravalelementiani xelovnuri retinaluri mikroprocesori (multipleunit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
ramdenime komponenti aqvs, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _
SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli
videokamera gamosaxulebas
garemodan iWers. es gamosaxuleba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implantirebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana
mxares. es mikroprocesori
stimulirebas ukeTebs gangliozur ujredebs badeSi da
televizoris Tu kompiuteris
ekranis msgavsad funqcionirebs: am simravlis TiToeuli elements _ TiToeul
piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva
elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens
mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagulisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs es
xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudulia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac
Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni
uamravi kolbebidan da Cxirebidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs
SeeZloT martivi gamosaxulebebisa da formebis identificireba. arsebobs imedi, rom
es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom
adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon
sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion
didi zomis SriftiT dabeWdili teqsti. uamravi adamianisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,
romelsac daavadebis gamo
dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da
kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqnologiebis ganviTarebam SeiZleba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/
erl_eye.html
mxedvelobis sistema
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena
115
Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis

sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.
garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxivebidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,
magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigrZiani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da
wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis
talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT
aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod
Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.
feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaTdeba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris
toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-
leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes

(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris
tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pirdapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur ganzomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is
ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. simaZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;
Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT
simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,
romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa SegrZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
suraTi
4.8
eleqtromagnituri
speqtri
116
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia

SeigrZnos talris sigrZis
mxolod mcire diapazoni
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.
Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis
sigrZis im diapazons, romelic naxatze gadidebulad
aris mocemuli, rogorc
ferebs iisferidan wiTlisaken.
suraTi
4.9
ferTa wre
ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis
mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganlagebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.
Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis
neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles
centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris
tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri
ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelobaze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavsebulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis
diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris
toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.
erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva

feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas
ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias miakuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa
gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.
Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT
niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis
saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers warmoqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas
damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel
SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,

romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Serevisas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.
4.10
negatiuri optikuri kvali

mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yviTeli droSis centrSi sul cota
30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg
mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze
da daafiqsireT is furclis
centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es
cda megobrebze.
mxedvelobis sistema
suraTi
talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris

mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semavsebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri
feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad darwmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? ganixileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mogcemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,
radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am movlenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-
117
visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT

raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni receptorebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.
albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,
gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semavsebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da saRebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,
roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime
obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis talRis sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zedapiris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRebavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,
zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis
mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da
lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs
lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTaderTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli
(substractive) ferTa Sereva1 ewodeba. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe
aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis
narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im adamianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris
SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sibrmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an
sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar
gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki
ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSirebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs
mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am recesiuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti
Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi
geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs
axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).
1
118
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,

rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis

is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli
ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,
romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs
urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs
ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvadasxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,
romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,
sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli
sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli
65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara
raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT
suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s
da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki
dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul
cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa
sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini
am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecnierebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa
Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi

ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Thomas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,
romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad
SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi
ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli ferebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis
Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da
gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von
Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-helmholcis triqromatuli Teoria.2
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad
xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa
sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibrmavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an
ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-
2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).
suraTi
4.11
ferTa sibrmavis testi

pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,
ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli
cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?
Tu k i T q v e n x e d a v T r i c x v 1 7 - s
wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa
SegrZneba albaT normaluria.
triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis

sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis SegrZnebas.
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian

wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema
realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvilebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnierebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood
maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar
ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod
procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic
Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struqturebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,
1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze reagirebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze
metad aris mgrZnobiare.
saidan
viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben
garkveuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma
ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleqtruli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas
kolbis ujredebi gamowovil~ iqna
mxedvelobis sistema
lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis

mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adaptacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs
sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCevisas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviTlis?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuTxedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,
romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis
(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi
sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sistemisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone
Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi
elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis
pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi oponenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
119
specialuri minis miliT, romlis diametric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diametris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,
eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer
zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad
reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi (lurji~ ujredebi),
zogi _ 535 nanometris (mwvane~ ujredebi)
da zogi ki 570 nanometris (wiTeli~
ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa

da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba
sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli
kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kolbebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas heringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Tanaxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego
procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti
jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa
TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis
sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs nervuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaTlidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis
signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.
sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangliozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis
120
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-process theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba

sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs or oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili
mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gangliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur

baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da
sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire
nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic
Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki
fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis
budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda
SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi
siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,
romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis
sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis
calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,
dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &
Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,
saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs
warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpirobebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizualur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi
uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan
& Maunsell, 1993).
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis
magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul
doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vizualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli retinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali receptoruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aerTianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris
adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B
nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia
velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis
stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi
Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapirispiro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-
suraTi
4.12
gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi
trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gangliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da periferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagireben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian stimulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel
laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo
off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad ganimuxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sazRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da
periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da
ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc
es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis
gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da
gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba
vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?
pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa
da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuTvniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves
receptoruli velebis ujredebis SeswavlisaTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma
moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic
vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze
reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes
am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,

maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic
ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur
stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).
erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi
ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gansazRvruli, maTTvis gamorCeuli~ orientaciis
mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kompleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli
erTi, maTTvis gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram
isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCevdnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specializebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa
da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav
kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis informacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali
donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsimalurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizualuri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli
gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis
talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da informaciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,
romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT.
mxedvelobis sistema
ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi
qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,
is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis
process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs
ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris
121
Sejameba
122
adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad

funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis
brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul
aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi
Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcionireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi
specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli informacia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gadamuSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia
obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma
vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis
arseboba daadastura.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi
Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia
gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa
sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa
sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,
ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur
sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze
da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur
fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangliozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,
zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier
arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,
orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixedviT.
tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTavsebulni.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro
srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identificirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda
mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad
mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.
smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri energiis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic
Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.
bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT
fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqmedebebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gadaecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki
rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos molekulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvlilebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,
romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs
(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul
vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan
iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZravebda rxevadi obieqti.
sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri
Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JReradobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire
izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac
asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.
rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris
manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis
pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic
zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda
zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.
amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an energiis erTeulebiT.
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da
mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs
asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam
dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini
Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi
dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-
sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas sixSiris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs
bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo
sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT
sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.
magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali
noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gansxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti
gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.
bgeris siZliere
4.13
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena

sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul
erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri
diapazoni.
milebas1 _ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa

da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es
movlenebi.
bgeris tonis simaRle

bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi
talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi
warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi
ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa2 tonebis mimarT
adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan
20 000 h e r c i s s i x S i r e m d e d i a p a z o n S i
cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi
adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos
ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven
advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es
diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom
fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan
4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.
rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri
sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons
(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.
1
Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda
tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
2
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,

ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT
ganisazRvreba.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc
xmadabali.
smena
suraTi
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba

misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc
xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZnobiarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari
diapazonis mimarT.
majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis
qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZnobiarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis
xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze
mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90
metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad
Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs
yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis
bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro
Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bgeris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveulebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva
123
_ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs

xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,
romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14
naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris
wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm2) SedarebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 decibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT
bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma
SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi
eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.
tembri
bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis komponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac ganasxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis
xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,
magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.
sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi
amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleqsuri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da amplitudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze
4.15
naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,
romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.
4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs
bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti mi~-sTvis
suraTi
4.14
nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi
124
naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decbalebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis

smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan
raketis gafrenis xmamde. decibalebi
gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis
donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba
imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.
suraTi
4.15
nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi
(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic

realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT
amplitudebs.
kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
noti mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT
256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven
gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali
sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;
maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven
gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris
sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs
daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,
smenis fiziologia
tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,

romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia

bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu
romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti mi~ fortepianoze.

bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,
ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis
naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacionaruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs
Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris
energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar
hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.
smenasakvanZo sakiTxebi
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.
ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).
isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.
125
rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis

fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,
vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvixilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.
smenis sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi
axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gardaqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom
gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi
transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis talRebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lokokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
suraTi
126
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es

rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da
(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiToeuli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi
molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).
zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa
sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu
niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris
gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is
ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks
uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs
dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,
romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals
4.16
adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT
moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi
ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian
siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis
saSualebiT.
adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.

es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic
gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas
dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _
lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida
yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic lokokinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi
gadaiqceva zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs
membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis
saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi
mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,
lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;
siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis nervul efeqtebs.
smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis birTvebSi.
smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT informacias.
mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sistemaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi

yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis
tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaivlian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven
smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevarsferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am
signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT
qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva
nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,
sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).
es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave
smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians
aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli
gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti
komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia
lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.
am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris
Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am defeqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirurgiuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis
CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa nervuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqanizmebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs
yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi
qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul
siyrues.
smena
romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lokokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare

siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr
moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, zRvis
talRebs~).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membranis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakavSirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani
ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli ujredebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaqmnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi
toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen
smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
127
bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic

xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi
talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo
fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)
mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,
gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi
membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis
Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas
iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,
sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian
ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze
did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgilis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis
im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad
Riziandeba.
meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaRles ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.
es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas
100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, amtkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,
ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar
SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali
bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans
128
adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva

sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Sedegad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqtivaciac moxda.
sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,
romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba
kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.
suraTi
4.17
zalpis principi
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur
aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT
talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos
SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,
rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre

1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia
ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,
rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad
axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.
zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra
xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli
moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc
da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).
rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgilisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warmatebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom
sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise
swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad
moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im sixSires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaRlis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxedvelobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.
amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT
_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic
aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian
ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieqtebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-
suraTi
4.18
droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris

lokalizacia
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris
mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,
erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis

saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian
daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,
is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.
es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois
SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis
intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic
aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;
Phillips, 1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, romlebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac
sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul
yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic
lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs
ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wertili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi
specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis SemCnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,
raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo
lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom
bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im
yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,
romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis
talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic
aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu
dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, intensivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben
maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris
tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT
gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,
romlebic specializdebian im signalebis intensivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or
yurSi aRmocendeba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro
Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin
xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situaciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic
A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT
SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti
smena
adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis

bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro
maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana
imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli
receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi
membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi
muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas
Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro
maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo
uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg
davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or
SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas
garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi exmareba.
129
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams

TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxedvelobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, radgan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili
mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviTgadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.
Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.
ynosva
gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT

Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom
daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis
miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
130
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis

kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis
simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi
informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis
yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,
romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi
tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom
sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs
ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis
moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.
bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or
gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,
rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT situacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis SegrZnebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavidan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis
SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _
pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic
ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.
sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis
mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces
erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis
suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic
ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis
wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri
nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur
arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,
ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac
ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signalebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis
tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,
romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
suraTi
4.19
iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo

et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqciaTagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviTganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi
cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs
ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc
sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmoCenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Moncrieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,
agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad
asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesuliyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,
raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZleba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan
qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT
Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs feromenebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTierebebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis farglebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,
safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi

wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxeobis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac
atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa SewyvilebisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa
da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gacilebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi
Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba
ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa
ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi
faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,
magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi
axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs
(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es
sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,
romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT
(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvis receptorebi
131
amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols

TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis
mzaobaSi.
saidan
viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols
adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi
kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT
unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mamakacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.
qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc
arasasiamovnos~ an aramimzidvels~. am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi
iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia
hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro
neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesabamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi
hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaRmdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur
iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno
bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993).
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvnelobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.
gemos SegrZneba
132
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad

ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gansxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis
realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos SegrZnebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.
roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,
radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi blokirebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad
SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwaWerilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi
teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone
sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da kartofilis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebelSi mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, romelic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,
cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukargavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi
gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi
sakuTari gemo!
Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvrilebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.
am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos
bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos receptoris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom
individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erTerTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze
(Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis
receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).
umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac
xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad
gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mcirediT sxva gemozec reagireben, saukeTeso~ reaqcia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc
Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis
sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arsebobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba daziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis
Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro
xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,
suraTi
gemos
4.20
receptorebi
gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT

yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT
gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samudamod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi

kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.
garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris
dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT
temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul
daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs
kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul
informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis
zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali
receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.
4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis receptori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze reagirebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi
yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime
exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara

obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,
roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.
Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic
moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis
tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis
integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos
temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo
diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.
magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gansazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis
wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWidroviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli
qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT Seesatyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZnobiaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad
gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti
sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis
procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
sxva SegrZnebebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.

nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
133
suraTi
4.21
kanis SegrZnebaTa
receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis

receptori aris pasuxismgebeli
kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,
rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,
meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben raime
obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis
m i m a r T, m e r k e l i s d i s k e b i
yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis
mimarT.
134
kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur

rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa
Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT
sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT simSvide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis
adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an
seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare
erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali
interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaTkanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zedapiris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa

da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze
mocemul adgilze.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes
TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad
dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi
utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gacilebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom
energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis
hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis
tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSierebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis

cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSierebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela berdebodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro
didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas
da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).
aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT
da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon
xSirad es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,
aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,
maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).
wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi

TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva
SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis
an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian
receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida
yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi
mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe
moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki
gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZraobis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.
4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan
arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri
mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor
moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa
Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis
SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ informacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis
Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ informacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos
da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensirebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur
informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmocendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan momavali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibularuli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav
transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCndebaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,
rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan
modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _
moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emarTebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidec moZraobas.
rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT vertikalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins
sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis
poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimarTebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul ukukavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.
amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZraobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori
wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben
saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare
receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva pozicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac
sxva SegrZnebebi
wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri
SegrZnebebi
135
136
iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi

mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis
cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis
SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integrirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul informaciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic
TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar
ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.
warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli
TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT
saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli
obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic

sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba
gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu
ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad ganviTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, orive iqneba _ ki~-c da ara~-c. ki~-s
SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania
Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac
dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis SegrZnebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva
dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda
maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs
xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT
potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. aras~ upasuxebT,
radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven
bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis
SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani
aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.
samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad
da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70
miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).
rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili
xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,
rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uaryofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &
Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis
Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis
teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im
tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic
iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan
gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba
zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT
pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda
amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi
tkivili
zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi
ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis
garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili
aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,

romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowveulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri

stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli
nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis
Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis
gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowveulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad
aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenomenon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
amputirebul kidurSi.
safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli

impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis
tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokalizaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis
mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis
dasaxva.
tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqtorebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba
iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tkivilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri
stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri
procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi
naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi SemTxveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar arsebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da
meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi
intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,
romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian
mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,
romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris
fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapirispirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawileobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivilis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-
sxva SegrZnebebi
stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisadagvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.

arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:
nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi
tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.
magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiCndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare
specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tkivilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis
ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis
Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcionirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daavadebuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,
ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da
mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awynareben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubuqeba SeuZliaT.
mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis
gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben
tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines,
rom
z o g i e r Ti
receptori
mxolod
temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze.
arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis
gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.
tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,
romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli
nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centralur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian:
swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli,
ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis
137
ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?
138
gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamocdileba? Tqven miirTmevT romelime Zalian cxare kerZs Cinur an tailandur restoranSi
da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is
siamovneba, romelsac sakvebisgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad
gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram
odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven
iciT, rom gemos sferoSi arsebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da tkivils. ganvixiloT es damokidebuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia
imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxare wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze
arsebuli gemos bolqvebi
dakavSirebulia nocicepturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,
1993). amrigad, erTi da igive
qimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba
gaaRizianos rogorc gemos
bolqvebSi mdebare receptorebi, ise, masTan Zalian
axlos mdebare tkivilis boWkoebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxare
wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTierebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven
gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakvebiT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia ise, rom
man ufro metad gaaRizianos
Tqveni gemos receptorebi,
vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
albaT gainteresebT, ratom
gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT
damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT
ukvirT xolme, ro ca maT
megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar
SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad
kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.
rac ufro metia gemos bolqvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro
didia imis albaToba, rom is
adamianebi, romelTac bevri

gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsacinisagan. im individebs, romelTac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,
superdegustatorebi daarqves
(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac
ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es
receptorebi _ nondegustatorebi. individTa es ori jgufi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc
icodeT superdegustatori
xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac
Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTierebebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlindeba.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis
mixedviT interindividualuri
sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda
(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro
xSirad arian superdegustatorebi, vidre kacebi. superdegustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimiuri nivTierebebis mimarT (simware damaxasiaTebelia sawamlavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).
radganac qals yovelTvis ufro
meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda STamomavlobis gazrdasa
da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,
im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-
(a)
siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro

meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac
degustatoris statusi genetikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxvaveba ukve patara bavSvebSic
SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).
xuTidan Svid wlamde superdegustatori bavSvebi upiratesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _
nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?
superdegustatorebi rZes
aRiq vamen, rogorc ufro
Tbils da yvels _ rogorc
ufro mwares, vidre nondegustatorebi. amrigad, genetikuri gansxvavebebi gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamoxatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT
restornis kerZs, romelmac
tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.
albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom
tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganlagebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli
receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adaptirdebiT mudmivi stimulaciis mimarT. albaT Zalian
kargia, rom sensorul procesebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis
funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro
momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.
(b)
saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas

axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.
vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erTerTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi
mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur procesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa
hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.
magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mosamzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro
tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis
kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi
varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da
yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,
Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris
socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval
dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier
gancdas aZlevs.
ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze

fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,
romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cnobilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT
(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,
zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nevrologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis
tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi
SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs
ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man
gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan
swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan
tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)
warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faqkaribWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)
_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba
maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis
gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.
tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils

Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fizikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxvevaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmocenebuli.
is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivilgamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgomareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod
gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac
damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,
romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri
nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.
ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi
SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis
umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs
sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli
receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da
gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orientacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pasuxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne
stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevropaTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri funqcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,
nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis intensivobas.
sxva SegrZnebebi
wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze
siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.
139
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
imis gamo, rom sensoruli
procesebi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben Cven mier
samyaros SemecnebaSi, mecnierebi fsiqologiis ganviTarebis adreul etapebzec
swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
fsiqofizika swavlobs fizikur gamRizianebelze fsiqologiur reaqcias. mecnierebi zomaven absolutursa da sxvaobis zRurblebs.
signalis aRmoCena saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamoyon erTmaneTisagan SegrZnebis simaxvile da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdoma.
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres kavSiri gamRizianeblis fizikur intensivobasa da fsiqologiur
efeqts Soris maTematikuri
funqciis saSualebiT.
SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fizikur energias nervul kodad gardaqmnis.
mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswavlon informaciis dinebis
procesi sensoruli receptor e b i d a n Ta v i s t v i n i s
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
140
baduraze mdebare fotoreceptorebi, romelTac kolbebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,

sinaTlis energias nervul
impulsad gardaqmnian.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebi axdenen receptorebidan da bipolaruli ujredebidan momavali signalis
integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,
romlebic mxedvelobis
j v a r e d i n Ta n
xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
vizualuri informacia ganawilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba
vizualuri
garemos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogoricaa sagnebis garegnuli

saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe warmoadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.
feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba
t o n i T, s i m a Z R r i Ta d a
sikaSkaSiT.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
aerTianebs sami feris SemgrZnebi receptoris triqromatul Teorias da sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teorias,
romelic sawinaaRmdego elementebis kompoziciis ideas
eyrdnoba.
gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aRmoCena baduris ujredebisa
da ufro maRali donis vizualuri centrebis moqmedebiT xdeba.
smena
smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba
bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac
gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da
sirTule.
lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi
transformirdebian siTxis
moZraobad, romelic amoZravebs ZiriTad membranas. ZiriTadi membranis bewvebi nervul impulsebs gadascemen
smeniT qerqs.
adgilis Teoria saukeTesod
xsnis maRali sixSireebis kodirebas, sixSiris Teoria ki
_ dabali sixSireebis kodirebas.
bgeris warmoSobis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis moqmedebs ori tipis nervuli
meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensivobisa da im drois Sedareba,
romelic bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
sWirdeba.
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi
nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebebze reagireben da erTad
moqmedeben, roca adamiani
eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
ynosva cxviris RruSi ganlagebuli, sunisadmi mgrZnobiare ujredebiT xorcieldeba.

gemos receptorebi gemos
bolqvebia, romlebic moTavsebulni arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, enaze.
Sexebis SegrZneba gulisxmobs dawolisa da temperaturul SegrZnebebs.
wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis
moZraobis mimarTulebisa da
siswrafis Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis
nawilebis mdebareobis Sesaxeb da gexmarebaT moZraobis koordinirebaSi.
tkivili aris organizmis
dacviTi reaqcia potenciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
tkivilis fiziologiuri
reaqcia moicavs sensorul
reaqcias tkivilis gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis mxares
da nervul impulsebs,
romlebic moZraoben Tavis
tvinsa da zurgis tvins
Soris.
tkivili aris nawilobriv
fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos mkurnalobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze
da gadaaqvs yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
absoluturi zRurbli
akomodacia
amakrinuli ujredebi
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
bgeris tonis simaRle
bipolaruli ujredebi
gangliozuri ujredebi
erogenuli zonebi
absoluturi zRurbli
veberis kanoni
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
karibWis kontrolis Teoria
sensoruli fiziologia
sibnelisadmi adaptacia
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
sikaSkaSe
feris toni
sixSiris Teoria
smeniTi nervi
smeniTi qerqi
sxvaobis zRurbli
tembri
tkivili
transformacia
triqromatuli Teoria
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni

feris simaZRre
feromonebi
fovea
fotoreceptorebi
fsiqometruli funqcia
fsiqofizika
ynosvis bolqvi
SegrZneba
Semavsebeli ferebi
Cxirebi
ZiriTadi membrana
wonasworobis SegrZneba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
kolbebi
lokokina
mxedvelobis qerqi
nevropaTiuri tkivili
nocicefTuri tkivili
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba
optikuri nervi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma
receptoruli veli
sawinaaRmdego procesebis
Teoria
sensoruli adaptacia
sensoruli receptorebi
141
aRqma
5
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
realoba, orazrovneba da iluziebi

aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba
yuradRebis procesebi
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
yuradReba da sagnebi
garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
perceptuli dajgufebis principebi
sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
moZraobis aRqma
siRrmis aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi
sagnebis cnoba
molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
142
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac

ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es sisulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva damisva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdilobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas
manamde enaxa.
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa

da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar `gesmiT~,
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, saSualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informaciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgilisaken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi

akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moexdina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,
rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleblobebsa da aRqmaze.
aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic

sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZleba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, romelic ekvatoruli afrikis fijmis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera
kengis reaqciebi:
143
Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:

`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxloebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas stabiluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an receptorSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul procesebs ganvixilavT.
identificireba da cnoba
maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli

organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, SegrZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formirdeba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis savaraudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) perceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCardsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
saidan
viciT
144
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,

niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime
kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebisaTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vizualur velSi.
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis

darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar

iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvisebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identificirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze perceptuli SekiTxva: `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Semdeg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom realurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamuSavebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
sabolood `siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri
stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxerxebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tvalebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamosaxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davinaxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)
_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled

rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTianebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor riCardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer adamianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamosaxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi daenaxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu danawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawilebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasrulebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,
perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni
iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tansacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doqtor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda normaluri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
145
Tavi 5 / aRqma
kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba

retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.Aze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).
magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtobrivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba imdenad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven.
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mocemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri stimuli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo
146
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri

stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamosaxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ distaluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli optikuri gamosaxuleba.
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsimaluri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).

Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mkafiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli baduraze miRebuli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva modalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsimaluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawodon informacia distaluri stimulis Tvisebebze.
rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi
sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am trapecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivrceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, romlebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
suraTi
5.1
retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia
da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli

procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am
marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3

suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa
gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.
realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
suraTi
5.2
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc

proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi perceptuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi

distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsimaluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
orazrovneba
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan

(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.
147
suraTi
5.3
SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,

romlebic Semosuli informaciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciis da identifikacia/cnobis safexurebze. aRqmis aRmavali procesebi (qvemodan zemoT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli informaciidan perceptuli gamosaxuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gavlenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri funqcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.
148
kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba

vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4
suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad interpretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safexurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
interpretacia hqondes.
alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom

mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
suraTi
5.4
orazrovani suraTi
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli.
suraTi
5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?
misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki

dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvlilebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxovnilebas.
suraTi
5.6
orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.

larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi orazrovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli organizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomilebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave stimuli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca stimulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivrceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasifikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. magaliTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari volteris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti.
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _
149
iluziebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs

rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleblobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damokidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema stimulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
150
suraTi
sityva ìluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seusabamo~-s, ùazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). orive warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba halucinaciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
5.7
xuTi iluzia
gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo

fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro advilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluziebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)
iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamoaqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis SeswavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo dayofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)
|
| (b)
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,

romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganicdian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri

iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gansxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli
konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per

ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvixiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri iluziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSi
kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miuxedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT

sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
151
suraTi
5.8
scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi

icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, rac
ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri TeoriebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.

amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
iZleva.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
virtualuri realoba
152
ai, saukunis dasawyisis teleSouebisa da filmebisTvis

tipuri siuJeti: qali da mamakaci personaJebi xvdebian kompiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,
rom
yvelaferi,
rac
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinamdvileSi superkompiuterebis
mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiuterebi akontroleben planetas. sabednierod, CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri
realobis versiebi jerjerobiT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia virtualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da gasarTob centrebSi. virtualuri realobis gancdis xarisxis gaumjobeseba xSirad
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani
axali saSualebebi. virtualuri realobis Semqmnelebi
cdiloben, perceptuli procesebis mniSvnelovani kvlevebidan miRebuli codna sruliad axali samyaros cxovel
gancdebSi gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri realobis sistemis mizani monawileTaTvis virtualur samya-
roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.

yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris
monawilis CarTva socialurad
mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi
(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, virtualur samyaroSi yofnis
SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia virtualur samyaroSi CaZirvaze, rac perceptulad realurad aRiqmeba.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im perceptuli informaciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur
samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyofilad yofnis uzrunvelsayofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ramdenad kargad SeuZlia adamians
amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva
perceptuli konfiguraciis mqone virtualur samyaroSi (Nash
et al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romelSic ikvlies vizualuri gamosaxulebis zemoqmedeba simulatorSi manqanis marTvis unarze.
am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis savali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane
keeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).
monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac
ekrani perceptuli gadamuSavebisaTvis saintereso
realur samyaroseul monacemebs
i Z l e o d a . g a v i x s e n o T, r o m
realuri samyaros gancdisas
informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _
periferiidan. sainteresoa,
rogor xdeba es virtualur
samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils, rodesac ekrani periferiul informacias iZleoda,
Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
periferiuli informacia, realuri samyaros gancdis analogiurad, Zalze detaluri
yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri
ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
mxolod vizualuri velis
centri saWiroebs Zlier detalizacias. periferiuli informacia mniSvnelovania, magram misi Sevseba SeiZleba globaluri vizualuri struqturiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime weliwadSi virtualuri samyaro
kidev ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamomgoneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
perceptuli
sistemebi
kompiuteriT Seqmnili samyaros `realurobaSi~.
Web sites
www.hitl.washington.ed/
projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,
(veb-gverdi, romelic virtualur realobaze moicavs
monacemebs)
www.vrs.org.uk (virtualuri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi

Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
helmholcis klasikuri Teoria

1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von
Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipoTezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
aRqma induqciuri procesia konkretuli, savaraudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracnobieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.

ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yoveldRiuri gamocdileba~. Tqven xedavT
mzis àmosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasurvelia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
153
daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad

muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul varaudebs warmoadgens.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
geStaltmidgoma
154
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis

II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStaltfsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT
`formas~, `mTlians~, `konfiguracias~ an àrss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magaliTad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sensorul informacias, rom es Semomavali
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umartivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare

(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
gibsonis ekologiuri optika

jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekologiis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
àr ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimulebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gansxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teoriisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organizmebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmholcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe

mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqologiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT promitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological
optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,

1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swavlob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias sensoruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabiluri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvirveblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis pirobebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili,
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored invariantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniSvneloba.
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs,
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xelmisawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.
xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs

usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili aracnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safexurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organizacia
da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identifikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri
stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxulebidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpretacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifikaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi

ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yvelaze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli proceseyuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
Sejameba
155
bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi

Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare
ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba
da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis
gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa
garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti
mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba

am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba
migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic
manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac
Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gadamuSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros romel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra
Sedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli

obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli
SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _
garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,
Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan
damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva
iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze
gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan
mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis
gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process
Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pirobebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba
Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.
saidan
viciT
konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic
yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven
yuradRebis faqtorebi
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs
ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleqcias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul
yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture)
uwodeben1 (Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevisas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu
romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da

obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
Tavi 5 / aRqma
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)

_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac
nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva
adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
156
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba

(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis
niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,

romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da
stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konkurenciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et
al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea
mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis
dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vizualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli
iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili
cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icvleboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc
B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda
yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis
pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis
pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT
marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,
mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba
darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixiloT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,
romelic cdebis meore naxevars warmoadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali elementi daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali
obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-
veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv pirobebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis

pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadaitandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi
maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xdeboda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes SemTxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad
iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda
eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba
perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari
miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil
informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias,
Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.
rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra
gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT
yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leqciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi
(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sakomunikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris
kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad
gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broudbenTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako-
suraTi
5.9
yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi

am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis
pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo
eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil
nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis
naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),
meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,
rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.
munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSavebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo
saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros
Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi
gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sistemaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs
garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris
Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali
informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdomamde xdeba.
filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxovrebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali informaciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT
gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas-
es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul

SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis
sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas
ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ignorireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac
SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier
dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna
isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva
garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides,
1996).
157
menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or

Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi
g a n s x v a v e b u l i informacia miewodebaT.
monawileebs
eZlevaT
instruqcia,
eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi
Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi
miwodebul informacias. am proceduras
uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,
rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli
ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac
ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom
gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).
sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis magaliTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mokres sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac
ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.
amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party
phenomenon) uwodeben.
saidan
viciT
Tavi 5 / aRqma
gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari

saxelis gasagonad?
158
cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori

adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani
sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT
sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod
marjvena yurSi miwodebuli informaciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad
zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mimdinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul
monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)
sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sakuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowodebuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar
unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu
ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac
saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari
saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi
sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi
qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, monawileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai-
suraTi
5.10
diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana

cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs
TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),
9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils
ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,
mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,
cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.
gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis gagonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood
& Cowan, 1995a).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli
aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan
msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,
Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba
ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazrebuli analizi sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSavdeba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis
sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). informacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yuraddiqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperimentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audialuri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,
romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
mimarTavs.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi

yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xmaurian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieqtebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod
martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT
wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:
moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT

rame alisferi;
moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,
ipovoT rame mrgvali;
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipovoT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZneldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris
povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &
Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,
vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi
niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori
_ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa
gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preattentive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gansxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba
da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, informaciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa
da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval
suraTi
5.11
yuradReba da vizualuri
Zebna
(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niSniT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zebna (gadasinjva).
(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTobliobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
seriuli Zebna.
(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna
gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis
raodenobis miuxedavad.
(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.
Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferencirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msmenelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas
Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi
principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis
gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver
miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad,
profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba
da Tqven ver moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas
garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad
identificirebaSi.
159
sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde,

sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi SesvlisTanave, moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT
advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT
gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).
SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT,
ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv,
lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi
calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gadasinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri
gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad
gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvadratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT
imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokveTilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba
ufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan
gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alisferi gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom,
rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos normisagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombinaciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis B
nawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.
ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas
suraTi
5.12
orferiani sagnis moZebna
Tavi 5 / aRqma
(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
160
(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji

fanjrebiT.
(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,
rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris
erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac
mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven

kvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri
gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT
yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri
simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.
es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erTdroulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli
feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,
1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven
mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze individualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazRvroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kombinacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da
seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad
Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias
warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze
TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11
suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi
(rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori
amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daaxloebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,
rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze
marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _
gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro

advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli
TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxvewil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)
daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamuSavebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis
ganxilvaze gadavideT.
suraTi
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqciurad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teoriis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamorCeuli niSniT identificirdnen.
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retinaluri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdevruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organizaciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomilebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli
5.13
organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni
percepti?
161
suraTi
5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.
xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli

figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan
Sedgeba, II isrebisgan da III rombebisgan. amaSi
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv principebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romelzedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.
figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis

tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri samkuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosaxuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realurad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul konturebs. isini realurad arseboben ara distalur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
(Lesher, 1995).
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
erT mZlavr organizaciul process dasrulebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _
162
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzec figura devs
suraTi
5.15
dajgufebis fenomeni
lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figurebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevsebulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom stimulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebulobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
perceptuli dajgufebis
principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi
gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzec figura devs
Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda

martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanabrad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizontalur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertikaluri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc C
nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan

G-mde, garkveuli saxiT dajgufebulad
a R v i q v a m T,
geStaltis
dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.
163
avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, ferebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, F
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis kanoniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi elementebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosaxulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZraobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
164
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde ganvixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umeteswilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvrcobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STabeWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa saWiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxvadasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,

Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
mTliani obieqti
erTi fiqsaciidan meore
fiqsaciaze.
saidan
viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyurebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvisobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom stepleri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis B
nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoudgenelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis detalebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor
Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawilobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
wyaro (ORegan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mudmivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
suraTi
5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,

amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvadasxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieqtebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxedis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausruleblad adis da Camodis.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-
obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli

ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxloebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxulebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT
Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)
roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.
165
suraTi
5.17
SeuZlebeli figurebi
r o d e s a c a m p o b i e q t e b s u y u r e b T,
Ti To e u l i
calkeuli
fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
f i q s a c i e b i s g a e r Ti a n e b a s , m a S i n
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.
dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis

umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli
SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,

codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrublebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi
suraTi
5.18
Tavi 5 / aRqma
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
166
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tqvens baduraze.
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, rodesac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis
umartivesi formaa fenomeni.
fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
sinaTled aRiqmeba.
siRrmis aRqma
aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzomilebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansazRvraSi.
siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi

wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofilxarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZraobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monacvleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeqtoria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aerTebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas;
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
167
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb

informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), romelTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi.
suraTi
5.19
siRrmis orazrovneba
Tavi 5 / aRqma
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive

a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebis
SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamosaxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
168
ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da

horizontaluri. imis
saCveneblad, Tu ra
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema,
Tu a2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeqcirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertilTan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1),
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma
pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamoiwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWiroa Semomavali sensoruli masalis interpretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani
burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-
binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokularuli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSorebuli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
daaxloebiT 30 smis daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gasworebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxulebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadakveTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
suraTi
5.20
retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad izrdeba.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis

baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did

manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomareobaSia.
suraTi
5.21
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli

rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosaxulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,

rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasadgenad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vizualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seusabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTebidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
169
imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZraoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieqtze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsirebuli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZraobis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze informacias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZliaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvirdeT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi ufro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.
suraTi
5.22
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
Tavi 5 / aRqma
maniSneblebi
170
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT.

SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmoCenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion)
Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gadafarviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis
blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRrmeze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
siRrmis maniSnebeli
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardobiTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis

gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaTlis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierTfardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion
parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
suraTi
5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas
qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.
suraTi
5.24
ponzos iluzia
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am

magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons
(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da
siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arsebobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTiandeba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizualuri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS-
mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac paraleluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind

grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tanabrad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRrmisken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xelaxla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am
aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdilebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (interpretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosaxulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,
vidre _ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneblebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis simkvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
171
suraTi
5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi
neblebs, rogoricaa: _
diferencialuri
moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samganzomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrunvelyofs.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
172
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magidaze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daubrundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav
vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _
sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri
gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimulaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros

xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da stabilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (perceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsimaluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arsebuli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvisebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTavresi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba
ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis

realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. rogorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis
cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. realurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvirvebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi
adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
uCveulo struqturaze).
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
173
rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs
Tavi 5 / aRqma
odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamocdileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors

marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cognis dartymis xma da xedavT
beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfildze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis
S Ta m b e W d a v i
Ta m a S i T.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:
`burTis moaxloebis paterni
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivrciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath et
al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,
adamianebi sakmaod kargad
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT
miRebul sirTulesa da praqtikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor
qmnis perceptuli procesebi
siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniSneblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma
gamoyves invariantuli maniSneblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
174
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.

zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva
gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa
erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom moTamaSeebi sirbilis dros im
gzas irCeven, romelzec vertikalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma
konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller
et al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore
jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi
irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis
dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac

b u r Ti f o n Ta n m i m a r Te b S i
konsistenturad moZraobs
(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogor
xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?
rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi videokameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli
burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia
moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis
maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,
raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob

obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad
mogeCvenebaT.
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeqtebis konsatantobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen isini

(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs
et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
axlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosaxvedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi
aneleben moZraobas da
SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
k i d e c . Ta m a S i s II f a z a S i
adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
xelTaTmans. rodesac moTamaSes burTi ukve xelTaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSirad jer kidev ar aris damTavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
ukan infildze, rom mowinaaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
burTis daWeris kompleqsur
moqmedebas da, amave dros,
yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowydeT swavlas da burTiT iTamaSoT? es aRqmis am specifikuri problemis Sesaxeb
sakuTari Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am

Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
suraTi
5.26
eimsis oTaxi
Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteqstisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan diddeboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamocformis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis
realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
suraTi
dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamosaxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTxkuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosaxulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSorebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba.
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia aramarTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.
175
am suraTebidan romeli gamoxatavs

madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac
MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli
klipis gaSvebaze?
orientaciis konstantoba
Tavi 5 / aRqma
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,

garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstantoba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da retinaluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizualuri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba realur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZleva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam
176
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri

mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamosaxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,

danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive fotosuraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris konstantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
5.28
suraTi
5.29
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika
feris konstantoba
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?

xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,

ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
agebuls.
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis

msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procentuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaTlis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi
organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis procesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT

Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iReben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romelTac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procentul raodenobas ireklaven.
Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-
suraTi
177
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am informaciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamocdileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daemsgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
aRmavali da daRmavali
procesebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi warsulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda

SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (extraction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraqtul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
178
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemoSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze dafuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ perceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
suraTi
5.30
`drudlebi~
(Droodles)
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
romelmac mozrdili Wiayela daiWira (B)-Si ki _
Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba TqvenTvis raRac Zalian nacnobis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
wesi, ver cnobT saidentifikacio informaciis
arqonis gamo, Tumca sakmarisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis

gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arsebuli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zooparkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qvemoT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcionireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali procesebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT garCevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier warmoTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo

sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamotovebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqnebiT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali procesebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli receptorebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali informaciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSualebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamoxatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxasiaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
et al., 1997).
suraTi
5.31
rogor cnobT am cnobil

adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.
nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani

musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur signalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris minimaluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafaruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaurTan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megobris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
mxolod aRwevs _ `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom marTlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sainteresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviyalibdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva megobars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-
179
sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlevrebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoitanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac perceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyvelebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
suraTi
180
5.32
cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze

suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis
gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi

mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsierebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,
1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomilebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawilebisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,
1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi
5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli

mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,
1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transformireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT mocemuli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
molodinis da konteqstis
gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT
suraTi
5.34
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva

perspeqtividan
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,

magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalodneli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvisebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi

nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azianebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
obieqtebis cnoba?
181
interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia

SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:
Tavi 5 / aRqma
THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli

sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZlebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmdegoa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis SeswavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsiqologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, daswavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,
182
suraTi
5.36A
axalgazrda lamazi
qali
suraTi
5.36B
xandazmuli qalbatoni
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
gagoneba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazrovani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, romelic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dudlebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieqtebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)
naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35C
suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia
Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamosaxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperimenti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
ara igive Sedegebs.
5.36C
axla ras xedavT?
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos

gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organizebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac~ iseve
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,
rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo
perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli informaciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas
uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlevrebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
suraTi
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,

romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSirebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvuli.SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukiduresobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
183
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
identificireba da
cnoba
184
perceptuli sistemebi ubralod ki ar iReben gare

samyaroze informacias, aramed aqtiurad axdenen mis
intepretaciasa da organizacias.
aRqma samsafexuriani procesia. is Sedgeba SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciisa da identifikaciacnobis safexurebisgan.
gadamuSavebis sensorul safexurze fizikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul energiad da sensorul gancdad.
organizaciis safexurze perceptuli procesebi SegrZnebebs TvalsaCino xatebad
aerTianebs da sagnebis da
paternebis aRqmas ganapirobebs.
identifikaciisa da cnobis
safexurze sagnebis perceptebi dardeba mexsierebiT
xatebs, raTa isini amovicnoT rogorc nacnobi da azriani sagnebi.
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri
(eqsternaluri) stimulis
gansazRvra proqsimaluri
(sensoruli) stimuliT mowodebuli informaciidan.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi da igive sensoruli informaciis sxvadasxva perceptebSi (xatebSi) organizeba.
perceptuli iluziebis Sesaxeb codnam SeiZleba SezRudos Cveulebrivi perceptuli procesebi.
yuradReba aris Semavali
sensoruli informaciis
nawilis SerCevisa da danarCenis ignorirebis unari.
pirovnuli miznebi da garemoSi arsebuli sagnebis
Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cveni yuradRebis mimarTulebas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia Zalze mcired
moqmedebs mimdinare gamocdilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba vizualuri garemos efeqturad gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva.
organizaciuli
procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli procesebi
sensoruli monacemebis Sesabamis aRqmis xatebs qmnian.
es procesebi perceptebs fonidan win wamoweul figurebad aerTianebs.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli figurebis
dasrulebulad danaxvisa
da calkeuli obieqtebis
msgavsebis mixedviT dajgufebis tendencia.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare _ moaxdinoT sagnis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
realuri sensoruli stimulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi

mocemuli nawilebis moZravad aRqmis tendencia.
baduras organzomilebiani
informaciis samganzomilebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizualuri sistema iyenebs
iseT informacias, rogoricaa: obieqtis zoma da
obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieqtebis zomis, formis,
orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
perceptuli gadamuSavebis
bolo safexurze, rodesac
xdeba obieqtis identifikacia da cnoba, percepti mniSvnelobas iZens
aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi
moqmedebiT.
konteqstma, molodinebma,
perceptulma masalam
SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazrovani monacemebis erTi
mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
meore, Tanabrad SesaZleblis, nacvlad.
amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba
rogorc warsul codnas
da molodins, ise _ sensorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
ganaTebis konstantoba
geStalt-fsiqologia
iluzia
iluzoruli konturebi
marTuli gadasinjva
mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
moCvenebiTi moZraoba
msgavsebis kanoni
msgavsi bedis kanoni
orazrovneba
orientaciis konstantoba
perceptuli organizeba
proqsimaluri stimuli
fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi
seti
siaxlovis kanoni
stimuliT aRZruli
seleqcia
yuradReba
yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba
sididis konstantoba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
aSkara moZraoba
konvergencia
daRmavali gadamuSaveba
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
distaluri stimuli
diqotomiuri mosmena
ekologiuri optikis
Teoria
fenomeni
figura
foni
formis konstantoba
185
goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili

mdgomareobebi
6
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
gacnobiereba da
cnobiereba
cnobierebis
xelmisawvdomoba
cnobierebis
Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis funqciebi
cnobierebis
gamoyeneba
cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva

fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rodis
uyalibdebaT bavSvebs
cnobiereba
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmebi
Zilis cikli
ratom Zili?
Zilis darRvevebi
sizmari: gonebis
Teatri
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis
stili da Zili
cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
hipnozi
meditacia
halucinaciebi
religiuri eqstazi
cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
186
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur

drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda
drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul
mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qronologiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad
sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda
subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is

adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an momavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod
sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT
ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra
SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis
warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi momavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad albaTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vkiTxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,

Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic
manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba
kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad
sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri
operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens
dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is

pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras
apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,
misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen
NN. N-s, aRewera is sicariele~, romelic mis
gonebaSi isadgurebda xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiqrisas, is ambobda, rom es Zilismagvari mdgomareobaa~ anda didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxovdnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgomareoba, igi ambobda, rom es hgavs situacias,
rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians
oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia
irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,
rom raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis
gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen
ratom ar ukvirs, rom iq araferia~, rodesac
is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is
amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da
sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _

axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,
romelsac avtokatastrofis Sedegad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsiqolog endel tulvingis (Endel
Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis
Sedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis
unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da
cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom N. N-ma mcire ram icis Tavisi warsulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi
amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad
atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar
SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena
Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
187
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
188
cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,

romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoadgens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camoyalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveqmneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi
Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gacnobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?
SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia
mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis
mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor
xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (internalizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieqturi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da
funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. SevecdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa
da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da
gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regularul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT ocnebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.
dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba
hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa
da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini
cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,
ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.
zogjer vambobT, rom cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi
viyaviT aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magaliTad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi
vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moqmedebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba
_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkretul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda
vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis
Sesaxebac viciT.
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cnobierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqologia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc
cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen
cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, uiliam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,
misi klasikuri naSromis _ fsiqologia~ (1892w.)
pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa

da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am
doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis pirobebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamoviyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, davgegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi
donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)
imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs
avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis
SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens
gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,
maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi
molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momavlis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is SemTxveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviTcnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas
ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois perspeqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari avtobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgomareoba (gacnobiereba).
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis
umaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
rogorc mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc aseTis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~

Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs
Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa
da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis
koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqmedebas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac
vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben
da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qcevebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamocdilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli Sinagani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT
viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,
erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _
yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobiTad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani
da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done
_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da
(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.
bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT
xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am doneze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da
SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore
doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
189
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi tipebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul
adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am
momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu
ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kontroli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiqrobT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an
hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi azrebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis nawilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xmaurebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis
moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod
rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)
da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,
arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic
Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.
aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gramatikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla calcalke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi
aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba
cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli
sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur
informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare
cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze
yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,
SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema
mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs
cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, romelic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
190
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)

_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg

xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac
raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, winarecnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone informaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi
codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili
movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba
SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis
saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac
mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba
gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me8 TavSi visaubrebT.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi
raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze
movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli
mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5
Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yuradRebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve
mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar
mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,
rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli
konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri
informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT
zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT
qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund froids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba

aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas
ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo
am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
2
botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda

xis merqans.
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am

konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma
aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena
damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis
miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas
Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa
is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis
swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT
gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxilvidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam
detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs
unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piraduli gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa
da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali
versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT
mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla
msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Sesrulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis farglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren
davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri
strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa
mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis tipuri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron TavianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogonebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad

SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri
procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),
permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.
froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRebeli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobierebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli
Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas
da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasavluri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli
filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis ese adamianis
Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, moazrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom racionaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari
gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. froidis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri
procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad
da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis TanamedroveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davubrundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs
termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da procesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli
da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis
Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,
mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs
eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):
She investigated bark.1 rogor movaxdenT am winadadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic
xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark orazrovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver
gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT
igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The
botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.2 amCnevT,
191
arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi
monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,
romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa
da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs
aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.
rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs
evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ramdenad axerxebdiT koncentrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis koncentrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,
Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
saidan
viciT
192
ras fiqroben mozardebi

gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.
ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtronuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic SemTxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da
grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneblad (Richard et al., 1998). moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa
oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo
V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan
XII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi
gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiqsirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi
urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,
amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6
klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapirispiro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso
gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da

vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive
sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre
vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs
da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi
mozrdil asakSi mets iReben interpersonaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis

meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli
tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:
Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis
gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,
moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi
procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cveulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar
informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es
ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides
saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad
ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da
masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval saxeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis
Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,
rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamocdilebiT SerCevis meTodi.
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis funqciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis
gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens adamianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi
yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxva
adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.
adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilurobis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan
jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro
efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas
warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba
axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,
ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva
wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da
warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamarjvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro
adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamarjvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi
da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is
Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs saxeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig funqciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &
Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da
saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cnobierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda individisaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis
miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moqmedebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven
informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis

did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis receptorebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan momdinare mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra
stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba
garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami
sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval stimulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi
moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur
xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki
relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signalebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da
vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri
(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac
mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamuSavdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro
mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa
analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba
gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da
pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa
da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,
alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva
SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasrulebeli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survilebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur
an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, SesaZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,
vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo
droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxorcieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezentaciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi
moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi
xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan

miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis
gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa
da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.
193
piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi

mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad
realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uyalibdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi
warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa erTobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac
sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis
Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts
aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,
is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.
realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis urTierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwodeben.
saidan
viciT
reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli

konstruqtebi
194
ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis

sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.
realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens
mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur interpretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli
gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,
Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs
eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan momdinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, radganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti
unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad
aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli
konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni me~-s
gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gansxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kulturis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)
_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierTmiRebaa.
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia

germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi
uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an
misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.
mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi
biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna adamianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)
gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro
metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac
adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi egzistencialur
terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kulturuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.
am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi
ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi
ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.
am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqalaqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT
mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secvlis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi individebi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofebodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100
metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).
rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba

didad albaTuria, rom cxovrebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian
patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT
da dainteresebuliyaviT: netav,
ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es
kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobierebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen
subieqtur me~-s da mxolod
amis Semdeg _ obieqtur me~-s
(Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen
subieqtur me~-s anu subieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac
maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom
isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom gare samyaro aqcios cnobieri dakvirvebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obieqtur me~-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom
TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac
SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis
cnobieri analizis obieqtad
qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron, rom ician, rom ician~
an axsovT, rom axsovT~. bavSvebis mier obieqturi TviTcnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb
klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba
sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs
ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs
bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi
asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon

aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
dedebs, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada
ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT
amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani
cxviris testi (nose dot test).
bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi
amCneven sarkis zogierT
Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde
bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da
Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18
Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben
xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).
naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi
ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri
wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi warmatebiT asruleben laqiani
cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT
bolomde me~-s Camoyalibebuli
gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli
drois
komponentis mqone obieqturi
me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar
Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi uwyvetad
arsebulze fiqris unari. laqiani cxviris procedurasTan
adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
me~-s droSi ganfenilobis
kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs
(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi
videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis
bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperimentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-
kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,

rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT
cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis
ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT

b a v S v s p i r d a p i r e Te r S i
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs
webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT daenaxaT TavianTi webovanqaRaldiani Tma im saqmianobis procesSi, riTic iyvnen dakavebulni. danarCenebi ki samwuTiani Sualedis Semdeg
uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs
Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uaxloesi warsulidan. pirvel
jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesamedma moikida Tavze xeli
maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma
gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxolod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg
bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon
uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis webovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,
bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia
awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi
warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am
Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3
wlis bavSvTan erTad, gecodinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad
icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad realuria bavSvebisTvis daswavla da, Sesabamisad, ramdenad marTlac
rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis
cnobiereba.
grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esaWiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan

cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZnobebs.
195
cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs implicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri

rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad
zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT
cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxvavebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri procesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratoriulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bgeraTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracnobieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis albaTobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperimentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas
aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-
196
nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa

wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa
ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa
darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door warmoTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli
situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris
garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cnobieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi
ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,
rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul
eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).
aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT
good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis
albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli garegnobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es
Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracnobieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi
dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT
kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.
suraTi
4.2
aracnobieri mogonebebis zegavlena

saxelis cnobilad
aRqmaze
viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili
eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs
moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli adrian
mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla kiTxuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac adrian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,
romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad
koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT
afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli
siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. amgvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoCndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,
rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels adrian
mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb
cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,
amgvarad, ityvian, rom adrian mari~ ar
aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen
cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT
zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom sadRac gaugoniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom
adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobier (Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi
diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.
faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midrekilni arian Tqvan, rom adrian mari~
cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,
rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas axdens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).
Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom
_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes
Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul
da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,

mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier
da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.
Zili da sizmari
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cnobierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,
rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT
sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
rodesac kunTebi paralizebulia~, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am
nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri ritmis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro detalurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad
gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari adamianis fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis
bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli
sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cirkaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis
wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis sixSire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba
(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT
aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad
mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar
emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovelgvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma
tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli
(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis
sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis
aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli
mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24
an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.
Zili da sizmari
saidan
197
magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli receptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros

danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxirebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben
sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis SenarCunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gansvlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,
Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yvelaze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzaurobebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi gadafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT
SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag3, anu daerRveT
dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romelsac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilianoba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.
Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli
ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,
rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali
fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcionirebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac adgilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqtivobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze
mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTuleba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa raodenoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lags qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni
biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba
gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
3
198
dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi

sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advilia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli
moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da
ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosavleTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe dasWirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT
uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.
bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,
tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis
kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels
moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic
mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Caweris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs
Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da
mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba
Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs atarebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis (REM rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,
romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad
iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &
Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians
ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis
gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ sizmrisaTvis.
6.2
eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis

Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze
Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.
axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis

aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki dasaZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,
rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT
14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfortulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,
Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis
cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul
eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement
REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis
drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (NonREM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare
adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT
naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zili da sizmari
suraTi
7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.

meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis
RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba
wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze
(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis
Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/
hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da guliscemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs
Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Canaweri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored
am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT
sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros
Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,
REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic
mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90
wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s
grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100
wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 fazebisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REM
Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi
ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlianobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%
ki - REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs
Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs
TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aqtiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian
daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xangrZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu
rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZlivobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakmarisi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi
gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis paternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac
adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix.
199
suraTi
6.3
Zilis fazebi
Zilis fazebis
paterni
e r Ti
ganmavlobaSi.
sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani

ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM
ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxolod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois
mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%
REM Zils ukavia.
200
tipuri
Ramis
ratom Zili?
adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis
Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da
biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod
kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi
suraTi
6.4
adamianis Zilis
paterni cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
grafikze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor icvleba asakis matebasTan erTad yoveldRiuri REM Zilisa da
NREM Zilis procentuli
Tanafardoba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis
xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad iklebs wlebis
matebasTan erTad, xolo
NREM
Zilis
xangrZlivobis Semcireba
naklebad mkveTria.
Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad

saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis
Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,
romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba
garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da
emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba
saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare
gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,
1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucilebelia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis
aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom
aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM
Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia RamiT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali adamiani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seriozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils
socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamianebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaadgilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.
msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli industriuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cernobilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom
Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma personalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi funqcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania
mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec
visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mixedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic varirebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.
insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian
TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini
insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi
qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad
Zili da sizmari
sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).

ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs
emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba
iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili
cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi energiis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, rodesac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis
an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;
Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili
ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da
neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsinafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optimalur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva
(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis
Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis energiis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros
(Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis
deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan SedarebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan
REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel
funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerjerobiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM
Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,
rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili
pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs
201
verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgomebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel

gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%
aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro
xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Foundation, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,
romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da
mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul pirobebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas
maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan
darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic
uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad
normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,
Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad
aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia
aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvari
gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor
sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis interpretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul adamians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar
axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.
narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis
ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba
(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan4 kombinaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani
moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiTqmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM
ZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs
da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.
narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan
gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas
genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surT
ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxulobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad
uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas
4
202
katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze

kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,
risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &

Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals
warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva
da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani
Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,
sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da
gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba
apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi
daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,
Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,
rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas
am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romelsac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar
SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leqciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. rodesac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis
klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gadairCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).
sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven
samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac
ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad dabadebul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic
xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur
stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyalibebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, romelic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis
dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul
pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi
moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154
mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad
ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis
aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba
ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri
movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National
Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois
gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvlevebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa
TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen
avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets
samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog
SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb dokumenturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqologi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~
(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic
aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen
xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel
mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis
Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis
cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani
xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWarbebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZveli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino daxmareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).
sizmari: gonebis Teatri

Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi
vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winasdRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis darRvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili.
warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanalitikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dResdReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa
umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,
sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REM
da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,
Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa
80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili
sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa
54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba
emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi
Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvirTuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis sizmrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis
SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan
gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,
faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT kiTxvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniSvneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia diax,
aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniSvnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi

Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze
cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs warmaval
fsiqozsa~ da yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.
aseve is sizmrebs aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi
fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili
mis klasikur naSromSi sizmrebis interpretacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi
Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis
simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi sizmarSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,
radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqesis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi
ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili
Zili da sizmari
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi

monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac
grZeldeba problemebi.
203
24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili
204
aTi an oci wlis win cota

ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda gekeTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. saSiano davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg moswavleebsa da studentebs unda amoerCiaT. _ televizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulma
moitana intenretis arseboba da
masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis
uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis
nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) internetis saSualebiT. Cven SegviZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis
vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi
(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,
vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes
berlinSi, germaniaSi. internetis gafarToeba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
adamianebis ambivalenturi (ormagi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis damokidebuleba. adamianebs
uyvarT Zili, radganac dasvenebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs
(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSinlad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,
Cvens sxeuls efeqturad funqcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,
radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT
dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomareobaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad
zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis

raodenobas. wignis avtorebi
mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi
mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmimarTulad erCiaT uZilod yofna. mravali mkvlevris azriT,
internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas
mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,
rom mozardebsa da kolejis
studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi
drois manZilze (Dement & Vaughan, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspertebis Tanaxmad, nebismier adamians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zili, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis mier 2000 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maCvenebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am
standarts. kviris dReebis manZilze am asakis individTa Zilis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kviris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8
saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom
kolejis studentTa umravlesoba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSirebuli stresis gamo kargavs
Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,
gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29
wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: xSirad
mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura

axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es
ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad
im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs
mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am process froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli
vuyureb televizors, an var

internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT
amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari
gaTqmevinoT internetis moxmarebaze. Cven mxolod gTavazobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teqnologiebs xSirad uZilobis
axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.
uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi
maTgania dabali niSnebi, problemebi samsaxurSi da avtosagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,
mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi
abebis Seqmna, romelic Zilisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSualebas mogvcems, Tumca, veraferi gaaqrobs Zilis saWiroebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,
Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI saukune TqvenTvisac ar iqces
uZilobis saukuned.
veb-gverdebi:
www.sleepfoundation.org
Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis gverdi.
www.stanford.edu/~dement, es
gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis
kvlevis pioneris, uiliam dementis mier, romelic gvTavazobs didi raodenobiT Zilis Sesaxeb ZiriTad informaciasa da kavSirebs.
Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,

faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli
Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoanalitikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da

Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli
sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis transporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. sizmarSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simboloa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da gamavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,
maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gavivliT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...
didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli
manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi
genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/
1965, gv. 389-391).
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli
Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqologiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris
faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teoriis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,
sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &
Greenberg, 1987).
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic
mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis
SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad gardaqmnis.
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi
aradasavluri midgoma
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba
arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis
Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde
an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Tedlock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis
indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,
gv. 2):
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,
(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...
isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTmaneTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRiuri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis
mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli
sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxvelisaTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris
mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi
Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT
interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
individi sizmars mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul
mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobierisken mimavali samefo gzaa~.
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa
garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis
gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. magaliTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.
maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis
interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT subjgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,
rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic
SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad
arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri
ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac
isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri
figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis
saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic
Zili da sizmari
pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi

mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis
pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan
SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti
survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsiqikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids
miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi
da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ calkeuli individebisTvis specifikur da universalur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis
mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:
205
206
hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris

mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben
meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT
ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens
droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis
msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog
barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, sizmrebisa da
xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZlebina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winaprebTan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~
(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jgufSi, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,
droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad
moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpretaciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval
sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswarmetyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli
regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva
sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. religiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da
amcnoben, rom dResaswaulis gamocxadebis
droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpirobebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centraluri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa
interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,
mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,
magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs
seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas
esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores
esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans icocxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac
gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpretaciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris interpretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari
kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani komponentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri

Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu
aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils warmoadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs informacias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs
calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufisaTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri
safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM
Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis
tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes
NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg
(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari
mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da
robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,
1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivaciasinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens
Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es
eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorcieldeba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,
riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da individis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul
faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,
ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,
Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli paternebi am eleqtruli signalebis~ SemTxveviT
amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba sizmrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris
Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis megobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs
Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni
vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dagsizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis
koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,
yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo
sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daaxloebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,
1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT
xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel

RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia
Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,
adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamocdileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,
SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac
maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi
aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo
Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac
ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,
rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris damangrevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,
rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,
zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma
gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri
saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miaxloebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis
procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis
klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT icvleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,
narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.
mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis
yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia
Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kulturebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi
misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis
matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis
SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram
Zili da sizmari
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis

mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &
Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS
daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod
SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi
TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti
uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)
fiqrobs, rom mozrdilebSi wlebisa da
aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic
sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad
miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan
momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier periodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT
gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT
sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba
isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu
ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:
drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom
bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu
saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT
TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom benzinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelismagvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caavlo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm
naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac
wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am
sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi
manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnavdnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.
207
am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris

Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs
gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Semcvleli
mdgomareobebi
nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayofilebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi

cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teqnikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobierebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.
zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli preparatebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli
religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis
jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT
sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedurebiT miiRweva.
208
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,
rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli
praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic
mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kontrolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,
1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan
viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli
realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dakvirvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamowmebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia
eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac

aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis
moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis
mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom
ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis
calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.
dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi
Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris CanawerebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba
imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni marTlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM
Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali

meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs
ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REM
Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.
cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom
wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,
rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,
isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT
TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Sinaarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Sesabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis
Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi
sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi
sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev
teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,
rom sizmrebis arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze
kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac
es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis generirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic
sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom
hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayoflobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad
marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra
aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/
validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini
hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi
Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca,
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis cvlilebebiT.
hipnoturi stimulacia da
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic induction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs
garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo-
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs

sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas.
Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu

ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro
zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic
xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli
unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba,
rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi
(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi,
monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT
xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT
_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas
hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis
zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad
gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomareobisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva
araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia.
arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi
socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowonebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad,
mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar
cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba,
naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an
placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi
efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis
zogierT efeqts.
209
210
lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs

yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad
emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulisxmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an
movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias.
ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis
funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad
gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis
tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis
mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi
adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac
hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT
siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian
STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnotiziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis
unari Tu niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis
gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs
individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xarisxis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am
skalaze maRali~ an Zalian maRali~ maCvenebeli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias,
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda.
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs ar SeeZloT ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva,
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis dabali~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi standartul hipnotur STagonebas.
suraTi
6.5
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done

grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pirvelad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobiluroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-debulebian skalaze gaizoma.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasiaTebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros
(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis testirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi
testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro
STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs
garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri
tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,
1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT
iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis
unikalur kognitur unars.
hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris
aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT
standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis
qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb-
saidan
viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad,
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimentatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom marTlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romelSic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris intensivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigonoT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda
movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar
xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebasTan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,
vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT
eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad

varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria
(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STagonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gakeTebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancalkevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba
sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `damaxinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri
da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan
(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT
Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic
daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviThipnozi (autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi
saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis
gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba.
erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis
mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili
orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi
(Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT
aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba
monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils.
Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu-
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)

da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da
simuliantebs.
211
rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli

sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993).
saidan
viciT
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
212
moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli tkivili. individebis mier tkivilis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi
izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli
instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis
gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis
gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da
(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda,
romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris
gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas
iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze
metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda
testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis
pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula
da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi
analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis
piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars
ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawilesTan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis molodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve,
yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan
efeqts placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca,
Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis
amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi
ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al.,
1978).
dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb:

hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan;
es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa

hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar
niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas;
faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba
individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis
daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic
wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas.
es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac
vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac
adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben
hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom
egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs
axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba
arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da
TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas,
romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.
meditacia
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs
cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri,
aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben
mentalur da spiritualur me~-ze Sinagani
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens
cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowodebulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da
subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba
SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes
sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia,
axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generirebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari
azrisagan.
garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis
gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT,
TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba
meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis forma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,

rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs
gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier
aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix.
Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al.,
1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani
budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991)
gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva,
ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul
garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi,
rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval
gzaze dagvayenebs.
halucinaciebi
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
suraTi
6.6
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!

miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli procesebisgan.
normalur TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgomareobasa da meditaciis konkretul procedurebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs
SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul
garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al.,
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis
droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis
praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas
regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT
formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba,
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT,
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes

cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri konstruqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis perceptuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.
masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,
Tumca, is realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am
213
214
faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,

rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis
Sedegad Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT,
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxvavebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapirispirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis realurobis~
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo,
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilobis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri
nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti
da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze
uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi
(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben,
DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis
arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoqmedeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi
halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani
movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi
mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac
maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.
amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi
da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes,
rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi
gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris
damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.
religiuri eqstazi
meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri
komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZlierebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,
romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komunikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi
cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda
aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur
gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis
unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuTrebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas
aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi
da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis
sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
yuradRebis mimzidvel
simRerebsa, velur
trialsa da cekvebSi:
enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis

wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom
isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli
adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT
Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras
iReben. sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi monawileoba maTTvis personaluri jildos tolfasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi
aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983).
cnobierebis Semcvleli
nivTierebebi
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen
sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis
Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen
Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu
meskalis5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan
moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda
Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva,
romelic RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel
halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan, dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre
jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen,
gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli
realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon
5
erTgvari narkotiki.
Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze

meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac
Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc
amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda
cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier
Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis
SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom am
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri
metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis
uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad
Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis
yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar
moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis funqcionirebasTan~ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cnobierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgomareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos
Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ aRqmis karibWis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi
wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti
akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi:
16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mozardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime
tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7%
gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es
monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.
damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia,
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT
zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da
xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili

ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur axal enaze~
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa magaliTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)
215
216
qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis

receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blokirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas,
zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, gunebaganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad
viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis
misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba
saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,
procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,
nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arsebobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic
miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi
esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali,
oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis ararsebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba.
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs,
rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur
damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba
an survili.
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili

imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis SesanarCuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad
ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an
narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT
narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis
saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxmareblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba
`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es
momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasamklaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian.
saidan
viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
Sedegebi
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo.
gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjelesidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi
Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad
moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki
saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi
Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx
jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb &
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba
uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da socialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTierTobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials,
zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da
xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrovnebas.
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi

gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis
nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva
tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT,
romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad
gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul
da socialur Sedegebs.
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halucinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris
cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas.
rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi
xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da
àra me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini
(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba
sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri,
iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur
reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba
tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli
sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs.

halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi
specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neirotransmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek,
1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea.
misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic
napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili
fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari
foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia
dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sasiamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv
halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva
da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi.
Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa
negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva
da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze
icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri
qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis
specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri
receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli.
mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad
aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri,
romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcvlel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad
arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines,
rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic
gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis moxmarebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri
receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba
avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad
undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini,
Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intravenuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeulebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba
Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa

stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida
suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis
sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxardaWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi
tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesatyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida
konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTierTobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel
efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis
kombinacia iZleoda.
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan,
romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda momatebuli socialuri integracia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi
Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad
adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.
217
cxrili
6.1
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da

damokidebuleba
samedicino gamoyeneba
opiatebi (narkotikebi)
morfini
fsiqologiuri
fiziologiuri
tkivilgamayuCebeli
3-6
maRali
maRali
kvlevis procesSi
3-6
maRali
maRali
kodeini
tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi
3-6
zomieri
zomieri
ara
8-12
ara
ar aris cnobili
ar aris cnobili
maRali
PCP (penciklidini)
veterinaruli
anesTetiki
varirebs
meskalini (peioti)
ara
8-12
ara
ar aris cnobili
fsilocibini
ara
4-6
ar aris cnobili
ar aris cnobili
kanafi (marixuana)
qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis
aRmkveTi
2-4
msubuqad zomieri
ar aris cnobili
sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali, anesTetiki,
antikonvulsanti
1-16
zomierad maRali
zomierad maRali
SfoTvis Semamcirebeli, sedatiuri,

Zilis wamali,
antikonvulsanti
4-8
msubuqad zomieri
msubuqad zomieri
antiseptiki
1-5
zomieri
zomieri
hiperkinezia, narkolefsia, wonis kontroli
2-4
maRali
maRali
kokaini
ara
1-2
maRali
maRali
nikotini
nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad
varirebs
msubuqad maRali
zomierad maRali
wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki
4-5
ar aris cnobili
zomieri
depresantebi
barbituratebi
(magaliTad,
seqonali)
benzodiazepini
(magaliTad, valiumi)
alkoholi
damokidebuleba
heroini
haluciogeni
LSD
218
efeqtis
xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi)
stimulatorebi
amfetamini
kofeini
xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT,

rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad,
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs,
rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,
gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am
nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri
aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur
nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis
cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva

sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi
gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis
SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad
daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi
da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba
miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS
myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki
iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba.
mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad
rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva
depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).

mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaqciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcvelobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis
raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,
auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs
da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.
aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, tolerantoba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis
unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis
ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis
Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aReniSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5
da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT
an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa
saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da
kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis
gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi
moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis
donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula-
219
220
torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqmedebas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs

sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi
sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva
efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba,
moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da
eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel
halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom
sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben.
am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben.
kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul
safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze
depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti
qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxmareblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da
dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs
moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da
iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar
aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris
kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamocdilebidan vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari
yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs
imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze,
sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac
adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncentraciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa
da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi
Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT
icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did
sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis
gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini
tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur
naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis
moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime

kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZnobinebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs,
romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris.
nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi
zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas
erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaTvliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000
sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia
da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev
mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba
mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs
mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi
asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo
kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad
swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa
Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani
momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis
Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT
da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina
warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad
warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier
ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso
SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve
viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems
am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom
cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa,
rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro
naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven
davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi
ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-
ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi

arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da
situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis
realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac
arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT,
sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs
miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis
ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.
Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben
cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom
sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam-
dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis

originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosagebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi
gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis
Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT faruli
damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs
hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis
farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis
ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens
mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis,
gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs
albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer
sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul
sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis gacnobierebas,
maT Sesaxeb codnas warmoadgens;
arsebobs cnobierebis
sami done: (1) samyaros
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras
vacnobierebT da (3)
TviTcnobiereba;
RviZili periodis cnobierebis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba aracnobieri
procesebisgan, winarecnobieri mexsierebisgan,
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciisgan,
aracnobierisgan da cnobieri aRqmisgan;

sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa xmamaRla fiqris
oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba.
cnobierebis
funqciebi
cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi da gvaZlevs realobis pirovnuli da
kulturuli konstruqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas;
mkvlevrebi swavloben
cnobier da aracnobier
procesebs Soris arsebul

urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas;
Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi. REM
Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT da
Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis periods. mTliani Zilis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi;
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
221
221
222
222
Zilis raodenoba da REM

da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakTan erTad icvleba;
REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva funqciebs emsaxureba, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis CaTvliT;
Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa insomnia, narkolefsia da Zilis apnoe
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dRis manZilze adamianis funqcionirebis
unarze. dRis Zilianoba,
aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli seriozuli problemaa;
froidi Tvlida, rom
sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri masalaa, romelmac gaiara sizmris cenzura;
sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis interpretacia regularulad xdeba da amas
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli rolis mqone adamianebi axorcieleben. interpretacia momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcias emsaxureba.
sizmris zogierTi Teoria maTi wyaroebis biologiur warmomavlobaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad ar Tanxvdeba sizmris Sinaarsebs.
cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

aris gacnobiereba imisa,
rom sizmars vxedavT da
mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze.
hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobaa, romelic xasiaTdeba STagonebaze reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli adamianebis
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis SecvliT.
meditacia cvlis cnobier
funqcionirebas ritualuri praqtikis saSualebiT,
romelic garegani sazrunavebidan Sinagan gamocdilebaze gadaanacvlebs
yuradRebas.
halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
zogierT kulturul jgufSi adamianebi intensiur religiur gamocdilebas ganicdian.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, cvlian ra nervuli
sistemis aqtivobas, zemoqmedeben mentalur procesebze cnobierebis droebiTi SecvliT.
cnobierebis cvlilebebis
gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv-
TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:

halucinogenebi, opiatebi,
depresantebi da stimulatorebi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
aracnobieri
gamocdilebis SerCevis
meTodi
dRis Zilianoba
Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobiT Zili (REM)
Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis gareSe Zili
(NREM)
TviTcnobiereba
insomnia
meditacia
midrekileba
narkolefsia
sizmris muSaoba
tolerantoba
faruli Sinaarsi
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba
SeTanxmebuli validizacia
cirkaduli ritmi
cnobiereba
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
Zili apnoe
xiluli Sinaarsi
xmamaRla fiqris oqmi
halucinaciebi
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi
daswavla da qceviTi analizi
7
daswavlis unaris kvleva
ra aris daswavla
biheviorizmi da
bihevioraluri
analizi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
pavlovis saocari
dakvirvebebi
ganpirobebulobis
procesi
SeZena
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba:
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
efeqtis kanoni
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkicebelTa
Tvisebebi
ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrilebi
qcevis formireba
(Seipingi)
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu
ara bavSvs dausjeloba
biologia da daswavla
instinqturi swrafva
gemos aversiiT
daswavla
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
cxovelTa kognicia
dakvirvebiT daswavla
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
223
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
avis wignSi _ jadoqari lorenco~ _ mwerali robert franklin

lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvis, lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic
leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis
epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac
bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos:
224
rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks,

romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi
dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari
adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma
am dResaswauls Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar
Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino,
funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis
bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan
miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela
stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi,
raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxelurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac
am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom

erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic
savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali
asociacia daiswavla leslis sityvebiT, man
praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze.
dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla
lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra
meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom
es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war-
onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac amoiluRluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.

me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi,
vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis
uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu
rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan,
waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs
daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi
moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma
TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praqtikuli codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamoZaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuvlidiT nabaxusev frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia
zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa.
man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic
RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar
iyo absurduli.
matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT

SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi
arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT,
romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi
ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba
erTmaneTTan.

am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad,
ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.
cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT

potencialSi
aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac
Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT
manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod
daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans,
magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia.
xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi,
magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna,
rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT
SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba
da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxulobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis
formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi
sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris.
SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba
ra aris daswavla
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac
viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas
qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damyarebulia gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi
gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli,

daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda
iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva,
yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoyenebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa-
ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi:

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli
ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis
gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gadamuSavebis formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis
TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto
ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven
laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac.
sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixilavT, daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri poziciidan unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc
Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. adamianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis
unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da
amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTierTobiT umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi
cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT,
upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an
iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasasurvels.. sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT,
genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemoqcevis urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan
mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswavlon imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo
maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis
unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris realizacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.
225
niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovelTvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba
gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mocemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT
am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca,
xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile, romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis
raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba
mudmivi iyos.
gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi
226
daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba.

gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas
(Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas,
rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba
mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli
sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis matebasTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis
dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas
qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi
iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im
asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris
SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganviTardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT
dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra
aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri
analizi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis
(John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma
daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cnodaswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo
daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50

wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic
gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels gamosul wignSi _ fsiqologia bihevioristis
gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom introspeqcia adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi
gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar
iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad,
rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor
unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdakvirvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia
uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani?
uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi
qceva. misi sityvebiT: cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis fenomeni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~
(Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc qcevis
kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco
uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, rogorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom
evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia
qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze
popularul wignSi _ Tavisuflebisa da
Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am
paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva
ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi.
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.
meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT.

amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa
yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi
yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva
formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT. amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze
xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis
kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aqcenti ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris
kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur
movlenebs Soris kavSirze.
Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT
mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba.
qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris
Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa
da qcevis garemo determinantebze.
warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinelebaTa films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul
kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT survili, iyviroT ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi
aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri
reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi
garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma,
romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis
gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias
or stimuls Soris pirvelsa, romelic adre
ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda

mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels
gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ biheviorizmis~
_ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs
harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani
mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi, Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs
ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis
SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis
gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990).
sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri
movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva,
ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv,
ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic
garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad,
vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi;
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia,
niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos
sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs.
skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis
qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis,
gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda,
romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar
SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva
mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis
an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze
kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris.
esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili
(Delprato & Midgley, 1992).
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad
bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos,
romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans,
1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi
cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri
buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
227
gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT

Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki
qceviTi midrekilebaa.
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi
228
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs,
ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.
pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gadamuSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da
saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT
(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis
raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZlebda. sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda.
es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT, ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom
ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi
xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze
da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma
nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec
daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli,

romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis
miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad
SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla
Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa.
pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis
mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad
CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis,
ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina
am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova
Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT
samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis
mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla-
suraTi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)

- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).
7.1
pavlovis eqsperimenti
Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva
neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi.
eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan
da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis
saSualebiT.
damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan

asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel
reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis
orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia
bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan:
ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier
pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpirobebuli stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea
daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi
vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis
Sedegad.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze. es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac
ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamowveuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, agreTve, pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis
fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam mas saSualeba misca, martivi strategiuli gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis
gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli
sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac
regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls
zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli
raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa
da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris
pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis
wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis
miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis
gamoyofa.
fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel
kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is
SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo
gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi
efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena
mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani,
metronomi.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris
dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis
gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela
refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri
stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria
organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic
bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupirobebeli stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa
stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba.
qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli
stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa.
tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi (sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad,
sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv,
aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri
qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel
stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli
mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur stimuls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli
stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva,
229
suraTi
7.2
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel

reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros
neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri
stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli
reaqciis msgavsia.
230
SeZena da Caqroba
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi,
saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre
ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias
ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli
da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri
dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli
reaqcia.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc
kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian
mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos
unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma

isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonakliss mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos
aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or
stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze
7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli
tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic
ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba
manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli
stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan-
suraTi
7.3
SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri

aRdgena klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi
xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli

gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gadaweul ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli stimuli gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para-
suraTi
7.4
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi
mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT
ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel
stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze
efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi
ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.
digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls

Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpirobebuli stimulis intensivobasa da ganpirobebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul
reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqciisaTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani
an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da
nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15
wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi
intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba
Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros.
droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba
SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis
Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan
cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls
mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive
SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan
ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi
davubrundebiT).
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls
(magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswarmetyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis
fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli
reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba.
rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar
SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli

stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs.
Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli
stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul
stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZliere nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma
reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire
Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ganupirobebeli stimuli ar arsebobs.
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamoCenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba.
231
suraTi
7.5
stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi
saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis

mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram,
rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac
ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian
Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi
saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan.
232
vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis

process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi
repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpirobebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT
Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli
marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3).
pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis gareSe swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi
aRmoceneba uwoda.
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqrali ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _
ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba
yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia,

Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli
sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla
dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad
daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad.
ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam
stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)

davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli
sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas.
specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod
am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am
kiTxvis pasuxia ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia,
msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu
ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali
sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac
ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas
stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakavSirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis
ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia
mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul stimulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba
generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5).
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad
unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan
mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad
vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. amgvarad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes,
rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis
mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.
stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis

drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli
reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba
wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier
stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba
eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis
gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel
etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers,
warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze
iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli
stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls
da romeli _ ara.
organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro
drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes
balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzogadebas Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos
stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa
mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti
reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas
aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes
garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990).
SeZena
stimulis diskriminacia
am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im

pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis. aqamde Cven klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tumca ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida,
rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli
da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Sedegia. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa
ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda
gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi
zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom

reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze
aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan
garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs.
stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _

ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.
SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms

Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta
daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara
saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored
amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis
xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.
233
Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma

erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960
wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert
reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob
mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli
gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac,
Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi
iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.
suraTi
7.6
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
mniSvneloba
234
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla

wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval
eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver
SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks;
Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks
airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis
gasazomad.
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze
xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo
da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT SerCevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spontanurad da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan
(zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an
erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen
Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli
SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli
stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli
stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis
zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtroSokisa.
wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses

saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks
moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda.
ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen
meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore SerCevidan (sur. 7.8).
amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli

stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganupirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes ganupirobebel stimuls es ori piroba
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es
aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians
adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, vidre laboratoriaSi.
informatiuloba
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin,
1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS)
SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9).
suraTi
7.7
reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul
stimulebs Soris.
saidan
viciT
kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis

2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad
iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli
stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli stimuli sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebuli stimuli moaswavebda zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda
mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu
am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis
Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod
zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad,
maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad
unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod
zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontrolo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia
hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969).
suraTi
7.8
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkicebelis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen
(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi
upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT.
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba
235
suraTi
7.9
kaminis procedura
dablokvis efeqtisaTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis virTxebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze

(CS1) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS1)
da sinaTleze (CS2), virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpirobebuloba mxolod zarze
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs
hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqsperimentulma virTxebma imitom
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar
Seicavda ganupirobebeli stimulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb;
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis efeqti.
236
kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi

axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan
dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair damatebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli stimulis unars, Seamciros meores
informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle
erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT
warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores
informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom
vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirispirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls.
rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli,
blokireba (Blocking) fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu

gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT,
unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli
ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli
ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas
pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli
efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod
maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da,
amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba
im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols
asrulebs.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
gamoyeneba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad,
ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa
miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokidebulebaSi; dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis

ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am
ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan
viciT
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba

gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswavleT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs
Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli movlenebi,
romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu
kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr
movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris
mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara,
es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin
at all 1986):
SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma
aqvs?
dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars,
Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT ewera Sxami~?
dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic
sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT araviTar
SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma
ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ es sazizRrobaa~ an saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli
codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili
azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizezSedegobriobiT CavaqroT.
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi

uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti
daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic
Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel stimulTan bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli
iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT.
SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da
emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri
virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT
ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan
gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda
saerTod bewvian sagnebze baWiaze, ZaRlze
da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis
dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave
hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs
mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi
ewia mas (Harris, 1979).
axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi

Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba
reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi
ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15
wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer
ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri

funqciis gasamdidreblad.
237
kidev hqondaT reaqcia safrTxis niSanze~

omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi
uxmobda wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es
gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis
droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac
238
agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas veteranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962).

sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli,
ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes
neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli
stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi
travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs es
SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. magaliTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva
Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac
is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri
SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs
da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi
manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT
qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi
vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis
gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqturobas.
yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom
mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad
ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da
aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom
reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc
dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben
asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris
(jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben,
rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi,
magaliTad, seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli
stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT
gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva
ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis
procesi ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis,
rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti magaliTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze,
rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis
mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.
nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves
kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili
hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis
zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom
saidan
viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis
aspeqtebi
erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma
kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis
ineqciis molodini erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) da deqstrozis
(tkbili Saqari) meoreSi (ganpirobebuli
stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel
fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes

yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze
didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis
naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda,
xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli
jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen

heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am potenciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan
konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia
iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis
tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991).
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba
Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da
misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokidebulni, romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras
iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan
Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal
da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa,
rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi
xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs
SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet,
momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es
analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs
arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas,
sadac igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva
exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis
mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel,
1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive
sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda
ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan
dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi
meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebisa.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes
aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba
gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunologiuri reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo-
es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro

did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am
SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi rogor
SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi,
romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi
mimRebloba hqonda?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam
bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba
narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes,
rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma
Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi.
igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi
ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis
miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli)
iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod
homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3).
swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli
reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli
reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv,
asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad
amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis
mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba
imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali
metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba
raime saxis dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza
niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi,
gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis
mimarT.
239
muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,

romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eqsperimentebma ganpirobebulobaze daadastures
am daskvnebis mcdaroba.
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da
imunologiuri funqcia
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs aswavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic
asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo
jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT, roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces
saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxarini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi
ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili
asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi
ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa
mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis
Semdeg.
240
aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos

im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar-
Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunologiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi.

am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri
nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader &
Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali
teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpirobebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi,
romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni
suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone
pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram
mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans
SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT,
romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman
& Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs
moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT
winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narkotikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis
regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis
es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls wamlis miRebas. mxolod
Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis
wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod
qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul
reaqcias.
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo
meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen,
fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology)
kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias
iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogorebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis
funqcionireba.
saidan
viciT
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli
gaumjobeseba
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo
dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan,
romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur
sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda ganpirobebuli stimulis rols,
xolo lisozimi ganupirobebeli stimulisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT
jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali misces, magram lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac
mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda
et al., 1995).
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom

mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli
stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel
stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom
imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri
sistemis gasaZliereblad.
vidre fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxavdiT, albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT
bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze.
vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT
daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi
mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis
iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod,
meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Seswavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT
imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da

dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli
ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im
specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic
ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli
iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned response). manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli
stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs
ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZenisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias
iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise,
rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon
Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris
kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis

Sesaxeb
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi
damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni
adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven
pasuxobT: me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze
aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram
ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel
gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.

mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben
teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur
reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.
241
suraTi
7.10
kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi

reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an
kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimulis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans
maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswavla TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da
Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad,
rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.
Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs
Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel Sedegs iwvevs.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
efeqtis kanoni
242
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze,

eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)
akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT
gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10).
Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg,
magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac impulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba,
yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi
CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~
(Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis
analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia
situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis ZiriTadi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis
Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac
mas ar mohyveba jildo.
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis

Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts
axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa,
romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqanizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli
qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo
pirobebSi.
bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa
gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an
reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimentuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yvela is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia
reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214).
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo,
vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi,
rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod
realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben
eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT
da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, skinerma ganaviTara operantuli ganpirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda
organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom miRebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri
7.11
operantuli kabina
sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis
mowodebas virTxisTvis.
qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier

da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi,
konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.
sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze
gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operantuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT, rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia.
mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs,
bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas
xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa
albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an
Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT
mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samooperantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) _ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis
albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba
mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino
cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency)
_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris,
romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti,
romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas
(reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri
anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs
kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom
gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire,
marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis
Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis
gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg.
skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas
suraTi
mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli

ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva
operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis
funqciebad gvevlinebian.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis
meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs.
mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor
funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs
qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators
aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze
an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis
daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis
procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is
swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas unda Semouaros.
operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess
iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic
cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni
axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi
yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi.
es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners,
gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis
qcevaze.
243
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro

axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili
am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
244
davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa

galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris
gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli,
romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da
zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba
garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa
gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac
is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven
irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT stimulTa sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac
neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli,
romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic
aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT.
cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba
gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis.
is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli,
individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi
mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians
SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad
miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs,
vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT.
movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo stimulis miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _
iwvevs.
operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction
Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi

kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas,
rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. movlenas, rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis
CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi
ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas
aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis
dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri
magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa.
am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba.
qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT
mas.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, erTgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias
asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli
xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds
gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba,
davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis
im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis
albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT,
xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves,
oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive
kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili
aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva
aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is
brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul
ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas
araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic
garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg
Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila,
ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis?
Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven
sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man
erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi,
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac
Caqreba.
albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac

dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu
im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba,
rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac
qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia
daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias
emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs
tkivils, rac sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul
qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas,
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli
stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vuwodebT (uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT,
rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad,
rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom
man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom
meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja
xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis
naxva?
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba
Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze,
pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva
terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT,
dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba
ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT
adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris
stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis
qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi
xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad.
wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryofiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12).
diskriminaciuli stimuli da
ganzogadeba
nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla
yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba
qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul
konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT
imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba
saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.
konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki-
cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,

romelic win uswrebs reaqcias diskriminaciul
stimuls qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi
swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT
mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze.
magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac
anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos
amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an
ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuliqceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc sampirobiani
albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida,
rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis
qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1
aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma
albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis
qceva.
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT
manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis
miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva.
magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi
diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi
am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia,
romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma
unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im
SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos.
organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas,
reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze
da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis
komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
damsjeli (Punisher) nebismieri stimuli, romelic amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs
qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimulus) stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtkicebuli.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency)
meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom
konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja
245
suraTi
7.12
operantuli ganpirobebuloba Tqvens

cxovrebaSi
246
organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias

sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli
stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia
ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi
stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad, mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski
mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT,
mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis
SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT
mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba

Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod
gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT?
amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT.
rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pirobiTi, maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT

qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc
cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis
kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva
qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos
es?).
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an araadekvaturia? gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad
gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamovlenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic mSobels undoda bavSvis sasurveli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi
unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iqneba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli
msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma
cxrili
7.1
sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da

Sedegs Soris
reaqcia
Sedegi
iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul

situaciebSic?
gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva SemTxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis
Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms,
rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas
(ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi
am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT,
rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mocemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiTxeT sakuTars Tavs: me xom ar ganvamtkice
es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas
vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis
Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ-
diskriminaciuli
stimuli
247
afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba?
gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu

bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa,
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94%
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva,
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvobaSi fizikurad da 87% eTanxmeboda dasjis am formas (Buntain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT,
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi,
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc
dasjis formas, magram ra aris
dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kavSiris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa da bavSvis agresiul qce-
248
vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri

Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSoblebi iyeneben fizikur agresias
Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba
araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad, agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac
situaciurad sxva individebis
qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase
rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi sakuTari mSoblebisgan swavloben
fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas
(Cven ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT
swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT
es hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo
baRis aRsazrdeli monawileobda, mSoblebs sTxoves, SeevsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb,
Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg
et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis
6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic
liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan.

qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas,
jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri
qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an
sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT.
magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi
zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs
yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba
Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli
ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes-
arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur

dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni
26% ki ufro intensiurad isjeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT
an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an
mujlugunebs wahkravdnen
xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6
Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am
bavSvebis urTierTobas TanatolebTan. mkvlevrebma daafiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT. magaliTad, roca isini brazdebodnen, dascinodnen an
scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bavSvi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac
ufro intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen mSoblebi, miT
ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi
Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs, rom bavSvebi agresiul qcevas TavianTi mSoblebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad
iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar
truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa

ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda,
iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac
qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri,
SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catarebac scadoT.
rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba
avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi,
rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi,

alkoholizmi, sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT fizikuri Seuracxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
nebismieri fizikuri dasjis
gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba
bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis,
depresiis, suicidis da alkoholizmis pirvelad prevenciaSi~ (gv. 558).
Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bavSvebis gatyepa ar aris Sesatyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis
strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri
dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa,
arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac
bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja
gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes garkveul pirobebs (Walters & Grusec, 1977).
dasja unda iyos:
swrafi da xanmokle;
unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve,
rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs
adgili;
intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli;
ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri
Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon
aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog SemTxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa
dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi
es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur arasasurvel

qcevaze da arasodes _
p i r o v n u l
maxasiaTebelze;
limitirebuli unda
iyos im situaciis
Sesatyvisad, sadac
reaqcias aqvs adgili;
Sedgebodes dasjisagan
da ara _ fizikuri
tkivilisagan.
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris
is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba
bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis
xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, bavSvis myiseuli reaqcia ganamtkicebs mSoblis
damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant &
Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi
aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli,
xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSoblebma moTmineba unda gamoiCinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari
Svilebis Soreuli interesebis gamo.
vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri

ganmamtkiceblebi).
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad,
wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri
Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba
operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad,
adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad
a r i s ( Chess & Thomas; 1984).

savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali, SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom
,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es
kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri
dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel
Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~
bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja
araswori strategiaa mSoblebis
mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi.
analizi dafuZnebulia erT-erTi mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa
SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi
mecnierebi dainteresebulni
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri dasjis gavleniT maT
momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &
Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli gamodga. mokled
rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom
maT fizikurad sjidnen Tineijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mogvianebiT hqondaT problemebi.
isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk
249
250
sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli

axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi
da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas
gansazRvraven.
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba
iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad
stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi
gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa
swavlebis dros.
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines, rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1)
ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovelTvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi
gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi
ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is
damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara
biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispanserSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis
miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva
gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema
momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es
Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva
tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994;
Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis
modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT; gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi
pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _
biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli
_ saWmeli da wyali.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers) klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtkiceblad iqca.
saidan
viciT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
SimpanzeebisTvis
Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi
JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi
gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes
muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad.
maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT
Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937).
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc

dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac
gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an
misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT
garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb,
SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven
mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~
saidan
viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom
iTamaSon
Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi
gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, roca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da
zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas
mohyveboda instruqcia: gaiqeciT da iyvireT~.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen
da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi
signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT
bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali
sixSiris qcevis maTematikis mecadineobisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas
aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali
aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kontroli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime dReSi (homme et al,1963).
sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema
da yvirili, Cavarda.
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT

premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi
bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri
bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs
davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno
qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis
wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan
TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtkiceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac
konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom
Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime
konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia
Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise,
rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias
akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac
intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met
sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi
ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmamtkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis
winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo?
is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad
ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac
ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT.
skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam
migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix.
sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar
cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi,
maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur
cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma ramdenime
konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli
intervalebiT roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac
mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak)
1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro
metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs),
SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri
qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi
premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma
virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis
mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT,
savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen
wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebismieri qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos.
premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis
sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia
erTi klasikuri SemTxveva.
251
intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad
gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad
ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva
ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakavSirebiT.
fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis)

cxrilebi
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac organizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia,
cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili).
roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e
reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli
suraTi
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi (
252
7.13
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
verbaluri proporcia
qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtkicebelTa oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze

arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis
miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli.
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval

schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval
schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(shaiping by successive approximations) qceviTi
meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs,
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da
maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqciasTan.
proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal

xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris
pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi
miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad
akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT
metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg.
ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaqciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTnili da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba
migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis
industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde
unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, vidre jamagirs aiReben.
variabiluri proporciis cxrili

variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar
gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaqciaTa raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili

roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli
reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti
iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam
meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raodenobisda miuxedavad.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili

cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo
intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magaliTad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma
iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabiluri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am
dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT SemTxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4
saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba
Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul
gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT
gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT
koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali
gakveTilisaTvis?
qcevis formireba (Seipingi)

erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze, romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis
misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa.
Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT,
ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas
naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT
gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes
Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi,
romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian?
Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri
sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven
aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT.
am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas,
romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli
saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis
saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.
deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imuSaos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven
sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis
miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis
specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis
saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis
saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi
gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis
misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros
virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis
sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli
ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis
cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan
viciT
qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac
dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda
normaluri socialuri da verbaluri
saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtkicebeli, magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili

hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis
Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod
rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da
Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000
marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis
manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kontrols daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips
emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi
monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da
agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis
winaSe rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom
is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba
da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990).
253
qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda

tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel
qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man
uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac
Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti
saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom,
saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi
gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi.
Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara
saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es
xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi
yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa
saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida
maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda
CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo
CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad
moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze
bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964).
254
axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven

mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze
sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am
SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli
qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven
Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis
mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas
saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is
mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?
daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob-
ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben

daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi
axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze
da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic
msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi,
mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli
saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebiT. axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis
Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia,
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom
nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzomierebebi da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adaptaciiT SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-
leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas

memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT
kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom
qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos
aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da teleekranze. zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, pingpongs TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi
cxoveli cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram
enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda
monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela
monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan
iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac
maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.
amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,
isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT
ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev
ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis
es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan
qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT
miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde
cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,
ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs

SemosazRvraven.
255
daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT

instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland,
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba,
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad,
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla
256
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda

gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze.
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) nebismieri limiti organizmis
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia

ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven
rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.
rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,
Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba
maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT
iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas
da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da
romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.
gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis
Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man
simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla
mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/
surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs
avadmyofobas Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12
saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa
iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa
darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden
dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad
daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino
gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba
klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi.
saidan
viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs

aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron
konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs
Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis
zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris
kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias
avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis
mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978).
cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im
stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes
safrTxes da romeli jildos. amitom eqperimentatorebi, romlebic ecdebian am paternebis
darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven.
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis,
suraTi
7.14
Tandayolili unarebi
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom
virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.
virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _
ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda.
rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon

garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis
toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen
da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT.
amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis
magivrad ukan ixevdnen.
gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli
aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv
sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli
gulisrevis gamo.
saidan
viciT
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi
gemos arideba
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis
ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi
sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen

situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles.
meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils
lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari
xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg
orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis
erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis
zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda,
xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli
dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa
da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis
raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia)
da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod
patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva
pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli
moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda
avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14).
257
Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini

ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels
1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian
mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas
maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba
4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis
46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi,
romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori
kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi
gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT,
pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva
Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).
258
imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT,
SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs
sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwodebul kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri
surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis
mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT,
kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti
an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic
pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli.
bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis
seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul stimulad iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis
safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis
meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev
erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis
efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba.
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis
im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad
(Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis
genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials.
Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs,
romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxoven. axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT.
Sejameba
instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs,
rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im
TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia
imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is
permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli
stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erTjeradi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof
adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul
gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon
klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili meTodebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es
aversiebi.
kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi
procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu
ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro
kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?
kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba,
romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da
warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa:
azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom
axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs,
romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.
suraTi
am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi virTxebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze.

mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzogadeba (Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri
unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeWdav, tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur unarebze.
kognituri rukebi
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo
pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis
kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli
situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri,
erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis
qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da
misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven
umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman &
Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise,
TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl
kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi

siarulis daswavlisas
cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1)
mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo.
roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore
gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, virTxebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa
aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka
gaaCndaT.
kognitur rukas labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad

imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa
da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba
Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod
asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas
da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas
qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam
gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari
unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kogcxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, adamianamde.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) fizikuri sivrcis gonebrivi reprezentacia.
cxovelTa kognicia
7.15
259
nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:
cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben
sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad;
maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad;
garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri rukebis sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon
saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis

gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli
marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreTdasavleT nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals
momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin,
rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT
bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180).
260
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT,

marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven
maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg
84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil &
Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac,
sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini
ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic
didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze,
qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom
saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis
warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis,
romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi
sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et
al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis
qceva samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa
ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri ruka SenarCundeba.
konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra
kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs
da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT?
me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis

dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis
daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian
erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis
daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon
konceptualuri gansxvavebebi.
saidan
viciT
mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs
kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT
iReben
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma
(1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis,
yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi.
yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili
iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16).
magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs,
Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer
Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis
Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an
skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis

an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an
TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi
gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia
daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winaswarmetyveleba. ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs
situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis
pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yvavilebi da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis
meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamoamJRavnoT erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis TiToeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda,
Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac
yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic.
testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT
gamoiyenes kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia.
imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas
gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs
adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis
SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT
frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,
vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo,
rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva
virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs

vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es
konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva
adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive
sakvebi. Tqveni saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva
adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT,
risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben.
Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis
gamocdilebis mixedviT.
Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im
situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar
aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze
dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs,
Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac
qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an
Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia.
asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT
daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimuSavebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac
qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT,
rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli
akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve
davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT
iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis
Secdomebze iswavla.
daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo
saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im
cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamoyeneba, rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdomebis mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba.
suraTi
(Observational lerning)
7.16
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan

wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kategoriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva
kombinaciisa).
adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori

feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis
meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda
SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis TiToeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds
unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis
suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze skamis
fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis
80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas.
261
adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikur magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert banduras laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma
uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas
da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoamJRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar
unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines
(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi
agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen,
roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirdebodnen.
amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da
antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven
garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain-
262
teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu

romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze?
kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,
1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis
mqonea, roca:
adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas;
modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da
endobian;
arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis Tvisebebs Soris;
damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis
qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis;
modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia
is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan;
damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea
damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.
mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da
naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am
siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT
viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs;
an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos
mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod
sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs modelisagan, advili gasagebia televiziis didi
nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is,
rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT
mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi
da TviTmkvleloba Sedegad ki bavSvebis da
mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara
Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias?
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am
kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock &
Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis
Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac
televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel
rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas.
es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena
Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba
antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro
gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur
saidan
viciT
mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis
mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan
TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis
scenebiani filmi karates Svili~, an
araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984
wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasetebis yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres,
rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs,
rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da
maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda.
sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romelSic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs
oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs
instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT,
rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma,
romlebsac karates Svili~ hqondaT
nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Canawers, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs
uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT
(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoidgineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis
saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav-
lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki

amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter,
1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli
an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis
programebis SerCevaze.
dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or
kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens
ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16
TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis programebs.
davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas.
rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni
gamocdileba?
Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo
waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT;
Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni
Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis
efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram,
Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT,
damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT
saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?
Sejameba
mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi
aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi
cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas
aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT,
daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac perceptualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli. qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben
axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul sibrZneze~ dayrdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da antisocialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.
cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori

raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba
Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desensitizaciamde emociur aSlilobasa da distresamde. ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi.
263
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
daswavla
daswavla iwvevs SedarebiT mudmiv cvlilebas
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze
damyarebul qceviT potenciaSi.
bihevioristebs sjeraT,
rom qcevaTa umetesoba
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes
daswavlis martivi procedurebiT.
maT aseve sjeraT, rom nebismieri cocxali organizmisTvis daswavlis
erTnairi principebia gamosadegi.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis

ganmsazRvreli
niSnebi
264
264
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi pirveli wvlili

pavlovma Seitana Semdegi
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobebeli stimuli ganupirobebel reaqcias iwvevs.
ganupirobebel stimulTan dawyvilebuli neitraluri stimuli ganpirobebul stimulad
gadaiqceva, romelic
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
Caqrobas maSin aqvs adgili, roca ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mohyveba
ganpirobebul stimuls.
stimulis generalizacia
movlenaa, roca ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi
stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganmasxvavebeli daswavla
aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli stimulebis speqtrs,
romlebzec reagirebs
organizmi.
imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes

klasikur ganpirobebulobas,
saWiroa ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulTa
Soris uwyveti, informatiuli kavSiris arseboba.
xsnis narkotikis mimarT
tolerantulobas da mraval
emociur reaqcias. igi aseve
gamoyenebul iqna imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebis
Sesacvlelad.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba

Sedegebis Sesaxeb
Torndaikma aCvena, rom komfortuli, sasiamovno Sedegebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT
gameorebis tendencia.
skineris qceviT-analizuri
midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtkiceblis ganpirobebulobiT
manipulirebas da qcevaze am
gavlenis Seswavlas.
qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
Sedegad yalibdeba. da naklebad yalibdeba dadebiTi
an uaryofiTi dasjis Sedegad.
konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi
qceva aixsneba Semdegi ganpirobebulobiT: ganmasxvavebeli stimuli qceva _
qcevis Sedegi.
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi
is stimulebia, romlebic
ganmamtkiceblad gvevlinebian maSinac ki, roca organizms maTTan dakavSirebiT
aranairi gamocdileba ar
hqonia. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi pirvelad
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocirebiT formirdeba.
sacdeli aqtivobebi ise

funqcionirebs, rogorc
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD
qcevaze gavlenas ganmamtkicebelTa Semdegi cxrilebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli
proporciis cxrili, variabeluri proporciis cxrili, fiqsirebuli intervalis da variabeluri intervalis cxrilebi.
kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa Seipingis Sedegad
iqnes daswavlili.
kvlevebis mixedviT daswavla SesaZloa konstruirebul iqnes saxeobis specifikurobidan gamomdinare.
instiqtebma SeiZleba zogjer
gadasZalos Sedegiganmtkicebis procesi.
gemos aversiiT daswavlis
mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba
genetikurad mzadaa asociaciis zogierTi formebisTvis.
kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
daswavlis zogierTi forma
ufro rTul, kompleqsur
procesebs asaxavs, vidre
klasikuri an operantuli
ganpirobebulobaa.
cxovelebi kognitur rukebs
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT
rTul garemoSi funqcionirebisTvis iyeneben.
konceptualuri qceva saSualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,
generalizeba moaxdinon garemos struqturis Sesaxeb.
qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da
xan isjeba. adamianebs da
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT
swavla SeuZliaT.
ganpirobebuloba
daswavla
klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba
refleqsi
ganupirobebeli stimuli
ganupirobebeli reaqcia
ganpirobebuli stimuli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia
SeZena
Caqroba
dadebiTi damsjeli
uaryofiTi damsjeli
diskriminaciuli stimuli
pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis
cxrili
daswavlis biologiuri
iZuleba
instinqturi swrafva
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
spontanuri aRdgena
stimulis generalizeba
stimulis diskriminacia
blokireba
efeqtis kanoni
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba
operantuli qceva
ganmamtkicebeli
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
operantulobis Caqroba
damsjeli
265
mexsiereba
ra aris mexsiereba
ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas mexsierebis
tipebi mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
eqo-mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRuduloba muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
kodireba da Senaxva
konteqsti da kodireba
mogonebis mimniSnebeli
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesi arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
metamexsiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rogor SeioZleba
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqciuli procesi
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
adamianis da kompiuteris
mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
engramis ZiebaSi
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
266
ZiriTadi cnebebi
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis

win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic
Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba
dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens
dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT.
Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac
daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoadgenT. davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,

gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65
wlis manZilze~.
gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac

ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis
azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad
mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar
gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia
nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis
gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni
mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs
da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT,
rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magaliTad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romelTa moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT
yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba,
ra aris mexsiereba?
avis avtobiografias marlon

brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT
iwyebs: rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, erTxel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis
267
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram

aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas
exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT
saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi
37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis,
37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
ra aris mexsiereba
268
magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis SekiTxvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usiamovnod ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobieroT, rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaciis 100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzarmazari moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. amitomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor
ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da

aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixilavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erTerTi formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli
iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven
daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli
mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul formebs.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas

ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: masala
swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli
da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo
Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~.
sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT
masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi
nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da
uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel
fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis
aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebinghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
suraTi
8.1
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba

sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo
saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli
iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
daswavlas naklebi dro.
saidan
viciT
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo
9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficienti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am proceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvavebul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.
rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel
dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi
TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi
tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli
yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro

marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxeobaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs
adgili.
mexsierebis tipebi
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,
pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,
romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _
igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,
ra aris mexsiereba?
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi

iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda,
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvlevari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo
damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT,
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im raodenobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni-
269
suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamuSavebaa, romelic baWias samzareulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia

isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram
mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia.
masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis
Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis
saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive
mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad aracnobier donezec.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsiereba
270
ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT,

cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram
saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar
CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi
unda iyos?
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da
aRdgena.
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas

mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eqsplicitur unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis
SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo,
radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samzareulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias
yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe
daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia
samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba
dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria
tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT
onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro
xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad
_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis
amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod
warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis
miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic.
saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme
dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi,
an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara.
ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimaxsovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
mexsiereba
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT;
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daatkacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba,
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba,
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac,
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime,
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da
movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba,
saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes
gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im
gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis
Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs.
is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da
motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli
mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis
droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas

(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba
gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqtivobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an
ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis
procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze
nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze
darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris
akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT deklaraciuli faqtebiT:
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg isev 3
da a.S.
magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris
akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers
cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed
erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.
am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Anderson, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT
sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Seddeklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis
SeZena da gamoyeneba.
ra aris mexsiereba?
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,

rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperimentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanonzomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth.,
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.
271
genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis

Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros,
Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis
calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba
SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis
imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is
maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli
mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme
Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba,
SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba
Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles
kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvisTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Secdomebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beWdva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba
uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli
moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij
mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis,
rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri
Secdoma.
mexsierebis procesebi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami

saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas),
Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas
emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in-
272
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri

reprezentaciebi.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena, amotana mexsierebidan.
formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis

gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT,
kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva),
akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo
aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi
gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis
warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria. vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis
dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari
Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba
dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT.
yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis
mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT warsuli gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi
Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struqturis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi
xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor
cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis
is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli
informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis
Senaxvis unars.
aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb
Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi
uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra
uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba?
axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis
cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni
pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis
suraTi
8.3
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi

aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas
Sejameba
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi
Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis
Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis
siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arsebobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri
formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs
deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb
codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul
informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa
Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben
da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa
da gamoyenebaSi.
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod
rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT,
momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT
suraTTan dakavSirebiT:
(Sensory memory) _
informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im

fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis
garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor
SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis,
rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis,
daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam
process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mexsierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom
vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom
mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ is
iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~,
saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba
gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis
wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs,
dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu
rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi,
revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad
gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli
mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsierebis formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT,
rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni
mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad
da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT,
rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis
gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT.
273
suraTi
8.4
ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am

naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.
274
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis

qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis
SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals
qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis
SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli
mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia.
TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizianeblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev
ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis
SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedvelobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Catarebul ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT.
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas
sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes
(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsiereba, anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars
grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda
eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis
mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informaciis aRdgena evalebodaT.
saidan
viciT
jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs
awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil
sam mwkrivs
1
L
4
V
5
W
F
3
7
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTlianad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRedginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT

aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebismieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis
Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze

Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan
erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi samyarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams
da aRwers mas. xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,
1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,
1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis
mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle
an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad
ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
eqo-mexsiereba
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xatiseburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-
suraTi
8.5
mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis

meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT
(sperlingi, 1960).
7
X
B
275
macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari

gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davukavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT winadadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba,
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaadgilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqomexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqomexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
saidan
viciT
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqomexsierebaze
276
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa

mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda.
sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqsperimentis erT seriaSi monawile cdis
pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore
seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am
xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac,
ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod
im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi,
Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram
mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac
cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias
axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT
wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba
aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs
sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani
wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.
saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens
urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs
axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moiTxovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba
asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis
im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels
xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Sejameba
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis
informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi
mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad
arRvevs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa

mexsiereba
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven,
SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqomexsiereba gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT
kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma,
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mexsiereba,
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis

procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva
xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT.
moculobis SezRuduloba
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erTjeradi aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa
cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yuradRebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni
yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad,
SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsierebis SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRuduloba ganapirobebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT
msgavsi amocana:
erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo
Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac SeZlebT:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
ramdeni CamowereT sworad?
axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi
da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive
TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT,
daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT.
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus
or) erTeuls, romelsac igi magiur cifrs~
uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT
ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob
masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac
cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis

Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono
wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri.
Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT
telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle
mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac daxsomebuli masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa,
romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999;
Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu telefonis nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis,
rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda
miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven
ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqsplicituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs
xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes,
1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsierebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac informacia implicituri mexsierebis
xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT,
romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es
aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba
(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris
da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,
SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi,
muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
277
(Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi,

romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976),
magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris,
rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis
aseT SezRudulobas?
mniSvneloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis
moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba
Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis
ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da
dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.
ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso
gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis
am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias,
kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.
da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis

gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda.
rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili
masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs
aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois
zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve
adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg
ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT.
ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba
mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson & Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom

informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia
(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT).
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac
wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels
da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa
isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris
ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac-
saidan
viciT
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis

gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
278
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans,

magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg
unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3dan 18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis
Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli
amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma
daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam
im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis
suraTi
8.6
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis

gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis
erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba
erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan
Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi
erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads
(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ 1984"
saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens
xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagrCebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis
an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze,
dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi
jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi
_ 19411917186518121776?
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT
TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba 20, xolo
Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis
mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba 5~. Tu Tqven meore
strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac
Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am
mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc
20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixilavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad
aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba
aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi moculobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis
gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi
gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba
SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT
dajgufebis safuZvelze.
saidan
viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas. ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze
darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri
cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc
garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad, man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis
Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis
garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks,
RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cifrobriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa
grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina.
magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo
mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis
araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).
S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad
Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis,
an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala
Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs.
maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis,
mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am strategiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi
intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom
aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs
telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis

aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli,
Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am
noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia
xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia
sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin
mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT.
279
strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom

xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian
efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im
did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle
mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen.
saidan
cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri

masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _
am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi
wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc
vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi
aRmoCnda.
viciT
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis

efeqturi aRdgena
280
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT

dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan
eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad,
cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala
icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da
ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli
saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi
maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests
cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs
unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri
uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe
iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs
daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo diax~, raTa daedasturebina,
rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul
miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis

asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo SemoTavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.
modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa
didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod,
yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis
ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli
wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis

unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri
aRmasruleblisagan.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.
ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle

mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis
monaxvis analogiuri?
mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).

aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT
biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis
Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs
samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da
efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.
muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba
xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac
xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali informaciis eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev
iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia
da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave
dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino
Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT
es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame,
Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli
ricxvi es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven
gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan
fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze

(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semosvla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers,
am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas
eyrdnobiT;
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonologiuri sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond
sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni
merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiTsivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT auditoriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis raodenobas;
centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba
yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri sacavidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan
miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis,
rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur procesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centraluri aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT,
romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad (am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT).
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis
ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im
mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis
swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT,
rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da
xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak-
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis

gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi,
romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT
da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996).
alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley,
1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi
sami komponenti gamoyves:
281
cxrili
8.1
individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amocanebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis

iyeneben.
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti

waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo
sityvebi.
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis
sruli xedi iSleboda.
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve
gamqraliyo.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.
282
virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT

ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas
Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis
warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa
mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am
obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis
mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;
Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi
amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.
am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa
seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven.
8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime
aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc
ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSualod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsierebis moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxvavebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze
mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT.
imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis
sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs
saidan
viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami
jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad,
hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs
sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba mSvenieri
Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,
myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc
erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad.
magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs
upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia,
romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT moTxroba erTxel Tavdapirveli
poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli)
da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs,
romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba
hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao
masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles
sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,
1991).
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo

moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavidanve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba.
didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive
poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamuSaveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis
garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis individualur gansxvavebebs.
Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri
saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xanmokle mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu
informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba.
informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan
swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis
cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv
process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:
kodireba da Senaxva
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi?
ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac
TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am
miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis
wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel
tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi
da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada,
rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi.
rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis

Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom
daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad
SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes
adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia
didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia
mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis
gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis
sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi
da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs
pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad
ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba,
Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs.
winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari
sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni
mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is
pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda,
daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs,
romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
konteqsti da kodireba
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris
Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT
fenomeni, romelsac konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben.
xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba,
romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT,
magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod
met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba.
imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba, radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT.
ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi
mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi
aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni

fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi
saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali informacia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT
arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris
rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xangrZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT droSi ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze.
283
kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba

yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac
aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteqsts emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnierebma am principis demonstrireba.
kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulvingma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi miiRes.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon

sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %
aRadgines.
284
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba?

tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi
konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi,
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi
moqmedeben.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT

am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva

TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba
iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba
ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis
sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamowveva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze
da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba
am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.
aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT
meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair
pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT
masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan
da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tanmxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &
Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeqturoba ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis
sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab,
1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris
urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma
gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens
konteqstis efeqtze.
viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols
asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani
mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am
mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoyenebiT ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT
SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis
sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni.
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni
miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa
da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi
CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis
dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWdvisas, magram es mxolod osmantuss da
vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996).
suraTi
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara

yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba
mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad
gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT
sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze
gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT
mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da
bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti).
mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT),
ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,
sxvadasxva raodenobis 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
saidan
285
suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi informacia matareblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, SegiZliaT ifiqroT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia erTmaneTzea mWidrod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTmaneTisgan proporciulad daSorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.
daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder,
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997;
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position

effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
286
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.

daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma
gamocdilebam.
vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: ramdenad

gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic
me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romelSic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT daboloebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,
rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.
Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis
ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom
boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiTqos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian
sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolosgan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla warmoidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac
Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan
imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba.
am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, Sua~ informacia ukeT
daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT
(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaTvaliswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi
erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi
Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa,
liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT
erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT.
mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqsperimentSi gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia
sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi,
magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda
waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze
or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. proporciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad)
pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo
bolo wyvilebs Soris arc erTi. amis
Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili
unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro
Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT
iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imitom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba
avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven
raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am
axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa
gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis
efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiToeuli TiTo bolodan.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da
mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac
CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT
klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom

gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam,
sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar
ityviT:
vaSli navi
qudi Zvali
velosipedi saaTi
Tagvi xe
burTi saxli
yuri sabani
Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi,
am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla
gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia
mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT,
visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac
Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT.
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an
ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs
miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT,
rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis
testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven. jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri
mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia. ra aris rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa.
cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). ra ewodeba
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2)
engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es
ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazaralebuls sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borotmoqmedis specifikuri niSnebi: _ rame ucnauri
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
saidan
287
xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~

xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda
amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa
SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa
wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT
sityvaTa wyvili:
qudi _ ?
velosipedi _ ?
yuri _ ?
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic

daiswavleT?
vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli
vaSli _ navi
Tagvi _ ena
burTi _ mTa
vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis?

asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis
mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT,
provokaciuli kiTxvebi (mexsierebis romel
principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da
Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven
TviTon SeqmnaT (sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven
yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT.
amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans
xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT
aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba
gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, vin
aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda
gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es
288
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan

an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmarebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:

vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am
kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT neroni~.
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas.
mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs,
magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sedegiania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod
mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTiTebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod ki~
an ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: es aris, adre
rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac
pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~
rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad
gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom
amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad
gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori:
qudi _ saaTi
qudi _ Zvali
yuri _ navi
yuri _ sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva,

romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi
konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis
ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi
arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi
iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis
mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis
zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT.
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvavebuli formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc
implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia
sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixedviTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis
mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels
pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis
epizodur da semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.
viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba

im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan
informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: vici, rom
romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagexmarebaT gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben.
interferencia
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis

dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul
konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac
uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi
Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da
mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa,
rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis
mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis
iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2, an pasuxi
kiTxvaze _ romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~
specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni
semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven
mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga-
vaSli qurdi
qudi wre
Tagvi Jurnali
velosipedi saxuravi
burTi bavSvi
yuri centi
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom
wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,
scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _
Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis
axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver
aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia
am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa
raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis
aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995).
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT
kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi erTmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaqinterferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkretul movlenaze.
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan

Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli informacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani

asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri
mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel
scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:
289
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
290
tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ Semdgomze

moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuri _ winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli amoxteba~ xolme
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen, aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxorcieleblad: konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis

miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSavebebs moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magaliTad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur
mexsierebaSi.
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da

aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebas Soris kodirebis da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs

eZleva fragmentuli sityva rt-rq-, romelic
man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda
Seavsos.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba
Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______,
TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT.
sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs monitorze eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT,
rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram
unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTerTi sityva iqneba martorqa.
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva,
magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma
da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi,

swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs
adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori
cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmarTavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul
sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris
swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac
gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da
Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia
ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze:
procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines
sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic
pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan
SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo.
sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva
mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis
SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax
sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis
pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan
winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da
xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas.
mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi
praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsierebis oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria
(Levels-of-processing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.
erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven

impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala,
romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT
aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimarTavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis
gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWirdebaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis
yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-appropriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti
yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi
warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba
aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad
efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis
aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic implicitur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da
aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis
Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi
studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno)
5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram &
Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis
Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan
erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT
mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris
sityva martorqa):
291
suraTi
8.9
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo sityvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implicituri testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi

ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s
Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli
asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas
efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT miTologiuri
qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT,
daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli,
ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT martorqa~
imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT, saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba.
Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis praimingze damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT,
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.
saidan
viciT
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac

gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba
292
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri

mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixedviT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva)
daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom
kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvnelobas efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa

hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis testSi praimings eqneboda adgili,
Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve,
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masalis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod
im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).
am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis

Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss:
Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSavebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an
mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin
am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba,
Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT
(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al.,
1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva
pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am
TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi warmogidgineT. axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.
arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda
gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex-
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul
ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom,
rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas
imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba
sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimaxsovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi xe, unda
warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic
eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis
saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac
TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils
miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi

warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,
radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _
verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas
iZleva (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleblobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi
efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,
ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme
gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad
gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra
erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis
mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis
Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).
amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT
liza~, TqviT _ icinis, rogorc mona liza~.
mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa
specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan
moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic
xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza
mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi mohyavT SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi
niSnavs adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs
sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis
nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis
gziT.
siereba meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi

daiviwyoT. qveTavi fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT,
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba,
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSavebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT.
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT
informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyidvelad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram,
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: mwvane
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvilebuli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelobas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia.
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba,
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.
293
suraTi
4.2
lokusis meTodi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT

dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).
294
daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas CamouvliT~ maT da
gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10).
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis
meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis
wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara
adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi
gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs
eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori,
sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon
aRdgena.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
mexsierebis Semecneba.
metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis
mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers,
rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc
verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom
aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni darwmunebulobaa, rom Tqven flobT am informacias,
magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs
Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am
informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom
vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi

dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
kodirebis specifikuroba.
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs, rom mogonebis
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, romelSic mogoneba xdeba, daemTxves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti
xSirad informaciis gansxvavebul konteqstsac~ niSnavs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis
erTsa da imave konteqstSi
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase
magaliTad, Tu profesori
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT
da ver upasuxoT, amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva kiTxvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoiyenoT rac SeiZleba meti
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi konteqsti aRadginoT:
_ es xom igivea, rac xanmokle mexsierebis leqciaze
movismine~;
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi
ganlagebuli informacia yvelaze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).
rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils miaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. swavlis dros
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,
rom masala yovelTvis erTi
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis, an bolo Tavebs;
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zogjer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis
procesSi iseTi gancda giCndebaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swavlobT tvinis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis funqciebs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis
efeqturi gza _ an mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi daixmareT, an winadadebebSi CarTeT, an TiToeul cnebas patara istoria daukavSireT. am
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri

xerxi, romelic gamoiyena
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ventramedialuri hipoTalamusis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. es iyo Very
Much Hungry, magram rogorc
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve
aRar aris iseTi zusti.
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kargad grZnoben, Tu ra ician
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro
SezRudulia, Tqven unda
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da
andoT mas drois ganawileba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,
rogor grZnobT, romeli
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo ki ara, SerCeviTia,
magram pasuxi siswrafes
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias unda endoT da im
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,
romelTa pasuxis sisworeSic darwmunebuli xarT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla metnaklebad gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.
yvelaze xSirad studentebi

mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen
kiTxvas: _ rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~
rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi momavali gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT am gamokvlevebidan:
295
ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ mzis

sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT
am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT, romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi:
miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi,
vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris
avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti
Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba
maT 1-dan, (sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver
avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de
qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT (savsebiT darwmunebuli var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor
gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:
a. plutoni
b. venera
g. dedamiwa
d. iupiteri
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmunebulobis vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin

swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT (d~s), Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas
naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba
(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda,
kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixedviT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva
maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti
indikatori iyos.
metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimarTulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic
vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze,
Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat &
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamianebi Tavisi vgrZnob, rom vici~
gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emyarebian. magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ ra
erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime
alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor
pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz
& Metcalfe, 1992).
misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani
cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu-
296
xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ ra erqva

beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze
swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad
gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba
da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli
xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven
SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamokvlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba
informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT,
Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situaciebis kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mexsierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba
mexsierebaSi.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan,
Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva
mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin,
rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba,
emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis
konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT.
cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba,
radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi
daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi
xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis
aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakargulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuri, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels
uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT,
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze

Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis specifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb
tipuri da zustia.
wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,

ambobdeT: _ es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqturaSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
urTierTobis procesSi.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakavSirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsierebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeWdilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT

im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
unari erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
kategorizacia da cnebebi
297
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali

iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli prototipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnobdnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT
winadadebas: _ ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos prototips warmoadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
saidan
298
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen prototipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,

TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, prototipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav
Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis metnaklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxeobebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi.
suraTi
8.11
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi

B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian

isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi
tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT,
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.
am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc

frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqlemisTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis
manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis
garemocvaSi).
ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi

cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaerTiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.
299
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba
300
rodesac kompiuterisa da
adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri jobnis adamians. kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti aTasobiT da milionobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romelic mis mexsierebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven, movigonoT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da gekiTxebaT: romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis cneba?~ Tqven SegiZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcdari pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. rogor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Semdegia: aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli. meore mcdeloba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-
deba. is gvTavazobs imis definicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ratom aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) or Taviseburebas gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informaciazea mimarTuli. is uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiuteri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvaliswinebs konteqsts da ufro sityvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven kodirebis specifikurobas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieblisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, romlebic konteqstis dasazusteblad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bevri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis

Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT
moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-
adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi

marTaven da ara sityvebi. rodesac Tqvens mexsierebaSi kodirebis specifikurobis Sesaxeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniSvneloba ras ityviT, mkvlevars~ Tu eqspermentators~,
aRmomCens~ Tu Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos aRmomCeni~ SemqmneliT~, is gvaZlevs bmuls mexsierebis TeoriaSi garkveuli gverdis miTiTebiT. mkvlevris~ Secvla
eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis SemTxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqsperimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,

1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Safranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon

am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
geqnebodaT.
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struqturis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,

TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
301
suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra

da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
302
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,

rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqologebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molodinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struqtura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigonoT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli codnidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva da~?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 sa da 2.10 wuTs
Soris?
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi-
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis

gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.
rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste
donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba;

gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli gaSuqeba;
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar
codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nacvlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis
mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoyenebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba, romelsac sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda
(Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
masalidan:
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTvalierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive

memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi

aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti monacemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ mogoneba: eqsperimentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvlevebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze.
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legendebi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala sulebis
brZola~.
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda originalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis
rekonstruqciul process moicavda:
303
meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar

es Sesavali waakiTxes:
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno

da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
dainaxa?
304
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets

da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT
arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel damaxinjebas.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis iluziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,
mexsierebis iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da
saqmianobaSi.
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam,
raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: gaixseneT,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda
_ korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven
arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da

SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
saidan
viciT
miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubralod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis

zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva garemoebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ Tqvas
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrunvelyofs.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: ramdenad
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: ra siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini erTmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT
ekiTxebodnen: dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
Sejameba
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamocdilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT

mowmis mexsiereba.
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar

iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
305
ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
engramis ZiebaSi
306
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswavlida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
tvinSi.
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi naswavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sistemaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskretuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxolod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Markowitsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
struqturas:
naTxemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
zoliani sxeuli wina tvinis kompleqsuri
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da stimulireaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia sensoruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT bunebriv eqsperimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane-
suraTi
4.16
tvinis struqtura ........
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur

saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben.
amnezia
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi
cxovreba.
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda.
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganagrZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana.
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gadacemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, radgan bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian
aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis
sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs
moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli proceduruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas
axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,
magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.
eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli
ubnebia CarTuli.
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
ii
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
307
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa,

romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _
implicituri (Squire, 1992).
saidan
viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba
daculia
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis

sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi)
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi.
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT da romeli ara. maTi mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests.
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogonebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf
et al., 1984).
308
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis

sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gavlenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs.
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba
ar irRveva.
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi

forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur
mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,
amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa
da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ medicina
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT
moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis
SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis
monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,
medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. perceptul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar
hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.
es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis
SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi
SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT
Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs
da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)

fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves
anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,
magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli
gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PETskanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma
kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa
sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
saidan
viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimentebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da evalebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ semantikuri: _ es sityva, (magaliTad, skami~,
an siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli?~ an perceptuli _ es sityva,
(magaliTad, ndoba~ an wigni~) fanqriT
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodirebis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.
Tavi 3).
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifikuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am

gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).
(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa
Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri
rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis
ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli
(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi
iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,
raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac
Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis
Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben
fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did
warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis procesebis kvlevaSi.
Sejameba
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa
biologiuri safuZvlebi.
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo

marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZlierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma
aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI)
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsierebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
309
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi

ganixilaven mexsierebas,
rogorc informaciis
gadamuSavebis process.
mexsiereba, romelic moiTxovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, aris eqsplicituri.
aracnobieri mexsiereba
implicituria.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba uzrunvelyofs faqtebis daxsomebas. proceduruli mexsiereba ki
unarebis SemuSavebas.
mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc kodirebis, Senaxvis da aRdgenis samsafexurian process.
sensoruli mexsierebis
sistema didi moculobis,
magram Zalian mcire xangrZlivobisaa.
mxedvelobiT vels wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs.
eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gamRizianeblebs inaxavs.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsiereba
da muSa mexsiereba
310
310
xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli moculoba aqvs

da swrafad qreba ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis
ganmeoreba masalas xanmokle mexsierebaSi aCerebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SeiZleba gaizardos

dasaxsomebeli wevrebis
azrian jgufebad dalagebis
Sedegad.
aRdgenis procesi xanmokle
mexsierebidan efeqturad
xorcieldeba.
muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba
xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs.
muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti xels uwyobs gare samyarodan gamocdilebis yovelwuTier asaxvas.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba.
kodireba da aRdgena
xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganusazRvreli moculobisaa.
Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris
pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis pirobebis damTxveva.
swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva
ganapirobebs aRdgenas.
adgilmdebareobis mrudis
Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis moZebnas.
epizodur mexsierebas iseTi
movlenebis daxsomebasTan
aqvs saqme, romlebic pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa.
interferencias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
lebs mxolod Sesabamis

informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) ar mivyavarT.
rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamuSavebuli informacia, miT
ukeTesia daxsomeba.
implicituri mexsierebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebi msgavsi iyos.
mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
xerxebiT.
Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis gancdas zustad SeuZlia mexsierebaSi informaciis arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba.

cnebebi aris azrovnebisTvis mexsierebis saSeni
agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
an azrTa jgufebi.
prototipi warmoadgens
cnebis saSualo egzemplars.
cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad arian dalagebulni
zogadidan kerZosaken.
sqema ufro zogadi kognituri klasteria.
mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
struqtura gamoiyeneba axali informaciis molodinebisa da interpretaciis
konteqstisTvis.
mogoneba mxolod angariSi
ar aris, is rekonstruqciuli da seleqciuri procesia.

tvinis gansxvavebuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
amigdalas, cerebelumis
da cerebruli korteqsis CarTviT) monawileoben sxvadasva tipis
mexsierebaSi.
eqsperimentebi amneziis
mqone pacientebze daexmara mkvlevrebs imis
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor
xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis mexsierebis Camoyalibeba da tvinSi maTi
ganawileba.
tvinis skanirebis teqnikam

udidesi roli Seasrula
mexsierebis kodirebis da
aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis monawileobis Sesaxeb
codnis mopovebaSi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
amnezia
bazisuri done
dajgufeba
cnebebi
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
deklaraciuli mexsiereba
eqo-mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeoreba
kodireba
kodirebis specifikuroba
engrama
epizoduri mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
gamoyeneba
mexsierebis implicituri
gamoyeneba
interferencia
gadamuSavebis doneebis
Teoria
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
mexsiereba
metamexsiereba
mnemonika
dasawyisis efeqti
praimingi
proceduruli mexsiereba
prototipi
mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebis
efeqti
cnoba
rekonstruqciuli
mexsiereba
aRdgena
mimniSneblebi
sqemebi
semantikuri mexsiereba
adgilmdebareobis efeqti
xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi
gadamuSaveba
muSa mexsiereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
wina gamocdileba da
miznebi gavlenas axdens
mogonebaze.
axalma informaciam SeiZleba Secvalos mogoneba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba
arasando gaxados, Tu mas
axali movlenis Semdgomi informacia Seereva.
311
311
kognituri procesebi
9
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
fsiqikuri procesebis
aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebii
metyveleba
eqspresiuli metyveleba
impresiuli metyveleba
metyveleba, azrovneba
da kultura
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara
cxovelebs enis Seswavla
vizualuri Semecneba
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
verbaluri da
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
kombinireba
problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
problemis gadawyveta
deduqciuri azrovneba
induqciuri azrovneba
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba
evristika da msjeloba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
312
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dabrunebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxovrebis ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers

enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas
Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi
gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli.
salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi
da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca
gamoecada àzris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli
mRelvareba.~
Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es
procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa,

metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis
arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoyalibebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli
ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs.
termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis
yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea
naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla
adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs (me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze
kognituri procesebis Seswavla
odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma [elen keleris

maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me
kvlav mereoda es ori...
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
313
kognituri
fsiqologia
grZnoba
suraTi
ena
inteleqti
yuradReba
mexsiereba
fiqri da
problemebis
gadaWra
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero

kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise procesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven
iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi:
`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs
`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic
gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebiseuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve
axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2).
kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva
314
momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis

irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos
warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs
monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi
Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teoriebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad
gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav-
kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) iseTi

umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology)
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur procesebs yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.
suraTi
9.2
kognituri mecnierebis sfero

kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri
procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia,
magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs
_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT
im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas
Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT
gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am
TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi,
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.
fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena

fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holandieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)
mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli
davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis
dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safexurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi
9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia
dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis
Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda
cxrili
9.1
dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi

(qarTuli varianti)
CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli
dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad
swrafad.
davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos
daawereT Tavze s~
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
laSqar-mravali ymiani
dro: __________
davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs
daawereT Tavze v~, xolo didad daweril
Tanxmovnebs s~
dro: ___________
davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos
daawereT Tavze v~
dro:__________
CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT

davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba:
a.
b.
gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;

Tu didia, daawereT Tavze s~.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis

Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad
studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti
an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi
gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:
a.
gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu
Tanxmovani;
lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis

urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.
Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis
kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis
Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixilavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad
sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba
aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba.
315
g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze s~, Tu

xmovania, daawereT v~.
316
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze

gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi
safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu
Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera).
pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis
erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _
aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve,
or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan
meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT,
rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis,
amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti
droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis
ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri
(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs
SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda
davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba
ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom vs daweras
sWirdeba meti dro, vidre ss daweras. mesame
davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes,
vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom
Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoiyenebda. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze
daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT
stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas,
romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro,
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150
miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokidebulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xangrZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis
ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav
fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanaskneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri procesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul
procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs.
TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul
komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros
TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise
moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven
naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi
(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir
mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens
me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur
procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad
_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis
Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul
gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
erTimeoris miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3
suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi
dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar
amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,
romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu
Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis
mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar

viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad
mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens davalebis
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas
miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi
SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori
varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia,
radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT
moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s
dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori
unda iyos pasuxi.
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da paraleluri mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad
aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT,
rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.

Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir
da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da
metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs;
magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze
gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasakvlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari.
axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs damatebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom
adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi
aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes
sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori
an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad mimdinareobs.
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gansazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis identuroba da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.
317
9.2
cxrili
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia A.
8-8
cxra-rva
1-2
rva-rva
2-1
8-9
9-9
2-2
ori-ori
erTi-erTi
erTi-ori
cxra-cxra
rva-cxra
1-1
ori-erTi
9-8
sia B.
318
Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni

yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba
ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba
gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia,
romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amorCeuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule
yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss.
faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi procesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad
erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxorcieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)

_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis paralelurad.
1-1
cxra-ori
erTi-erTi
cxra-cxra
2-9
rva-ori
9-9
1-9
cxra-erTi
2-2
8-8
1-8
rva-rva
cxra-erTi
ori-ori
2-8
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis

gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis
magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT
9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo
Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?
saidan
viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis
`mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2
cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs
bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos
mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magaliTad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT
Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli
wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire intervalebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvilebs Soris intervali didia, amitom
pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla

kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba
obieqti 2~ Tu ori~ aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias raodenobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali variantidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yuradReba CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4).
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yuradRebas iTxovdes.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis

logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris
mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.
kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis
mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,
romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa
gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. daviwyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da
kontrolirebad procesebs.
metyveleba
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT
da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs
konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec weria: kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es
Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesabamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saidumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovelTvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,
metyveleba
magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis

siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgavsebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTicxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein,
1995).
319
xolo xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils

niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ kata xaliCazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli, saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze
karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT,
roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT kata xaliCazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ SegiZlia, kata
gareT gauSva?~
warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs

manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan
ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT:
kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT,
rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia
manqanis gamoyvana.
320
suraTi
9.4
SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?
ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma
iyos?
warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT

Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros
Tqven ambobT: kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT,
rom kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~.
metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi

azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba):
aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba

winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis
gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents
akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier

nagulisxmev azrs.
nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs;
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production)
is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren;
am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _
konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis
formirebis procesi.
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime

sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla
warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT
brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu
ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva?
eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti
cxrili
9.3
graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb
1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met
informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens
msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli
faqtebic ar gaqvT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis
dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli
faqtebi.
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri
Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu
Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris
Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes
mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad
gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.
5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?
ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?
giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi?

daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels.
ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti

unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar

gamZarcvon.
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia.
ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar

damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac
simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?

daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?

daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb
wamosvlas.
giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm
keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras

irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),
ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs,
gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar
gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvelebaa, agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advilad gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
sityvebi: mosaubre is, vinc metyvelebs anu
wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT
laparakic) da msmeneli is, vinc ismens (igebs).
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,

SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
gaeba maxeSi.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma adamianisTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkretuli msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is informacia, romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis
wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT,
metyveleba
ras amboben?
321
TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom

`kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT
gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi,
romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba,
pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul
Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis princips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias,
gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa
da mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri
da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxrilSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTxzuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis
dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis
SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg
mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra
SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma.
amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: dRes
aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli
ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob
yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am
konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar
waxvalT); anu saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme
aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis,
ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da
qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981)
miaCniaT, rom saerTo codna~ informaciis sam
wyaros eyrdnoba:
jgufis wevroba sxvadasxva sididis jgufis wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben,

roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo
gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis;
322
lingvisturi Tanaarseboba saubrisas

adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina
saubrebis dros) miiCneven saerTo codnis~
nawilad;
fizikuri Tanaarseboba roca mosaubre
da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan.
es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT
garSemomyof adamianebs.
amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis:
me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa,
gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni

megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac
aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an,
SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT
aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba),
an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
saidan
viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens
jgufis wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win
ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria
baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas
ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs
swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini.
eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs
ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris
SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad
SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p.
niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxovreblebs esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsawerad, isini ufro metad iyenebdnen sakuTar saxelebs: es aris sitikorpis Senoba~,
vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: es aris
maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark,
1987).
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis

wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad
xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda
gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis
igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliswinebs Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu
ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT
TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba
icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac
cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus,
1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur regulacias.Y
cxrili
Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi

dagegmvis doneebi:
mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic

saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs.
Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad,
`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _
`movifone~.
mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos

da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi.
radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian
erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda sisxlidan cxviri
wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba gogos lamazi kaba.
metyveleba da Secdomebi
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a.
spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis
universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac,
ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma
es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac
students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis
You have wasted the whole term~ (Sen mTeli semestri gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ You have
tasted the whole worm~ _ (Sen mTeli matli SeWame~)
(waste gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _
semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros
vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoTqmis dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan
Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis
Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000).
gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc
Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi isini gasagebi
xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos
styvebis pirveli asoebi tips of the slung~
nacvlad slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes
ityvis tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi
irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi,
romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes
gvxvdeba tl~(Fromkin, 1980).
metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs,
amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu-
9.4
mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,

romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven,
SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.
cali xeli xali celi.
li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi

dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles
eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdomebis xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi
(Bock, 1996).
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad
mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis met-naklebi gageba.
procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxiluli xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli
spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs,
laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Secdomebi (baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waikiTxon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac
msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L
buzi-fuli
baRi-fari
boli-foni
bedi-fexi
Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan feriberi~. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri
manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs
beri-feri~.
metyveleba
daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic

gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara
konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris
meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan
da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT,
saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda
aRuweroT gza.
Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba
Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamonaTqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze,
romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoTqvaT azri.
323
am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSualeba eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis
albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al.,
1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, feri-beri~-s magivrad beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia,
vidre, magaliTad, coli-qmari~-s magivrad
qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi
savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli
zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs
kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas.
es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis
daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli
enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis
gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.
324
reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis

dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad
waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad,
shoot the breeze raise the roof (bevri laparaki
aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erTerTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi
zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis
sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia,
vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo
or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis
mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan
aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac
adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi
mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma
kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli
Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).
Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic
ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas
da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs,
romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs
igeben.
impresiuli metyveleba
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata
xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan
gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris

gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor
airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze
saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT.
orazrovnebis daZleva
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi
ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi,
romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan
(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore,
romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT, rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~,
rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis
daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zogierTi kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrovnebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde
_ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze.
es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis
ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram
rogor?
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT
orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es
winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces
daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod
erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian
et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadadebis struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winadadebis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III
nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos
da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli
struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas,
erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces
daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis
mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare _ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or
adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad
kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic
winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-
suraTi
9.5
winadadebis
struqtura
winadadebis gramatikuli
struqturis TvalsaCino
ilustraciis mizniT, lingvistebi xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I struqtura
warmoadgens winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqturul analizs; II da III struqtura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba _ `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli struqturuli
analiziT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. vis gadasces
daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?
nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore
winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi
gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis
sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli
momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis
mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).
struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis
mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;
Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis
SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.
modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic
pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod
metyveleba
rundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri

orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs
konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an
meti SesaZlo variantidan?
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis
orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:
anas yvavili aqvs~.
ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT,
rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba, albaT, aseTi iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelobidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis
Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi
xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).
konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis
arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime
(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT
Semdegi magaliTebi:
1.
ana avadaa yvaviliT;
2.
ana krefda yvavilebs;
3.
ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZloa ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye-
325
cxrili
9.5
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri

da sarkastuli interpretacia
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man
uTxra das: Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria
aq da rogor Tbila~.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis

Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki,
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna
daeketa fanjara uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da
uTxra amxanags: ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.
326
orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi

orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT
da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis
struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis
procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad
efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier
gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. msmenelis
gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis
gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels
aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs.
amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naTqvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare.
saidan
viciT
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: aq mSvenieria
da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5
cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis
martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis
SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven
vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo

kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis arapirdapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniSnuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis
ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli informacias sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstanturi rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli
aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva
mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978;
Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis
da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia
sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre
pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad
igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs,
1986).
ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas
aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze,
Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba
mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra
inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT
ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone
reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri
erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben
(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom
raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas
Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT,
gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli
mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT.
propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze
(kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met
propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra

taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT:
SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood
ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS
(Tagvi, taxti))].
mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva

propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda
win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _
mavzoleumi~ da moedani~ erTad iyo
warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon,
1978).
SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]

uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi,
taxti))]
rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase
muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi
Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda,
eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis
roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi
ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias,
mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan
winadadebaSi.
saidan
viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis
struqturas
ganvixiloT winadadeba: mavzoleumi,
sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadahyurebda~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsierebaSi erTad unda Seikribos propoziciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani).
am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma
cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis CamonaTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu
ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi.
zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda,
zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli
sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _
diax, iyo
mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi
mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo
rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia

vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa,
gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsovrebinaT raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod
zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs,
Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT
damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi
operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs, propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs,
xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba
swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad,
kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ Tagvi gaurbis katas~).
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar
aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas
daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba
SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa,
sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda
gaarkvioT, vin aris ìgi~ meore winadadebaSi
da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli
dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari,
vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmunebulia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis
gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me
mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad;
igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis
namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac
gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovelTvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT
akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas,
Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regudaskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis
Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis
da Teoriis safuZvelze.
metyveleba
qveS (Tagvi, taxti)
327
SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla
Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT filmi, an satelevizio

Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveulebriv saubroben adamianebTan. gaxsovT mister edi _
molaparake cxeni? SesaZlebelia es realur cxovrebaSi?
am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli
saukunis 20-iani wlebidan
daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades
SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT laparaki. radganac Simpanzeebs ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis Sesaferisi sametyvelo aparati, mkvlevrebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, komunikaciis damyarebis sxva meTodebi moeZebnaT. magaliTad,
Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, aswavles amerikuli niSnebis
enis gamartivebuli varianti
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Simpanzes, saxelad saras ki daaswavles simboloebiT manipulacia (simboloebi aRniSnavdnen iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, mi-
328
cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperimentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg &
Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT:
Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis
an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi, Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis
larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon &

Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaTqvamis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis
raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan
Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli,
filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT:
`me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~.
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi
sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gakeTebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: àrqiteqtorma daWra kaci~.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi
igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam
azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniSvnelobaTa umetesoba, rac miewereba maimunis gamonaTqvams,

xom ar Cndeba adamianis da
ara maimunis TavSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma
kolegebma Caatares kvleva,
romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa
aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis

Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi
tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher
& Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs,
rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar
xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres
daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina
winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs
mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel
ìgi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~
Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia,
romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
miani enis adreuli aTvisebis

periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom
Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia
zogierTi inglisuri sityvis
mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns panbaniSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis
daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake &
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze miRebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria,
Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da
sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba. SeuZliaT cxovelebs informaciis Secvla auditoriaze
morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma
gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney,
Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva
Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis
maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs
swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis
saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis, arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis dros es maimunebi
gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare
metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram

esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori
winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa
sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi?
metyveleba, azrovneba da
kultura
Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea,
rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad
fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze? es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi
SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _

mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis
dros ufro maRali sixSiris
xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STa m o m a v a l m a i m u n e b Ta n
erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan.
vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar
SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis
gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla:
eqsperimentul pirobebSi
Seqmnili saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi deda vervetebi
erTsa da imave xmebs gamoscemen marto yofnis drosac
da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali safrTxis momaswavebeli movlenis TviTmxilvelia. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom adamiani erTaderTi
cocxali arsebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaTvaliswineba da, Sesabamisad,
qcevis Secvla (Povinelli &
Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa
da bonobos jiSis maimunebs
gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi
metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli zogierTi, magram ara
yvela unari.
araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro

konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur
magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi
inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball
`mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor
fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria
mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli?
es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre
movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre
gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT
mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze
mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im
metyveleba
ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,

bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze
muSaobda, romlebic, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro
axlos arian adamianTan, vidre
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis
orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam kvlevis procesSi spontanurad aiTvises plastmasisagan damzadebuli simboloebis mniSvneloba; maT ar
dasWirdaT rTuli treningi.
isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad daeuflnen adamianebsa da bonobos
jiSis maimunebs Soris komunikaciis procesze dakvirvebisas.
garda amisa, maT esmiT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvneloba, magaliTad, kanzas
SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze
dados misi Sesabamisi simbolo an foto. mkvlevrebma
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis
ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes
pirobebi, sadac maimunebi
metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas iRebdnen, rogorc ada-
329
movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari

TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma
gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos
azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri
enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia.
xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba
gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri
zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard
sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen
lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kroslingvisturi kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom
enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs
ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:
Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazogadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis
gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~
(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69)
sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes.
uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic
sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix.
Brown, 1976).
lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris

arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba
am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.
lingvisturi determinizmi enis struq-
330
tura Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa,

mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake
individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is
amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs
azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma fsiqologebma, lingvistebma da anTropologebma
araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis
Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz &
Levinson, 1996).
ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erTerTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli
raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze

dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane,
lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi, nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi,
magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi,
romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba
arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin &
Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros
mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~
(1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa
dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa,
gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze.
Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake
adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasifikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS
ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis
Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs
SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb metyvelebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi
sdevs Tan.
saidan
viciT
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis
klasifikaciaze
mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul
diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, ganesazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad
romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan.
cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili
iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (inglisur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis
leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi),
xolo meore CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras
enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da
mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs
mxolod erTi sityva Siyoname. mkvlevrebi
varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis
hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani
individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva-
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris

uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es
Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze
giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi
(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).
savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs
Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba
sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwereT fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSewonili iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi
fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxvavebze metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis
sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze,
sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris

damokidebuli.
Sejameba
saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen
gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi
msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis
sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori
frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad
msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri
reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba. miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis
gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT
xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi,
romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli
faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi
gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs
Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis
sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes
azrovnebaze.
vizualuri Semecneba
9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ kata
xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. romelia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, orive sworia orive suraTze kata
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT,
ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am winadadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am
suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle,
1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb?
cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa
daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day-
vizualuri Semecneba
nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas,

radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi
gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am
enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZlebdnen mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa
triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva
elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake
individebi ki _ vera.
331
es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom

Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT,
Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT.
ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis
warmodgenaSi datrialeba~.
saidan
viciT
gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis
msgavsia
suraTi
9.6
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?
rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba

moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri
xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT.
vizualuri reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
332
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze

gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas
(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi
ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis
qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros
kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave
atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi
erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi
aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa
jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra.
maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi
Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTematikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda
magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben,
albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis
terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze
dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da
sityvebis saSualebiT.
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva

kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso R~-sa da
misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli ~) nimuSebi
(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs
evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi
R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda,
rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia rac ufro metad
aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti
dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben,
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is vertikalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebuli siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas. rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&
Cooper, 1982).
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi

rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad
sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT,
SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT
xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad,
9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven,
albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT
is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT,
agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:
golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping-
suraTi
9.7
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili

`R~, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT

erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul
saganTan.
saidan
viciT
dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.
aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis dasanaxad~ (warmosadgenad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro
axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,
1980).
vizualuri xatebis skanireba

ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
vizualuri Semecneba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs

sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura, kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8).
Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCinod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov-
333
gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis

iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili
(250 x 0.028 diumi qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.
verbaluri da vizualuri
reprezentaciebis kombinireba
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT

vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, romelTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvelze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ ganzraxvidan mkvlelobamde~:
334
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis

zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959
gv. 19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis).
kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis
mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli
SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs
sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi

gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso
nawyvets moTxrobidan:
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze CuqurTmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, romelic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic
detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqven win~, vidre
kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,
rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo
aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu
dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli
reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT moxvdeT
scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdilebad.
zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze
fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi,
scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT
amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven
daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis
zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias
eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is.
erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49
qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000
daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra

xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva Cemi saxli
unda iyos centrSi gavlenas axdens vizualur
reprezentaciaze.
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri
procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur
unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi
yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da
amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs
warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi,
sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra
da azrovneba.
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotaciisaTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis Seqmna.
suraTi
9.9
students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka

(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena,
Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios
vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyobasac isaxavda miznad.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles
SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusirebulia evropaze evropa mocemulia naxatis
centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia
sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil
rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiqsirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10
da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da
avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni

saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT.
rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT,
Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~
aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,
romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas
ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli azrovnebis procesi.
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
335
suraTi
9.10
orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali

informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.
problemis gadawyveta
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
suraTi
336
9.11
yuradReba miaqcieT _ msoflio avstraliaze centrirebulad aris warmodgenili.

axla vin aris qvemoT?
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am

amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis
amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmarTvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis
elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.
problemuri situacia
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo-
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,

romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar

aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT:
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi;
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze;
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakavSirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac problemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa,
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,

materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).
problema ganisazRvreba:
1.
Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
2.
mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
3.
operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),
romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli
mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven
gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis
umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami
elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad
gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas
hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,
romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni
amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT operaciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis
daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmoCenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis
arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-
337
(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis

gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E)
Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?
suraTi
9.12
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT

pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
338
mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.

rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma
mogcaT formula x2+x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-
fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis

gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre

Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom uamravi ram

aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ problemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis
gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis
arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &
Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli
rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu
moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli
TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa,
verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT
am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis
Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis
SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis
problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba
daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niuiorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT
gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba.
SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT.
ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis
mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yuradRebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis
safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni
yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msofalgoriTmi
xureobrivi
vpoulobT
problemis
(Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safeprocedura, romlis saSualebiTac

swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis
gadasaWrelad.
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda,

Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis
pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris
modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon,
1979, 1989).
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an

,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis gadasaWrelad.
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)

_
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu

gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis

SemTxvevaSi.
rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba
praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaarkvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven,
SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma
mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT,
rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmamaRali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verbalizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT
is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon,
1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris
xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi
akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod
vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs
(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).
339
suraTi
9.13
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan

pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am
amocanebs.
340
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis

figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas
uzrunvelyofs swori vizualuri da ara verbaluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs
gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-
lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis

mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan
ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro
milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT
Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad
cxrili
9.6
gamocana `beri~
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti

beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar xils
da taZarSi mzis
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).
suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
baraTiT _ American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: SeiZleba Tqvens
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, American Express~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gakeTebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs;
wanamZRvari 2. American Express~ aris ZiriTadi
sakredito ba-raTi;
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs American
Express~.
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimarTeba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness)
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning)
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unars gulisxmobs.
ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,

iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
341
gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis formaluri wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac
gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari,
magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze
gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze
ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT
Semdegi silogizmi:
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava,
sWirdeba benzini;
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini;
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
342
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis

wesebis Tanaxmad ara, radgan pirveli
wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT
sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve,
sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli, rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic.
e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore
wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da
Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna
mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi
msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna
logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi
pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna
avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro
termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs
warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs,
romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros
misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick,
1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) situacia,
romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari
argumentebi.
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna,

romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi problemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna,
daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra,
rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis
procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis
Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, romlebic aq aris aRwerili,
amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et
al., 1994).
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs.
amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor
asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb
realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia
4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria A~,
D~, 4", 7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea warmodgenili. romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT,
rom SeamowmoT wesi: Tu baraTis erT mxares
xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~
suraTi
9.15
abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi
A~ rac sworia da baraTi 4", rac arasworia.
mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs 4", amitom
mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?);
Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi 7" da Tu
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani,
gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori.
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas
(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS
ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars.
es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi baraTebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur
strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben,
vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT,
realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba
ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba
aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros
gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven
gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul
baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda
SeamowmoT wesi: Tu momxmarebeli apirebs
alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis

mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli
baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: 17" da ludis
daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis
dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema
gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven
akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT
is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: televizors
ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb~. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi
Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan
kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia,
xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia
ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris
saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis
SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis
bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Catarebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT
wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra
akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar
aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ-
Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi,

romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia
xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli
baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT,
SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis
dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore
343
loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis

nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia,
saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas
akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi
SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki.
axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias,
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas moiTxovs.
344
warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT

restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT,
SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi
fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis
_ American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram
restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi
sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze.
restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi
sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven
garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT,
rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito
baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac
is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur
wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri azrovnebis nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs
savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul
situaciaze dayrdnobiT.
Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrovnebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil informacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis
surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac
popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT,
Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning)
azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas
gulisxmobs.
uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni

codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi, romlebic adamianis saubridan gamomdinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad
maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis
maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris
unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damokidebuli. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven
SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT.
ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT
dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam
dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs
Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;
Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT
darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ ìseTi
adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~.
am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT
isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba
dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni
megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis
gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve
mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad
gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb
kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi
amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasuxebiT mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom
Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna,
romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT
induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTodebis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad.
mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi,
romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett &
Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi
daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs,
saidan
viciT
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs
xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT
daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam
milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra
mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis
qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli
nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili
varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis
TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames?
cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT
wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac,
maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT
is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda
maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac
pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis
pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi
(f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis
Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra
ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans,

warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas (magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor
gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan),
cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,
Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben,
rom miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamomdinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis
nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas
(Catrambone et al., 1995).
am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis

umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba
Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri
azrovneba.
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba xSirad aucilebelia maswavleblebi
da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT
miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven
TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis
struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis
mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis
daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli
Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura,
miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs
Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis
meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier
miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs gauziaroT.
suraTi
9.16
ra mimarTulebiT wava
wyali
warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi.
rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT
wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,
meore nawilSi warmodgenili
nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi,
romelic yvelaze metad hgavs
Tqvens naxats.
rom moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad

daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem
SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis
mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi
waxaliseba miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis
micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT
magaliTi.
345
346
induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev

erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia
efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamoyeneba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da
axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12
suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi
warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo
SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins,
1942). pirveli ori amocanis F~ nawilSi Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs
zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame
amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame
amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom
Seivsos C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis
saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es
rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis
gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac warmateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi
mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca,
maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli
xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli,
maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze
fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT
sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar
ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas?
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac
SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs gaxdis daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da
azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli
etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT.
am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis
stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor
unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan situaciaSi.
Sejameba
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis
daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi
gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da
sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs
viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdevrulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad,
isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca,
akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovnebis efeqturoba imatebs.
induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis
generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi
gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris
dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon
misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZlevis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT
daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic
savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9
dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba
an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni
Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxelmZRvanelos xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT
Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan
momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT
Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli samedicino konsultacia eqimTan, Tavad yofilxarT im situaciis monawile,
roca individis msjelobasa
da problemis gadaWris unars
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Tqvens janmrTelobaze pasuxismgebelma pirma unda
moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoTvlili simptomebis erTobliobis (paternis) identifikacia da daadginos daavadebis
gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli
daskvnis safuZvelze individma samoqmedo gegma unda
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, warmoidgineT raoden
Znelia zustad Tqveni daavadebis simptomebis aRwera ise,
rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi
iyos. swored amitom kognitur
mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime welia muSaoben kompiuterul programebze, romlebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas
uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTelobis dacvis personals
diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis dagegmvaSi.
am programebs ,,eqspertsistemebs~ uwodeben, romlebic profesionalTa mier
problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, arsebuli codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul
iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad daedo mecnierul kvlevaTa did nawils am sferoSi.
igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeqciur daavadebaTa diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis damxmare saSualeba (Shortliffe,
1976). am programis muSaoba

eyrdnoba ,,Tu maSin~ wesebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi
momuSave specialistebis evristikul codnaze (magaliTad,
praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis dakavSireba. realuri
samedicino diagnozis msgavsad,
MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis
analizis pasuxis) da konkretuli daskvnis (magaliTad,
diagnozis an mkurnalobis
rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos (moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi),
Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili
msgavsi programebi inarCuneben
igive princips rekomendaciebis garda momxmarebels
miawodon informacia azrovnebis procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae,
1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis
SesaZlebloba daadginos
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,
mkurnalobis procesis warmatebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedicino eqspert-sistemas. rogorc
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar
aRiaroT, rom romelime kompiuterul programas SeuZlia
Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros
daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni
codna da mravalwliani gamocdileba, Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq-
spert-sistemebi erTad uyris

Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovil codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi mocemulia ara mxolod faqtebi, aramed maT am
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT azrovneba~. mecnierebi
cdiloben iseTi sistemebis
Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen axsnas, Tu ratom unda
daakavSiros momxmarebelma
(janmrTelobis dacvis muSakma) faqtebis garkveuli
erToblioba konkretul daskvnebTan (Chandrasckaran& Mittal,
1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT
SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac XXI saukuneSi eqspert-sistemebis
mniSvnelovni gaumjobeseba xdeba,
Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims,
romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul monacemebs kompiuterSi da sakuTari codnis
garda eqspert-sistemaSi mocemul codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs.
veb-gverdebi:
http://smi.stanford.edu e s
aris stenfordis samedicino
informatikis veb-gverdi, sadac ganTavsebulia informacia mkvlevarTa jgufis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi proeqtebi medicinasa da eqspertul sistemebTan dakavSirebiT.
www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid
TraumAID~ aris programa,
romelic Seiqmna kritikul
situaciaSi eqimTa dasaxmareblad. veb-gverdze ganTavsebulia eqspert-sistemebis
sademonstracio versiebi.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
347
348
da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli

codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad
SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad
imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT.
amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri
fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert
saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan
SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba,
misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~.
is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare,
saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi
imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZloa, Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar
iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racionaluri, rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli
resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT,
romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs.
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis
ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis
procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven
msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe.
gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alternatividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTierTdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad,
SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da
xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani
CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da
gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze
gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom
masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba

mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
evristika da msjeloba
romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu
ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT,
Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares
ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti
gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni
Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul
mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT
(magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis
mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis
mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven
SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,
magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac
iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro
xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar
gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari
formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis
nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad
amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom
msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul,
vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul,
praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis
(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs?
rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas
aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs
Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika
aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis
Seswavla mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT,
aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis
Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT
(Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da
misawvdomobis evristika
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv
kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia
swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul
amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar
CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor
ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro
meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti
(magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~
mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven
tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad
fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki

,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi
(inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom
,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi?
es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli
xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia
im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame
adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze,
rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis
evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im informacias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde
mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori.
Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi
ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas.
problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis
aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am
SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi.
amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs k~ asos
Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra
evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori
msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens.
mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba,
roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi msjeloba.
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze
mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra
zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. cdis
pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasiamovno saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis
daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris

srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli
msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa,
Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad
komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis
Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan
Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis
iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damokidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT
miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis
sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu
iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis
Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobeben Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT
SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki
uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba. am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis
efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas ganvixilavT. davubrundeT evristikis sam tips:
misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da Ruzis~
evristikas.
349
gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis

ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze
gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba,
xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb
msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze
myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno
movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi
ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod &
Campbell, 1992).
am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas

axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo
sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misawvdom informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs:
,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems gunebaganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan amotanil informaciaze?~
350
misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs

iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi
kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs televizoris yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis
mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas
Soris (OGuinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic
ufro xSirad uyureben dinastiisa~ da dalasis~
tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel
diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT
aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis
keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic
advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis.
ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba
sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown
& Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT
mciredan didisken:
a.
SvedeTi
b.
indonezia
c.
israeli
d.
nigeria
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac

ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT
ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis
Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa
qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is
statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori
pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia.
SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)?
rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur
procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani
monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde,
informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZliaT Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas.
darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis namdvilad cnobilia?
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evristikas eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis
arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an
movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis

azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis adamiania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli saxeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a.
b.
c.
d.
swrafi siaruliT
burTis TamaSiT
CogburTiT
msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemuli warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT~ yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans,
sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas.
saidan
viciT
savaraudod
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria.
suraTi
9.17
reprezentaciuli evristikis
gamoyeneba
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi

nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs
warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis
agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da
kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis
dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT
axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma,
mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad
hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias,
romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc
qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi
SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar
miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahnemean & Tversky, 1973).
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasuxebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis
maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT
cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoirCevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT
45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba
`CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~.
9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu
ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni.
is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi.
cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis
yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi
iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msjeloba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon
sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille
& Neter, 1993).
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba
miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad
reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness
heuristic) kognituri strategia, romelic
miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am
kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime
niSnis safuZvelze.
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens

msjelobaze
351
Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi

cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan
romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?
859 101
333
574 948
772
Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT,

Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi
meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es
ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia
SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT,
eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa,
gaTamaSebaSi Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi
monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992).
imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis
umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia,
maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT
gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.
Ruza amoRebulia!~
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT
azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis
Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs

gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven
isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT
magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs aZlevdnen identuri problemis or
variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasuxebis mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320).
rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi)
gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro
didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro
didia saboloo Sefaseba. A
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis
an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba
Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi
gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniSvnelobis gadafasebas an verSefasebas. Ruzis~
evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris,
roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli
msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias. miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad
mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas
ganicdian.
saidan
viciT
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime

moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul
pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT
saboloo pasuxs.
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
352
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive
ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod
gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas
daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7
da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze
Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) zogierTi movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba an verSefaseba.
SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas

erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi
(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis
mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxvarebze (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi
ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studentebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvadasxva saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen
aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti)
mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio nomeri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc
sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi.
mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT adgilobriv sainformacio broSu-
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxureben yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda

sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben
Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon,
iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000
dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal
fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad
599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT,
Tavidan aiciloT Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena;
rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT,
rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT
saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba da Ruza~, radgan umravles SemTxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvevlobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan
gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums
akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba
Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis
gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna
da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi.
gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis
SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT zegavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla
ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad
swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.
fsiqologia
warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino
magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic
mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waikiTxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti.
axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil
variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir,
1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen,
Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis
67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studentebs sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es
maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B variants). ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu
yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias,
naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar
aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT,
rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyvetilebamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase
ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~
miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze
_ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs
raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentrireba arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _
Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg.
amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba
Seicvalos.
aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens
kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom
saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni
gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,
eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am
SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar
Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu
im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis SemTxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans
erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs,
rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
raSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze

aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad
irelevanturma, pirobiTma Ruzam~. studentebi, romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles
pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben, rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis
raodenoba didia 631, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis studentebis 219. im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxilebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze,
maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539),
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul
studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219)
(Wilson et al., 1996.).
353
cxrili
9.7
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba

1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis
dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil
adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani,
romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoirCevdiT dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi

saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
arCevanis forma
2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros

apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas.
Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi
unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis javSans gaauqmebdiT?
adgili A saSualo amindi

saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu

ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs
warmoadgens.
354
nawili 2: uaryofa
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze

bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu
romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels,
an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben
5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe
mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva.
situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. forma~ warmoadgens arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT,
rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar
elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva
iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde
Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000
forma (Frame) arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba,
misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT, TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000
dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT; Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT
mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven
zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram
fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia.
ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras
ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad,
nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000
dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec
orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi darCenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis
mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _
operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT
`gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema
da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki
`sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive
saidan
viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba miiRoT disciplinarul komisiaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra
TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic reklamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias
avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas
sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze? eqsperimentSi kompaniis
saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT SemTxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad,
,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar
icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis
Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis
Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi
mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom
orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive
informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi,
romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri
kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen
daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis
jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo

daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis jarima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT,
ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.
rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar

cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi
gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic
momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis
mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis
kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
cxrili
9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti

gadarCena
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi
jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg 68, xolo
xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki
66.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki 78.
problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens

arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi
obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod
statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic
mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis
an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili.
cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da
danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~
formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias
cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki 44%. `formirebis~
es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamocdili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu

radioTerapias?
355
cxrili
9.9
gadawyvetilebis aversia
A.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas

apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1.
iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.

B.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas

apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT?
1.
iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.
2.
iyidiT SONY-s
`sidipleers~.
gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ;

oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas,
rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati
SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki
SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals
ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba
ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis _ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereblobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,
1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna
dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs
msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu
Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili
gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor
moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
356
Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli

Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis
kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba
pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT
mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazireba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~
cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier
situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic realur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis
saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs
informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic
saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena
moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram
sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa
da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia
warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia
daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas:
`vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)
(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan
Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia
gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis albaToba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba

(aversia)
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra
moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar
gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi
aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba
gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis
dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli
situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom
moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT
B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia.
gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti
waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggoniaT, ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali
alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa, rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas
waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi
mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erTerTi pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?
adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis

miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti
sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki naklebi;
adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton,
rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani
ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT
ar gaakeTes;
adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen

im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi
Sedegi hqondes;
adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis
miReba sxvebis magivrad.
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic
adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia
am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formulireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT
gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben
Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es
yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT,
TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani

problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi,
rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT
da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba.
ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze
damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT
isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata
elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris
dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg
ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _
metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis
gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis
miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT
im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT.
SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT procesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT
Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni
argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri
yofis arss.
Sejameba
msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian
evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis
safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia
mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis
mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an
movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niSnebis gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT,
adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba
sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis
forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis
sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi
antipatiur damokidebulebas.
aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,

roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi
varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani
`sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT,
monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian,
sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCveneblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba,
rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis
gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa
da umaRlesi xarisxis àivas~ Soris rTulia.
ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyvetilebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa,
adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis
sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia
ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):
357
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
kogniciis Seswavla
kognitur fsiqologiaSi
momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqturebs, romlebic safuZ-
vlad udevs adamianis

aRqmis, metyvelebis, azrovnebis, problemis gadaWris, msjelobisa da
unarebs.
im fsiqikuri procesebis
gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic rTuli amocanis
Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, mkvlevrebi mimarTaven reaqciis drois
gazomvas.
metyveleba
358
358
adamianebs SeuZliaT azris gamoTqma da naTqvamis gageba.

gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis gaTvaliswinebiT.
metyvelebis Secdomebi
naTels hfens metyvelebis dagegmvis bevr process.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gageba orazrovnebis
daZleva xdeba konteqstis mixedviT.
mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi Senaxuli reprezentaciebi efuZneba propoziciebs, xolo maTi Sevseba xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT).
ena, romelzec adamianebi
laparakoben, SesaZloa
gavlenas axdendes maT azrovnebaze.
vizualuri kognicia
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes
propoziciuli reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad.
garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis gaazrebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.
adamianebi qmnian vizualur
reprezentaciebs, romlebSic
gaerTianebulia rogorc
verbaluri, ise vizualuri
informacia.
problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani
da is operaciebi, romlebic
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi
mdgomareobidan miaRwion
mizans.
logikur wesebze damyarebuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs daskvnis gakeTebas
xdomilebis albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
msjeloba da
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis
swrafad miRebis saSualebas
aZlevs.
misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa da Ruzis efeqtis~ arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis formireba.
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
gamo adamianebi avlenen
rTuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebis ganridebis tendencias.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
evristika
varaudi
kognituri procesebi
kognituri fsiqologia
kognituri mecnierebebi
kontrolirebadi procesebi
misawvdomobis evristika
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
msjeloba
paraleluri procesebi
problemis gadaWra
problemuri situacia
reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
forma
funqcionaluri rigidoba
fsiqikuri ganwyoba
Ruzis evristika
Semecneba
xmamaRali fiqris oqmi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
10
ra aris Sefaseba
Sefasebis istoria
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT
inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometriuli Teoria
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
garemo da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
359
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
360
dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT

da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri testis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvlebis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,
superracionalur da postindustriul samyaroSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamocdilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba

dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organizaciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocdaTerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mravalferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZiebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT

ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi
(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas
aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris
Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi
gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad
nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumoristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli
kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad
sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia
testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva,
Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs
relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom
Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre
gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _
umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administratorebi Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi

cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze
xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso
davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT
garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc
Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis
farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa
da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im
wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi
Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvadasxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,
rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas
iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu

rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom
isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes,
romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic
ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols
sazogadoebaSi.
Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT.
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri
Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba, an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli
niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde
mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es
istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT
Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi;
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava.
Sefasebis istoria
SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri
testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic
farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre,
vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamianTa Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis
meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis
testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs TavianTi kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame
wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori
aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi
testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi

daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis
gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,
agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da
geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w.
aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva
samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi
miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel
etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda.
im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abarebdnen gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiodnen, anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi
werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze.
mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas,
ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo
etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli SerCevis proceduras britaneli diplomatebi da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen.
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris personalis SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri
sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi.
ra aris Sefaseba
ra aris Sefaseba
361
362
aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis

Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluciis Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmatebuli iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki
_ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireblad raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavebebi zaris formis mruds, anu normalur
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamianTa umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ wertilebTan axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu gonebrivi unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri

gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad, moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi
politika genetikurad ùaresi~ (inferioruli)
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZraoba, romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT, adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biologiurad superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomavlobaze uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: àrsebobs mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarjze unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvixiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi-
sandooba
sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis
instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs.
Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT,
ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver
iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris
kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar
geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa
da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba
gasazomi sidide.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia
test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris
korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da
imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva
dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs
Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis
koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu
cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes
yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad
arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis
koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas,
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas an konsistenturobas.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, SesrulebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
ra aris Sefaseba
yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo

gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magaliTebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan.
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs

pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma
pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos.
korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur
+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac
izrdeba.
sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis
pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur
formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamimdevruli Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadasvlisas. sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobaa, romelic erTi da igive testis
pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad,
SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli
qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis
erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gaxleCvis sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara
marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed
am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT,
363
mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba

surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesafaseblad. amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT
kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxvavebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema
maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi
awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas
miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im
adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT. isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTanado formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis
gamoyenebis unarebs.
validoba
364
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT

zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts.
inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic
mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. kreatulobis validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi
realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis
unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali-
validoba (Validity) gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad

zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo miwodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT
sxva kriteriums.
doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu

Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an
mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba
kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli validoba.
validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss
eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukavSirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia
TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian
pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi,
romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT.
magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT
Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic
testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze
zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul
SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis.
pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad
aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen,
sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari
Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad
zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsruleblebs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis
moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT
fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebuli pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romelTac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli
garemodan wasvla.
saidan
viciT
pacientebi manipulireben
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT
fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali
SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda,
ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba.
rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara
isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi
gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad,
dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca,
rodesac interviu stacionaridan
gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda
miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino validobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis
(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli validoba) misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs
adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRebul qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakavSirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixedviT miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis
mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozireba, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi
kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi validuria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis
ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT
validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven
mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozirebisaTvis. swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis
mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SATis qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi
swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom administracias maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni
momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo.
pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, SeiZleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis
saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis
aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu
gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan korelirebs an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi,

maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteriumebSi, maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis
qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedicino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gamklavebis unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT,
rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs
studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi warmoqmnili stresuli situaciebis daZlevis unarTan. amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve,
korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis
daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT
studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar
dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisazRvra testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT
Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is validuri da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _
sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis koreqtirebas akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxurSi muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs.
dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic
sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. sandooba izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs
testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoyenebisas), xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan
(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis
Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando,
is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver
winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is
ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magaliTad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis
testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magaliTi), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu romeli studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze
xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori
testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswarmetyvelebasac ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando,
magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleqtis sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis
gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb-
ra aris Sefaseba
vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im

fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis
intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli
variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis
mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen,
romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas
iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan
gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad,
pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi
miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba
im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena,
maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).
365
iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando,

magram aravaliduri.
normebi da standartizacia
366
amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi,

magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad,
depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowodebul testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT,
ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT
depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs,
anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. testis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT,
Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli
qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula.
es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.

normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis
normebi.
standartizacia (Stanradtization) testirebis
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti
Tu monacemebis registracia.
iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis interpretireba.

Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, testis normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi
giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi
sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi,
Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli
populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis
interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia
jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli
jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki,
socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa,
rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma
erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seasrulos. standartizacia aris testirebis
meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi
gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. standartizaciis aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa,
magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar
xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro
naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivirebulebi arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis.
ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba:
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: ìelis
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1958).
SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis
pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna
miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vinaidan testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli
formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswavlaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi individi sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi
Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis
galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis
testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis
miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli)
da ùaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria,
anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas
erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs
iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias
im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna.
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis
procedura iyos standartizirebuli da miRebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis
normas.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni
megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis
gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana
ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani
jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvrebaze: ìnteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi
SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan
erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis,
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis,
rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa
da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a,
gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom
aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu
rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptualizebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs,
riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg,
1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze;
sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke
unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic
amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva
koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi
da misi gazomvisadmi interesi.
inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi
pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred
Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeqinteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi
unari.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis

testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad
ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi
naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis
Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza,
maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelobebis interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra
mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli
SedegebTan.
axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani,
romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini
qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazomvac surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen
testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve,
unda daadginon testirebis standartuli
pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs
aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da
standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi
Catarda.
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis gazomvas.
367
368
turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad
tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
raodenoba.
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis
raodenoba.
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSanTvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul
male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is
fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve,
IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad
farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyenebisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi:
stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris
skalebi (Wechsler).
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala

luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis
universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis
gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba.
aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT
man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is
skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi
normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis
stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,
romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada
iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis
koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914

wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi
asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamravlebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki qronologiuri
asaki 100
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia
da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi
asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8100=125) eqneba, xolo
igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac
testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75
(6:8100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac
Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi
gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100
qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q
stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca
klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da
saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs,
romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea morgebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa CautardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa
miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani
bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQis gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni;
(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi,
romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo
qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenfordbines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike
et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans
emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust
gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis
mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar
miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze
gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,
rogorc IQ testis qula.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
(Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT
TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis
Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT
adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa
da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo
gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba
ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi
wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod
iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro
meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba
SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi
Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis
mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen.
369
370
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba

Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is
toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom
Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs
agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti
(120 da zemoT) _ ùmaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde
asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs
70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesabamebian, magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi,
gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon,
individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSirebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram,
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod,
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 7075-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic komunikaciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras
saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992. gv.34).
veqsleris inteleqtis skala

david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu
iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida,
rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze
damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqslerbelvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.
amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs
damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverbaluri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala
saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala
mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdReobiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, rogorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmetikuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi
(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa
seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc
werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru-
cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:

komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unarCvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.
lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT manipulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. magaliTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba,
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usadagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive
subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani,
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler,
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis

bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bavSvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma
masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bavSvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma
daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis
testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur
IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel
asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian
subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro
specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi
ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da
igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi
gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis
monitoringi.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.
371
cxrili
WAIS-R
10.2
testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba
vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba
ras niSnavs, roca

adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika
Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5

dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba
riTi hgavs erTmaneTs

TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi
gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:

3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi
ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?
Sesrulebis subtesti
ricxobrivi simbolo
372
eqsperimentatori cdis pirs

awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, ,
, ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba
cdis piri aTvalierebs

suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi
cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,

rom gamomcdelis mier
mowodebuli nimuSi
gaimeoros.
suraTebis dalageba
cdis piri alagebs muyaos

suraTebis serias iseTi
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos
moTxrobas hyveba;
obieqtis ageba
eqsperimentatori awvdis
cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis nawilebs, romelic
cdis pirma ise unda daalagos, rom nacnobi sagnis
suraTi miiRos.
Sejameba
inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves
iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac
is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axorcielebda, romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama-
suraTi
10.2
tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena

winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasificirebuli yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis
mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc
funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronologiur asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma
IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi
yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts
Sefaseba internetiT
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~

kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalinteleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris
gansakuTrebiT sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando,
isini verc validuri iqneba. davuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac daveWvdebodiT maT validobaSi:
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTvlili iyo misi Sedegis (20 kiTxvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis raodenoba) im individebis
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze
mocemuli zaris formis ganawilebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQs afasebs. ra problemasTan
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, sando arainternetuli
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im
adamianebis mxridan, vinc vebgverdze mocemuli testi Seasrula? meore, Cven araviTari
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-
Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexmaroT, inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToeuli Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:
moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s
gamoiyenebdnen.
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.

magaliTad, testSi Sedis
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
marags saWiroebs. rogor
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!~)?
interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
ise sxva unarebisa da pirovnuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
frTxilad SeafasoT internetiT miRebuli qulebis sandooba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
internetSi mocemuli IQtestebis daJinebul momxmareblad gadaiqca. èvropul IQtestebze~ misma saukeTeso
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi irwmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb-gverdebi:
www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
veb-gverdi, sadac didi raodenobiT testebia mocemuli;
www.majon.com/iq.html --_
mravali testi erT saitze.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli
Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria
inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis

wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaarTmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens
droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.
analizisaTvis monacemebi
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,
romelsac pirobiTad poindeqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT,
rom sandooba konsistentiurobas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara
msgavs qulebs is testebi,
romlebic iTvleba rom, faqtobrivad, erTsa da imave rames
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrundebiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi saSualoze maRalia (ra
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),
magram miRebuli qulebidan
373
374
fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts
Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba,
inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva.
amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi
ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis
gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAISR-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa
safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb
daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura,
romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqtorebis ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas
axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi
erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis
mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statistikuri procedura mxolod statistikur
mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi
dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma
gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvlevis sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man
aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis
sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad
miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneTTan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom
arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu
faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxorcielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris
unars.
specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda.

magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi
miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc
zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqtoruli analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyenebiT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba
daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad,
romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri
inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti
moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas
da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is
izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da problemebis gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis
nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro
fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. TvalsaCino kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas
gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis
mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri
inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqtoruli analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli
mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena. inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi
gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi;
produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia
aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi
mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli produqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis
mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba
ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,
gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi
modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoadgens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis

mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo
sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis
mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematuri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi,
qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT
aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels,
rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina,
cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri
unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis
prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma
gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis,
rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre
tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili
SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or
Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)
xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri
procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro
zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi
ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teorias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami

saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis
gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis, anu saazrovno procesebis meSveobiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas
da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs sami tipis komponents, romelTac centraluri mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamuSavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali
faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da
teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi
strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad
gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli
savarjiSos Sesruleba.
rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis
amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis komponentebis da metakognituri komponentebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi
is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac
gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT;
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis
mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri

amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars.
375
cxrili
10.3
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis

unari
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia.
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).
1.
H-U-L-A-G
__________
2.
P-T-T-M-E
__________
3.
T-R-H-O-S
__________
4.
T-N-K-H-G-I
__________
5.
T-E-W-I-R
__________
6.
L-L-A-O-W
__________
7.
R-I-D-E-V
__________
8.
O-C-C-H-U
__________
9.
10.
T-E-N-R-E
C-I-B-A-S
__________
__________
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos.
376
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor

gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur
enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs,
maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponentebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia
zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama TN-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis
amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia,
romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba,
xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdilobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas,
romelic T-H-iT iwyeba?
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad
daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansazRvron procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQis mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul
Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom
maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis
gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis
SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tanatolebisgan gansxvavebiT.
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis
unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da
rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze
swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZebnas. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli
amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu,
magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa
da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze
did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas àxali
ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs.
konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis
saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal
da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan)
adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa
da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi
garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstualuri inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqeqilobas~ da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s
gareSe.
saidan
viciT
konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis
warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi
SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqspertebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs
eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ
saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa
da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma SemTxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel
adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki
_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma
isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust
Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic
rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli

adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes~.
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)
SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis
cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul
am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad
mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis
inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi
xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad,
mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs
unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da
sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro
fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli
sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur
inteleqtis Teoriebi
vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli
prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris
unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul
kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba
msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver
miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT
garemos specifikurad esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas
ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da
dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT,
mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom àragonier~ adamianebs
garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom
ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis
kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents
gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad
gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis
377
cxrili
10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti
378
saboloo statusi
ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikurmaTematikuri
mecnieri
maTematikosi
logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi

mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msjelobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
lingvisturi
poeti
Jurnalisti
sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelobebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli

funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.
sabunebismetyvelo
biologi
bunebrivi garemos
mkvlevari
mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris

gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan
saTuTad mopyrobis unari.
musikaluri
kompozitori
mevioline
ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da

dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis formebis codna
sivrcobrivi
navigatori
moqandake
vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad

aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.
sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri
mocekvave
aTleti
pirovnebaTSorisi
fsiqoTerapevti
saqonlis gasaRebis
muSaki
Sidapirovnuli
sakuTari Tavis
detalurad mcodne
pirovneba
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa iaponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba
da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Triandis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi
sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardneriseuli Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen
da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi
da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,
romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia
mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi
tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri
inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonaluri da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis
cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri-
sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis

da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.
sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, temperamentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.
sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesatyvisad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis codna.
Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &

Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis,
Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari;
azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamoyenebis unari;
emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve,
emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari;
emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari.
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inteleqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxadon, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli
Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stambuls Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,
saidan
viciT
EQ-is gazomva
503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaqtoriani emociuri inteleqtis skala~,
romelic individebisagan emociur problemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis
warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mocemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis
dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela
im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQis qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi
iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan,
ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ
zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan
gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro
maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi,
rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniSvnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. dabolos, emociuri inteleqtis am axal skalaze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT
didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs
(Mayer et al., 1999).
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs

mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT,
rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba
garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa
socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo-
gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac

inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis.
Sejameba
Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti
Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda
g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva
mdgenelebis kvleva scades.
sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs
sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi,
empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva
tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs
scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs individis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos
emociebi.
inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove
koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi
miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts
Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ
testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva
jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is
mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,
rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis TanSobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT
IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas
zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis
maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba
Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli
da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom
fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvaleEQ IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
inteleqtis politika
pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs

pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom
pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba
waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms
aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri
oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZnobebis gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlevrebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas,
romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da
validuri sazomebi iqneba.
379
badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis,

ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi
SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
380
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri

godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela
emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis
testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~
aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis
Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis
qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975;
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels
kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda
emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda
inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis
navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva
erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis
safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc
`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom
emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca,
es àrasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad
icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,

romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali
Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi
mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis
sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur
warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors
wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT
Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri
defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva
daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa
da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan
momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis
Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur
genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad
defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma
igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Seswavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi
Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am
gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs, arakanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris
Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma
kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _
`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram
iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-
saidan
viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevrTa samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faqtori iyo.
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli

argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi
da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs
iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis
termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si
IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT
aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan
Segrovda:
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobrivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,
davarwmunoTsazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda

mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 9192).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afroamerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZlebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gansxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis
mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi
mohyveba.
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas
moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens
Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,
aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT
saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa
erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowodebuli erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozigoturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis
da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis
naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done-
inteleqtis politika
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sapirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored

`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa,
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoholizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).
381
suraTi
10.4
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.
382
ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,

rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia
IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda
miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad
gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac
gamovlinda).
mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidreobiTobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSanTvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT
gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba,
rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis xarisxis
statistikuri Sefaseba
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis

(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis
variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT,
Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur,
anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri
gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa
SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQis memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli
mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom
IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000;
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze
saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis
wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvidreobiToba daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis
bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s
inteleqtis politika
aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda

es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan
erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi
gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo
Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZlebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben
im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri
midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvidrulobas viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri
qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri
analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es
sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvidreobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian
jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ àra!~

memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis
SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is
ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis
interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi
testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis
maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT,
rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis
maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT
90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa
Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli.
igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad
inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si
genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi
erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb
qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes
imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba genetikuri warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo
dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba genetikuri nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jgufTaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli
jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris
gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea
(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad,
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur
nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis
wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic,
aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruqtia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis
(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad afrikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares
pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winaprebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi SesaniSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar
383
384
Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba

biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc biologiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvlevebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romelTac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSoblebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30%
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi?
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mravalricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris.
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gansxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia.
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga-
remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi

wyvetebis arsebobaSi.
garemo da IQ
vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis
IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris
pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes
gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, garemos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ
testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa
rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba
mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis
mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi
imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu
ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvleboda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni
mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom
garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es
komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da
icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis
gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo
pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian
longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti
bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso
winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis
(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.
10.5
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris

arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena).
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze?

simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba
inteleqtis politika
suraTi
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli

inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. òrientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ
testebi.
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi
iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,
rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _
IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebulobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos
testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom
bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis SemTxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo
gavlena IQ-ze.
385
suraTi
10.6
naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi

saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naSvileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqondaT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli monacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQze.
saidan
viciT
garemos gavlena IQ-ze
386
mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or

jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis
asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis
bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri
mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgufis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri
mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi
veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT
afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac
orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7
iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2.
rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis (Lynn,1996).
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi,
ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv
doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head
Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels

daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZleblobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri
janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri
mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida
ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar
Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start programis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privilegirebul pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaumjobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen. aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi
iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi
iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan
dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleqtis testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixedviT miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime
kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda.
samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi
IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998;
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am
modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana:
IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram
xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma
gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod
IQ-is mimarT.
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo

gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod
verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inteleqtis testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena
ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs
inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situaciur adaptaciaSi.
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ
qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasargeblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad
SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi
mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b;
Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ
testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvnelovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebis miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad
Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQis saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo
gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQSi, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur moswrebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis

motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ
aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi
ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles.
aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT,
SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi
da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,
imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros,
IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero
gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi
inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis
validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev
eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva
kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis
da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar
Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas,
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uaryofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi skolis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul
formad aris miCneuli.
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu
rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom
daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi.
erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ
testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci-
inteleqtis politika
empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT

rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom programebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTesos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).
387
urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva

kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod.
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT aravalidursa da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan
mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli
faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi
xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es
sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro
ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)
aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis
testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud
stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam,
rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis
miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda.
saidan
studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze

xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi
daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebuli qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleqtis Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini davalebebs uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel &
Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT
gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier
jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs arasrulfasovnebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi
unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze
Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod
maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis
dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acnobierebdnen TavianT sqesobriv ganxvavebulobas, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom
warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis
mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda
am studentebis SemTxvevaSic.
viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
388
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis

Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi
cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi
misaReb standartul testSi Semavali
kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxvebisTvis, romlebic enis kargad codnas
moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis
mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtualuri unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma
ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis
gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur
faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli
muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT
dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im studentebs, romelTac situaciam Seuqmna
stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis
(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi

mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba
stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom
inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad
cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davalebebis Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi
verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturad Sefasebas.
dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqtisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kultura individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas
tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri
faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivensonma da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993)
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
suraTi
10.7
stereotipuli muqara
amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis

kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.
1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo:
`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli
bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qulebi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rodesac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respondentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tandayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor
SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi

miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis
aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo
politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon
maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis
Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zusti mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa
ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _
ara.
Sejameba
godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi
da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulobis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvidrebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si
inteleqtis politika
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
389
mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.

Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elferi dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli rasobrivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadgines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipuli muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
SemoqmedebiToba
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs,
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba.
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan
Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi
xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba.
kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri
adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas
Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo
Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris
kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT
meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro-
kreatuloba (Creativity) iseTi ideebis generirebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic

axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _
390
duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da

SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg
ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)
kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSlilobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildoebuli adamianebisagan.
kreatulobis Sefaseba da
kavSiri inteleqtTan
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da
moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
1965):
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, oTxkuTxedia;
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi
sagnebi;
daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela
SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli
ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis
SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba
_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva
mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma
(Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben,
SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba
sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena.
xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris.
saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac
IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki
korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & OHara, 1999).
ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs rom ìnteleqtis~ garkveuli done
10.8
iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleblobas, magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins,

1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,
iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis
testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis
testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120
IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier
gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _
naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni
arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas
(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad
Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis
mixedviT.
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba
da SeSliloba
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi,
romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven
gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxelebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze,
romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an
cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an
marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo
maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre
ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi
iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski
da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca
mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C.
uwoda.
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul
SemoqmedebiToba
suraTi
391
momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,

ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,
1993, gv. 361).
am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs

tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad
stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer
ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb,
rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukavSirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs
da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989).
SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921)
aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT
Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone
individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris
Tavisuflad dinebis1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs
did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi
vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis
periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba
aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT
xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali
gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis
aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram,
rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda
Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis
azrovnebis realur procesze?
392
saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kompozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna maniakaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),
Free flowing though processes.
vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7),

Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo
nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. maniakalur periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs.
veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi
imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis.
Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva,
am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara
yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca,
xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil
nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis
yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana
daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi
TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis
mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990,
gv.164).
mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia
gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-
Sejameba
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis testebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani
adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis
mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo
daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva
Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro

obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba
xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias
da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,
Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,
fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur
sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3)
testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis
garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven,
rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an
uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre
sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod
maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba

mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad kreatuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajildoebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asruleben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis metad gamovlenas.
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian individualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, romlebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas
gansazRvravs.
393
394
umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes,

ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis
dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri
testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri
unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (William Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxvadasxva umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi
Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fasdeboda. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandidatebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli
qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali
gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesabamisad, samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT
miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli
dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas
ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos
aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba.
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom
testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas
axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic
garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis
xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkaravda mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogoricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaocebulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs
maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari
damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad

saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi
ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis
Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces.
adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B
qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneblebi, an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari
iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrkoleblad iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom
maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi
fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba;
testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli
jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monacemebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi
Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdasmulebi~, ijereben imas, rasac èqspertebi~
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba
ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba
rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze.
rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva,
adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis àranormalurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis
imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze
morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi
garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT individualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamianebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba
da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,
amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas
warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda
vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali

fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdamTavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT

mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qulebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa individisaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxismgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs
awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaTleblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis
Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad daxarixebisaTvis.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiur Sefasebas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
da dasabams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi

mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ser frensis galtonma.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda
iyos sando, validuri da
standartizirebuli. sando
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad

Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens
gavlenas maT qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi weriliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STagonebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis,
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur
testebs:
395
standartizirebuli testis
Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba yovelTvis erTi da
igive gziT xdeba. normebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis
da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi alfred binem
safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis obieqturi testirebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi
asakis terminebiT da bavSvebis funqcionirebis arsebul dones asaxavda.
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna stenford-bines inteleqtis skala da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis
popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specialuri inteleqtis testebi
mozrdilebisTvis, skolamdeli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
396
396
IQ-is fsiqometriulma analizma aCvena, rom zogierT

ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa
inteleqtis fluiduri da
kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ
qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Zalian farTod ganixilaven
da zomaven inteleqts,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa
da insaitebze, romelTac
adamianebi sxvadasxva amocanis gadasaWrelad iyeneben.
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inteleqtis komponentur, empiriul da konteqstualur

aspeqtebs.
gardnerma daadgina inteleqtis rva tipi, romelic
moicavs da scildeba kidec
standartuli IQ sazomebiT
gazomvad inteleqtis formebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi
fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze.
inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis
testebi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad gamoiyeneboda.
IQ-is maRali memkvidreobiTobis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari garkveuli rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis dabal Sedegebs maT
Tandayolil arasrulfasovnebas miawers.
araxelsayreli garemo pirobebiT da stereotipuli muqariT aixsneba zogierTi jgufis dabali IQ qulebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos garemo faqtorebiT.
SemoqmedebiToba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis Sefaseba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi midian riskze, gadian
momzadebas da uaRresad motivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa da SeSlilobas
Soris.
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta

1. Laugh
6. Allow
2. Tempt
7. Drive
3. Short
8. Cough
4. Knight
9. Enter
5. Write
10. Basic
Sefaseba da
sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi xSirad sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba momavali Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
unda ganapirobebdes individis ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis SezRudvas.
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
momavalSi gavlenas axdens
individis cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnikebi unda
iyos sando da validuri
rogorc am individTan, ise
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki
kreatuloba
kriteriumis validoba
kristalizebuli inteleqti
divergentuli azrovneba
emociuri inteleqtiQ
TvalsaCino validoba
fluiduri inteleqti
formaluri Sefaseba
memkvidreobiTobis
maCvenebeli
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
gonebrivi asaki
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
normebi
paraleluri formebi
prognozirebadi validuroba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba
fsiqometria
sandooba
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba
standartizeba
stereotipuli muqara
test-retestuli sandooba
validoba
adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
11
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
ganviTarebis aRwera ganviTarebis axsna

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove midgomebi
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla gramatikis
Seswavla
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
genderuli ganviTareba
sqesi da genderi genderuli

rolebis aTviseba
moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi

kolbergis mixedviT genderobisa da kulturis gavlena
moralur gansjaze viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
397
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
398
fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo

da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis
mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala.
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad,
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo.
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba,
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc

miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs
skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba
asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upiratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani
maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas
da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi mersedesi~
da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebelia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afroamerikelis, derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom

movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes,
misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Goodmillie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba
wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic
individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili
giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg?
xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis?
samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis
nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad

iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar
iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive
mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba
ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli
niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaTleba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,
Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri
moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi
Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba
SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.
11.1
ganviTarebis safexurebi
safexuri
asaki
Canasaxovani
(prenataluri)
dabadebis wina periodi
Cvili bavSvoba
dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
adreuli bavSvoba
daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
gviani bavSvoba
daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde
mozardoba
axalgazrdoba 1
mowifuloba
xnovani
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis

sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamianis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi
Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis
fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi.
mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva
unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is,
rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socialuri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT
gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven
mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen
im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben
droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da
TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yuradRebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad
1
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba,
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axalgazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im

specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze.
axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Seswavla.
ganviTarebis Seswavla da
axsna
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT,
bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras
CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri
gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar
gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar
gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobarTa axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTarebas aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias
cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT
sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze
fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad
adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)
bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (danakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents
imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad,
mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps
axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis
saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac
adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini
Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom
ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri
procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri
cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas
moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci,
1994).
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan.
cxrili
399
axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi ganviTarebis cvlilebebs.
ganviTarebis aRwera
400
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli

sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras
warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo
adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT.
normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sistematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen
ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis
standartul paternebs, romelic didi raodenobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur
asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa
Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _
qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umravlesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, romelic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi,
iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT
is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul
baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba
individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganviTarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis aRweras.
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis
raodenoba.
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qronologiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis
manZilze.
models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali

wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa
da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da
igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi
mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTmetikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley,
1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra
uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi
longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben
individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad.
sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa
da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi
faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul
periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens
es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa,
rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar
sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave
socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben,
SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri
pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis
minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi CarTuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi dabadebul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri
kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis
pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakveTebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad
SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis an gauCinarebis gamo.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa
jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da
urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia
daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos
asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen
erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxardaWeras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli
davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
mianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi Tanatolebisgan,

romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc
epoqis, ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis TaviseburebebiT.
TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan
dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris saSualebas
iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTliani
paternis axsna? axla am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca,
TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav gansxvavebulad
akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro
wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini

Seswavlis meTodis nakli momdinareobs iqidan,
rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis
individebi dardeba. asakobrivi cvlilebebis
Sefasebisas gaugebrobas qmnis sxvadasxva Taobaze
moqmedi gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri
pirobebi. Sesabamisad, 10 da 18 wlis individTa
SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, romelic
axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es ada-
401
402
racionalurad azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcrosebi, magram gvxvdebian iseTebic, romlebic TavianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTarebis asaxsnelad aucilebelia rogorc cvlilebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis, aseve,
TiToeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri, unikaluri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri
gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia axalSobilsa da, vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris arsebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna:
ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli
memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da ramdenad _ daswavlis
SedegiT (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi,
fsiqologebi da pedagogebi TandayoliliSeZenilis dapirispirebaze, memkvidreobiTobisa
da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze
kamaToben. erT mxares arian isini, visac mianCia,
rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da SesaZleblobebis gareSe ibadeba da rom gamocdileba,
daswavlis formiT, waruSlel kvals tovebs
axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa
dafaze (laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba,
romelic britanelma filosofosma jon lokma
(John Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris
cnobili. adamianis ganviTareba gamocdilebas
miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis
ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa
Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo frangi
filosofosi Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).
is nativistur poziciaze idga da Tvlida, rom
buneba, anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romelsac
flobs TiToeuli bavSvi, misi ganviTarebis sqemas
ganapirobebs.
empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi
gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels safrangeTSi, sofel
aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod,
cxovelebis gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am
12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili gaxda,
rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda
pasuxebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebiT
kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture controversy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.
bavSvoba adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara,

namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc
Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba daisaxa miznad
_ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina
veluri biWi, romelsac man viqtori daarqva.
Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa
warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da
zrdilobian bavSvad iqca da miTiTebebis
Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg
progresi SeCerda da itardi iZulebuli gaxda,
Seewyvita eqsperimenti (Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda
warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda?
SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom miatoves bedis
anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es
iyo mizezi, nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul
farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase ar
iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove
meTodebi biWs ufro srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre
es itardis meTodebma SeZlo (Harlen Lane, 1976,
1986)? erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac viqtoris
istoria Seiswavla, fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva
naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaqtebis gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv
ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevrebi bunebisa da aRzrdis
gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel rig meTodebs floben
da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro
eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris
SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom lokisa da rusos
ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis
qcevis mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebismieri rTuli qceva ganpirobebulia rogorc
individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise
_ piradi gamocdilebiT. Cveni survilia, bunebisa
da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi
SexedoT: memkvidreobiToba uzrunvelyofs potencials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am potencialis
ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi
davinaxavT, Tu rogor viTardeba da realizdeba
potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teoriebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da ratom icvlebian
adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli
asakisa da grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis
Taviseburebebis aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiul

kvlevebs iyeneben. longituduri kvlevebi individebis erT garkveul jgufs xangrZlivi drois
manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve
kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis cvlilebebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesoba ganviTarebas ganixilavs,
rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.
ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi

aRvwerT, dasadgenad da gansasazRvrad garkveul
specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven
SeiZleba verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam
aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis
ganviTarebaze saubars im sferos ganxilviT
daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze
TvalsaCinoa: esaa fizikuri ganviTareba. ueWvelia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi ganicadeT mas Semdeg, rac am qveyanas
moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni cxovrebis
bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri
cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven mxolod im cvlilebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
Tqven cxovrebas unikaluri genetikuri potencialiT iwyebT: Casaxvis momentSi mamakacis
spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercxujredi da warmoiqmna erTi ujredi _ zigota;
Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri adamianis sxeulis ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _
meore naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvixilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan
periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momentamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT sensorul
SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev

dabadebamde flobs. dasasrul, visaubrebT
bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvlilebebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi

nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli funqcionirebis formaa guliscema. guliscema iwyeba
Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni
3 kviris da 20 mm sigrZisaa. reaqcia stimulaciaze
6 kviris asakSi SeiniSneba, roca embrioni jer
ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi
SeimCneva 8 kviris asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey,
1970).
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions nayofi
(fetusi) ewodeba. Casaxvidan daaxloebiT 16 kviris
Semdeg deda nayofis moZraobebs grZnobs. am
droisaTvis nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa
(dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia). vinaidan
Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is
wuTSi 250 000 axal neirons warmoqmnis.
dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi 100
miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi
da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi ujredebis es
gavrceleba da neironebis migracia Sesabamisi
fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _
Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic
warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
fizikuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis

tvini wuTSi axal 250 000 neirons
warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis
tvini ganviTarebuli bavSvis dabadebisas?
403
suraTi
11,1
adamianis tvinis
ganviTareba
cxra Tvis manZilze, romelic dabadebas uswrebs

win, tvinSi srulad grovdeba 100 miliard neironze
meti.
404
adgilebisken swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba,

maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis gantotebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad,
dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba (Kolb, 1989). suraTi 11.1
gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas 25 dRidan 9 Tvemde.
orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi
iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa araswori kveba,
infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba,
bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis
normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva SeiZleba
mohyves. magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an
oTxi kviris Semdeg deda wiTuriT inficirdeba,
50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi
uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT aisaxeba, rogoricaa
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazianeba, gulis defeqtebi, an siyrue. Tu inficireba
sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli efeqtis
albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore
Tveze, 8% _ mesameze) (Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi,
bavSvebi momarTulni arian

gadarCenisaTvis
ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da
tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT azrs, rom
axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria.
biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli jon uotsoni aRwerda Cvils, rogorc sicocxlisunarian,

mofarTxale xorcis naWers, romelsac ramdenime
martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia~. Tu
es marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi axalSobili
grZnobis organoebiT informaciis miRebis da
masze reagirebis gasaocar unars avlens. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom bavSvebi momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis~ da kargad arian adaptirebulni,
raTa reagireba moaxdinon maTze mzrunvel
mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof
adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT
bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad, isini mzad arian
dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze reagirebisTvis. axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze
metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini
dedis xmis cnobas swavloben (Decasper & Fifer,
1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil
xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi, anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis
gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu zogierTi
sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper,
1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996). ase rom, axalSobilebi
cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Cana-
romlebic senzitiur periodSi, anu, rodesac

nayofi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul
nivTierebebs moixmaren, magaliTad, alkohols,
TavianT jer ardabadebul Svilebs tvinis da
sxva organoebis Tu sxeulis nawilebis dazianebis riskis winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson,
1999; Jacobson, 1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis
anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad orsulobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis
mier alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegia (Coles, 1994).
garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis
qveS ayeneben TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT
orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros
moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobiarobis da bavSvis nakluli woniT dabadebis
risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic orsulobis dros iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon
Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT
naklebwoniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqtikulad nebismier dros SeiZleba miayenos ziani
nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs
da Canasaxis ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia.
mozrdilebSi kokaini sisxlZarRvebis Seviwrovebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs
placentaSi sisxlis moZraobas da nayofis
JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli
SimSilis Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec nayofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma prenatalurma insultebma SeiZleba samudamo fsiqikuri arasrulfasovneba gamoiwvios (Chasnoff,
1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini
yvelaze metad Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs,
romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis
zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen
maTTvis uintereso mxedvelobiT da smeniT da
gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas.
am magaliTebiT gvsurda, gveCvenebina, rom
sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis dabadebamdec ki
ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.
405
406
saxovan gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT

mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott, 1984). oTxi
Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver
arCeven ucxo mamakacis xmisagan (Ward & Cooper,
1999).
Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben
mxedvelobiT sistemebis gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria
aqvs Tvalebi, Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT
da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros.
miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa
ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT.
mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT
40-jer ukeTesia, vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu,
1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad umjobesdeba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. axalSobilebi, agreTve, cudad
aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod
4 Tvis asakSi SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT
miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa
da manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontrastis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da ferebis
garCeva _ Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi
uamravi fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcionirebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod ganviTarebas
moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani
mosamwifebelia Cvilis mxedvelobis sistemaSi.
kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis
tvinis vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons
Soris urTierTqmedeba vizualur gamocdilebas
Seesabamebodes (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas
neironebs Soris arasakmarisi urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT
garkveuli gamRizianeblebis erTmaneTisagan
garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani
_ robert fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda
rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze metad
konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT, martiv
obieqtebze metad _ rTulis da arasworad
ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _
mTliani, Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro gviandelma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi dabadebidanve
adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas,
vidre vizualurad msgavs gamosaxulebebs (Valenza
et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi
axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.
saidan
viciT
axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi
oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani
masaliT damzadebul specialur savarZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs
da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT trialis
saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win
moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi ekrani, romelzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli.
eqsperimentis dros erT sarkmelSi dedis
saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis
(ucnobi qali ise iyo SerCeuli, rom
bundovnad hgavda dedas). dedasa da ucnob
qals eZleodaT instruqcia, rom SeenarCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamometyveleba da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT.
aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi
orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs,
vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze

adreul asakSive floben mniSvnelovan informacias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis
nakvTebi. axla xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs
`gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi~.
rogorc ki bavSvebi garemoSi moZraobas
daiwyeben, isini swrafad iZenen sxva perceptul
unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor
Gibson) da riCard uolqis (Richard Walk) klasikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor
reagirebdnen bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba,
romelsac vizualur ufskruls uwodeben. es
iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi moTavsebuli
gaumWvirvale sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis
Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili,
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2. Tavdapirvel
eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixoxaven
SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis
mimarTulebiT, magram uars amboben didi
siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi
xoxvis gamocdilebidan momdinareobda: bavSvebs,
romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva,
suraTi
11.3
sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli
sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad
swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi fizikuri zrda.
amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba
mozardobis periodamde.
suraTi
11.2
vizualuri ufskruli
rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi vizualuri ufskrulis~ Rrma
mxaris SiSs avlens.
eSinodaT siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, romlebic jer ar xoxavdnen _ ar eSinodaT (Campos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris
sruliad Tandayolili, aramed viTardeba maSin,
rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.
zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSi

axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian,
Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, fizikuri
zrdis tempi erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri
struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT,

rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan. dabadebisas
bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis
TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis
meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs
407
suraTi
11.4
moZraobis unars ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba
siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT viTardeba garkveuli

TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi
siaruls ufro adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
408
TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo

erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori wlis asakSi
bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros
miRweuli) sigrZis naxevars udris. mozardobamde
genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian
da Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis
proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas
Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis momwifeba.
momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeobebis warmomadgenelTa tipuri zrdis procesi.
momwifebis Cveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac
axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayolili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da garemo
momwifeba (maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. magaliTad, rogorc 11.4 suraTzea mocemuli, gadaadgilebis

unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri varjiSis gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es Tanmimdevroba saerToa bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis,
umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime
safexuri an sakuTari originaluri TanmimdevrobiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im kulturebSi, sadac naklebi fizikuri stimulacia
aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls SedarebiT gvian iwyeben.
magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWidrod Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT
atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis swavlas,
Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan,
igi lokomociis ganviTarebis zustad igive
safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri
ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.
bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli

maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis mozRvaveba.
gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da
biWebSi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis
hormonebi sisxlSi gadasvlas iwyebs. ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weliwadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad moimatos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar
aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs. Tavdapirvelad
zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi
da xelis mtevnebi, Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da
fexebi, xolo torsi yvelaze nela viTardeba.
amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis
ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme icvleba.
energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami
wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati, anu sqesobrivi
simwife (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs
TmebiT dafaruls~ da miuTiTebs fexebsa da
xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis
safaris ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi
momwifeba cocxali spermis warmoebiT, xolo
gogonebisTvis _ menarqeTi, anu menstruaciiT
iwyeba. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asaki 12-13 welia,
Tumca, misi dawyeba normis farglebSi mosa-
lodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi

cocxali spermis warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod,
12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia
droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad
Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri SegrZnebebis
gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis warmoqmnas
me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas axdens mozardis
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es
cvlilebebi xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi
yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas. uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli
aqcenti Tanatolebis mxridan aRiarebaze individis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT dainteresebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas
aZlierebs. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis mozardebze
Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo
aSS, bangaladeSi, TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo,
rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs
uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al.,
1988). moWarbebulma wuxilma sakuTar garegnobasa
da socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze zogierTi
mozardi gogona SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos
(Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). fizikur srulyofilebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesabamisi formebis miRwevis mcdelobiT mozardma
gogonebma SeiZleba seriozuli kvebiTi aSliloba ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac
SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia, romelic
sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da
Semdeg kuW-nawlavis iZulebiT gawmendas ukavSirdeba (me-12 TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa
gamwvavebis periodi adreul mozardobaSi mTavrdeba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT
garegnobas.
mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg
Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs cxovrebis
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis
miRweva. misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris
menarqes (pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan
_ cocxali spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis
unari.
menarqe (menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis
garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
mozardobaSi
409
im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi

SedarebiT naklebad xdeba. Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT _ dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvlilebebis Semdegi nakadi, romelic asakis momatebis Sedegia, mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze
(anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo periodze)
modis.
talRis sigrZis ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa

da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem
SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis
danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axdens sibnelesTan
adaptaciaze, rac asakovan adamianebs RamiT xedvis
problemas uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis
umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.
smena
fizikuri cvlilebebi
mozrdilobaSi
410
asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze

SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba fizikur garegnobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis momatebasTan erTad kanze naoWebi Cndeba, Tma
Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT
iklebs. aseve, mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis
mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad
ar Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT,
axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam asakTan
dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT,
ufro zogadi xasiaTis mosazrebas gamovTqvamT:
mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed
umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs
sayovelTaod cnobil andazas: Tu ar gamoiyeneb,
dakargav~. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic
sistematurad varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs),
SedarebiT nakleb siZneleebs awydebian, romelsac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiCneven (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven zustad imave
daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis
kognituri da socialuri aspeqtebis ganxilvisas). modiT, axla is, TiTqmis gardauvali,
cvlilebebi ganvixiloT, romlebic xSirad
zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben
zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.
mxedveloba
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba
grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis garkveul
Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad
adamianis Tvalis broli yviTldeba da naklebad
elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba, rom brolis
gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs
ferebis garCeva. zogierTi moxucisTvis
gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali
smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60

wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebSi. Cveulebriv,
asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bgerebis aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv,
mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba, vidre qalebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT
sxvisi laparakis gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT
maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria,
magram asakis matebasTan erTad adamianis xma
wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis Sedegad).
smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da
individisTvis SeumCnevlad xdebodes, sanam
ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac
ki, rodesac adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian,
maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis
dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba.
smenis dakargvis zogierTi fsiqologiuri aspeqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZleba. agreTve, unda vicodeT, rom asakis matebasTan erTad, an moxucebTan urTierTobisas
gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod
metyveleba da fonuri xmauris Semcireba.
reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi
funqcionireba
Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife reproduqciuli funqcionirebis dasawyiss niSnavs.
Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZlebloba iklebs. daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis
qalebis umravlesobas menopauza, anu mestruaciisa da ovulaciis Sewyveta axasiaTebs.
mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT
xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg sicocxlisunariani spermis raodenoba mcirdeba, 60 wlis
Semdeg ki saTesle siTxis moculoba iklebs.
ra Tqma unda, es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad,
reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri
cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsua-
kognituri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
Sejameba
bavSvebi amqveynad sensoruli unarebiT
ibadebian, rac maT informaciis miRebisa da
socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur zrdas, Cveulebriv,
motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis
xanas gadian. isini xSirad zedmet yuradRebas
uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis
periodis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara
daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed funqciebis
gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca,
asakis matebasTan erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas
aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa
da sqesobriv funqciebSi.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean
Piaget, 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda Teoriebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da
wyveten amocanebs bavSvebi. piaJes interesi
kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _
Semecnebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic
moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da
amocanis gadawyvetas.
sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri
struqturebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba
bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da
garemosadmi adaptaciasTan erTad.
asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi, romlis drosac axali kognituri elementebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa ufro gamartivdes morgebis
procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba akomodaciasTan erTad.
akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modificirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimilaciasTan erTad.
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
luri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis gauaresebas

(Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxovrebis erT-erTi jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs
fizikur varjiSs, fantaziis stimulirebas axdens da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas warmoadgens.
Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis
fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebi. axla
vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena gare
samyaros Sesaxeb.
rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze individis mier fizikuri da socialuri garemos

gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis gonebriv procesebsa da produqtebs, romlebic
warmoiqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
vinaidan mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis
Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas kognituri ganviTarebis adreul stadiebs
davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac
aRvwerT, romelic mozrdilobis wlebs ukavSirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas Sveicarieli fsiqologis _ Jan piaJes novatoruli
naSromis aRweriT daviwyebT.
411
sakuTarma inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam

ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna pirveli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis kuratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes (Brainerd, 1996).
adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri Teoriebis SesamuSaveblad piaJe sakuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan interviuirebasa da martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda.
mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba,
romelsac bavSvebi flobdnen, aramed is, Tu
rogor azrovnebdnen isini da rogor icvleboda
fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi
412
gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamiani samyaros interpretirebas axdens,

piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi _ samSeneblo agurebia~.
Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem sensomotoruli
inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struqturebi da programebi, romlebic iseT sensomotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praqtikasTan erTad, elementaruli sqemebi erTiandeba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis TandaTanobiT garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi.
aseTi paternis magaliTia, rodesac sasurveli
sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs
arasasurvel sagans, romelic efarebas mas. piaJes
mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia
ori bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba
asimilacia da akomodacia. asimilaciiT xdeba
garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modificireba, raTa es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi
movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan. Semosuli
sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis
bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs. akomodaciis
SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro
srulad asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an
modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.
warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma
dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis sawovaras
wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da
bolos finjnidan dalevaze gadasvla. Tavdapirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili refleqsia, magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom
bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis zomasa
da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili

jer kidev iyenebs ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis
mraval komponents (asimilacia), magram man,
adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda
moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara da ise Seiwovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT daWerac unda iswavlos (akomodacia).
boTlidan sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadasvlis nabijebi ufro met akomodacias saWiroebs,
Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde SeZenil unarebs.
piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da
akomodaciis swored aseTi monacvleobis Sedegad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs
bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna naklebad iyos
damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze
da metad daeyrdnos abstraqtul azrovnebas.
kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul
stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2). iTvleba, rom
yvela bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis
am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs SeiZleba meti
dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis
gasavlelad, zogs ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli
stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde
grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi
nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa SezRudul erTobliobas efuZneba, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba
da xelis kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi
sensomotoruli unarebi umjobesdeba, kombinirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba
(magaliTad, wova da taceba, yureba da manipulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis
garemoze asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi
TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba.
Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZenia iseTi obieqtebis mentaluri
reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac
bavSvs ar aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti.
obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier imis
gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben
misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi arsebobis gacnobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis
pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi sagnebs Tvals ayoleben,
magram, rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis
11.1
piJes kognituri ganviTarebis

safexurebi
stadia/asaki
sensomotoruli (0-2)
operaciamdeli (2-7)
konkretuli
operaciebis (7-11)
formaluri
operaciebis (11!)
maxasiaTeblebi da
ZiriTadi miRwevebi
bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire
raodenobis sensomotoruli
TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da
simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.
bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba
egocentrizmiTa da
centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba
simboluri azrovnebis
gamoyenebis unari.
bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis
gagebas. mas SeuZlia azrovneba
konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
bavSvs uviTardeba abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi
azrovnebis unari.
velidan qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebidanac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3 Tvis
asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac
sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde bavSvebi iwyeben
gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis
bavSvebi ukve darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi
maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben (Flavell,
1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli
stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde grZeldeba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri
winsvlaa fizikur mocemulobas moklebuli obieqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli
unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul
stadias piaJe aRwers imis mixedviT, Tu risi
gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad,
piaJes miaCnda, rom patara bavSvebis winaoperaciuli azrovneba egocentrizmiT, anu bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqoniT xasiaTdeba. Tqven, albaT,
SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu
gagonili gaqvT, rogor elaparakebian ori wlis
bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad
sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSemomyofebTan.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi

xasiaTdebian centraciiT obieqtebis perceptulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis
miqcevis tendenciiT. centraciis TvalsaCino
magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac
man aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba,
rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba WurWlis
zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.
saidan
viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs
asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7 wlis
bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari
odenobis siTxes Seicaven. Tumca, rodesac
limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal
WurWelSi gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gansxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician,
rom maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia,
Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7
wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT
raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusirebuli arian percepturad gamokveTil erT
Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze.
didi bavSvebi iTvaliswineben orives _ simaRles da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom
rasac xedaven, ar aris realoba.
konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkretuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier
amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan
damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZeni.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciul stadiaze patara bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
centracia (centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori perceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris arqoniT.
cxrili
413
wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve

SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _ gonebaSi
ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba,
romlidanac saTaves iRebs logikuri azrovneba.
winaoperaciul da konkretuli operaciebis stadiebs xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac
konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebi
axerxeben imas, rasac ver axerxebdnen winaoperaciul stadiaze. konkretuli operaciebi
bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canacvlebis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi
xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia, xolo
mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia,
bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom am samidan adami
yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis fizikurad
datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs
jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado daskvnis
414
konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT,

gaazreba imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe.
gakeTeba (adami yvelaze maRalia~), Tu problema

mxolod sityvierad aris aRwerili. uSualo,
fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaRlis gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs, rom
abstraqtuli azrovneba jer kidev momwifebis
stadiazea konkretuli operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT
is, rasac piaJe konservacias, anu Senaxvas uwodebs. maT ician, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe. 11.5 suraTze mocemulia piaJes
cdis magaliTebi, romelic sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi konservacias Seexeba. erT-erTi axlad
SeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT bavSvebs konservaciaze amocanebis Sesrulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis
mier imis gageba, rom fizikuri moqmedebebi da
gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos.
suraTi
11.3
bavSvma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver

Seicvleboda, radganac, Tu fizikur moqmedebas
SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis
WurWelSi _ orive moculoba isev erTnairi
gamoCndeba.
formaluri operaciebis stadia. formaluri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis
asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo
stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba abstraqtuli xdeba.
mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier
aRqmuli konkretuli realoba mxolod erTerTi variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobisa da yofierebis siRrmiseul sakiTxebze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs sistemurad wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven
formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs,
mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad

scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,
maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri
azrovnebis im tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me9 TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi daZmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan (Tu A, maSin B~
da ara B~) msjelobiT mividnen logikur
daskvnamde (ara A~).
adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi

piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis
klasikur aTvlis wertilad rCeba (Flavell, 1996;
Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999); Tumca,
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri una-
konservaciis testi
415
rebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi SeimuSaves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mravalferovanma axalma kreatulma meTodebma piaJes
daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.
bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli

stadiis gadaxedva
piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis
ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis umTavresi miRwevaa.
Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom 3 Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa,
ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT
am cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT
esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi myari sagani
ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena mkvlevar rene baiarJans ekuTvnis (Rene
Baillargeon, 1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvebma gakvirveba gamoxates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes movlenaTa
SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
saidan
viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel

movlenebs
416
Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio

yuTis1 win. pirdapir maT win moTavsebuli
iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv
mdebareobda daxrili sibrtye. Cvilebi
xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT
suraTi
11.6
SeCvevisa da testuri
movlenebis sqematuri
reprezentacia
SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis
interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel
SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda
SeuZlebeli movleniT.
iweoda (ise, rom maT SeeZloT imis danaxva,

rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev
eSveboda. Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gordeboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio
yuTis gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe,
uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg gamoCndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabolood gamodioda sademonstracio yuTis
marjvena mxares (ix. sur. 11.6).
mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvivnen am
movlenas, maT naxes movlenaTa ganviTarebis
ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi
aisaxeba reaqciis Sesusteba, rodesac stimuli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel
movlenaSi ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademonstracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs,
amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdebareoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi moTavsebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana
kedlisken, im bilikis miRma, sadac vagons
unda gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad
SeeZlo sademonstracio yuTis gavliT
gagoreba. SeuZlebel movlenaSi kubi
moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze
ise, rom momaval vagons gzas gadauRobavda.
miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas
Cvilebi xedavdnen, rom vagoni daubrko1
display box zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis

gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos,
rogorc daxli~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
saidan
viciT
patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis
Sesaxeb
Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT

imis dasturad, rom maT srulad aiTvises
obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod
icodnen, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi, imis
codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Loureno &
Machado, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJanis kvleva
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara bavSvebic ki
floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan
codnas.
bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli

stadiis gadaxedva
gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul
stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas egocentrizmi
axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi SeiZleba saTanadod mgrZnobiareni
iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod
kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.
bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2 wlis bavSvTan
saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro
mokle da martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre
TanatolTan an mozrdilTan (Shatz & Gelman, 1973).
aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom
egocentrizms Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs.
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi

piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris
agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis azrovnebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba. mogvianebiT
mkvlevrebma ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad
aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi
_ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman,
1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997). magaliTad, isini
leblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs.

isini SeuZlebel~ movlenas SedarebiT
didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom is akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda
maTTvis ukve Cveul warmodgenas movlenis
mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).
4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT

6 Tvis Cvilis (anas), 4 wlis bavSvisa
(maris) da mozrdilis (siuzenis) codna.
TiToeuli individis Sesaxeb bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen: icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac spilos
eZaxian?~ da icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs
eZaxian?~ bavSvebi axerxebdnen, eTqvaT, vis
ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda
spilos Sesaxeb, magram bavSvs ecodineboda;
arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT
lemuris Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives
Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT,
bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari
codnis safuZvelze (magaliTad, is, rom
maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _
lemuris Sesaxeb). isini aucileblobiT
ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al.,
1991).
417
418
sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomareobebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb gonebis TeoriaSi,

anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi agroveben. ase
ukeT SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis
procesebis gageba.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli
warmodgenebis ganviTareba, magaliTad, rogor
gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi
saxeobidan meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan
romels eZina, an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas
yvelaze xSirad adamianTan cxovelis msgavsebaze
afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis
bavSvebis umravlesobam es Tvisebebi (Zili~
da Zvlebis qona~) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna, vidre
Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma adamianTan
msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon
TeoriiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro
gamokveTilis struqturis arsebobas aRiarebs;
magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri
gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da uxerxemloTa Soris,
raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT
Zvlebi. aseve, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom
is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT
funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra
aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman, 1991). amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma
zustad ar ician, ra aris ZaRlSi, isini sruliad darwmunebulni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets
ZaRlad yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac
SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul sferoSi
dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian
zogad Teorias da Semdeg maTi warmatebuli
daxvewisaTvis axali gamocdilebis farTo
diapazons iyeneben.
socialuri da kulturuli gavlena

kognitur ganviTarebaze
piaJes TeoriaSi kognituri ganviTareba,
ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani momwifebis produqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs
bavSvis kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tumca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes kongitur
ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
rolis Seswavla. am kvlevaTa umravlesoba
saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis
(Lev Vigotsky) Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom
bavSvebi internalizaciis procesiT viTardebian: isini codnas socialuri garemodan isrutaven, romelic seriozurad aisaxeba maTi
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.
socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad
vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba pova ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan
piaJes Teoriam asakobrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miipyro, bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier
mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul kulturebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995). am
kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWvqveS daayena piaJes
mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac,
magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi adamianebma ver
aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli
hqondaT formaluri operaciebis stadiisTvis.
mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli
specifikuri miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier
miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul ganaTlebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre
kognituri ganviTarebis biologiurad determirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Loureno
& Machado, 1996).
internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba im
gavlenis axsnaSi gvexmareba, romelsac kulturuli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur ganviTarebaze. bavSvis SemecnebiTi unarebi ise
viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturaSi dafasebuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell
& Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad, Seqmna
iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari
warmodgena saTanado da sasargeblo kognitur
moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom
maTma bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion
warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis mixedviT
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT
is rTuli kognituri unarebi, romelic Zafis
dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad
sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben
samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas.
internalizacia (internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT, bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan
codnas Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
mozrdilobaSi
rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda
kognituri unarebi bavSvobidan mozardobisken,
SevamCnieT, rom am dros mimdinare cvlilebebi,
Cveulebriv, ukeTesobisken Secvlas~ niSnavda.
rodesac gviani mozrdilobis periods, anu
xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi
migviTiTeben, rom cvlileba~ uaresisken Secvlas~ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas
da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs, isini
am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis
dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999). danakargebisa da
SenaZenebis urTierTmonacvleobis saCveneblad,
vnaxoT, ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am periodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.
komponentebad davyofT, romelic aerTianebs,

erTi mxriv, verbalur SesaZleblobebs (kristalizebuli inteleqti) da, meore mxriv, swrafad
da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs (fluiduri
inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti
mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes
& Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba, didwilad,
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis
zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba: mniSvnelovnad
mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis
Sesrulebis unari drois mokle periodSi, romelic mravali kognituri procesis monawileobas saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad
uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).
magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli
funqcionirebis gauaresebisken. magaliTad, dResdReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad SeZenili
sibrZnis _ cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi
gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne
gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturobas cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000).
11.3 cxrilSi mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi,
romelic sibrZnes gansazRvravs (Smith & Baltes,
1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli
es forma xangrZlivi da Sinaarsiani cxovrebis
manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi adamianebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi,
romlebic garemosgan Zlieri stimulaciisken
iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri
unarebis maRali donis SenarCunebisken.
cxrili
11.3
sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi
inteleqti
naklebad moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa
zogadi kognituri unarebis gauaresebis Sesaxeb
mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba
kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli gauareseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri
funqcionirebis gauareseba, es, rogorc wesi,
mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts
mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli

codna.
mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa da gansjis strategiebis
zogadi da specifikuri codna.
cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis da droSi (ganviTarebaSi)
ganfenili
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.
ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazRvrelobisa da araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gamklavebis gzebis codna.
CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen,

gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan SedarebiT
(Rogoff, 1990). kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebs araerTxel daudasturebia is
faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi,
Tu rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes
amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995).
aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur ganviTarebaSi garemosa da bunebis rolis gansasazRvrad unda gamoiyenon.
asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxan
visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia. ioli SesamCnevia,
rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZleblobebs flobs, razec erTi wlis pataras
warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze,
romlebic mozrdilobis periodisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
419
saidan
viciT
rodesac profesorebi berdebian
420
kaliforniis berklis universitetis

60-dan 71 wlamde 22 asakovani profesorisagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri
funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT Sedarda
axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde)
jgufs da maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakontrolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, romlebic kognituri funqcionirebis sxvadasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT testSi
(magaliTad, asociaciuri wyvilebis daswavlis testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma
asakTan dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipuri
paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT
iseve Seasrules, rogorc maTma axalgazrda
kolegebma. magaliTad, maT erTnairad
SeZles audio-CanaweriT miwodebuli moTxrobebis mosmena da maTi Sinaarsis aRdgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo
jgufma am amocanis Sesrulebisas asakTan
dakavSirebuli tipuri~ gauareseba gamoavlina. rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan
profesorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri
unarebis arseboba? mkvlevrebis azriT,
profesorebis saqmianoba, romelic maTgan
intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs,
SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis tipuri
zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).
kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar

mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs
aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani
daskvna isaa, rom aucilebelia vamuSaoT da
vavarjiSoT goneba. uorner Saim (Warner Schaie)
da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis
programebis saSualebiT xandazmul adamianebs
zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan
acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis,
1986). rogorc Cans, inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis ukmarisoba, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobebuli iyos umoqmedobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999).
kidev erTxel mivediT daskvnamde: gamoiyene an
dakarge~ (an ivarjiSe mis ukan dasabruneblad)

saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamianisaTvis.
rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad
xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis Tanmxleb
gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba
SeiZleba moiazrebdes SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri
sargeblis miRebasa da xandazmulobis Tanmxlebi gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis SeZlebisdagvarad Semcirebas. warmatebuli daberebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma
pol baltesma (Paul Baltes) da margaret baltesma
(Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia saxelwodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
(Baltes et al., 1992; Freund & Baltes, 1998). seleqciuri
niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli
miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia
gulisxmobs adamianebis mier sakuTari unarebis
gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul
sferoebSi. kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa
mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli
gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos
SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs gulisxmierad
eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins
satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu
rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul
asakSic warmatebuli pianisti yofiliyo,
mexsiereba
xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _
veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT kargad. mexsierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli
adamianebi marTlac uares Sedegebs aCveneben,
vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994;
Hultsch et al., 1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mexsierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli
da sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski et al., 1993).
dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi
codnisa da didi xnis win momxdari cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsenebis unars. saxelebisa da saxeebis cnobis
kvlevaSi Suaxnis mozrdilebma SeZles Tanaklaselebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis
damTavrebidan 35 wlis Semdeg maSin, roca
skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan
individebs jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis
70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg, 1993).
mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im
meqanizmebis amomwuravad da saTanadod aRwera,
romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis
mexsierebis daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa
erTi nawili aqcents axalgazrdebisa da xandazmulebis mier informaciis organizebisa da
gadamuSavebis gzebis gansxvavebulobebze akeTebs.
meore nawili ki miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Semcirebul unarze, yuradReba miaqcion informacias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi
mimdinare im neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swavlobs, romlebic mexsierebaSi fizikur kvals
toveben. mkvlevrebi imasac fiqroben, rom
xandazmulTa mexsierebis muSaobas Tavad maTi
rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT gauaresebis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy &
Langer, 1994). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis
Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma
calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa. asakovani
adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris daavadebiT
arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven
mexsierebas da pirovnebis degradaciiT xasiaTdebian. es daavadeba 65 wels gadacilebul
amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s aReniSneba, romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa.
maT Sorisaa, rogorc cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis
noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald
reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba,
erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda uwyinrad iwyeba _
adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino
simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis gauareseba iyos,
Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis
ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls
SeiZleba aReniSnebodes gradualuri pirovnuli
cvlilebebi, rogoricaa: apaTia, spontanurobis
dakargva da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis
survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze alcheimeris
daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad
Caiketnon sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni
gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da
Svilebis saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom
mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZvliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xandazmulobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan
ufro konkretul sakiTxebze gadavinacvloT da
vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
sibrZne (wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi.
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selective optimization with compensation) _ warmatebuli
daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac
adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da
amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimers disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqveiTebiT, inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT
da pirovnebis degradaciiT.
man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi

nakleb nawarmoebebs asrulebda. (2) TiToeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda
da (3) dakvrisas igi swrafi monakveTebis
win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas)
akeTebda, raTa nawarmoebis swrafi monakveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels,
vidre is realurad iyo. swored es aris
seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), optimizaciis (meti praqtika) da kompensaciis
(tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) magaliTebi (Baltes, 1993, gv. 590).
421
Sejameba
422
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan

miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben,
romelTac man sqemebi uwoda. piaJem kognituri
ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia, rodesac bavSvebi aRweven
obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli
stadia, rodesac bavSvebis azrovnebas egocentrizmi da centracia axasiaTebs; konkretuli
operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve
SeuZliaT konkretuli gonebrivi operaciebis
damaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.
Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes
Teoriis elementebi. magaliTad, obieqtTa mudmivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis
pirveli Tveebidanve aRweven. winaoperaciul
stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar arian
egocentrulebi. mkvlevrebi, aseve, varaudoben,
rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan
TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu
ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni
Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac
isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas. dabolos, aucilebelia piaJes Teoriis ganxilva kulturul konteqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri
unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im
unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove kognituri
ganviTarebis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi,
ZiriTadad, kognituri procesebis zogadi SenelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma
SeiZleba am movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa
da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri
funqcionirebis maRali donis SenarCuneba maT
gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan
adamianTa umravlesoba ganicdis mexsierebis
gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi umniSvneloa
iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris
daavadebas axlavs.
enis aTviseba
aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis
bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT metyvelebis danawevreba
mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT
erTeulebad; bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _
azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da
aqtiuri monawileobis miReba Tanmimdevrul
saubarSi. bavSvebis SesaniSnavma enobrivma
miRwevebma mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ubiZga, rom
daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis
unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994).
Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad daibada bavSvi,
mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi
arsebuli 4000 sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri.
amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _
sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es
niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken Tandayolili
midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave,
moqnili unda iyos (Meier, 1991).
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi
aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi, Cven aRvwerT
faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis
aTvisebis unaris Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi
xom im konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas
swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv garemoSi
gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis
sxvadasxva saxis codnaze, romelic bavSvebma
unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis
swavlisas. Tqven SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9 Tavis
qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da gaixsenoT,
rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs
saubris dros.
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma
warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da
saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT. rogor
daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi
maTgani relevanturia sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli
enis aTvisebisas bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis
cxrili
11.4
enis struqtura
enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli

fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right
(ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu inglisuri
TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT
gansxvavebis gagoneba _ inglisur enaSi /r/ da /
l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven
mxolod iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT
gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/ da
/l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi.
ismis kiTxva: inglisurad molaparakeni iZenen
am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad
molaparakeni kargaven mas?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebs
iseTi meTodebis SemuSaveba dasWirdaT, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi informaciis miReba bavSvebisgan, romlebic jer ar
laparakoben.
saidan
viciT
SemCnevaa, romlebic azrianad gamoiyeneba am

enaSi (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda
SeamCnios gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis
poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena
Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebebisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia adamianis
vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela
im salaparako-bgeriT kontrasts, romelic
SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone
minimalur erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur
1
originaluri varianti: bin _ pin
me-7 TavSi aRwerili operantuli ganpirobebulobis principebis gamoyenebiT,

mkvlevrebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wyarosken Tavis Sebrunebas, rodesac isini
SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Secvlas meore bgeriT. waxaliseba (jildo),
romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, ganaTebul
yuTSi moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxovelia, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze
abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvlilebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma aucileblad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavSvebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis unaris gasazomad, mkvlevrebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra
sixSiriT abrunebdnen isini Tavs cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker,
1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
fonemebi (phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri

erTeuli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv
gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli
metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli
fonemaa inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi
fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
enis aTviseba
SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma

dabadebisTanave
423
ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tandayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/ sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT
ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda bgeriT
gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi,
magram ara inglisurSi _ gansxvavebebs,
romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas
inglisurad molaparake zrdasrulebisTvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes
Cvilebis, romlebic swavlobdnen inglisursa da hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da
hindize molaparake zrdasrulebis mier
hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT
aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asakamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel enas
swavlobda, amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca,
8 Tveze ufrosi asakis Cvilebis da mozrdilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT
hindis bgeriTi kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc
swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am
enaze.
424
aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs,

rom cxovrebas salaparako enebisTvis mniSvnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unariT viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT
im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic
ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT
(werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpirobebuli dasawyisis paralelurad, bevr bavSvs
garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis naklebad moiTxovs misgan gamarTul metyvelebas.
mraval kulturaSi mozrdilebi Cvil da patara
bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul, mozrdilTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebul formas
iyeneben. es aris xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da
maRali intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic formalurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze mimarTuli
metyveleba (child-directed speech). an naklebad oficialuri saxelwodebiT _ dedebis an mSoblebis
ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis damabavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) _ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT, romelsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan
saubrisas iyeneben
xasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram

ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993;
fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul
metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros maT enis aTvisebaSi, vinaidan misi saSualebiT bavSvebi
interesdebian da yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasac
mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs bavSvsa da
masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri
kavSiris damyarebas (trainor et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi gameorebis
SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi?
es aris pirveli didi nabiji enis aTvisebisas:
Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli
raRac kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis
gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben, vidre ar
daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paterni ZaRli
gamoiyeneba maSin, roca saxezea bewviani arseba.
Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen
ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis
unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995), Tumca, erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT
ufro adre, daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT:
am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas aniWeben
sakuTar saxels (Mandel et al., 1995).
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa
daswavla
rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis warmoqmnisa
da movlenebis Tanxvedris dafiqsirebas, Tqven
mzad iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis
asaTviseblad. udaoa, rom bavSvebi brwyinvaled
swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs. daaxloebiT
18 Tvis asakSi maTi sityvebis maragi gasaocari
siswrafiT izrdeba. mkvlevrebi am periods
dasaxelebebis afeTqebis, anu dasaxelebaTa
raodenobis swrafi zrdis periods uwodeben,
radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben
axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasaxelebebis aTvisebas (ix. suraTi 11.7). 6 wlis
asakisaTvis saSualod bavSvs daaxloebiT 14000
sityva esmis (Templin, 1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am
sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
asakSia naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT
dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs, anu sifxizlis
11.7
bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba
swrafad izrdeba wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde.
mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa saSualo
marags 6-Tviani intervalebiT.
(wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of language.
scientific American, Inc.)
yovel erT saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (Carey,

1978). rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama
parkSi seirnoben, mama uTiTebs raRacaze da
ambobs: es aris ZaRli~. bavSvma unda gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros romel nawils ekuTvnis
ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (Quine, 1960). iqneb
ZaRli niSnavs nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas~,
cxovelis qurqs~, cxovelis tyavs~ an kidev
sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali
iqneba yovel jerze, roca vinme ZaRlze miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogor axerxeben bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis
mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
enis aTviseba
suraTi
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis

msgavsad moqmedeben. isini ayalibeben hipoTezebs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiToeuli axali sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT,
Tu rogor aqtiurad muSaobs maTi naturalisturi
goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben sityvis mniSvnelobas _ erT sityvas iyeneben
obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZliaT sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli,
an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali obieqti,
saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,
bavSvebs SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon sityvis mniSvneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli
mxolod maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi
hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu ratom arian
bavSvebi gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis
warmodgenisken, rom ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian
cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina
TaTs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis
hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili principebiT (Clark, 1987, 1993; Markman, 1989). ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, urTierTgamoricxvis principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian,
TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasaxeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs es principi
bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi
bavSvebi midrekilni arian, CaTvalon, rom axali
sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad,
roca maT ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis
dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas,
rom maTTvis ucnobi sityva, magaliTad, yurmili
unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (Liitschwager & Markman, 1994; Markman & Wachtel, 1988).
425
bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.

urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian
2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT saxanZro manqanas
deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla
426
bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis

asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT, rogorc naturalistebi, romelTa hipoTezebi SezRudulia
Tandayolili principebiT. igive analogiis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis,
romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba
ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _ aTvisebis aRsawerad. bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis,
rom sxvadasxva enebs sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT.
magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipuri wyobaa subieqti-zmna-obieqti, iaponurSi ki subieqti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda gaarkvion, ra
tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT
irgvliv gamoiyeneba. rogor akeTeben isini amas?
dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi, ZiriTadad, adamianis
genomSi unda veZioT. lingvisti noam xomski
(Noam Chomsky; 1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs,
rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic aiolebs enis gagebas da am enis saSualebiT azris gadmocemas. gramatikis aseTi biologiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen
bavSvebi, romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad floben
enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswavles yru bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec
imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri
metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvelyves maTTvis Jestebis enis srulad swavleba
(Goldin-Meadow & Mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma
sakuTari niSnebis enis gamogoneba daiwyes da
am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _
Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebsac bavSvebi iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas.
hiperregularizacia (overregularization) _ gramatikuli Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da
romlis drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod
gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi
formebis warmoeba.
ararsebobis miuxedavad _ gamarTuli gramatikuli struqtura SeiZina: Camoyalibebuli enis,

rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis
pirobebSi, bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, mzad~ arian
struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis
da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben
informaciis gacvlis sistemebs~ (Goldin-Meadow
& Mylander, 190, gv. 351).
rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretulad romeli codnaa Tandayolili? am sakiTxisadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis aTvisebis
Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT
anu kros-linglisturad. imis garkveviT, Tu ra
uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msoflios mravali enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan
predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc
naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi konkretuli
enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas Tandayolil SezRudvebs iyeneben. den slobinma (Dan
Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra,
rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erToblioba, romelic bavSvis enis Seqmnis unars
qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985) mixedviT, saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis
mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs. magaliTad,
operaciuli principi, romelic bavSvs iseTi
sityvebis aRmoCenaSi exmareba, romlebic erTad
gamoiyeneba maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis SedgenaSi, aseTia: sityvaTa kategoriebisa da
funqcionaluri elementebis kategoriebis dadgenili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian
konkretuli propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas,
mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan
erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva~ (gv. 1252). martivad
rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo principi gveubneba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan sityvebis
warmoTqmis Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamoxatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba.
slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva
enis mravali mkvlevris mier mowodebuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis
saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es principebi,
Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT.
vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze molaparake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori wlis asakSi,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac
suraTi
11.8
gramatikis aTviseba
isini sityvebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwyeben. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebis metyveleba telegrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi saxelebisa da zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi
mimdevrobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. telegraful metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare sityvebi, rogoricaa: the, andAda of (artikli, kavSiri da windebuli), romlebic sityvebsa da
ideebs Soris kavSiris gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba.
magaliTad, Allgone milk1 telegrafuli frazaa.
orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad mozrdilebi im konteqsts unda icnobdnen, sadac
iTqva es sityvebi. Tanya ball~ (tania burTi),
magaliTad, SeiZleba niSnavdes: tanias unda
burTi~ an tania isvris burTs~. miuxedavad amisa,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myofi bavSvebi amtkiceben, rom maT garkveulwilad aiTvises
inglisuri gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi
saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom inglisurSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis wyobas da rom
sami aucilebeli elementia: moqmedi piri
moqmedeba _ obieqti (subieqti-zmna-obieqti),
romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am
aRmoCenis~ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi arasworad igeben aseT winadadebas: `Mary was followed
by her little lamb to school~ (meris wayva misi patara
kravi skolaSi) maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi
1
Allgone milk All milk is all gone mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda)
gaTavda.
piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti) (ix.

sur. 11.8). droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda
gamoiyenon sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebi, raTa
aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan moqmedi piri moqmedeba
_ obieqti~ gamonaklisebic arsebobs.
axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi,
romelsac slobinma gavrcoba uwoda da romelic
moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi
erTeulis, anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi
da imave cnebis aRsaniSnad. aseTi cnebebis
magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro
da mimdinare moqmedeba. inglisur enaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis
fuZeze iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis
gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -`s (marias), -ed (called)
da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxelebuli bgeris damateba arsebiT saxelze an
zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo
principebs am morfemebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb
hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad iyeneben. Tumca,
vinaidan es principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda
scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis erTnairad
aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens
hiperregulacias. magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi
inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze
ed-is damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da
qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed da breaked
(arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma edis damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi
enis aTviseba
mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom

Mary was followed by the lamb~
(meris gahyva kravi) da ary
followed the lamb~ (meri gahyva
kravs) eri da igive mniSvnelobis mqone winadadebebia.
427
mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an -zis damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad
afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac mravlobiTi ricxvi s, an z-is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gansakuTrebiT saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is,
Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs
ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da zmnebisa da
arsebiTi saxelebis swor formebs iyeneben.
bavSvebi jer zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad,
came da went) iyeneben, albaT, imitom, rom isini
swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminologiur elementebs, magram, roca isini warsuli
drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad wess swavloben,
isini mas im zmnebis mimarTac iyeneben, romlebic
wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenen, anu im sityvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoTqvamdnen1. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sxva
saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am droebiTi
gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.
bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens maT socialur urTierTobebze.
es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri
ganviTarebis ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.
428
Sejameba
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas,
rom bavSvebi enis Seswavlis biologiurad
ganpirobebuli unariT ibadebian. am ideis damadasturebel monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT fonemuri
kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unari, maT
Soris iseTi kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoiyeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis
asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs.
es unari saSualebas aZlevs maT, daiwyon sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevrebi Tvlian,
rom axali sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi im
hipoTezebis SeqmniTa da gadasinjviT swavloben,
romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili
principebiT, rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
1
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi

amboben sebobs~ da ara arsebobs~, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom ar~ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da
fiqroben, rom ar~-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
dadebiTad aqcevs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlevrebs, gansazRvron, gramatikis romeli nawilebi

eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
enis Seqmnis unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo
principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs
bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis
gaanalizebis process.
socialuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani dabadebidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri da kognituri TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT
socialur ganviTarebas: rogor icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi
sicocxlis manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socialuri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs
biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul
periods misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebiTa
da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni
cxovrebis garkveul aspeqtebze. magaliTad,
ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi
adamianebi eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis
stresebs, rac ar xdeba ganviTarebis normalur~
pirobebSi (Crockett & Silbereisen, 2000; Leventhal &
Brooks-Gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da msoflios sxva
qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi ganviTarebis
fsiqologebs valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon
is gamorCeuli garemoebebi, sadac uwevs cxovreba
mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _
garemoebebi, romlebic mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis
maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles
(Dryfoss, 1990; Huston et al., 1994; Ladd & Cairns, 1996).
garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mamakacebs da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad imyofebian arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi,
socialuri ganviTareba (social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri
urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi.
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi
erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis
qaliSvilis, ana froidis mowafem, SemogvTavaza
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma
warmatebiT unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqosocialuri stadiebisa, romelTaganac TiToeuli
mas garkveuli konfliqtis, an krizisis winaSe
ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis ciklis rva stadia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
TiToeuli stadia xasiaTdeba konkretuli krizisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom

arc erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde,
aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad gadaWras
TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes
Semdgomi stadiebis konfliqtebs.
eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli
ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils, mzrunvel mozardebTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes
garemosadmi ndobis bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba
mSobelTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi
da fizikuri siaxloviT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca,
Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli bavSvis bazisuri
moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri
siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is xSirad rCeba
masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuvifsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial stages)
_ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis
Tanmimdevruli stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba
sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs
da individisa da socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur
konfliqtebs.
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
vidre xandazmuli mamakacebi; xandazmuli afroamerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi
arian, vidre maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi
(Carstensen & Rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
struqturuli uTanasworobis uSualo Sedegia.
rodesac vaskvniT saSualo~ cxovrebis mimdinareobis Taobaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes _
kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gansxvavdebodes am normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im
fsiqologiur siZneleebs, romelsac Cveulebrivi~ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT, rom
mravali individi gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevrebis daniSnulebaa,
aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adamianze da SeimuSavon meTodebi, romliTac Seamsubuqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia,
rom saWiroa seriozuli reformebis gatareba
ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialuri daxmarebis politikis asamoqmedeblad da
dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas
gagviweven ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso
interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg, 1993).
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba
gveqneba, davubrundeT kulturis gavlenis sakiTxs.
gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kulturiT ganpirobebuli socialuri gamocdileba
erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxovrebiseul amocanebs. socialuri ganviTarebis
ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis
ciklis TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens
im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac cxovrebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze
viRebT.
429
cxrili
11.5
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
miaxloebiTi
asaki
warmatebuli gadawyveta
warumatebeli gadawyveta
0-1,5
ndoba undoblobis
winaaRmdeg
usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda
daucveloba, SfoTva
1,5-3
avtonomia eWvis
winaaRmdeg
Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac

xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis
kontroli da romelic flobs
situacias
movlenebis kontrolis
SeuZleblobis gancda
3-6
iniciativa danaSaulis
grZnobis winaaRmdeg
sakuTar TavSi, rogorc

iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi,
darwmunebuloba
sakuTari Rirsebis gancdis ararseboba
6-pubertati
kompetenturoba
arasrulfasovnebis
winaaRmdeg
bazisuri socialuri da
inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturoba
sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebuloba, marcxis gancda
mozardoba
ego-identuroba
rolebis aRrevis
winaaRmdeg
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc

pirovnebis, sasiamovno,
damakmayofilebeli gancda
sakuTari pirovnebis
danawevrebulobis gancda;
sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi
da bundovani warmodgena
axalgazrdoba
intimuroba izolaciis
winaaRmdeg
meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da

erTgulad darCenis unari
martoobis da
gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa
saSualo asaki
qmnadoba1 uZraobis2
winaaRmdeg
sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze,

sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze
zrunvis unari
sakuTari survilebis
damkayofilebaze zrunva;
momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba
xandazmuloba
mTlianoba3 sasowarkveTis winaaRmdeg
mTlianobis gancda, zogadi

kmayofileba cxovrebiT
sicarielis, gamousadegarobis gancda, imedgacrueba
Tardes undoblobis, daucvelobisa da SfoTvis

yovlismomcveli gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad,
farTovdeba bavSvis mier gamokvleuli sivrce
da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da xandaxan
adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xeliT mosinjvas, datrialebas, gadmobrunebas).
am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avtonomiis da sakuTari qmedunarianobisa da Rirseulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam
da kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis
mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde, xolo iseTma
moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs
aRemateba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, TviTmomsaxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad
mkacri moTxovna, SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali
1
2
430
krizisi
Generativity.
Stagnation
ego-integrity
amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis

xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bavSvi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli aqvs ndobis
bazisuri grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis,
Semdeg ki sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeZlebs iniciativis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise motorul aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan aseTi
iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben
Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganviTarebis Semdegi safexurisTvis, an aRZraven
danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa samyaroSi
daupatiJebel stumrad~ agrZnobineben Tavs.
dawyebiTi skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelmac
warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis krizisebi,
mzad aris, rom gare samyaros SemTxveviTi
Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan gadavides kompetenturobisa da Sromisunarianobis sistematur
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia

konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis
krizisis gadawyveta xnier adamians amzadebs
imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe Sexedos da pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gancda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi gadauWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel survilebadve darCa, individs sasowarkveTileba,
ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari
gamousadegrobis SegrZneba eufleba.
bavSvobaSi
bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da
efeqtur urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi,
Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi
da motivebi iseT formas iReben, romelic
misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.
procesSi mravali adamiani (naTesavebi, megobrebi,
maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis
msaxurebis adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa zegavlenis Sedegadac iTvisebs individi socialurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis standartebs. Tumca, socializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli
Tavad ojaxia. ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan
dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi,
romelic gansxvavdeba ojaxis standartuli _
deda, mama, da-Zmebi _ struqturisgan: zogierTi
bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba,
zogi ki _ mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi.
ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa, is exmareba
individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva
adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli
stilis safuZveli xdeba.
socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi da ganwyobebi iseT formas
iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli
sazogadoebisTvis.
ganviTarebaze. skola da sporti _ inteleqtualuri da motoruli unarebis ganviTarebis,

TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri unarebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. am mimarTulebebiT warmatebul mcdelobebs bavSvi
kompetenturobis gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am
stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayurebelis rolSi aRmoCndeba, an marcxs ganicdis,
SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Semdgomi cxovrebiseuli stadiebis moTxovnaTa
dakmayofilebis unars.
eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi
krizisi sakuTari individualurobis, anu identobis aRmoCenaa, rasac sxvadasxva wreSi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT
gamowveuli gaurkvevloba abrkolebs. am krizisis
gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis mTlianobis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; warumatebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb,
warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis)
ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da izolacias
Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis
warmatebuli gadawyvetis Sedegia sxva adamianebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyarebisa da SenarCunebis unaris ganviTareba. aseTi urTierTobebi
TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnuli
prioritetis daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar
Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da
meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa
da damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT SenarCunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas
individi izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri
urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs.
socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba,
romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi (Suaxnis
mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba,
anu produqtulobaa. 30-40 wlis asakSi adamianebi
sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris
sazRvrebs scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis
wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da momaval
Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi
ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS
ayeneben warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.
431
mijaWvuloba
432
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvsa da dedas,

mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels Soris mWidro
emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT iwyeba. am
Zlier, xangrZliv, socialur-emociur urTierTobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs
ar SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba da dacva, mijaWvulobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis
sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros
zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils avtomaturad
ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti,
romelsac is xedavs, an romlis xmac esmis
(Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba.
imprintingi swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kritikul periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla. imprintingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba
problemuri iyos. eTologma konrad lorencma
(Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili
batis Wukebi adamians miejaWvebian da ara
TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels.
sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi,
dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad, sxva batebs
xedaven.
adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli
instinqtur mijaWvulobaze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSobilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben.
adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris

gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi esaWiroebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSorebis signalebi _ rogoricaa: Rimili, tirili,
bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili
qcevebia, romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom
yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991). magaliTad,
cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec
surs gavlenis moxdena (Jones et al., 1991). cxadia,
warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damokidebuli mxolod Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze,
aramed _ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis SeuZlia,
rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils?
jon boulbis (John Bowlby, 1973), adamianTa Soris
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani Teoretikosis, mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaWvebian, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad da saTanadod
pasuxoben maT signalebs.
mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli meTodia meri einsvorsisa (Mary
Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli
ucnobi situaciis testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978).
erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi bavSvi
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi SehyavT. dedis
Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba eZleva,
ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime
wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi ucnobi adamiani Semodis,
esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg
deda tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg
deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili xvdeba
erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom am testze bavSvebis reaqciebi sam
ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978):
myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis
gasvlaze garkveuli distresiT reagireben.
misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken,
komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian
da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian TamaSs.
mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba
bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel
mozrdils Soris.
imprintingi (imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts,
romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/

rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian da SfoTaven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi
dabrunebisas veRar mSviddebian da ubrazdebian da ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan
kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.
aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxebidan Semdgari SerCevevis gamokvlevam aCvena,

rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad
mijaWvulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, aramyarad
mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda
ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezistentulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT gansxvavebul
qveynebSi, rogoricaa: SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia
da CineTi, mijaWvulobis urTierTobebis kroskulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis konkretuli
tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoavlina (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul
qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad mijaWvulia.
kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad
arasando, aramyarad mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva
tipis prioritetulobaze aisaxa. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTanxmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da
bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi
dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sedgenil
klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996).
ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze
dafuZnebuli kategoriebi prognostulad Rirebuli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT
bavSvis Semdgomi qcevis prognozireba mTel
rig situaciebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda im
sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad
mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan mijnavda.
magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
bavSvebi, romlebic 15 Tvis asakSi ucnobi situaciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulobisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas axorcielebdnen,
skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 8-9 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15
Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen
sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis gamo, vidre
maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul

wlebSi mijaWvulobis xarisxisa da Semdgomi
qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis
bavSvebsa (Urban et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield
et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situaciebis testiT gamovlinda, namdvilad grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17 TavSi vnaxavT, rom
mkvlevrebi mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdilTa sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis prognozirebisTvisac iyeneben.
Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniSvnelovania axalgazrda sicocxlisaTvis. sando
mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa
da socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs,
mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis winapirobas
uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos
gariskva, axal situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma
pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki
vnaxoT, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon am myari mijaWvulobis
erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis

stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi
TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis
Sesabamisad iqceva mSoblebTan urTierTobisas:
mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT,
xSirad aRniSnaven, Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen
maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve.
bavSvis ama Tu im temperamentma mSoblebis
saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi SeiZleba mou-
aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi

indiferentulebi Canan da SeiZleba aqtiurad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an misi ignorireba moaxdinon.
433
suraTi
11.9
aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia
aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori

ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa: momTxovneloba _ mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da
am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis
bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli; gulisxmiereba _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur
mSobel-Svilis kavSirs.
434
lodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevrebi aRiareben, rom bavSvebis temperamenti da mSoblebis

qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis
mxriv, bavSvis ganviTarebaze aisaxeba, magaliTad,
mijaWvulobis xarisxis saxiT: ramdenadac mSoblebi zemoqmedeben Tavian Svilebze, imdenad
Svilebi zemoqmedeben maTze (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze,
mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis mier gamoyeneuli aRzrdis stili, romelic, Cveulebriv,
yvelaze met sargebels iZleva. mocemuli stili
ori ganzomilebis _ momTxovnelobisa da gulisxmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs
(Maccoby & Martin, 1983). momTxovnelobaSi moiazreba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi
miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli,
gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis
individualobis aRiareba~ (Darling & Steinberg, 1993,
gv. 492). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.9, avtoritetuli mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben
TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven qcevis
miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas, magram
Tavadac gulisxmierad epyrobian maT _ isini
yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis iniaRzrdis stili (parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqturad iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic
Tanabrad moiazrebs momTxovnelobasa da
gulisxmierebas.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (parenting practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
qceva, romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
miznebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
cirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben

TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray &
Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis
kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia
suraTze 11.9, aRzrdis avtoritaruli stilis
SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan disciplinirebulobas iTxoven da naklebad uTmoben yuradRebas maT damoukideblobas; momTmeni
stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svilebis mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazogadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili
ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom mSoblebi arc disciplinirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc
maTi individualurobisadmi iCenen did interess.
erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSoblebic ki sxvadasxvagvar prioritets aniWeben
socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs mkafiod
dasaxuli miznebidan (Darling & Steinberg, 1993).
aqedan gamomdinare, avtoritetuli mSoblebi,
romelTac surT, rom bavSvebma kargad iswavlon
skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac
bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom eswrafvian mSoblebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswavlon skolaSi, radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves
am miznisTvis; aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba
adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas.
Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli mSobeli
ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia
bavSvis saskolo warmatebis prognozireba
mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg
et al., 1992). mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi
komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri

gamocdileba
ras iReben bavSvebi mijaWvulobis kavSirisgan? zigmund froidis da sxva fsiqologebis
Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs,
rom isini maT sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akmayofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur moTxovnilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis
Teorias uwodeben. es Teoria rom swori iyos,
bavSvebs keTildReobisTvis saTanadod gamokvebis
garda araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda,
rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida mijaWvulobis
mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man
gamoTqva sakuTari hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZleba imaTac miejaWvon, visTanac kontaqtisas
komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman,
1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave moaSora dedebs
da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri
deda~ daxvdaT. erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo
damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis `dedasTan~ axlos daibudes da cota
dros atarebdnen mavTulis `dedasTan~. es
maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac rZes maT mxolod mavTulis `deda~ aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi
stimuli (magaliTad, dolze mobraxune saTamaSo
daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan damzadebul dedasTan~ garbodnen.
rodesac axali saintereso stimuli gamoCkomforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.
ndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad

TandaTanobiT bedavdnen dedisgan~ moSorebas
da kvlevis ganaxlebamde isev qsovilisgan
damzadebul dedasTan~ brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan Zlieri
mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi
iyo jansaRi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom
patara makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan
normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze gansxvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi
gazrdil mdedr maimunebs Tavad mouwiaT dedis
rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul
asakSi ar hqondaT sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis
saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri socialuri
da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba mozrdilobaSi.
primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen
Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena, rom emociurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel dedaze gaSvileba arsebiTad cvlida mis cxovrebas.
suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac
gansakuTrebiT mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi
zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana
planze gadaweuli wevrebidan Tamam, komunikabelur mamr maimunebad izrdebian, romlebic
konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi

Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierTqmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia normaluri
socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTarebisken. vinaidan pirveli momvlelisadmi Tavdapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba
ojaxis sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian
bavSvisTvis misabaZi modelebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis procesSi. am
adreuli mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben
sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da sxva adamianebis
moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.
435
ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze
436
rodesac fsiqologebma
pirvelad daiwyes socialuri
ganviTarebis Seswavla, im
Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba,
romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda
maTi daskvnebi, mTeli dReebis manZilze dedebTan imyofebodnen TavianT saxlebSi.
Tumca, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze sazogadoebis moTxovnebi Seicvala da aucilebeli gaxda,
rom dedebis gacilebiT met
raodenobas emuSava saxlis
gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bavSvi mravali saaTis da zogjer TiTqmis mTeli adreuli
bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver
ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas.
mkvlevrebma, am cvlilebidan
gamomdinare, ori SekiTxva
dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uaryofiT gavlenas axdens bagabaRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze?
(2) rogori unda iyos optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia

pirveli SekiTxvis interpretireba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels
Soris mijaWvulobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,
nebismieri movlena (rogoricaa, magaliTad, baga-baRi), romelic arRvevs am mijaWvulobas, cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxia: yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, ara~ (Scarr,
1998). am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv,
erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi
gazrdil da baga-baRSi gazrdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da
socialuri ganviTarebis mixedviT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi
atarebdnen dros, xSirad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen am parametrebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, imitom,
rom baga-baRebi maT ganviTarebis ufro met SesaZleb-
momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben

gunds, raTa Tavad gaikvlion gza da sakuTari
adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jvaredini aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadarCenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic aucilebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da gundSi maRali socialuri statusis
SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac
saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.
socialuri deprivacia
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian
pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni arian
kontaqtis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena,
rom adreul bavSvobaSi mWidro, Tbili urTier-
lobas aZlevda (Burchinal et

al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993).
gonebriv ganviTarebas xels
uwyobs baga-baRebSi saganmanaTleblo da TamaSis aqtiobaTa farTo speqtri, socialur ganviTarebas ki _ socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
farTo arCevani, rasac moklebulni arian saxlebSi
myofi bavSvebi.
Tumca, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc pasuxs ara~
unda daematos yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT~. pirveli
isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan saxlis
gareT zrunvaze reagirebis
mixedviT. meore, arsebobs
mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan
gamomdinare, kargisa da cudis Ziebis nacvlad, mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu
rogori unda iyos xarisxiani
aRzrda konkretuli bavSvebisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
Tobebis nakleboba gavlenas axdens bavSvis

fizikur ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis SenarCunebazec ki. 1915 wels jon hopkinisis hospitalSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizikuri zrunvis miuxedavad, baltimoris upatrono
bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90%
sicocxlis pirvelive wels gardaicvala. momdevno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hospitalizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis miuxedavad, bavSvebi
xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeqciebiT, ucnobi etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver
imatebdnen wonaSi da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi aReniSnebodaT (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et al., 1978). aSS-isa
da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof
mcirewlovan bavSvebze Catarebulma sxva kvlevam
gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aS-
cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba

Tan.
bavSvebs unda aswavlidnen socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiuartma SemogvTavaza, rom bagabaRis aRmzrdelebs kargi
mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda
hqondeT.
aRmzrdelebi unda pasuxobdnen bavSvebis moTxovnilebebs da aqtiurad unda
iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmianobebSi.
aRmzrdelebi gaumarTleblad ar unda zRudavdnen bavSvebs.
aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZloT bavSvebis individualur
moTxovnilebebs Soris gansxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia, baga-baRSi
nebismieri bavSvis miyvana
SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi
saxlis gareT muSaoben. bagabaRi marTlac efeqturi rom
gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi
lilobebi da maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad

kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli garemoc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde asakis Zaladobis
aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam
aCvena, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen
Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi
ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tanatolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben mas, an
Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebi ufro metad reagirebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT
(Main & George, 1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles
kavSiri bavSvobisdroindel fizikur da seqsualur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris. 375 axalgazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-
damokidebuleba unda Seicvalos. pirvel rigSi, adamianebma unda miiRon arsebuli realoba da aRiaron,
rom bavSvebis mzardi raodenoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi
da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam
energia am baRebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebisaken unda warmarTos (Fuller et al., 1996; Scarr et
al., 1990). meore, adamianebma
Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron
momuSave dedis~ da Tavad
baga-baRis mimarT araswori
damokidebulebis dasaZlevad
(Hoffman, 1989). Tuki fsiqologebi gaavrceleben sazogadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb,
rom baga-baRi bavSvs aranairad ar vnebs, aramed, piriqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas, mSoblebic naklebad inerviuloben imis gamo, rom uwevT
bavSvis baga-baRSi miyvana.
stresis aseTi Semcireba mxolod gaaumjobesebs bavSvis
mTlian fsiqologiur garemos.
ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime

tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%s aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli
aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al., 1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba
fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani amocanis
winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva
iqneba bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxloebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia
ojaxidan da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul
garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad,
gaSvilebulia, an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa
saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor ggoniaT, yovelTvis
uxariaT bavSvebs, roca moZalade ojaxebs aSoreben? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia,
vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac ki
axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaWvulobis ganviTareba. bavSvebma SeiZleba Sei-
baga-baRebis eqspertma
alison klark-stiuartma (Alison Clarke-Sewart, 1993) Seajama
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli
samecniero literatura da
mogvca principebi, romlis
mixedviTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT baga-baRebis xarisxianobis gansazRvrisas. qvemoT mocemuli zogierTi rekomendacia bavSvebis fizikur
komforts exeba:
baga-baRi fizikurad komfortuli da usafrTxo unda
iyos.
yovel eqvs an Svid bavSvze unda iyos, sul mcire,
erTi aRmzrdeli (meti 3
wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi
dRis zrunvis centrebis muSaobis saganmanaTleblo da
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Seexeba.
bavSvebs unda hqondeT
TamaSebis Tavisuflad arCevis saSualeba, romelsac
drodadro TvalsaCino da
437
narCunon erTguleba sakuTari biologiuri ojaxisadmi da imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvardeba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored
amitom dResdReobiT bevri mkvlevari cdilobs
Carevis iseTi programebis SemuSavebas, raTa
moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi
dabruneba im garemoebebis Secvlis gziT,
romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995;
Skibinski, 1995).
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
bavSvobis gamocdileba Semdgom socialur ganviTarebaze. axla ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis
Semdgom periodis _ mozardobis ganxilvaze.
mozardobaSi
am Tavis dasawyisSi mozardobisas mimdinare

fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb
visaubreT. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es
cvlilebebi fonad edeba socialur gamocdilebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri
da gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis
winaSe axali socialuri da pirovnuli problemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zogadad, mozardobis gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _
mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.
438
mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi, romelic
ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da
rTuli, araprognozirebadi qceviT qariSxliTa da stresiT~ _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba
me-19 saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis
dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis qariSxliTa
da stresiT~ Teorias intensiurad icavda j.
stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epoqis
pirveli fsiqologi, romelic dawvrilebiT
werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis
Semdeg am mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen
fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958). zogierTi maTgani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali
mozardobis ara mxolod normaluri nawilia,
aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom normaluroba

mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad aranormaluria~ (1958, p. 275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri
margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da ruT
benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom
qariSxlisa da stresis~ Teoria gamousadegaria
mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT
aRweres kulturebi, sadac bavSvebi TandaTanobiT, yovelgvari araprognozirebadi stresuli
gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTaRelvis gareSe,
mozrdilebisTvis Cveul ufro da ufro met
pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxolod mas Semdeg daiwyes fsiqologebma vnebaTaRelvis Teoriis eWvqveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri
kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvlevebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebda
Semdegs: _ mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ganicdis im Sinagan mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer &
Schonert-Reichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20
aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri adaptaciis
kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad
eguebian cvalebad pirobebs, mosalodnelia, rom
mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT
aseTive sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin &
Magnusson, 1996). ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT
problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi ganxorcielebul
kriminalur qcevas Soris.
cxrili
11.6
normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me

debuleba
mozardTa procenti,
romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas
normalur pirobebSi Tavs

mSvidad vgrZnob.
91
siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.
90
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.
90
Tavs janmrTelad da
Zlierad vgrZnob.
86
ZiriTadad, bednieri var.
85
kargi xumroba maSinac

maniWebs siamovnebas, roca
sevdiani, mowyenili var.
83
saidan
viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar

unda miewerebodes qariSxlisa da stresis~
miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mozardebi suicidis maRali riskiT
xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT
mozardebTan, gulwrfeli yuradReba unda
miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis
Semdeg gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxze
rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis
(pirovnuli individualurobis) formireba. cxovrebis ciklis eriksoniseul TeoriaSi mozardobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis
aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi
identobis gancdis formirebaSi.
socialuri urTierTobebi
mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi
ojaxisa (an mozardze mzrunvelisa) da megob-
suraTi
11.10
mozardobis agresiuloba da
mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva
grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba,
romelTac 13 wlis asakSi agresiulobis sxvadasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis
asakSi kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti.
kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna miCneuli, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia SvedeTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul mcire, erTi
TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
rebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski

et al., 1998; Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozrdilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg maleve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan
hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba pirveli periodia,
rodesac Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs
pirovnebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis formirebaSi.
TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi mozardebi
TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTarebadi identobebis socialur komponents _
sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da
rogori urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt,
1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da maTi
megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs
qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba narkotikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993).
vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi
socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi mniSvnelovnebis
wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo
uaryofiT gamowveuli SfoTvac. amis Sedegad
viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da
qcevebisadmi damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola,
romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi

10-13 wlis mozardebs Seiswavlidnen, romlebic SvedeTis tipuri qalaqis skolaSi
swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis daxasiaTebasa
(maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT)
da biologiur funqcionirebas adarebdnen
maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (1826 wlis asakSi) kriminaluri qcevis, an
sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis
ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan,
romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da
mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen,
gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli iseT
mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls Caidenda. garda amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis
ufro mZime paternebi korelirebda adaptaciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa loToba da fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis
qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiuloba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas
(Magnusson, 1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).
439
440
Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs

(Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan zewolis
SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian,
rom maT konkurencia unda gauwion sakuTari
Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano
ganwyobebisa da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca,
simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb saubroben
mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad,
mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom maT skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebis ganxilva gansakuTrebiT
urCevniaT mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan,
Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT
saubroben paemanze momxdar ambebsa da seqsze,
vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss & Smollar, 1985). amrigad,
mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis
megobrebTan Sejibri~ garkveul sferoebSi, unda
gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar
mozard Svilebs megobrebis~ Temebze aalaparakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi
Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic mSobeli erTaderTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos
iseT urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTilgonierad eZleva damoukidebloba, anu avtonomia
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen
& Land, 1999; Holmbeck & ODonnell, 1991). aseTi
gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi
Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da
saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc iZlevian araswori
nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.
saidan
viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi
hon-kongSi
erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi
mozardebis konfliqtebi mSoblebTan?
mkvlevrebi hon-kongSi mcxovrebi Cineli
mozardebis konfliqtebiT dainteresdnen,
vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT,
Cinuri kultura nakleb aqcents akeTebs
avtonomiurobaze (Semdgom TavebSi ufro
dawvrilebiT visaubrebT kulturul gansxvavebebze). meSvide, mecxre da meTormete
klaselebs sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan
arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis
sia da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da
sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT
TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi:
ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis
gakeTeba (an argakeTeba)~? Cineli mozardebisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo sixSirisa
da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,
dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis
Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki
da televizoris yureba. amasTanave, maT
mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad,
asaxavda damoukideblobis damkvidrebis
moTxovnilebas an sakuTari individualurobis gamokveTis mcdelobas sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT. amgvarad, im kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad
aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia,
mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris konfliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis
damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusirdeba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma
seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi maradiul
SekiTxvas: vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi?~
albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi 16 wlis biWis
fiqriT daviwyeT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda
mas momavalSi, warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva
vin unda iyo~? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas, rom individebis identobas, nawilobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs. momavali
profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formirebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs moicavs: esaa individis
SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba,
realuri alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis
gakeTebis da misi realurad ganxorcielebis
unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT afiqrebs. isini
Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da
ojaxis, ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri
safrTxis, an birTvuli omis gamo (Nurmi, 1991).
garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben,
Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi cxovreba asakis
momatebasTan erTad: _ jer ganaTleba unda

miiRon, Semdeg profesias unda daeuflon, bolos
ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. TiToeul dasaxelebul
etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis,
ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli resursebis
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar
elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor
isaxaven mozardebi miznebs.
saidan
viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis
socialuri konteqsti
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire
da saSualoSemosavliani ojaxebidan gamosuli biWebis profesiuli miswrafebebi
da molodinebi. miswrafebebi gulisxmobda
imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi
nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom SeeZloT~,
roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT
samuSaos, romelsac savaraudod miiReben~,
roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen Raribi da mdidari ubnebis skolebis
meore, meoTxe, meeqvse da merveklaselebi.
suraTi 11.11 gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da
molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT,
romelic ar gulisxobs fizikur Sromas
(magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca,
ar aris gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis
bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT
miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqondaT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki
ar mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, romlis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).
cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba
samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas. ra unda
gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis Sesacvlelad?
am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis
molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini
winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis periodSi

Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba,
rodesac Svili ufro naklebad xdeba damokidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad,
icvleba megobrebTan damokidebuleba (Shulman,
1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze
damokidebulebis momatebas ufro asaxavs, vidre
urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis TvalsazrisiT) poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeliSvilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro meti
potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis
urTierTobaSi.
identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozardisagan iseTi damoukidebeli Sexedulebebisa
da prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romelSic gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mSoblebisa da
Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi
ubralo asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma garemoSi
socialuri mxardaWeris stabiluri wyaro
ipovos (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas momavlis dagegmvis
saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT qvemoT.
441
suraTi
11.11
profesiuli miswrafebebi da
molodinebi
Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone

ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes,
Tu rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isini momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafebebi) da, maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos
iSovidnen (molodinebi) realurad.
Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan
gamosul biWebs ara mxolod mokrZalebuli molodinebi, aramed naklebad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.
442
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu molodini

imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo
sarbielze winsvlis unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis
aRqmis Secvla, saboloo jamSi, saganmanaTleblo
reformas saWiroebs, romelic SesaZleblobas
miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis
mniSvneloba da Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _
rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra profesias
daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis momavalze. Tumca, identobis
yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis
gaazreba ukeTesi iqneba cxovrebis mTliani
ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli
warmatebebi safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili
adamianis ganviTarebas.
mozrdilobaSi
eriksonma mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori
mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba da produqtuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis
moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und Arbeiten _ siyvaruli
da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis
am periodis moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc
siyvaruli da mikuTvnebuloba, romelic dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da pativis-
cemis moTxovnilebaSi gadaizrdeba. sxva

Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis
an socialuri miRebis da miRwevis an kompetenturobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es
Teoria iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTobebi da pirovnuli miRwevebi.
intimuroba
eriksoni intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore
adamianisadmi srul emociur, seqsualur da
moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic
SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gaxsniloba, gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveulebriv, meore adamianis survilebisadmi garkveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs eriksonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom socialuri
intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis winapirobaa mTeli mozrdili cxovrebis
manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs,
rom am dros ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan
urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs,
rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis
sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs. mxardaWeintimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad _ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad
_ mindobis unari.
suraTi
11.12
socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze
ris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawilobriv, asaxavs TiToeul asakobriv periodTan

dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebs. vnaxoT, ra kavSirebia es.
axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali
adamiani qmnis ojaxs, an sxva saxis stabilur
urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi,
romelsac ojaxi hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad,
mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da ojaxebis kvlevebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo `standartul~ konfiguraciaze: deda, mama da bavSvebiT
savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis
realoba icvleba, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen,
aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi
(Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT
kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben
da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseqsualuri wyvilebi (James & Murphy, 1998). gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da homoseqsualTa urTierTobebis SenarCunebis strategiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi,
magaliTad, siaxlovis SenarCunebas funqciebis
ganawilebiTa da erToblivi saqmianobiT cdiloben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTilganwyobili sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad,
sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari urTierTobis
dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac
mudmivad uwevs dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis
gadalaxva sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis
mosapoveblad. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian crurwmenebs,
rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xangrZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson,
1995).
TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis
ojaxis rols zrdasruli adamianebis socialur
cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac
wyvili Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas
gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram bavSvis
dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis
bednierebas. ratom unda iyos ase? mkvlevrebi
daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da
mamakacebi bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor
iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000).
warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs

erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs adamianTa mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
443
444
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips

efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis dabadebam qals da mamakacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis
Sesrulebisken SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba
zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki
_ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyofa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasiamovno aRmoCndes orive meuRlisTvis (Cowan et
al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris
nakvlevi (orive sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvilebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT
naklebad awuxebT genderuli rolebis ganawilebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi
da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT
urTierTobaze.
bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwinebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba konfliqtebis gamo,
rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis periodSi imyofebian. kulturuli stereotipebis
miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad
elodebian, rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava saxlidan da isini cariel budeSi~ darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met
siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin iReben SvilebTan urTierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS
aRar cxovroben (Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar
gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni
mizani, rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis
Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli paternebis
codnasa da interpretirebaSi dagexmarebaT. Tqven
SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma
SegiZliaT, raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingrioT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad
bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari gviani
zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda
ecados qorwinebis SenarCunebas am dromde?
mkvlevrebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis
garkveva, Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs,
magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli
paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZliaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis Tavis
arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT
mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney & Bradbury 1995).
Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli
qorwinebis SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis

ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.
saidan
viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Suaxnis wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis
iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani wyvili
(sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo),
romlebic, sul mcire, 35 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli asakobrivi
jgufi or jgufad daiyo: qorwinebiT
kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles maTi fsiqikuri
da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.
kvlevam aCvena, rom qorwinebiT kmayofileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze,
Tumca, qalebis SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauaresebuli iyo qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa
jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).
ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad
qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom qalebi
ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi
qorwinebis gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas,
maSin, roca mamakacebi konfliqtidan ganze
gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13 TavSi vnaxavT,
mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT gamowveulma stresma
SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTelobas. amasTan, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan
ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze
didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es
niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori periodi
arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da
glovisa da finansuri arastabilurobis (Carstensen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa ganviTarebis
sxva sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod
axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis im
Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac homoseqsualur
da sxva aranormatiul urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti
qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro metad
SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze, rac,
sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis
moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs.
rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis
ganviTarebis procesSi (McAdams & de St. Aubin,
1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayofierebaze orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri
keTildReobis gancdis damkvidrebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis

bunebrivi nostalgiis anazRaurebaa.
saidan
viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba
XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan
jorj vailantma (George Vaillant) interviuirebisa da dakvirvebis meTodiT Seiswavla 95 uaRresad inteleqtualuri mamakacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis damTavrebidan 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi
cvlilebebi ganicada da maTi gviandeli
qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda
kolejSi yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan.
interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri janmrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da
samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb. 30wliani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies
da erTmaneTs Seadares saukeTeso da uaresi
Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani
ori jgufi (ix. cxrili 11.7). saukeTeso
miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua
periodSi dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis
amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas da garkveuli wvlili SehqondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi
pirovnuli momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis
ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda pirovnulad metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZloT TavianTi SvilebisTvis gare samyarosTan adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis
gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria

(selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian
im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc
maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
qmnadoba (generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda,

ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
cxovrebis bolosken ojaxidan megobrebze gadainacvlebs (ix. suraTi 11.12). moxucebulobaze

stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani
adamianebi ufro metad ganmartoebulebi xdebian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac
mcire raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen,
am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba, rom sruliad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas.
am tendencias kargad asaxavs seleqciuri
socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis momatebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs. laura
karstensenis (Laura Carstensen, 1991, 1998) mixedviT,
SerCeviTi urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri
gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri
energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos.
xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni zogierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da
didi xnis megobrebis cxovrebaSi.
modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT davasruloT, romliTac daviwyeT: socialuri intimuroba, anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTildReobis winapirobas warmoadgens. gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis
xarisxs da ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan
erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis
dacvas iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben,
romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben emociuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas.
axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis
meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.
445
cxrili
11.7
saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba fsiqosocialuri

mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT
446
saukeTeso
miRwevebi
(30 piri)
uaresi
miRwevebi
(30 piri)
pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi, romelic kolejSi swavlis

dros qvemodan mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba
0%
33%
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis periodSi
0%
40%
megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis asakSi
0%
57%
dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis
3%
37%
pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba, pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50

wlis asakSi
3%
50%
bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo
17%
47%
samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebT, naklebad gulisxmobs

xelmZRvanelis movaleobebis Sesrulebas
20%
93%
cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias

asaxavs
60%
27%
Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc kargi an saukeTeso.
66%
23%
es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs:

saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebs cxovrebis
sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogvarebuli) unda hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi
resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT.
rodesac Suaxnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da
xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli) adamianebs hkiTxes,
Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adaptirebuli pirovneba, orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo sxvebze orientirebuli~ _ mzrunveli, TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis
mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi.
modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul
adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil cxovrebas
keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic
ucvlelad gamohyva axalgazrdobis wlebidan
(Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba
is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis wanacvleba;
prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom
momavali arc ise usazRvro da usasruloa. Tumca,
prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani
adamianebi inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis
faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanaskneli
krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc kon-
fliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris.

monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom
arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani uyurebs ganvlil
cxovrebas sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi
ganvlili cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis
gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.
gviani mozrdilobis kulturuli

konteqsti
Cven mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic
axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da xnovanebas
Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti
procesi ufroa, vidre wyvetili. ar arsebobs
konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad
moxucebulad iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa,
rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb
arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri
rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone & Wernick,
1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es
molodinebi. maT moagroves stereotipebi,
romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT
TavianTi bebiebisa da babuebis Taobis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom
axalgazrdebs araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxu-
saidan
viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis
gamocdileba
pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis
qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna amerikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma
da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba da
smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli
fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki
zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo
arTritian TiTebze odnav moqnili iyo.
es patara moxuci qali~ gadarCenisaTvis

ibrZoda axalgazrdebis, Zlierebisa da
sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis gaxsna,
saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis
wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla. siswrafis, xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSinebda mas. rodesac daxmareba sWirdeboda,
iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad
dascinodnen moxucebulobis da mowyvladobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki
Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore,
1990).
muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom

sazogadoeba rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris
momarTuli.
Cven cxovrebis mTliani cikli mimovixileT:
ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa da mozrdilobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi.
mocemuli Tavis dasasruls ganvixilavT or
calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba miRebuli gamocdileba; esaa genderuli
ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.
Sejameba
kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma
SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos imaze,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi
TavianTi cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebs. erik
eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis,
rogorc krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis, koncefcia:
cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi dgeba
dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda
gadaWras, raTa efeqtur gaumklavdes Semdgomi
fazebis konfliqtebs.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ crurwmena asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb, rasizmisa

da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi
asakovani adamianebis mimarT.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.
cebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989).
moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba stereotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda mozrdilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba
aqvT srulyofili bebiisadmi an babuisadmi~
da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ uRimRamo~ moxucisadmi (Schmidt & Boland, 1986). miuxedavad amisa,
zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT
fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson, 1988;
Sharps et al., 1998).
asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi
stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias
anu eijizms uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa
diskriminacia, rac zRudavs maT SesaZleblobebs,
axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad
fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi
diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im terminologiis
gamo, romelsac isini iyeneben (Schaie, 1993).
ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili
139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom
mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi moxucebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul adamianebze
(Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT
diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli
magaliTia erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamocdileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT
moxucad gadaiqca~.
447
448
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis wevrebTan

bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi
Zalian adreuli asakidan reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan.
ucnobi situaciebis testi Seiqmna mSoblebze
bavSvebis mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari
mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi Semdgomi socialurad ufro kompetenturebi arian. mSoblebis
mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis
mixedviT, aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili
mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze
didi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis
gamocdilebis arqona socialur ganviTarebaze
moqmedebs. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma
eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom udedo maimunebs ar
hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis
SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi mosiyvarule urTierTobebis arqona zemoqmedebs fizikur da
socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba qariSxliTa
da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb konkurencias
uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda
daimkvidron avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze
rogorc pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze.
mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze
gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis
wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi dgas.
intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc
megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs.
adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva TanafardobiT iReben socialur mxardaWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi
SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi
xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas. zrdasrulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba sxvaTa
keTildReobaze mimarTuli qceva. zogadad,
studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryofiTi stereotipiT xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba
saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul
asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur samyaroSi
ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: mdedrobiTi
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom
pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven,
mTlianad socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani
xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis da isic esmis,
rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia, SegiZliaT, dafiqrdeT am
gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania
biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia
socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igeben gogonebi
da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb,
romelTac maT TavianTi kultura da sazogadoeba uyenebs?
sqesi da genderi
biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli
reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da anatomiuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi universaluria, biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli da
ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa
ganmavlobaSi maT garkveuli tradiciuli
socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes.
magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeZloT bavSvebis
ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul adamianebs
SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos
unda yofiliyo da Svilebze unda ezruna, mamakacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis sakvebis
mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas
isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi fizikurad
ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre
gogonebi. mTel msoflioSi biWebs ufro metad
axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre
genderi (gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
genderuli identoba (gender identity) _ individis
mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis
miRebas da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (gender roles) _ qcevaTa da
ganwyobaTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba
ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
saidan
viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi
4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves,
evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10 wlis
personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs
uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes lamaz
kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres,
rom krisi an peti am gancalkevebul
kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gamzrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod
misi sawinaaRmdego sqesis adamianebma
gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da
yvela misi gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi
sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma
pirobebma 4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis
an petis sqesisTvis tipuri qcevis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs
gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv

hormonebs ukavSirdeba _ biologiurma
faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi
dispoziciebi (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980).
mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi
zemoqmedebs socialur TamaSze, radganac
axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da
maimunebze dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi
gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al., 1988).
mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul
formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil motorul
aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki
iseTi moqmedebebiT arian dakavebulni, romelic
wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi
fsiqologiuri fenomenia da moiazrebs sqesTan
dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs.
kulturebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT,
Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi
yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia
is kros-genderulad miCneuli qcevebis mimarT.

genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier
sakuTar TavSi qaluri, an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod
adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis
bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im videoCanawers, romelzec maTive sqesis bavSvis moZraobaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli
rolebi qcevaTa paternebia, romelic mocemul
sazogadoebaSi misaRebad iTvleba mdedrobiTi
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebisaTvis.
ZiriTadad, isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT
mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs Seiswavlian, xSirad cdiloben,
gansazRvron, Tu romelia maTgan Tandayolili
da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad
ganpirobebuli da romeli _ mocemuli kulturis
farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciis Sedegi. yuradReba miaqcieT, _ patara
bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansazRvravs beds.
449
miaCndaT, rom personaJi ganaxorcielebda

mocemuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel
qcevas, ganurCevlad socialuri konteqstisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin
iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad
endomeboda biWs kriss _ mexanZreoba da
gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi
ki, piriqiT, msjelobisas iTvaliswinebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac
gaizarda dasaxelebuli personaJi: (rogorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier
profesiis arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aRmzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari
sqesic (Taylor, 1996).
450
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod

ver afaseben garemos gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor
yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gansxvavebebi. amasTan, es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmoCenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc
Cans, ufro mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen socialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker,
1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad
Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi asakis
bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT,
ucvlelad eyrdnoba SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs
gogo~ Tu biWi~. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri
reaqciebi, SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom
isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis

damkvidrebas, anu romelime socialuri sqesisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans, isini ufro metad arian
momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis
scenaris~ Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi
da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).
Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba
kulturul konteqstSi xdeba. axla ganvixiloT
is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba

udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi
qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miiCneven, kulturis mier aris Seqmnili (Leaper,
2000). bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli
rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT
kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs
iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: patara,
nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axalSobili biWebis aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen
iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: magari, Zlieri, windaxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi
bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan (Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi
TavianT vaJebsa da qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul
tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul saTamaSoebs
aZleven da gansxvavebulad epyrobian (Rheingold
& Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom ufro dadebiTad upasuxon
Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi TamaSoben. magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi
mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs aZlevdnen
biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipuri
saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).
zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas
iReben, rom sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT
dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, romlebic
bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi uwyoben
xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998)
amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom mSoblebis mier
genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod
saTanado qcevebisa da qcevis normebis gadacemis
procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani,
rom TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoebis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar aris da-
saidan
viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis
struqtura
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs
TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor xdeba
genderuli rolebis aTviseba, mkvlevrebma
daiwyes imis detaluri Seswavla, Tu riTi
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa
da biWebis TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi
Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6
wlis bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis jgufebSi
meore bavSvTan, anu diadaSi, an mTel
jgufTan erTad. mkvlevrebma bavSvebis
TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg
yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia
moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da biWebi
Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca,
gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols ufro
didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu
biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen partniors),
SesaZloa imitom, rom gogonebs ufro metxans SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentrireba.
am bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi
iyvnen dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac
mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).
mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom
iwyeben 6 wlis biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6 wlis
gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia
garkveva, ra ganapirobebs amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic
ufrosebs SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi
(genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi
gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan. magaliTad,
biWebis jgufebi ufro dominanturobaze arian

mimarTulni _ vin visze Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo
TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT. Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac ayalibebs
samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan
gamklavebis gzebs.
Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom
ganicdian gansxvavebulad gogonebi da biWebi
socialur ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT,
rom zogierTi mkvlevris mixedviT, genderi
moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
biologiuri fenomenia, kulturac ganapirobebs
genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan
iReben. genderuli rolebis zogierT aspeqts
adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis
aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda
amisa, genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis
Tanatolebis qcevis sxvadasxva normebis gadaRebiT iTviseben.
Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
cxovrebis manZilze axlosocialuri urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi
aspeqti, kerZod ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri
jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni
sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda SevafasoT. es aris moraluri qcevis safuZveli. moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseumoraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom
individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise,
rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uflebebTan da interesebTan.
mokidebuli mSoblebis prioritetebsa da rolebze. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi segregacionistebi arian, anu isini eZeben da pouloben
Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac
mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca
maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi
TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis miaCnia, rom
bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali
gansxvaveba TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.
451
lobaTa da ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema adamianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom bavSvebi
Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic
miiReben moralur faseulobaTa sistemas da
romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmarTavs (Killen & Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is,
rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa konkretul
situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces. SesaZloa, swored
amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas imas, rom
moraluri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.
kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamokvleviT iwyeba.
moraluri gansjis stadiebi

kolbergis mixedviT
452
lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1964, 1981)

moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria moraluri gansjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris
adamianTa msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul
situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli
_ araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda
Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis gavleniT,
romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis ganviTarebis dakavSirebas bavSvis zogadkognitur
ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT,
Tu kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba,
bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs moqmedebis
Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad,
bavSvisTvis, romelic winaoperaciul stadiaze
imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi
Wiqa, ufro celqi da urCia~, vidre is, vinc
ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan
erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis
moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul gansjaSi.
saidan
viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba
moralurobis Sesaxeb
3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, moraluri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT adamianebis qceva, romelic sami parametris mixedviT varirebda: qmedebebi, Sedegebi da
ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magaliTad, cxovelis mofereba da cxovelis cema)

qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi; aseve ganisazRvreboda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli
tiroda, an cxoveli icinoda). ganzraxvebis
varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva
winaswar ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogierTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad,
moqmedma pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya,
an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis
es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erT-erTi
unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, romelTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda Sefasebas
Zalian, Zalian cudidan~ Zalian, Zalian
kargamde~. umcrosma bavSvebma qcevisadmi
mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad
Sedegze daafuZnes;
mxolod 5 wlis
bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebs hkiTxes, unda dasjiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bavSvTa umravlesobam gaiTvaliswina moqmedi
piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri

unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion
ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive
_ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis
mimReblobis Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis
bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi ufro
meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas
aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, is, Tu ris
gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, ganapirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad momwifebulebi~
Canan isini.
moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasazRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes Tvalsazrisi.
TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb
msjeloba gansxvavebul safuZvlze aigeba (ix.
cxrili 11.8). moraluri msjelobis umdablesi
done dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin,
roca umaRlesi done mimarTulia socialur
sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad.
am stadiebis dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamo-
cxrili
11.8
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze;
urTierTsamarTlianoba _ Tvali Tvalis win
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze (kargi bavSvi)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da wesrigze
3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia socialur kontraqtze
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur principebze
moraluri argumentacia
tkivilis acileba an gaqceva

jildoebis miReba
Seqebis damsaxurebis da gamtyunebis Tavidan
acilebawesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan gakicxvis acileba
sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba
samarTlianobis miRweva da TviTgankicxvis acileba
etapi 7: orientacia globalur, msoflio principebze
iyo marTali universaluri principebis winaSe da Tavs

grZnobde samyaros nawilad, romelic scildeba
socialur normebs
iyena dilemaTa seria, sadac erTmaneTs sxvadasxva

moraluri principebi upirispirdeba.
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT

xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel mocemul momentSi
individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod
romelime erT stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am
stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli
Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da
rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi gvxvdeba
yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganviTarebis aseTi filosofia piaJesgan aiRo.
faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba
normaluri kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebs.
stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs
da yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili
kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba, vidre wina.
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13
wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, ZiriTadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tanazomierad da ganuxrelad agrZeleben moralur
ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela
maTgani ver aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad,
bevri mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe stadias
da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro
win wasvla. kolbergis gviandeli stadiebis
Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli
gasagebia, Tu rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi
stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli.
magaliTad, moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse
erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi,

colisTvis garkveuli wamlis Sovnas
cdilobs, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi
daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am
wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis,
Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre
TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi
Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre SeuZlia,
rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi gamyidvlis maRaziaSi iWreba da colisaTvis
wamals iparavs. unda gaakeTos hansma es
Tu ara? ratom? interviueri azustebs, Tu
ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gadawyvetileba da Semdeg ajamebs da axarisxebs
miRebul pasuxebs.
daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom
miiRo pirovnebam aseTi gadawyvetileba da ara
TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc
Tqva, rom hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is
valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an ar
unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva
kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi grZnobebisa),
cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil valdebulebebs da amitom ganviTarebis mixedviT
me-4 stadiaze imyofeba.
doneebi da etapebi
453
stadiaze _ TviTgankicxvis acileba~, ar gamoiyureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri

gansjis safuZveli mexuTe stadiaze _ sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba~. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi
ar aris yvela kulturaSi (Eckensberger & Zimba,
1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis
vrcel Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa
da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.
genderisa da kulturis
gavlena moralur gansjaze
454
kolbergis Teoriis kritikosTa umravlesoba

mis unikalurobas ar eTanxmeba. mis moRvaweobis
gviandeli etapebi gansakuTrebuli kritikis
obieqti xdeba, radgan mis imdroindel naSromebSi ar aris asaxuli faqti, rom zrdasruli
pirovnebis moraluri Sexedulebebi SesaZloa
asaxavdes gansxvavebul, magram mainc Zireul
moralur principebs. cnobil kritikul naSromSi qerol giliganma (Carol Gilligan, 1982)
miuTiTa, rom kolbergis originaluri naSromi
mxolod biWebze Catarebul dakvirvebas efuZneboda. igi matkicebs, rom kvlevis amgvar midgomaSi ugulebelyofilia potenciuri gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis Cveulebriv moralur Sexedulebebs Soris. giligans miaCnia,
rom qalTa moraluri ganvitareba sxvebze
zrunvis standarts efuZneba da TviTrealizaciis
safexurisaken miiwevs, maSin, rodesac mamakacebi
TavianT msjelobas samarTlianobis standartze
dayrdnobiT ageben. amrigad, giliganis Teoria
afarToebs kolbergis mosazrebebs im moraluri
Sexedulebebis arealze, romelic bavSvobis
Semdgomi moraluri Sexedulebebis relevanturi
SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven
vafasebT mis wvlils, gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom
man arasworad gansazRvra moraluri Sexedulebebis unikaluri stilebi mamakcebisa da
qalebisaTvis. ganvixiloT mtkicebuleba:
zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise
axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis formirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur
urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki ufro metad samarTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons,
1983). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben
kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi

(Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT mividnen
moraluri ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde,
mozrdilobaSi maT mier ganxorcielebuli
aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia
(Boldizar et al., 1989). arsebobs versia, rom genderuli
gansxvavebebi marTlac mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebuli wminda qaluri~ da wminda mamakacuri~
socialuri situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac
qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri
dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis Sesaxeb ekiTxebian, isini zrunvasa da samarTlianobaze
dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs
iZlevian (Clopton & Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis
msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb davaxasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosazrebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis nazavi. es
nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis
manZilze. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, moralur gansjaze aisaxeba mozrdilis kognitur
sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani mozrdilobis
periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs
aqcenti konkretuli situaciebis detalebidan
zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am
asakSi isini moralur gansjaze metad zogad
sazogadoebriv interesebs (magaliTad, ras
ambobs kanoni?~) ufro iTvaliswineben, vidre
konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad, SeiZleba am
SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?~) (Pratt et al.,
1988).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumentaciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb kamaTi,
ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri kulturebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moraluri argumentaciis
irgvliv mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela monacemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna.
kulturaTa Sedarebam aCvena: SeuZlebelic ki
aris, rom universalurad gamovacxadoT situaciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba
relevanturi iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia:
gzis napirze xedavT ucnobs, romelsac avtomanqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu
ara dasaxmareblad? davuSvaT, TvliT, rom ara~.
amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT,
suraTi
11.13
kros-kulturuli pasuxebi
moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze
skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa
da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi
azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi
moraluri dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma
monawileebma airCies is variantebi, sadac
(kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda.
saidan
viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi
pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg
moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis
pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan: koneqtikutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS)
da samxreT indoeTis qalaq misoridan.
dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am warmomadgenlebs sTxoves, gamoexataT reaqcia
movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac kanonis
dacva pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
upirispirdeboda. davuSvaT, Tqveni saukeTeso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beWdebis mitanis erTaderTi gza TqvenTvis
matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis
moparva iyo. kanonierebis dacvis principi
gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT; pirovnebaTSorisi pasuxismgeblobis principi
ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megob-
rul valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur

kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze moraluris kategoriebiT: saqorwino beWdebis
vermitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara
_ amoraluri. Tumca, rogorc axlaxan aRvniSneT, indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad,
meore adamianis winaSe valdebuleba moraluris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indoeli respondentebi ufro met upiratesobas
mianiWebdnen pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas, vidre amerikelebi. rogorc 11.13
suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis
indoeli respondentebi ufro metad
irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba
swored pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).
am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols

asrulebs kultura moraluris da amoraluris
gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu
ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoelebs, rom megobrisTvis micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes
sjobs moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe mixvide
qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli
normebis es gansxvaveba scildeba am ori qveynis,
indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg
TavebSi ufro vrclad vnaxavT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipuri dasavluri
da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimarTulni arian, Sesabamisad, calkeuli individebis
keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.
albaT, ifiqrebdiT, rom aseT situaciaSi daxmarebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _
yvelam Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi
araferia amoraluri. meore mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi,
romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas aniWebs
urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas,
savaraudod, unda gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze
uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs
adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis moralur
msjelobebs.
455
Sejameba
piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba moraluri msjelobis stadiuri ganviTarebis
Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teorias imis gamo, rom is yuradRebis miRma tovebda
im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba safuZvelSive
gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan.
Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom
mozrdilTa umravlesoba samarTlianobisa da
zrunvis principebis nazaviT xelmZRvanelobs.
kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebia moraluri Tu amoraluri.
viswavloT sworad da
warmatebulad dabereba
456
456
axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi

ganxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi, raTa SevadginoT
rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad daberebisTvis. Tavis dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganviTareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romelsac yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi.
aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi keTildReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da
danakargebis Semcireba. Cven vnaxeT, rom wesi
gamoiyene an dakarge~ exeba rogorc fizikur
formas, ise _ gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. mravali
cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad asocirdeba
daberebasTan, sinamdvileSi unarebis gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis

an gauaresebis Sedegia. Cveni pirveli rCevaa _
SeinarCuneT es unarebi!
Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli daberebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund &
baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT, rom seleqciuri
niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis
dasaxvas. optimizacia gulisxmobs individisTvis
prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da
gavarjiSebas. kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis
Sesamcireblad individis mier alternatiuli
xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom
asakovani adamianebi iseT megobrebs irCeven,
romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris optimalur dones uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmavlobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva,
raTa kompensirebul iqnes sikvdiliT Tu sxva
mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen, 1998;
lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom
seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis procesis
Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gadawyvetilebebis amosarCevad, romelic cxovrebis
manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT
iseTi miznebis dasaxvas, romelic yvelaze metad
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis; am miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis optimizacia da eZioT SemovliTi gzebi, Tu miznisken
mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris
Cveni saboloo rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom
brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cvlilebaTa aRsawerad
mkvlevrebi normatiuli,
longituduri da jvaredini kvlevebis monacemebs
iyeneben.
ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze damokidebulia ro-
gorc Tandayolil, ise _

SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze.
cxovrebis manZilze
garemos faqtorebs maSinac
ki SeuZliaT fizikur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeba, ro-
desac bavSvi jer kidev dedis

mucelSi imyofeba.
axalSobilebi da Cvilebi SesaZleblobaTa sakmaod farTo
speqtrs floben: isini momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozardebma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba dauTmon TavianTi
sxeulis xats.
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis

manZilze
piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi
kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: sqemebis ganviTareba, asimilacia, akomodacia
da wyvetili ganviTarebis
oTxstadiuri Teoria. es
oTxi stadiaa: sensomotoruli, winaoperaciuli, konkretuli operaciebis da
formaluri operaciebis.
gviandelma originalurma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvilebi da patara bavSvebi ufro metad arian ganviTarebuli, vidre amas piaJe varaudobda.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden
Teoriebs, romliTac orientireben sxvadasxva fsiqologiur da fizikur sferoSi da romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
kros-kulturulma kvlevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoriebis universaloba.
kognituri funqcionirebis
asakTan dakavSirebuli daqveiTeba, rogorc wesi, mxolod zogierT unars exeba.
mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zogierTi kognituri deficiti gamowveulia unaris gamouyeneblobiT da ara gardauvali daberebiT.
kognituri sistemis warmatebulad daberebaze SeiZleba saubari, rodesac adamianebi axdenen funqcionirebis optimizacias saqmianobis maTTvis yvelaze
prioritetuli sferos amorCeviTa da arsebuli resursebiT danakargebis kompensirebiT.
enis aTviseba
bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT
enis Seqmnis Tandayolili
unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
enis aTvisebis procesis mniSvnelovani pirobaa zrdasrul metyvel adamianebTan
urTierToba.
naturalistebis msgavsad,
bavSvebi aviTareben hipoTezebs maTi enis mniSvnelobebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb.
es hipoTezebi xSirad gansazRvrulia Tandayolili
principebiT.
cxovrebis manZilze
socialuri ganviTareba konkretul kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cveuli mimdinareobidan gadaxveva xSirad kulturiT ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis Sedegia.
erik eriksonma cxovrebis
cikli gansazRvra, rogorc
krizisebis seria, romlebic
individma unda daZlios.
socializacia aris procesi,
rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben
im faseulobebsa da qcevebs,
romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi sasurvelad iTvleba.
socializacia momvlelTan
Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganviTarebidan iwyeba.
mijaWvulobis ganuviTarebloba mravalricxovan fizikur da fsiqologiur problemebs iwvevs.
bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi
zemoqmedebis ararsebobas
SeuZlia socialuri ganviTarebis Seferxeba.
gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
mozardTa umravlesoba kmayofilia Tavisi cxovrebiT.
mozardebma unda ganaviTaron
pirovnuli indenturoba TanatolebTan da mSoblebTan
komfortuli socialuri ur-
TierTobebis CamoyalibebiT
da samomavlo amocanebis
dasaxviT.
mozrdilobis ZiriTadi
amocanebi intimurobasa da
qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs
efuZneba.
adamianebi socialurad naklebad aqtiurebi xdebian
asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan
SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic emociurad metad
mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
adamianebi TavianT cxovrebas afaseben, nawilobriv,
sxvebis cxovrebaSi TavianTi dadebiTi wvlilis
Setanis unaris mixedviT.
xandazmul adamianTa mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipebi asakis mixedviT diskriminacias, anu eijizms
iwvevs.
genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da
ganwyobebis daswavlas.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidanve iwyeba.
socializaciisTvis xelisSemwyobi mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganamtkiceben genderul stereotipebs.
kolbergma gansazRvra moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebi.
moraluri argumentaciis
gviandel kvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna sqesobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebani.
sxvadasxva kulturebi sxvadasxva standartebis mixedviT afaseben, Tu romeli
situaciebi da qcevebi CaiTvalos moralurad Tu amoralurad.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
gviani zrdasrulobis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba gamouyeneblobis da ara

gardauvali daberebis Sedegia.
457
457
ZiriTadi cnebebi
akomodacia
alcheimeris daavadeba
asimilacia
mSoblebis mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebi
mSoblebis mier
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis
stilebi
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba
ganviTarebis asaki
ganviTarebis fsiqologia
egocentrizmi
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia, anu eijizmi
458
458
enis Seqmnis unari

zigota
imprintingi
internalizacia
intimuroba
konservacia
komforti kontaqtisas
longituduri kvlevis
meTodi
menarqe
mijaWvuloba
momwifeba
moraluroba
normatiuli kvlevebi
obieqtis mudmivoba
sayrdeni Teoriebi
seleqciuri optimizacia
kompensaciiT
seleqciuri socialuri
urTierTobebis Teoria
sibrZne
socializacia
sqemebi
genderi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
genderuli identoba
genderuli rolebi
sqesobrivi simwife
sxeulis xati
fonemebi
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
qmnadoba
qronologiuri asaki
centracia
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi
hi perregularizacia
motivacia
12
ra aris motivacia
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

motivaciis wyaroebi
kveba
kvebis fiziologia
kvebis fsiqologia
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: genebi da
simsuqne
seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi

seqsualuri qcevis
evolucia
seqsualuri qcevis
normebi
homoseqsualoba
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
warmatebisa da
marcxis atribucia
Sromisa da orga-
nizaciuli fsiqologia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia Tu
ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba
moTxovnilebaTa
ierarqia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
459
mogvinebiaT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze

asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da
safrTxe, am ,,romantikas~ pirquSi realoba cvlis.
miuxedavad amisa, avtori gasaocar daskvnamde
mas Semdeg midis, rac TiTi daiziana:
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre

Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi
moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse,
TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele
iyo amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli,
daudevari da araseriozuli vyofiliyavi? es
iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me Cems karavSi wavbodialdi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina
sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,~ _
Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo ar mefiqra,
rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, Semdeg mainc
ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000
futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro
yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da, Sesabamisad,
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari naklebi iyo?
Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba aseT Zvir _
sakuTari TiTis dakargvis _ fasad? cota xans
davfiqrdi da sakmaod mSvidad, da Cemda
gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes
warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: TiTi
arc ise didi sazRauri iyo _ rogorme iolad
gaval nekis gareSec~ (gv.90-91).
Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze warmoidgineT. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad

unda gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT:
,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec~. arsebobs raime
mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT?
sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefens mTaze asvlis dros... ratom
surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs
imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs mTis mwver-
valze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu raime

sxva mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni,
jiutni, Seupovarni miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad
im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri
danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba?
dabolos, didxans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis
miRwevas, Tu maleve daanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs
urnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) everestze asvlas aRwers 1994 wels gamocemul wignSi,
,,msoflios mwvervalze~. wignis dasawyisSi
vrcladaa moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis
survilis Sesaxeb:
Tavi 12 / motivacia
,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda

da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul
cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc
viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul
Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli
survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze
maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi
mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken iseve
izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu
samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken~.
460
rogoricaa SimSili, xSirad konkurencias uwevs

pirovnuli kontrolisa da garSemomyofTa simpatiis mopovebis moTxovnilebas, rac kvebiTi
paternis TaviseburebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis
kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi
farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips,
romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniSvnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia:
SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis
ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi,
mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere,
rac ,,moZraobas~ niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben
garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis mimarTulebiT da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi
mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis Sesabamisad.
motivaciis Teoriebi xsnis rogorc cxovelTa
TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis CaTvliT, ,,moZraobis~ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias
TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT,
romliTac motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da winaswarmetyvelebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.
motivaciis koncefciebis
funqciebi
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuT
ZiriTad daniSnulebas gamoyofen:
qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ Tqven,
rogorc biologiuri organizmi, flobT rTul
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa
da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
ra aris motivacia
mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, rac moxda,

an ar moxda. SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba
maRaziis ufrosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven
unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom
saqoneli gayidoT.~ megobari SeiZleba saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra,
rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris
motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri
moTxroba, SeecadoT danaSaulis motivis warmodgenas da mkvlelis povniT daikmayofiloT
deteqtivis saidumlos amoxsnis survili. milionobiT adamianis msgavsad, SeiZleba Tqvenc ver
SordebiT teleekrans da yoveldRe uyurebT
teleserialebs iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad,
rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocana motivaciis
aseTi magaliTebisTvis Teoriuli safuZvlis
uzrunvelyofaa. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur
mdgomareobas sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis
Sedegebze zemoqmedeba? ratom imatebs zogierTi
adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis
sikvdilis piramde midis SimSiliT? gansazRvravs Tu ara Cven seqsualur qcevas genetikuri
memkvidreoba? am TavSi SeityobT, rom adamianis
moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamentaluri
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
pirovnuli miRweva. amasTanave, Tqven naxavT,
rom xSirad arc ise iolia fsiqologiisa da
fiziologiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. magaliTad, xandaxan iseTi biologiuri moTxovnileba,
461
Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben

Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da sicocxlis
SenarCunebaSi gexmarebian. ratom adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi
daukmayofileblobis Sinagani mdgomareoba
sxeuls moqmedebisken ubiZgebs, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba
Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad.
qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad
da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi
gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso
davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive unarebi
da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben
motivaciur axsnas, rodesac adamianis mier
davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis
cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba
unarebis, gamocdilebisa Tu praqtikis gansxvavebulobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven dRes
diliT adre adeqiT damatebiT samecadinod,
xolo Tqveni megobari _ ara, es Tqveni da
Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur
mdgomareobebs SeiZleba mivaweroT.
subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis
Tavi 12 / motivacia
gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva

is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac
skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas?
rogorc profesionali fsiqologebi, ise _
specialuri fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis armqone
adamianebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze
dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan mizezebze
daskvnisken. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis
interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT
_ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda?
igive wesi ZalaSia Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad cdilobT imis garkvevas, Tqveni qceva
garedanaa motivirebuli Tu Signidan.
462
imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze

pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis
cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTikisaTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs
Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis
unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian
sakuTar moqmedebebze, rodesac: (1) ar fiqroben,
rom maT qcevas uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneba, (2)
eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria
mocemuli qcevis aRsaZvrelad, an (3) qcevaze

gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amrigad, motivaciis Teorias qcevis potenciuri mizezebis erTmaneTisgan
gansxvaveba unda SeeZlos.
araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miznisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da daJinebulobis axsna _ gavixsenoT amonaridi rebeka
stefensis wignidan, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben mTaze asvlas? motivaciis Seswavlis
bolo mizezi imis axsnaa, Tu ratom axorcielebs
organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT martivi
iqneboda am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad
mivideT samsaxurSi an leqciaze maSinac ki,
rodesac amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia
gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT
TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT,
rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.
axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im
pirobebze, romelSic fsiqologebi qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisa da axsnisaTvis motivaciis
cnebas mimarTaven. motivaciis konkretuli
sakiTxebis ganxilvamde, mis zogad wyaroebs
gavecnoT.
motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma
(Lans Armstrong) tur de franses~ Sejibri moigo.
sportis istoriaSi es sportsmenis profesiul
sportSi dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi iyo. 1996 wels mas testikularuli simsivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa
da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis dasrulebis Semdeg armstrongma
varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi
man msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrSi
gaimarjva; 2000 wels man kvlav moigo tur de
franse~. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom marSruti, romelzec armstrongma gaimarjva, arc
ise rTuli iyo. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam daamtkica,
rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivad
gamoiyureba: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT. Tu
gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad
mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia
Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad klark
halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952) daamuSava. halis azriT,
ltolva Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod
aRmocendeba. organizmi iseTi biologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis wonasworobis, anu homeostazis
SenarCunebas cdilobs, rogoricaa: sxeulis temperatura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3).
ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac daukmayo-
filebloba Sinagan gauwonasworeblobas qmnis,

wonasworobas arRvevs, anu daZabulobas qmnis.
es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcirebisken, anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs. rodesac
ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas.
amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels
mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba
sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac
sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac
sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba,
vinaidan is sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis
Semcirebas ukavSirdeba.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna?
cxadia, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi,
romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals.
daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT,
winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli
SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal
garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da
sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saWltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen
qcevis mamotivireblebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur
moTxovnilebebs.
ra aris motivacia
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas, rac lans

armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli
avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni
sxeulisTvis arcTu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas?
xom ar fiqrobT, rom, rac ar unda yofiliyo
misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi
iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis
Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba aseve analogiur situaciaSi? aris
Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi? motivaciis wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad, vnaxoT,
ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im
Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul
tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT
xsnis.
463
Tavi 12 / motivacia
mlisa da sasmelisken, isini mxolod cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas

da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo &
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias
xarjavdnen maT garemoSi arsebuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze
da, rogorc Canda, amas yovelgvari garegani waxalisebis gareSe, ,,garTobiT, maimunobiT~
siamovnebis misaRebad akeTebdnen (Harlow et al., 1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar
aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolvebiT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT
_ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur moTxovnilebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni
da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda,
rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda. asevea
adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari
aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT
internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad?
ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom miirTmevT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad danayrebuli brZandebiT? TiToeul am SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben,
romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani
da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis
miRebisa da wylis dalevis qcevis ganxorcielebis biologiur iZulebas ganicdidnen, isini
axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac emorCilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi Tanamedrove midgoma _ reversiis Teoria, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba konkurentuli
motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas eTmoba.
464
reversiis, anu araTavsebadi

mdgomareobebis Teoria
ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael
Apter, 1989; aseve, ix. Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma,
ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic uaryofs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis,
ideas. amis nacvlad, es Teoria uSvebs, rom
arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi
wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1, wyvi-
cxrili
12.1
metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi

wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
Telikuri
seriozuli
mizanze orientirebuli
upiratesobas aniWebs
winaswar dagegmvas
Tavs aridebs SfoTvas
surs progresi da
miRweva
konformisti
damyoli
surs wesebis dacva
tradiciuli
sasiamovno
surs morgeba
mbrZanebloba
Zalauflebaze
orientirebuli
cxovrebas brZolad
miiCnevs
mkacri azrovneba
kontrolze
koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba
auturi
upiratesad sakuTar
Tavzekoncentrirebuloba
egocentruli
sakuTar grZnobebze
koncentracia
paraTelikuri
mxiaruli
aqtivobaze orientirebuli
cxovrobs am momentiT
eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas
surs mxiaruleba da
garToba
negativisti
meamboxe
surs wesebis darRveva
aratradiciuli
gabrazebuli
surs damoukidebloba
TanagrZnoba (simpaTia)
zrunvaze orientirebuli
cxovrebas TanamSromlobad
miiCnevs
mgrZnobiare
sikeTeze
koncentrirebuli
surs sinaze da mofereba
aloikuri
upiratesad sxvebze
koncentrirebuloba
sxvebTan identifikacia
sxvebis grZnobebze
koncentracia
lebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi qmnian.

Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul
momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori
mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT cxrils,
naxavT, rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili
araTavsebad motivaciur mdgomareobebs. magaliTad, warmoidgineT nebismieri situacia,
romelic samsaxurs ukavSirdeba. ra gsurT mocemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba Tu sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi
mdgomareobebis Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro
mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore,

sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli mdgomareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
xarT, rodesac iseT qcevebs axorcielebT, romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani
ar gaaCniaT, xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,
rodesac iseT qceves axorcielebT, romlebic
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul
momentSi. magaliTad, am konkretul mocemul
momentSi, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _
Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad
CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an
axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas,
amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtobrivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT
erT an meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze naTlad
SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi
reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino forma iseTi maRalriskiani aqtivobebiT dakavebul adamianebs axasiaTebT, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma. xedavT, rogor xsnis
reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aRfrTovaneba. amgvarad, Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari
pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi paraSutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis
Semdeg. monacemebma aSkara reversia aCvena:
gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar
iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac
paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen (magram aRar SfoTavdnen).
arsebuli aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve
iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur
mdgomareobaSi gadadioda (Apter & Batler, 1997).
reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT
TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
maT garTobisTvis gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia
am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini daZabulobas ki ar amcirebs, aramed, piriqiT _
zrdis. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, paraSutiT gadaxtoma Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis SemTxvevaa. gadaxtomamde, Telikur
mdgomareobaSi adamianis mier gancdili
aRgznebis maRali done SfoTvas badebs.
paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri
ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da

ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom
biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts
instinqtebi, anu winaswar daprogramebuli tendenciebi marTavs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, romelic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli aTasobiT
mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad
curavs, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
micuravs, CanCqerebs axteba da zustad daniSnul
adgilze midis, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da
mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas
asruleben, ganayofierebuli qviriTis dayris
Semdeg ki iRupebian. momavalSi, rodesac dro
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli
tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
ra aris motivacia
instinqturi qceva da daswavla
465
Tavi 12 / motivacia
466
dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas,

raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam, sanam ramdenime
wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis
dro ar mova. aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi
SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi.
futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb
Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems; WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis sanadirod,
Citebi budeebs aSeneben, obobebi zustad iseve
xlarTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs, rogorc
maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.
adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William
James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian
instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi,
rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda qcevaTa fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiuri instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan
saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi
ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa:
simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da

siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi miznobrivi
iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelovan
miznebs emsaxurebodnen, anu mniSvnelovan
funqciebs asruleben organizmis garemosTan
adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud, 1915) SemogvTavaza mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamianis
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba
sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan.
mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi warmarTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba
aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac energia ver
ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba ubiZgebs adamians
aqtivobisken an/da obieqtisken, romelic
Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben
gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis
donea (anu Rrmad aracnobierSi), Tumca, maTi
gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs (Cven am
mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines
adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia
(Bernard, 1924), Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri
instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universaluri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis qveS dadga da
kritikis sagnadac iqca. kros-kulturulma
anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict,
1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939)
sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia
aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda
im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili
instinqtebis universalurobaze saubrobdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis
empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da emociebi daswavlili ufro
iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs
Tqven me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom
adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi.
Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi
molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi

motivaciisadmi
ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan~, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi
da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen
zurmuxtis qalaqamde misaRwevad: maT daZlies
barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil
yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT
akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari maT imas miscemda,
rac akldaT. amis nacvlad saocarma (da brZenma)
jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad maT, da ara
jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi
sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis
saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es
misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli
usafrTxoebis da komfortis gancda iyo: saxli

iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace,
romelic loms surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis
xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac
isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda
ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze,
aramed rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze,
romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis
qveynidan aSkarad erT-erTi pirveli kognitur
fsiqologia, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis
azrovnebis procesis mniSvnelovneba misi
miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur
analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri
qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad.
isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba
ara gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed
realobis subieqturi interpretaciebidan.
dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba,
Tu ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba
es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad
kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT, pasuxismgebeli iyo warsulSi gancdil warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac
gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3) imiT, rasac
ganWvretT winaswar, anu Tqveni qmedebis Sedegis
danaxviT. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu ratom
arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava
socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT
socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7 TavSi
dakvirvebiT daswavlas ganvixilavdiT). roterisaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT mocemuli qcevas (vTqvaT, gamocdisTvis
moemzadebiT da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli
miznis (kargi niSnis miRebis) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic am aqtivobas mohyveba da imiT,
Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning
theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
ra aris motivacia
cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara,

Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna,
garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda,
xolo meoris _ ara. aseT pirobebSi saerTod
ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu
Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli
motivirebulia~, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT,
rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro
iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT.
amitom TiToeuli cxoveli daswavlili da
instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias axorcielebs.
amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis
axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis
codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, konkretuli mocemuli cxovelis istoriidan unda icodeT: (1)
romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri
memkvidreobis nawili da (2) garemoSi arsebuli
asociaciebis rogori unikaluri erToblioba
aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi motivaciis funqcia im gavlenas eniWeba,
romelsac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs: Cven
vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWvqveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria
sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis
asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben
motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.
467
Tavi 12 / motivacia
468
TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris

gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli
qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957.
Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni
qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs,
romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa
ukeT moergoT jgufs.
rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis
garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz
Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis
Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba iseT
dispoziciur Zalebs mieweros, rogoricaa Zalisxmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda
iseT situaciur Zalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri
maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia gavlenas
axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro
bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli
cudi niSani Zalisxmevis arqonis Sedegia, magram
SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT,
rom miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an
SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros
identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis,
SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur interpretaciaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxvadasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan,
rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamowvevis
Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna. ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis
istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis
Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis
pirobebSi. rodesac adamianebi sakuTari qcevis
Sesaxeb iwyeben msjelobas, molodini imisa,
Tu ra unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, motivaciis uzrunvelyofas iwyebs. adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs miaweros,
zogi ki _ gare samyaros.
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis
danarCen nawilSi ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips,
romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba _ esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da
pirovnuli miRweva.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebs imisaTvis iyeneben, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron biologia da qceva, axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba,
daaskvnan zogadi qmedebebidan kerZo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa
da daJinebulobis asaxsnelad, romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli
garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli
motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi
arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _
organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan
_ garemos an kulturuli faqtorebidan.
ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi
daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc
wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTacaa motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis
mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc
Sinagani, aseve garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis
kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis
molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani
samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.
kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi Semdegi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze
Cawerili erT-erTi studentisTvis picis naWris
SeTavazebas vapirebT. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad
mosalodnelia, rom es studenti uars ar ityvis
da miirTmevs picis naWers? ar gindaT, gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, aseTi iqneba: ,,me
mWirdeba ufro meti informacia~. bolo qveTavSi
gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis
saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis organizeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna, anu informacia am
studentis Sesaxeb _ ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami
kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom
Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis
mTeli rigiT, romlebic SimSilisa da simaZRris
fizikur gancdas qmnian (Logue, 1991). sakvebis
efeqturad misaRebad organizmi aRWurvili unda
iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx
amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani moTxovnilebis
dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da
organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da
raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba,
rodesac sakmarisia miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis
Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna
maTi sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis iseT periferiul meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa
kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur
meqanizmebTan, rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis
Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter
qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom
carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis
erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma
studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn) winaswari gavarjiSebis Semdeg rezinis milze
mimagrebuli gasaberi buSti gadaylapa. milis
meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, romelic haeris wnevis cvlebadobas afiqsirebda.
Semdeg qenonma buSti studentis kuWSi gabera.
rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams. uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli, SimSiliT gamowveuli
tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier
SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni
fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobis
formirebaSi kuWis spazmebis monawileoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis
procedura erTob gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad
kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel
pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi
Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, Tumca
amis Semdeg ar qreboda SimSilis grZnoba.
pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili
hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman,
1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi
mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs sakvebiT
dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis
mier SimSilis gancdaSi, is amomwuravad mainc
ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis
moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli
sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs
SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas
savse~ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT
(magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo
kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis
Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve,
warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis periferiul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu sisavsis gancdas.
SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg
naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli
kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorulspecifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da
cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres
iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis
naklebi Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson &
Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakvebisadmi swrafvis~ aseTi dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis
regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos. Tumca,
sityva ,,specifikuri~ sensorul-specifikur
kveba
mas? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven,

aseve, dagWirdebodaT garegani codna, anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia
Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba?
rogorc xedavT, ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegzec ki, rogoricaa
studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi
fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac
evoluciam sakvebis miRebis samarTavad aRgvWurva.
469
simaZRreSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom simaZRre Zalze

uSualodaa damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze,
romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mravalferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT
kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT,
romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo
aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et al., 1981).
Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba,
romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis,
sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis
erTmaneTs, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva
sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom man ukve sakmarisad miirTva.
axla gavecnoT Tavis tvinis im meqanizmebs,
romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi
da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli
wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
centraluri reaqciebi
470
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma

Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb,
sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis
procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs.
yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo
sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze
dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze
(hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia
suraTze 3.10.) aigeboda. gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmars,
magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeba, rom
lateraluri hipoTalamusi daziandeba (an

ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi stimulirdes),
cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmars. am dakvirvebam
ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba,
sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda
,,SimSilis~ centrad, xolo ventromedialuri
hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRred~.
Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore
(Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi Warbad STanTqaven
mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur
sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralod centri,
romelic gadascems signalebs: ,,kidev Wame~, an
,,aRar Wamo~, _ signali damokidebulia sakvebis
tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze
(Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa,
moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama
iqneba. Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs
ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT,
moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba
saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis nawili,
romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis
regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad
midis (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi
glukozis saxiTaa warmodgenili) da cximebi
warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis
ori ZiriTadi signali modis im receptorebidan,
romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da
cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis
maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis
ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema
lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi am
informaciis sapasuxod cvlian aqtivobas. sxva
hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon
Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis an insulinis
donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi
ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis
gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi
da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia
mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben
miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram mxolod
maSin miirTmevT, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, iqneba: ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!~ Tu gadaxedavT
ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT
ramdenime SemTxveva, roca Tqven mier sakvebis
miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan.
magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia
dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis
socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro
Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs.
metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad
ufasod miirTvaT kiborCxala? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze,
morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT)
xarT Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni
pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT
Tu ara iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs
zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis
farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba,
rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis
SegrZnebas? Tu adamianTa umravlesobas gavxarT,
albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT,
Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi
Tqveni sxeulis formasa da zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas did yuradRebas davuTmobT
im viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi
cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da

ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis
formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul
Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.
wuxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis
dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT,
Tqveni pasuxi iqneba diax~, Tumca, dResdReobiT
amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs
sakuTari wonis gamo _ qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994),
sinamdvileSi ki qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da
mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom, isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav
qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg
qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da
xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi
reaqciis saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT
ra fsiqologia da cxovrebas~, albaT, TqvenTvis
ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv
bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT.
qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi~ aRwerilia
SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina
bunebam~. zogierTi adamiani genetikurad aris
midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri
midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba
,,aiZulo~. biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani sakvebsa
da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze.
simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis adreuli
kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu
ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas
sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi
mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda
mosazreba, rom, rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi
da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs
sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare signalebs. Tumca,
es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda,
ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar
moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981).
sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani
fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi
da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
kveba
qcevas. imis signali, rom sisxlSi mravladaa

glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis
sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven
daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca,
mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis
darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis
moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod
Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul signalebze. vnaxoT,
ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom
bevri an cota mivirTvaT.
471
Tavi 12 / motivacia
genebi da simsuqne
472
XXI saukune mecnierTa

STambeWdavi gancxadebiT
daiwyo. mkvlevrebma, romlebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi
adamianis genomi~, ganacxades,
rom isini Zalian axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri
safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis
dadgenasTan. am proeqtis
saboloo mizani im genebis
sruli aRwera iyo, romliTac
genomi aigeba. am proeqtma
mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen adamianis sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli
rigi daavadebebis genetikuri
safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli
aqvs, simsuqnea. mkvlevrebma
mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi
imis dasadastureblad, rom
adamianebi ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu naklebi wonisken. magaliTad, identuri tyupebis
Seswavlam gamoavlina didi
msgavseba maT wonas Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al.,
1990). am msgavsebis nawili
SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT,
rom ZiriTadi funqciebis
uzrunvelsayofad individis
sxeulis mier kaloriebis
dawvis intensioba, anu metaboluri procesebis intensioba mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al., 1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
drosac ki didi raodenobiT
kaloriebis dawvis Tandayolili predispozicia axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swo-
red es ukanasknelni xvdebian

wonis momatebis risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi
realuri genetikuri meqanizmi,
romlebic individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998;
Gura, 2000). magaliTad, identificirebul iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi
signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi sakmarisi
raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang
et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac
leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZelebs Wamas, amis potenciuri
Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba.
faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa
Zalian mcire raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba
aixsnas kidec maTi Warbi wona
(Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al.,
1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia
Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis
Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad
amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom
leptini garkveul rols asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi,
mkvlevrebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis
moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva
imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba
simsuqnis problemis axleburi
gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa
da wonis regulacias Soris
kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali
medikamenturi mkurnalobis
Seqmnis saSualebas miscems
(Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi

adre ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda.
kvlevis dros leptiniT
manipulirebam jer kidev ver
moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze. Tumca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da
aRmoCenebis uwyveti winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi
agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor SeiZleba wonis regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000).
yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobili mkvlevrebic ki
gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba,
rodesac maT damxmare saSualebad (da ara Camnacvleblad) gamoviyenebT mZimewoniani adamianebis cxovrebis
stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa
gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis metaboluri procesebi,
janmrTeloba da cxovrebis
xarisxi~ (Campfield et al., 1998,
gv. 1987). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT
bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis
unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda
jer kidev asrulebs gadamwyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is
mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia proeqtis, adamianis genomi~, Sedegebi.
www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/
index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi
simsuqnesa da wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da
SuzRudav mWamelebze
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli
qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis
mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona
or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis
piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen,
rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen.
davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi
Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa meore
nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis
aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali
SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis
pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs war-
moadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,

rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamowmeblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo
maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da
eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari,
misi mtkicebis miuxedavad~ ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, gv. 507). cdis pirTa
gafrTxilebis gareSe, eqsperimentatorebi
aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni namcxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac
da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas
Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca,
mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive
tipis namcxvars ufro meti raodenobiT
Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva
zogad TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis
mimarTac ki iwvevda, romlebic arc ise
gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni gamowveva TviTSefasebisTvis _ mokle sityviT gamosvlis

albaToba, romelic unda Sefasebuliyo, SezRudul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti sakvebis miRebas
iwvevda, vidre SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am kvlevam
aCvena, rom, zogadad, SezRuduli mWamelebi
mxolod maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac
grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas
safrTxe emuqreba, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
cxrili
12.2
SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo

raodenoba
SeuzRudavi SezRuduli
gansxvaveba
mWamelebi
mWamelebi
gemrieli namcxvrebi
sakontrolo jgufi
6.2
5.1
-1.1
mSfoTvare jgufi
5.1
7.6
+2.5
sakontrolo jgufi
3.0
2.6
-0.4
mSfoTvare jgufi
2.7
3.7
+1.0
ugemuri namcxvrebi
kveba
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy

& Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti
ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis
fsiqologias, SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaobaa (Polivy
& Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis
sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis
uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs. isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis
gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi
SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi
azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZleba SezRuduli mWameli iyos misi sxeulis
zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben
adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian?
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul
mWamelebs aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac
cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis
moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars
ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin,
rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi iseT stresul
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas uSualod exeba
(Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).
473
Tavi 12 / motivacia
474
msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis

darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi
sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs
SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes.
rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom
maT ver SeZles problemis gadaWris amocanis
Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets; Tu maT
sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _
ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis
videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am
cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTari warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met
nayins, vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. amitom
mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi
paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen
Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani
adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi
arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis
momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad
dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamowveva da ara _ dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT,
Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur Zalebs
adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis
saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati

am qveTavs kvebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
ganxilviT daviwyebT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im
adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi
wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre
im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi
wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari
sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris
sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs miekuTvnebodes. anoreqsiis
diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi
iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs,
magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV,
1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian Rormucelobis~ SetevebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan
sdevs Warbi kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _
TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV,
1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba
bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs
Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
saidan
viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas
sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti
da hanis universitetis 349 studenti
gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad imisa,

rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa
TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba erTxel mainc
yofila dietaze (aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%),
amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT
didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _
hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda
amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom 12.1
suraTze wardgenili figurebidan amoerCiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad
miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.
studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT
naxoT, rom mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi
SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu
vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli
qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo
maCveneblebi: idealuri~ mamakaci imyofeba
M5-sa da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba
M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli,
rogorc wesi, icvleba erTi sruli quliT
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos
myof figuras (Cogen et al., 1996).
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul
qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom
zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq
simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan
asocirdeba~ (Cogan et al., 1996, gv. 98). rogorc 12.2.
suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis
zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebulia konkretulad qalebisTvis da konkretulad
haneli mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic
iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad,
mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam
cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT
komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis
zomebis gamo, vidre _ TeTrkanianebi (Parker et al.,
1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve,
rodesac kolejis Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo
kveba
uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon

kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad
SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms
SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone
adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi
gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin,
1999). anoreqsia mozardobis dasasrulisa da
axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s
aReniSneba (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis
qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994;
Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da
ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs
garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi
aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992), Tumca, gamokvlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri
wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze, romelsac
sazogadoeba da media qmnis (Wertheim et al., 1997).
ase magaliTad, bevri Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT
mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnil Jurnalebze (Andersen
& DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam,
rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi,
nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan,
mTeli rigi kvlevebiT dadasturda, romlebSic
mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi gamovlinda.
475
suraTi
12.1
msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens

yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?
476
da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod

TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs
dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis
modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti
da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan
gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi
ufro metad arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afromerikelebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda am ori populaciis gamocdilebas
kvebiT aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian
maT (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi
kvlevebi, sadac sxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri
jgufebia Seswavlili, Tumca arsebuli monacemebi aCvenebs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev
ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT),
magram Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. yoveli moZiebuli
SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom kulturuli faseulobebi sxeulis zomasa da dietis
dacvas daukavSiron.
da kidev erTi saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven

amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi
aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis
da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT
midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre
maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi swavlisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris
_ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da
dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili
daZabulobis ganmuxtva imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg
ganiwmindon~ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli
kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda
icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba SeiZleba aseTi
safrTxis winaSe gayenebdeT.
Sejameba
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli
reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri
simaZRre, aseve centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi
wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens memkvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve,
suraTi
12.2
sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani.

mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc
SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRuduli mWameli
uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis
fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan
gvxdeba. rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic
iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas axdens mis subkulturaSi
gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalbatonebi
naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis
gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian
kvebiT aSlilobebs.
seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom
yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze, magram ra SeiZleba
iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? martivia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra; es gamravlebaa (reproduqciaa), magram ramdenad aixsneba am mizniT
is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur
qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis

19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel
mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis
azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT
seqsze fiqris aseTi sixSire? rogor ukavSirdeba
azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSic rCeba
sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas.
rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvisaa aucilebeli,
Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi
cxoveli da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino
zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas;
Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom
namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno
gaxada. orgazmi uZlieresi ganmamtkicebelia
im energiis sazRaurad, romelic Sewyvilebis
dros ixarjeba.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aniWebs,
romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduq-
seqsualuri qceva
vermontis universitetis da hanas universitetis studentebma aRniSnes, Tu

romeli figura suraTze (12.1) miaCniaT mamakacis da qalis idealur sxeulad.
477
ciis moTxovnilebas. seqsualuri dakmayofilebis

misaRwevad individi mravalferovan qcevebs
axorcielebs. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur
motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs. kultura adgens
misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs
am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas,
zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas,
upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris
cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki
adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul
sakiTxebze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
478
cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi

motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis,
romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben,
evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi
da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi
zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia
embrionis zrdisTvis sakmarisi energiiT), mamrebi ki _ moZraobis unaris mqone (kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis) spermatozoidebs.
orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos
moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom spermatozoidi
da kvercxujredi saTanado pirobebSi Sexvdnen
erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod
emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac
sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi gamoimuSavebs.
mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da is
uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba saWiro raodenobiT.
Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis
nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis.
Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi
hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, dReebis an
Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis mixedviT gamomuSavdeba. amasTan, mdedrebi yovelTvis ar arian hormonalurad
mzad SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise
_ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad
udevs stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis prognozirebad paterns mocemuli saxeobis yvela

wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, virTxebis erTi
wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba naxeT, maSin
ukve iciT, Tu rogor iqcevian danarCenebi. mdedri
virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da mis yuradRebas iqcevs. Semdeg mamri
Tvals miadevnebs gaqceul mdedrs. mdedri
uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana
nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs
friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT
isev gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola,
romelic calkeuli intromisiebiT eakulaciamde
10-20-jer wydeba. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT
isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev
Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled
(daaxloebiT 15 wamis ganmavlobaSi) wyvildebian.
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZlivia
da daaxloebiT rva saaTi grZeldeba. mtaceblebs,
magaliTad, loms xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ritualiT tkboba axasiaTebs: arc meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad
es sirbilis dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi
arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis
potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri
qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri
raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali
mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens
mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve
miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr
partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri
aqtivoba, roca mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba
(Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva, aseve, garegani stimulis
rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi saxeoba qimiur signalebs _
feromonebs gamoyofs, romlebic, xandaxan didi
manZilidanac ki izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs (Farine
et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri
maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze
metadaa ganayofierebisTvis mzad, hormonebis
koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks
aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyo-
suraTi
12.3
mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva
fili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia

aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis. maT
memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba. rodesac datyvevebuli mamri
mamaka rezusi mezobel galiaSi myofi, SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns iynosavs,
is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis
momatebiT, reagirebs, rac sqesobrivi aqtisTvis
mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia
cxovelebSi mniSvnelovanwilad Tandayolili
biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is
kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli~ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvilebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
Tevzebis erT-erTi saxeobis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan
viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis
partnioris SerCevisas
umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi
mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs, romelTa SeferilobaSic narinjisferi Warbobs; Tumca,
rodesac ori mamri erTnairad narinjisfradaa Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan
ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic sxva
mdedris siaxloves SeniSnes. sainteresoa,

ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad
narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva~) da aRzrda
(,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis arCeva~)
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebma iseTi mamri
gupebi gamozardes, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi Seferilobis 0%-dan 40%-mde. ,,eqsperimentuli~ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic
narinjisfrad naklebad Seferili mamri
gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen, sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ki ver xedavdnen
Sewyvilebis qcevas. suraTi 12.3 gviCvenebs
bunebisa da aRzrdis dapirispirebis Sedegs. Seferilobis mixedviT mcire gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi im mewyviles irCeven, romelic sxvis mier ukve
iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba gacilebiT mkveTri xdeba (daaxloebiT 40%),
mdedrebi ,,bunebis~ sasargeblod cvlian
arCevans da ufro metad narinjisfer
partniors irCeven (Dugatkin, 1996).
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom akvariumSi

mcxovrebi es uwyinari Tevzebi yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad
an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada
safuZveli imisaTvis, rom adamianis seqsualobis
Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom
seqsualuri qceva
mdedri gupebi, èqsperimentul~ jgufSi

xedaven sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisferi
mamri gupis axlos. mdedri gupebi `sakontrolo~ jgufSi ver akvirdebian sxva mdedris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom
arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas
Soris. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs
im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma ukve airCia.
Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian
arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven
narinjisfer mamrs.
479
mkvlevrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis

seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis
msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri
ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi
adamianebis prioritetebi.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba

da reaqciebi
480
hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden

mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsualuri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT
moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis
farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni testosteroni aucilebelia
seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis
ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60
wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas
sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvs, ramdenic
sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri
ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raodenobis individualuri variacia normis farglebSi ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aRelvebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareobaa,
romelsac erotikul stimulze fiziologiuri
da kognituri reaqcia iwvevs. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas
da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT
gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba
seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac individi
damakmayofilebel moqmedebaTa erTobliobad
aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis
SemTxvevaSi.
mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben
cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba,
romlic aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze
fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi

akrZaluli iyo adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla. uiliam
mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master
& Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es
tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones
adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom laboratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen
da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis
mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur
moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas,
Tu ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed
imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini
sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da
jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise
mamakacsa da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi
aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis
dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: (1) mamakacebi da qalebi
seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT
xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive
sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian
_ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, xSirad
ki _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken; (3) drois
Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia
mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca
mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma
aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan
asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis
qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi oTx
fazas gamoyofen, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta (ix. sur. 12.4).
agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic
ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans
grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskularuli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi
magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba; sisxli
da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba, anu Cndeba seqsualuri
siwiTle.
suraTi
12.4
adamianis seqsualuri
reaqciebis fazebi
mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis
fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad
gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa
TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.
orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi

ganicdian manamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabulobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno
gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel
rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc
mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da
sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _
ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi
iwvevs eakulacias, anu spermis amofrqvevas.
gadawyvetis, anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli
TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebamdel mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis
sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa

umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu
isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze),
romelic ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde
grZeldeba. am drois manZilze kidev erTi
orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mravajeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis
kvleva seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze
fokusirdeboda, maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc aRgznebaSi, ise _
dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri procesebis
centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes,
rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre
fiziologiuri. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi
modificireba an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva.
gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am
uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli
problemebiT datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri
aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo; SfoTva imis gamo, Tu
rogor Seafasebs partniori individis seqsualur moqmedebebs; aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda
anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba,
daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi raodenobiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve,
amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis
da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fiziologiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im
Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben seqsualur
seqsualuri qceva
platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva,
Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba
nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba
mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis
gamoyofa da ibereba mkerdi.
481
qcevebSi arsebul gansxvavebebs. daviwyebT im

mosazrebiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani,
mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis seqsualuri qcevis
gansxvavebul paternebs uzrunvelyofs.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
482
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri

qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris
ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia
_ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba, seqsualuri
qceva ki Zalze ritualizebuli da stereotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis
seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis Sesaxebac?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma
Seamowmes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma
da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur
qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). am strategiebis
aRsawerad adamianis reproduqciis zogierTi
realiis gaxseneba dagvWirdeba. mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis
ganxorcielebas, Tu moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis
sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da
ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod
erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg
TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia
unda dauTmon (sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi
imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena,
aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT
metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels 7000 Svili hyavda, CineTis pirveli
imperatorze ki amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama
iyo. cxadia, orives didi haramxana hqonda).
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom
mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis
SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema,
romelic mamri cxovelis winaSe dgas, misi
STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad
gazrdaa, rac aseve didi raodenobis mdedrebTan
SewyvilebiT miiRweva, magram ZiriTadi problema,
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon
mSoblebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
romelic mdedri cxovelis winaSe dgas, maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos
saukeTeso, yvelaze janmrTeli STamomavloba
sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebidan. ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas
imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis
da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs
arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan
(Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben
kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma
Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda
daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod
yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani,
yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze
momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba
yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebliani
partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis
gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid
bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali sxvadasxva
strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs aviTareben
moklevadiani da grZelvadiani SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis
strategia, rac erTgulebisa da valdebulebis
Cvenebasa da Semdeg mitovebas gulisxmobs, moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze
zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalis
SemTxvevaSi im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis
strategia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis
aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani strategiaa.
bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria
moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan.
erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT
sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _
isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar
iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci Semdgom
izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi,
rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamakacebi
(Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom
moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT
ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovnebeli dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba
imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
saidan
viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi
upiratesobis miniWeba
mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis konkretuli qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgufma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalis menstrualuri ciklis
fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak &
Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic
eqsperimentSi gamoiyeneboda, kompiuteris
daxmarebiT ise cvlidnen, rom mieRoT
diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan
SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac
qalebs grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis~
sTxovdnen yvelaze mimzidveli saxis
amorCevas, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen
im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri
Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis
ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda
imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori
iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi.
Tumca, arCevani moklevadiani urTierTobisTvis~ damokidebuli iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri ciklis im fazaSi
imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia
dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT
maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc
Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic
ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli kargi
mzrunveli~ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic
metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi
genebi~ hqonda.
am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen
da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is
mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmar-
Tavdes Cveni evoluciuri istoria adamianis

cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis
mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian,
rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli
kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad, qalebi
ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi seqsualur
reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi met mravalferovnebas avlenen, vidre mamakacebi (Baumeister,
2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad,
kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis
seqsualuri revolucia~. cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard mzaobas _
daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi.
cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri
istoria, aramedEmaT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts
xsnis, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba
mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul
variabilurobas (cvalebadobas). seqsualuri
qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da
adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze visaubrebT
qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi

rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri
cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi
daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred
kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred
Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT daaxloebiT 17 aTasi
amerikeli gamokiTxes maTi seqsualuri qcevis
Taobaze da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic
manamde iSviaTad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire, fiqsirdeboda, rom
arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis
Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi
formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod
da xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3
seqsualuri qceva
mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis prognozebis mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda
Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze
mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
483
cxrili
12.3
seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
0
2-10
10 da meti
mamakacebi
26
44
33
qalebi
31
56
25-29 weli
25
53
19
55-59 weli
40
43
15
saSualo ganaTleba
30
49
17
kolejis ganaTleba
24
50
24
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
arc erTi
weliwadSi ramdenjerme
TveSi ramdenjerme
kviraSi orjer an metjer
16
37
34
10
18
36
37
25-29 weli
15
31
47
55-59 weli
11
22
43
23
mamakacebi
qalebi
14
mamakacebi
qalebi
25-29 weli
10
38
47
55-59 weli
30
22
35
13
10
15
34
41
18
38
35
saSualo skola
11
16
38
36
koleji
14
17
37
33
mamakacebi
saSualo skola
koleji
qalebi
Tavi 12 / motivacia
*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.
484
mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani gamokiTxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994).

mkvlevrebi mTel rig SekiTxvebs svamdnen.
cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire nawilia warmodgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso
tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi
ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan
erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis
adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.
seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia,
rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _
seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad
daswavlili programa.
kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri~ da
,,mamakacuri~ aspeqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes
adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri
impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da
misaRebad miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi
seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,
romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli)
miTiTebebi, Tu ra, rodis, sad da rogor unda
gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes;
dabolos, ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am
scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia
cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul
partniorTan (Sesabamisad, 47% da 24%). amasTan,

ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi
yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (Sesabamisad,
78% da 64%).
kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero,
romelSic mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba
erTmaneTs. esaa paemanze gaupatiureba. paemanze
gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT
Tu ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa
341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini
yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli
formis msxverplni. daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs,
rom paemnis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri
kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave
paemnis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze, maT,
qalebTan SedarebiT, metwilad msxverpli (anu
gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994;
Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan simboluri
winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. esaa
qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi sqesobrivi
kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian
cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom
gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca,
mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire,
erTxel mainc Sexvedria simboluri winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris
arsebul gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, paemanze
gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva aisaxeba.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci
simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis
nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc
qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon _ sinamdvileSi
qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi
winaaRmdegoba realuria.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
seqsualuri qceva
scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros

warmoadgens: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs,
romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an
aucilebelia.
scenari warmoadgens socialuri normebidan
momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris swori da
miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da
warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli
Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis
Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi
ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT,
risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli
Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras eliT
Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan. rodesac ar
aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven
anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs
Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos, da
problemuri gaxados partniorebis urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi
xSirad interesdebian imiT, Tu ratom axorcieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca dafexmZimebis an
veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe arsebobs. evoluciisa da seqsualuri gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad
axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi
ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma (Sesabamisad,
77% da 14%), ganacxada, rom isini barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT
Sediodnen da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil
485
seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni

yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamocdilebis seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria
_ homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am
qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa)
da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev
erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu rogor
marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan
motivaciur ZalTa urTierTqmedeba.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
homoseqsualoba
486
Cven aqamde vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis

gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axorcieleben seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive
SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba. homoseqsualizmis, rogorc heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT gamowveuli~ qcevebis
erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad, seqsualuri
motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam
unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas
iwvevs~ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsualizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs. arc erTi maTgani
ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualuri qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi
homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa
zusti raodenobis miRebas cdilobdnen. Aadreul
kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi
SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri
gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo
4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri gamocdileba
(procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi
cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma
kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi
qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda
maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram SerCevis
mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi
urTierToba uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aseve, maT kvlevaSi monawile mamakacTa 6%-s
seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav
SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom bolo
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda realuri
seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan. ramdenad
marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survi-
lebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT, verc iqneba

SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi
moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs ganvixilavT. aseve, mimovixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri
qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.
homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda

evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis
Semdeg gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom
kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri
prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikuradaa ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma
es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves,
romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen monozigotur
(genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis naxevari aqvT
identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals
erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri
an heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali
homoseqsualia, meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi
seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis
Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena
monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur
tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am
kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan
moiZiebdnen calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa
da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey
et al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo,
dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali
(Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom
monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad
msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad
epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs
vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli.
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs,
rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT,
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi miRebuli
mudmivi mtrobaa homoseqsualurobis gamovlinebebisadmi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad~ an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris
aSkara garyvnilebaa~. maTi 64% ,,aucileblad~
an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi
or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa~ (Herek,
1994). homoseqsualebis mimarT Zalze uaryofiT
damokidebulebas mkvlevrebma homofobia uwodes.
bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad,
Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis
masaliT.
seqsualuri qceva
flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma

daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba, romlebic SeiZleba homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas ganapirobebdes (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al.,
1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia
Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma
SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli
hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi
aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis
gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl
Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia
pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da
aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom
mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi
sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben. biWebs, magaliTad,
uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT.
bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu
romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur
_ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini
eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas.
bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva

erotikulad~. sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda
emociur aRgznebas iwvevs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
es aRgzneba erotikulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad,
Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva
gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs
gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsualur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas, rom
homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi
da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive SemTxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod
bems mravali monacemi moaqvs, is jerjerobiT
mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno
ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi
Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosazrebebs.
487
saidan
viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia
homoseqsualur interess
Tavi 12 / motivacia
kvlevaSi kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti

monawileobda, romelTagan TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc ,,calsaxad
heteroseqsuals~. studentebma 25 debulebiani kiTxvari Seavses, romelic homofobiis xarisxs zomavda. am kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti arahomofobikad, 35 studenti _ homofobikad miiCnies.
eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs
aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da
mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis videoCanawerebi. Canawerebze TiToeuli studentis reaqcia izomeboda mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemowerilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis mixedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur
da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da
arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca, homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
488
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi

mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv,
SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar
surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri
ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive
sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi,
aseTma pirobebma ki SeiZleba gaarTulos am
ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli qali
ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia, anu
SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen & Oleson,
1999; Ross & Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). a s e T
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis) homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli)
aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba

SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed
imis gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena (saaSkaraoze
gamosvla~), an dafarva (sakuTar naWuWSi jdoma~)
sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis
fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan
amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikis
fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991).
aseTi naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli
adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi~ SesaZlebels
gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972).
am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad, ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT
_ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia
sakuTari orientacia, aramed seqsualuri motivaciis gamovlenaze sxva adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali
mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben
da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (DAugelli, 1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,saaSkaraoze
gamosvlisTvis~ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji
gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis
Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa
ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT
gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icnoben am jgufSi Semaval individebs. faqtobrivad,
rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi
saSualod, miT ufro keTilganwobilia misi
damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996)
(rodesac me-18 TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami
gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde). icnobT
romelime homoseqsual mamakacs, lesbosels an
biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi
maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad
xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena
moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis
codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad,
hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis
arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi.
mastersma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic
SeiZleba Semdeg fazebad daiyos: agzneba, plato,
orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri
qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis
SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi paemanze
gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis
msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba rogorc
garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis
gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime
tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba
warmoadgens.
1
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac

arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna),
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas,
zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom
SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven
xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es
gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT,
rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
iqnebiT, magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi
adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dainteresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre
sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis
kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad
yuradReba im motivaciur Zalebze SevaCeroT,
romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben.
dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romelsac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba.
jer kidev 1938 wels henri mareim (Henry Murray)
ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas
axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari
moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid
maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland,
1953) am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis
meTodika SeimuSaves da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari

daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb.
seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan
momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi
da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis Sinagani
modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo1 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros. Tqven
daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is
forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis farglebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani
sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba Sinagani
bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT. vnaxoT, ra Zalebi
ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis
an marcxisTvis.
489
Tavi 12 / motivacia
490
wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi

mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs ikvlevdnen. miRwevis
moTxovnilebis siZlieris dasadgenad maklelandi kvlevis monawileTa fantazias iyenebda.
monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri
apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis
seria da moeTxovebodaT maT mixedviT moTxrobebis Sedgena. maT unda aReweraT, Tu ra xdeboda
suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda
movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda.
navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi
TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis proecirebas moaxdendnen. maklelandis
sityvebiT: Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba
adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb,
radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad
giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da
ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze
gaakeTebT, aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi
goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
gamoyeneba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba~
(David McCLelland, 1971, gv.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac
monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is
suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava
gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis
moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n
Ach2. is asaxavs individualur gansxvavebebs imaSi,
Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis miznis dasaxva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze
12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori
siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis
mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali
moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma. rogorc
laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis
validuroba.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone
individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre
dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. n Ach-is maRali
maCveneblebis mqone vaJiSvilebi profesiul
asparezze metad aRweven TavianT mamebze ufro
maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic
n Ach-is dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian
(McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach-is maRali maCveneblebis
2
n Ach n eed for Ach ievement.
suraTi
12.5
Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli

interpretaciebi
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal
moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris
gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia
da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier
gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes,
man unda daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri
saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls
iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis
gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes didi mevioline da
siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT.
is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar
unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal

moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom
TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs
gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobze,
raTa emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian
kargi iqneboda erT dres umaRlesi klasis musikosad
gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni
mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi
albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi
orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic

Apperception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli testi,
romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari
interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da
moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT
moTxrobis mofiqreba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n
Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis _ romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
saidan
viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis
moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma
(Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs
Seadares, erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1951 wels
agrovda, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile
bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen
da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da
Semosavlis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1987-1988
wlebSi agrovda, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels
mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor
aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis
miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis
miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT
sargeblobas mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen.
mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi
korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi
gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom
mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda
amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri Semosavali,
romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier
zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi
daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda,
vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi
aseTi gamocdileba.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni

miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni
cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
warmatebisa da marcxis
atribucia
miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi
cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi
dainteresebulobaze axdens gavlenas. rom
vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi.
warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic
erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli
semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
Sefaseba C~. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian
isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon
mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi

Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n
Achh-is dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs
41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs
Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Achis individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine
SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach-is
mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, isini maleve anebeben Tavs mis
gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Ach-is mqone individebisTvis, efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvilia
_ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT.
Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs
aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini
Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari
warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba,
rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli,
sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161,
McLeland &Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia
bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri
analiziT miRebuli monacemebi.
491
suraTi
12.6
qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis atribucia
Tavi 12 / motivacia
oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis atribuciis

mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da im
situaciidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba. SesaZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi; rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac
uSveb garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali
_ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
492
meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am

kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli
maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis
mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis
lokusze, anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris
mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia
Tqven mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze
(orientacia internalur, anu Sinagan kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqsternalur, anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT motanil
magaliTSi C~-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba miaweros garegan (Senobis gareT mimdinare
mSeneblobis xmurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an
Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia
aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb
(atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi
ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi atribuciam
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu
Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneblobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia,
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamocdisTvis, xolo, Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze axdenen, savaraudoa,
rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi
ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes
atribucia (Peterson & Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi
kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli
(stabiluri) da mdgradia an cvalebadi (arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori
droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri); an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad
aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli
(specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi
(globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva
garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi?~ pasuxi
gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri).
12.6 suraTze mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu
rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis
lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT
gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze.
Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi
pirovnuli Tviseba); anda miRebuli Sefaseba
maT SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT
gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa: amocanis
sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli
situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi
garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu
ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod,
erT-erTi im emociaTagani iqneba, romelic
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq
isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs
rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _
ufro bejiTad mecadineobaze, an SromisTvis
Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis
realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas,
rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis
maT mier miRebul C~ Sefasebas, magram Zalze
mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs
mogvcemen. erT-erTma es SeiZleba raime garegans
(,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda~)
12.4
atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri

reaqciebi
Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakavSirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, romelsac axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT maSin, roca am
warmatebas sakuTar unarebs miawerT, da daTrgunuli
xarT, Tu marcxs SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad
aRiqvamT; anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas,
rodesac Tqven mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi migaCniaT
Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
emociuri reaqciebi
atribucia
warmateba
marcxi
SesaZlebloba
kompetenturoba
darwmunebuloba
siamaye
arakompetenturoba
brZolaze uaris
Tqma
daTrgunuloba
Zalisxmeva
Semsubuqeba
kmayofileba
moduneba
braleulobis
gancda
sircxvili
SiSi
sxvaTa
moqmedeba
madliereba
brazi
mrisxaneba
bedi
gakvirveba
sindisis qenjna
gakvirveba
gaoceba
miaweros, meorem ki _ raime Sinagans (ar var

imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani~). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi
maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi
mogebidan dawyebuli paemnis SeTavazebaze uaris
TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et
al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis
stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens
motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis
manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin
Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs
adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa
Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da
pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miznisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu
frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadiucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri)
axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad~)
individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da

depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli
motivacia). axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma
erT-erTma megobarma A~, meorem ki _ F~ Sefaseba
miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen
aexsnaT, Tu ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara.
aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi
da, erTi SexedviT, martivi ram iyo _ optimizmi
da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis
es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia
marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda
amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis
gamowvevaSi ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad
da globalurad) miiCneva: ,,me amas ver Sevcvli
da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.~ atribuciis
optimisturi stili marcxs garegani mizezebis
Sedegad ganixilavs: ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo~,
xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (arastabiluri) an
modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri):
,,Tu met Zalisxmeva gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad
gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba
gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas~.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebaze vsaubrobT. optimisti
iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti
Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebad-zogad an
konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is
Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis, pesimisti
ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre
mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi
sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb
aseTi ganzogadebis siswores. magaliTad, erTerT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis
stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom is
mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT
dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met
garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens
optimistTa da pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis
Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
cxrili
493
am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi

kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.
saidan
viciT
Tavi 12 / motivacia
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli

moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan
mimarTebaSi
494
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba gsurT,

magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba
es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciativianobiT
(Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac
sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar
profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT
garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis
meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorientacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac
miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damokidebuli karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT, ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor
miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi
karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli
iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda~ (Luzzo et al., 1996,
gv. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda
aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis
Semdeg eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma
gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri
kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas
da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen
saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufs ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).
imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas
axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb
didi gavlena iqonia momavlis Sesaxeb
studentTa mosazrebebze.
Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am

mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba.
Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa
da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili. SegiZliaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT
Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi,
stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia. dabolos,
nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom
SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis
SegaxseneT am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli
fsiqologia
warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri
filosofia dagexmaraT, did korporaciaSi
dagewyoT muSaoba. SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT,
Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis
maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis
done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im zogad
konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac
muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao
garemo rTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/
da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao

motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis proporciulia.
personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi

an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da
erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad
cxovrebis xarisxi. rogorc biznes konsultantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas
uweven organizaciebs momsaxure personalis
dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda
amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos
gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT
morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT
organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis
Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze
arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis
Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben axsnan
da iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu rogor moiqcevian
adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am
Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian
garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa
samarTlianobis Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri
mdgomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli
waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier
Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven
maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben samuSaos Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben maT TanamSromelTa
xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba
utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis
Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a =
danaxarji b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki
dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin,
rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan
uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia,
muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon
es proporcia imiT, rom saTanadod Secvalon
danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos
qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis
Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis
xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri
cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis _ Cemi
samuSao arcTu ise kargia,~ an Semosavlis _
gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb
xelfass, romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,~
Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia).
SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis, an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi?
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT am dros? samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT,
Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod
dagtoves arasasurvel samuSaoze. faqtobrivad,
rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT,
darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian
naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben
Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli
Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993).
Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT
muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT
aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom
daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi.
495
Tavi 12 / motivacia
496
magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT saTanado

axsnis~ sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom
misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968;
Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Seasruleben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad
(romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da
Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi
aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: molodini, instrumentaluroba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas,
rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier
samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba.
instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom samuSaos Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, Sromis anazRaureba an jildo.
valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis
mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao
situaciaSi am sami komponentisTvis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven
SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac didia albaToba
imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli
muSaobisTvis (maRali instrumentaluroba),
magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos
warmatebulad SeasrulebT (dabali molodini),
an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli
jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valentoba).
molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs
am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs
maT maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs
maSin, rodesac didia samive komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin,
rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba
nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda
iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da
valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda
SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki
motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi
Zalisxmeva da samuSaos Sesruleba sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs.
wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia.

magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da amisTvis
miRebul anazRaurebas Soris arasakmarisi Tanafardobaa. rogor SecvlidiT samuSao pirobebs,
raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSao garemoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac
pirovnul gadawyvetilebas iRebT, Tu ramdenad
gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma
Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT
gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebsac.
rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma
swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba garkveulwilad
xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad
cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas,
raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra
elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad
da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi
stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs
da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. organizaciuli fsiqologebis interesTa sferoSi
Sedis samuSao adgilze moqmedi mamotivirebeli
faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Teoriebi aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis
mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis
motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi motivaciis specifikur
tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze SevaCereT
Tqveni yuradReba. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT

iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar
mogwondaT, albaT, bevri gecodinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
niSnavs, itanjebodeT motivaciis naklebobiT: autanelia
Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis
Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad
geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia iseTi samuSao garemos
moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli
samuSao da misTvis miRebuli
anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi
iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen
profesiuli mowodebisa da
adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis urTierTTanxvedris sakiTxebs.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad Tqveni interesebisa da
TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis
Sesatyvisi samuSao unda gqondeT. profesiuli interesis
farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia
strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard
strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis.
testis Sesaqmnelad man gamokiTxa sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs
Sesaxeb, romlebic maT moswondaT, an ar moswondaT. Semdeg,
skalis misaRebad, im respodentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi,
romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti
mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT
Soris 1994 wels redaqtirebuls) daemata qalebisTvis
relevanturi skalebi da axali
profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994).
strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warma-
tebiT adgens kavSirs adamianebis

mier mowonebul da armowonebul
saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen,
1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests,
profesiuli konsultanti SeZlebs informaciis mowodebas im
samuSaoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, romelic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva
imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias
unda daeufloT. rogor unda
amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor
unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo
periodSi kadrebis SerCevis fsiqologiis mkvlevrebma didi
yuradReba dauTmes pirovnebaorganizaciis morgebis cnebas,
romlis mizania adamianisa da
damqiravebeli organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia (Borman et
al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000).
erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli
iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli
Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis ,,kulturis~ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli
faqtori, romelsac TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba. masSi
moazrebuli kontiniumis ori ukiduresobaa: ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili
da mosiyvarule~ da ,,civi, kapasi
da sastiki~ (ix. Tavi 14). SevxedoT
organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturebis kontiniumsac mxardamWeridan da jgufze
orientirebulidan agresiul da
Sedegebze orientirebulamde.
xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba
es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis
mzaobis mixedviT, amjobineben
organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orienti-
rebuli kulturiT gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis

kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar aris sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba
saqme. am dros, aseve, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis
miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da
organizaciis prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT,
romelic miznebis miRwevis
motivacias SegiqmniT, warmogidgenT kidev erT gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: cxovrebis
sxva mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess, rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric gansazRvravs. erT-erT
kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxSi
gazrdil identur da araidentur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT
(strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari (Moloney et al., 1991). am
kiTxvarebis monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da
0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis
ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es tyupebi ar
izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu
Tqven gadawyvetT, rom dedis
an mamis profesiul kvals
mihyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rom es sulac ar aris mxolod
garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis
miRwevis motivacias? rogorc
mravalricxovani cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac
Caatares fsiqologebma kvlevebi, romlebic am mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
SeuZlia Tu ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba
497
transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi
TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli mizenisken
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba
SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi
pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
biologiuri oTxovnilebebi
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
suraTi
12.7
Tavi 12 / motivacia
maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
498
im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmarTavdnen

Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanist-fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham
Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia martividan umaRlesisken, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxovmoTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _
maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno donis
miRweva. es moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.
nilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno

doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
rogoricaa: SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es
moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac
biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian Cvens
qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi
donis moTxovnileba qmnis _ es aris usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT
SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis
ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba;
moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT.
Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod
grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis
gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis
moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi
kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa,
romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa
sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli
tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs.
Tqven Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
gamoZravebT: Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare
arsebobis Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis winaswarganWvreta gsurT. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs, rom mTeli
moTxovnileba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi

dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxovnilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa da agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi.
garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan
viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia
SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia,
rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin,
rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca,
aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT,
rom maslous sqema Tqveni mamotivirebeli
swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad
mowesrigebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Cven grZeli gza ganvvleT mas Semdeg, rac
everestze rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse
asvla ganvixileT. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da
SimSilis fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis
evolucia da socialuri ganzomilebebi. Cven
gamovikvlieT individualuri gansxvavebebi
pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT
pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben
buneba da aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _
individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb?
xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis
dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos
sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
motivaciis cneba
motivacia dinamikuri
cnebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis mimcemi procesebis aRsawerad.
motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu rogor

ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs biologiuri da qceviTi procesebi da ratom iswrafvian
adamianebi miznebisken dabrkolebebisa da araxel-
sayreli pirobebis miuxedavad.

ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis cnebas.
adamianebi motivirebulni arian
aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT, romlebic ar ukavSir-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis Semdeg doneze

mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva Tavsdeba,
romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi
_ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac
uyvarT da vinc uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni, moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es
adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri
moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan, anu
TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi TviTaqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi
Tvisebebis garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari
Tavis da iseTad iRebs mas, rogoric aris;
socialurad gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia, Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da gamowvevebisadmi.
maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi safexuria,
romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis
sruli ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transcedenturis moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZleba cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde
da samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur
xedvamde miiyvanos. Zalze cota adamiani Tu
axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris gadabijebas
da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT popularul xedvas warmoadgens.
Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba,
rom TiToeul adamians aqvs ganviTarebisa da
sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad realizebis
499
debian fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis Teoria gamoyofs
metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur wyvilebs.
instinqtebis Teoriis mixedviT, motivacia xSirad
e y r d n o b a Ta n d a y o l i l
stereotipul reaqciebs.
socialuri da kognituri
fsiqologebi xazs usvamen
individis mier situaciis
aRqmas, interpretaciasa da
masze reaqcias.
kveba
sxeuli flobs mTel rig
meqanizmebs kvebis procesis
dawyebisa da SewyvetisaTvis.
Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma
dietam SeiZleba wonis
momateba ufro gamoiwvios,
vidre _ dakleba.
kvebiTi aSliloba janm r Te l o b i s T v i s d a s i cocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa, romelic SeiZleba
kulturuli gavlenisa da
sxeulis xatis darRveuli
aRqmis Sedegad aRmocendes.
seqsualuri qceva
Tavi 12 / motivacia
evoluciuri Teoriidan
gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis
meqanizmia.
396
500
cxovelebSi seqsualuri
ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.
mastersisa da jonsonis
Sromam mogvawoda pirveli
monacemebi qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri reaqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
evoluciuri fsiqologebis
azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri
qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis
sxvadasxva strategiebs qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
seqsualur scenarebSi gansxvavebebma SeiZleba seriozuli gaugebroba gamoiwvios da Zaladobamde mogviyvanos.
homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT, ise pirovnuli da
socialuri garemoTi.
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
adamianebs aqvT miRwevis
mravali moTxovnileba. miRwevis moTxovnileba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor
axdens adamiani warmatebisa
da marcxis interpretacias.
ori atribuciuri stili _
optimizmi da pesimizmi _
iwvevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi
da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.
organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao ga-
remoSi adamianis funqcionirebaze motivaciis gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis
ierarqia
abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria gvawvdis samuSao CarCos motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da
wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi
emocia,
stresi,
da
janmrTeloba
13
emociebi
bazisuri emociebi da
kultura
emociebis Teoriebi
emociebis funqciebi
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
fiziologiri reaqciebi
stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
stresis daZleva
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis profilaqtika
mkurnaloba
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
janmrTelobis dacvis
sistema
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010
wlisaTvis
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli
Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
501
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
502
wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kulturis warmomadgeneli, maRali sicxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT
gaxda avad. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba
hebus _ sagvareulo sulebs daukavSira. bavSvis
sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali
Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi
rituali, romlis ZiriTad nawils ganmkurnebeli
simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im
teqstis nawili, romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,
CaeWide mas TavSi,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac
SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani.
me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis ciebcxeleba,
me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs,

me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems
mklavebSi.
me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb
aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan,
me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan,
me gagiSveb xorcidan,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,

TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli iqneba, rom raime
kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa _ visidatus urTierTobas hebus sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamojanmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom
am Tavis bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri
damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda
gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan suli da
sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi swored
im Temas vxvdebiT, romelsac am TavSi gamovyofT
da ganvixilavT: ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur
mdgomareobas, rogoric Zlieri emociaa, gavlena
moaxdinos fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT naklebad damabneveli situacia. davuSvaT, zustad

am wuTs gekiTxebiT: ras grZnobT?~ rogor
upasuxebdiT am SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis,
sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis
mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven SegiZliaT
gagvimxiloT Tqveni guneba-ganwyobileba, anu
emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: gixariaT, radgan
iciT, rom am Tavis wakiTxvas moaswrebT wveulebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma ufrosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore,
SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi gagvceT gancdili
stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: iseTi gancda gaqvT,
TiTqos yvela gasakeTebeli davalebis Sesrulebas moaxerxebT, Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvir-
meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi

darwmunebuli iyo, rom warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da moqmedeba, magram
ara _ grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis
unari satrfos kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis
xarjze? ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda,
romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT, rom
emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs
asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom SemogTavazebT
emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri
gamocdilebis safuZvlebs.
Tqven, SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad
CaTvaloT: `me vgrZnob bednierebas~, an `vgrZnob
brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis
ufro mravlismomcveli gansazRvreba gvWirdeba,
romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven,
rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa
da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod
Cndeba. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, risTvis
aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT
situacia, romelSic Tavs Zalian bednierad
grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoiemocia (emotion) cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociebi
Tuli xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT

Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis
Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT, Tu kargad
yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT?
am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba
pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris SekiTxvaze
_ `rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba
emociebs, stress da janmrTelobas.
emociebi adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxedia.
isini adamianebTan urTierTobis process amdidreben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisobriobasa da mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT funqciebs, magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis
moTxovnebi biologiur da fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirToT da
veRar moaxerxoT cxovrebiseul stresorebTan
gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxilul iqneba, Tu
ra gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor
aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva; dabolos, gavafarTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqologiis wvlils janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis
kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven,
Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTarebaze garemo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri
procesebi.
janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben
fsiqologiur procesebsa da principebs avadmyofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis. amave
dros, SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis
gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza _ emociebidan,
stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis
konteqsts, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos
gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.
daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT.
503
xateba mSvid guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba

dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa
da molodinebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZleven,
gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni
TvalsaCino qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos
eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis
Cveneul gagebaSi SevecdebiT, rom yvela es
komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva
_ gavaerTianoT.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
504
warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli

kulturis warmomadgenlebi SekribeT. ra iqneba
saerTo maT mier emociebis gancdaSi? Tavdapirvelad pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT
Carlz darvinis wigns emociebis gamoxatva
adamiansa da cxovelebSi (1872/1965). darvini
Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda adamianisaTvis
da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli
struqturebisa da funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainteresebda emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic,
misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel, araprognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas, aramed
adamianis Tavis tvinis moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordinirebuli moqmedebis formas. darvini emociebs
gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur mentalur
mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi
situaciebis garkveul jgufTan gasamklaveblad
aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvardebodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini ebrZodnen
erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats,
iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis sikvdilis momswreni
da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad,
unda vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri
reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela wevrTan unda
aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universalobis Sesaxeb ganacxadi axalSobilebis emociur
reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi saxis
gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT
Seamowmes.
aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia

Tandayolili
Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTebulia, savaraudoa, rom mTeli msoflios bavSvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive paternebi gamovlindeba (Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi
(Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo,
TanSobili, aradaswavlili afeqturi (emociuri)
reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas,
rom Cvilebi yovelgvari winaswari swavlis
gareSe Zlier xmaurs SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT pasuxoben; isini TiTqos winaswar arian
mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri reaqciiT, romelic imdenad zogadia, rom
pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs Seesabameba.
kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura
varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri pasuxi sakmaod
msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis bavSvebTan.
saidan
viciT
kros-kulturuli emociuri reaqciebi
CvilebTan
eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis
iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze. eqsperimentatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen
da Semdegi procedura Cautares: bavSvebs
xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvaredinad abjendnen mucelze. eqsperimentatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli
bavSvis reaqcias. orive kulturis bavSvebi
saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZravebdnen, rac distresis Zalian msgavsi
gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da
iaponelma bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve,
negatiuri vokalizaciisa da fizikuri
winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et
al.,1992).
marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniSvnelovani kros-kulturuli Sesabamisoba, magram
ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxvavebebic gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad ufro
universaluria Tu ara emociuri

eqspresiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen
standartul emociur eqspresiebs. Tu es asea,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs hqondeT
msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba
emociebis gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic
saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan mkvlevrad iTvleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveulwilad emTxveva erTmaneTs (Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma
da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac
jer kidev darvini varaudobda, rom emociuri
eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis saxeobisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom,
rom es emociuri eqspresiebi Cveni evoluciuri
memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgenen. sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daakvirdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emociis gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen, 1986).
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom
am Svid eqspresias erTnairad cnoben da avlenen
mTel msoflioSi bednierebis, gaocebis, brazis,
zizRis, SiSis, sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze
sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kros-kulturul
gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebs, moexdinaT standartul fotosuraTebze mocemul eqspresiebTan
suraTi
13.1
emociuri eqspresiebis Sefasebebi

SeusabameT qvemoT CamoTvlili Svidi emociis aRmniSvneli termini aq naCveneb
saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, bedniereba, gaoceba, siZulvili,
brazi da sevda.
pasuxebi mocemulia am Tavis
bolos.
emociebi
nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli

da amerikeli Tanatolebi (Carmas et al.,1998). es
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve
Zalian adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da
gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur reaqciebze.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc
Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis gamometyvelebis interpretaciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperimentSi 4-dan 6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi
prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis
gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT
dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan uqrebodaT
interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul
iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis gamomxatveli
suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis procedurebis magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac
bavSvebs gansxvavebuli emociis gamomxatvel fotos
aCvenebdnen, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasuxobdnen masze. savaraudoa, rom es eqspresiebi
maTTvis ùcnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyureboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et al.,
1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro
dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad, moaxloebis
moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqspresiis
mimarT da ufro negatiur qcevas (magaliTad,
ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna)
brazis eqsperesiis mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben
am gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi
xvdebian maT `mniSvnelobas~ (Serrano et al., 1995).
505
dakavSirebuli emociebis identifikacia. adamianebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan dakavSirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.
saidan
viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis
kros-kulturuli aRqma
506
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis damwerlobis armqone kulturis (fores kulturis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am
eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari Sexeba
ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur
kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen evropeiduli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis
identifikacias (sur. 13.1). mocemuli cdis
pirebi amas eqspresiis im situaciebTan
dakavSirebiT axerxebdnen, romlebSic igive
emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, me5 foto (SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis
mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac
gareuli taxi mogdevs da Tan ara gaqvs
Subi, xolo me-6 foto (sevda) - Seni
Svilis sikvdils gaxsenebs. cdis pirebi
daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (me-2 foto) da
SiSis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan,
rogorc Cans, am xalxs, ZiriTadad, SiSi
eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva
warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac eqsperimentis
pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba)
sTxoves im eqspresiebis modelireba, romlebsac isini CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (siZulvili gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad
iyenebdnen. rodesac amerikel studentebs
aCvenes fores tomis warmomadgenlebis
saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi,
maT zustad moaxerxes eqspresiebis identificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris
gasakviri, rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTmaneTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis
mier gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu
igive emociebi, romelic fores warmomadgenlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi abnevda
(Ekman & Friesen, 1971).
ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxvadasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis, iaponiis, poloneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _
warmomadgenelTa mier saxis eqspresiebis Sefasebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris
dadasturda sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al.,
1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna isaa, rom adamianebi
mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gansxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis, an ganaTlebisa, ZiriTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamoxataven da aqvT unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs
ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis
gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia
mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias exeba. ekmani da
misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis
emociis eqspresia universaluria, an, rom sxvadasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad
gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis
Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb neirokulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa
(evoluciis produqti) da kulturis erToblivi
wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs,
romelma saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli
eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac garkveuli
emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli
kulturebi, universaluri biologiis miRma,
emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven
aRvniSneT kulturis garkveuli gavlena fores
tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis
pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas.
zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis warmomadgenlebze
Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli
zogadi Sesabamisobis garda, garkveuli gansxvavebebi gamoavlina qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al., 1997).
magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad
SeeZloT brazis identifikacia, vidre amerikelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel
cdis pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis
identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT.
ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla
ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena emociurobaze.
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur

eqspresiaze
adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT
erTnairi genetikuri memkvidreoba, rac gansazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erT-
erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen

qalaqis piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT
Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela
qali Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobis danaxvam. warCinebulebma
mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo
griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad

(Irvine, 1990, gv.146).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT
msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro gagiadvildebaT
Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre
warCinebuli qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia,
isaa, rom warCinebulma qalebma aiTvises emociuri
eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan
nebismieri TvalsaCino reaqciis dafarvas
moiTxovs.
emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli
gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs warmoadgens
SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris
cxovrebaSi moxda. igi gaaoca warmoSobiT
sirieli amerikeli amxanagis panaSvidze qalebis
jgufma, romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda
samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas.
am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvetdnen tirils da jgufur godebas xelaxla iwyebdnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda.
rogor SeiZleba amgvari qcevis axsna? imis gamo,
rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis) ganmavlobaSi,
isini profesional damtireblebs qiraoben,
romlebic maT nacvlad gamoxataven saTanado
Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es
gavrcelebuli praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da
axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT individualisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi. individualistur kulturebSi wina planzea individis moTxovnilebebi,
emociebi
gvarovnebas. magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva

kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva standartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi
forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki, unikaluria TiToeuli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socialur wesebs, Tu rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli
emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad
ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis
gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis adamianisaTvis
konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner,
2000). ganvixiloT sami kulturis magaliTi,
romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri normebisagan gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT
afrikuli kulturiT.
senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs
Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansxvaveba Zalian mkacrad aris gansazRvruli. am
kulturis maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan
emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas elian;
dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan mosalodnelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis
gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia kastaze, romelsac
griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtobrivad, iZulebulni arian, gamoxaton warCinebulebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.
507
xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi _ jgufis

moTxovnilebebi (Triandis, 1994, 1995). maSin, rodesac
individualistebi uSualo, gadaudebel pirovnul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas, pirovnul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel
cxovrebas eswrafvian, koleqtivistebi upirates
Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da
cxovrebaSi adgilis damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa
da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa
da Sromas Soreuli miznebisTvis, romliTac
mTeli jgufi isargeblebs. mkvlevrebi miiCneven,
rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda
axdendes emociis eqspresiaze.
saidan
viciT
suraTi
emociis eqspresia individualistur da

koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
508
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac erTi adamiani

uaryofiT emocias avlens sxva adamianis
an adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad
situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul
saxes iRebs. situacia nakleb problemuria,
Tu saqme individualisturi sazogadoebis
warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad
miiCnevs uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis
dasacavad, magram Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan,
maSin, SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa
Tavi aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamowvevas. am msjelobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma SearCies studenti fsiqologebi
amerikisa (individualisturi kultura) da
kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura)
universitetebidan. isini cdis pirebs
ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad komfortulad
igrZnobdnen Tavs garkveuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg
im adamianis mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda
maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgenilia Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli
gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi
emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
13.2
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva

kulturebSi
amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kostarikel (koleqtivisturi kultura) studentebs
sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen
Tavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis
SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT, romelic maTSi am
emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniSnavdnen skalaze, romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan
(Zalze arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze komfortulad). dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda,
rom individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebi
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT
grZnobdnen, vidre koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgeneli studentebi.
sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro komfortulad afasebdnen uaryofiTi emociebis

gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi
(Stephan et al.,1996).
Semdgom, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxatavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris mimarT, dafiqrdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba
am SemTxvevisadmi kulturul Rirebulebebs.
rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs
exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa, adamianis arsebobis
manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
rom ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis.
dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis
eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli kulturiT
emociis Teoriebi
zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan
urTierTmimarTeba emociis gancdis fiziologiur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs
im reaqciebis ganxilviT viwyebT, romlebsac
sxeuli emociurad relevantur situaciebSi
iZleva. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic
ikvleven, Tu rogor uwyoben xels es fiziologiuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.
emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac Zlier emocias ganicdiT?
guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis sixSire matulobs,
piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa,
agakankaloT kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac
xdeba. yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis
mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa garkveuli
zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros mimarT.
axla ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema sxeuls emociuri reaqciebisaTvis amzadebs misi rogorc
simpatikuri, ise parasimpatikuri nawilebis
amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am nawilebs Soris
balansi gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensivobazea damokidebuli. susti, usiamovno stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi ufro aqtiuria simpatikuri
nawili; susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _
parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis ufro
Zlieri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi orive nawili
ufro Zlierad aris CarTuli. fiziologiurad
Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi an brazi
sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas aaqtiurebs, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
sxeuls mosalodneli safrTxisaTvis. simpatikuri nervuli sistema pasuxismgebelia adrenalinis gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hormonebis (epinerfinisa da norepinerfinis) gamoyofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sinagani organoebidan
sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas
iwvevs da nerwyvisa da oflis gamoyofas aZlierebs. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad
parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaqtiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas. agzneba grZeldeba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg
cota xnis ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi
hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.
rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teoriebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi ganixilaven sakiTxs:
_ ìwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda
avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gansxvavebul paternebs?~ kros-kulturuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dadebiTia.
saidan
viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs
avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli
paternebi
davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an
zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela.
SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da zustad davaskvnaT, ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma
da misma kolegebma (1983) am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema SeerTebuli Statebis
profesional msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT
gadawyvites. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT
avtonomiur reaqciebs, rogoricaa guliscema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxiobebi emociebsa da emociis eqspresiebs
TamaSobdnen. am gazomvebma sxvadasxva
emociisaTvis gansxvavebuli paternebi gamoavlines. magaliTad, mwuxareba xasiaTdeboda guliscemis gaxSirebiT maSin, roca
sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTalia, SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis
gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros aRiniSneboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo
emociebi
iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazogadoebebis kulturebiT. rogorc xedavT, emociis
eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs sxvadasxva
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris
gaugebrobebis warmoqmna SeuZlia.
Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze
garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi, rogoricaa
Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos.
axla ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic cdiloben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fiziologiuri reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri
interpretaciebi.
509
SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali temperatura.

ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am monacemebis sxvadasxva kulturebze ganzogadeba? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva
kvleva, romelSic amerikeli qalebi da
kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT
sumatradan. am kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis socialuri norma uaryofiTi
emociebis dafarvaa. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive
bazisuri avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri
emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel mamakacebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian
mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis
gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,
am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis maRali
done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana
im azramde, rom avtonomiuri aqtivobis
paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri
memkvidreobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
510
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben sxvadasxva
Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive
bazisuri sxeulebrivi gamocdilebisaTvis _
yviriT Tu Cumad itanjebiT, rodesac brazobT?
axla avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan centralur nervul sistemaze gadavinacvloT.
agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti
hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier
kontroldeba. isini warmoadgenen makontrolebel sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis,
Tavdacvisa da gaqcevis paternebisaTvis. neiroanatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT fokusirebulia
amigdalaze, rogorc limburi sistemis nawilze,
romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe
da rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yovelive amas SegrZnebebis gziT miRebuli informaciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT akeTebs. is
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad moqmedebs uaryofiTi
gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi SeSinebuli saxis
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs uyureben,

marcxena amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils
calke amigdala aqvs) gaZlierebul aqtivobas
avlens eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad
da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis gamometyveleba igive
struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas iwvevs (Morris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalbatonis, d.ris magaliTi, romelsac epilefsiuri gulyrebis
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas marcxena da marjvena amigdala dauzianes. operaciis Sedegi is
iyo, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda SiSisa da brazis
emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi saxis
gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT gamoixateboda (Scott et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori
iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT
adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi
emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben.
emociur gancdaSi korteqsi Tavisi Sida
nervuli qselebiT da sxeulis sxva nawilebTan
kavSirebiT monawileobs. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs
asociaciebisa da mogonebebis gamowvevas da
maTTvis mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs
fsiqologiur gamocdilebasa da biologiur
pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis
teqnikas iyeneben, sxvadasxva emociebTan garkveuli reaqciebis dakavSireba daiwyes. magaliTad,
PET-skanireba (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis
sademonstraciod, rom sixaruli da mwuxareba
ar aris korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi
aRmocenebuli urTierTsapirispiro reaqciebi.
metic, es urTierTsapirispiro emociebi tvinis
gansxvavebul nawilebSi Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs
(George et al.,1995). PET-skanireba, aseve, gamoyenebul
iqna emociuri gancdis Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare
jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria

erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela
daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi win uswrebs
reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia),
radgan gabrazebuli xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti
wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo bev-
kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli

procesebis Teoria
fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon,
1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria, centraluri nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centralisturi midgomis sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva
kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa
jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini
aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom visceraluri moqmedeba irelevanturia emociis gancdisaTvis:
eqsperimentSi cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras
qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri nervuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze
emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini, aseve, amtkicebdnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqciebi, rogorc wesi, Zalian nelia imisaTvis,
rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli
emociebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixedviT, emocia moiTxovs, rom tvinma iSuamdgomlos
Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory
of emotion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis
tvinSi da am gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis
grZnobas.
emociebi
procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Sinagan

stimulaciaze sapasuxod Cndeba (emociebiT
datvirTuli mogonebebis aqtivacia), garegani
stimulaciisagan gansxvavebiT (emociurad datvirTuli movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba)
(Reiman et al., 1997). skanirebis es meTodi mkvlevrebs
tvinis im ubnebis identificirebis saSualebas
aZlevs, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wyarosagan damoukideblad aqtivirdeba, im garkveuli ubnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa aqtivacia mkacradaa SeWiduli konkretuli reaqciis
gamomwvev konkretuli tipis stimulTan. magaliTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti aqtivoba dadasturda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas.
mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, Tu ratom
Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ PET-skanirebis teqnika
uamrav faqts iZleva da es faqtebi gamaerTianebel
Teorias elian.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs
reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic emociebi
relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli
grZnoba romel fiziologiur reaqcias ukavSirdeba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs.
rad ufro adre aristotele amtkicebda, rom es

Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba
sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase
Camoayaliba: `mowyenilebi varT, radgan vtiriT;
vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni
varT, radgan vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450).
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom emocia sxeulebrivi
ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-langes emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (karl lange
iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac, jemsis msgavsad, igive ideebi wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis
mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur
fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv
reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis gancdamde
mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria
periferiul Teoriad iTvleba, radgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi visceralur reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli
sistemis aqtivobas, rac periferiulia centralur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.
511
jems-langes
Teoria
kenon-bardis
Teoria
gamRizianebeli
gamRizianebeli
moqmedeba
gaRizineba
aRqmuli agzneba,
moqmedebis
interpretacia
tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba
gaRizineba
moqmedeba
emociuri
gancda
emociuri
gancda
suraTi
kognituri Sefasebis
Teoria
gamRizianebeli
fiziologiuri
agzneba
agznebisa da stimulis
Sefaseba situaciis
konteqstis mixedviT
emociuri
gancda
13.3
sami Teoriis Sedareba
emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba. am TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad
ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena
amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac
bolos specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba stimulis
gadamuSaveba tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri
gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi,
ise fiziologiuri agzneba kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis
mixedviT. emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.
512
reaqcias Soris. Talamusidan wamosuli signalebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi
emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _
emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad.
kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip
Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom visceraluri reaqciebi
ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad,
emociis gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri
efeqti: erTi mxriv, is iwvevs sxeulebriv agznebas
simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore
mxriv, dasabams aZlevs emociis subieqtur gancdas
korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedulebebi gaerTianda kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis
saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom emociis
stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory
on emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri
stimuli iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs
ar ganapirobeben.
fiziologiur agznebasa da emociis gancdas,

romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi
13.3). Tu raime iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, guliscema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi
azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram
sxeuli da goneba ar karnaxoben erTmaneTs, rogori
unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia.
kenon-bardis Teoria sxeulebrivi da fsiqikuri reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblobaze saubrobs. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom es reaqciebi aucileblad damoukidebelia erTmaneTisagan.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi

imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani
mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva emociisaTvis
msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maTi gancda
saidan
viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri
interpretacia
mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada)
intervius iRebda mamakacebisgan, romlebmac
es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze.
erTi xidi usafrTxo da myari iyo, meore
_ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators
viTom ainteresebda peizaJis gavlena
kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg

cdis pir mamakacebs mokle moTxrobis
daweras sTxovda orazrovani suraTis Sesaxeb, romelSic qali figurirebda. eqsperimentatori damatebiT sTavazobda cdis
pirebs, Tu survili eqnebodaT, daerekaT
masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti
informaciis misaRebad. cdis pirebi, romlebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, ufro meti
seqsualuri saxeebis Semcvel moTxrobebs
werdnen da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis
piri urekavda eqsperimentators, meore
jgufis cdis pirebTan (anu, vinc usafrTxo
xidze gaiara) SedarebiT. imis saCveneblad,
rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladi iyo,
romelic gavlenas axdenda mcdar emociur
interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoyo
mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi
jgufi, romelsac saSiS xidze gavlidan
10 wT-is an meti drois Semdeg gasaubreba
utardeboda. es dro sakmarisia fizikuri
agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. damSvidebuli cdis pirebis es jgufi ar avlenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, agznebuli cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT
(Dutton & Aron, 1974).
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi

midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me mainteresebs
es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros
mcdar atribucias (àRmagznebs qali da ara
saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs
orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda
aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba. rodesac cdis
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emociebTan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul
garemoebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi
daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi
daZlevis strategiebi.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive
appraisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT,
emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri
agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv
Sedegs. kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas,
Tu rogor moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani
Sinagani mdgomareobis ètiketireba~.
emociebi
orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situaciaSi xdeba. stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter)

mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens
fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs. orive komponenti
aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom yvela agzneba zogadi, aradiferencirebuli da pirveli nabijia emociis mimdinareobaSi. Cven vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis
Sefasebas, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT,
romeli emociis iarliyia yvelaze Sesaferisi
da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul
situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda Cndeba.
riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus
& Lazarus, 1994) kognituri Sefasebis modelis
erT-erTi wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom
èmociuri gancda SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis tvinSi
mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaqciebs garemosTan, romlis Sefasebac xdeba~
(Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs
usvams imas, rom Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri
gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis
gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan
akavSirebs (ìsev es usiamovno tipi modis,
romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis interpretaciisaTvis aRar aris saWiro damatebiT
garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsazrisi cnobili gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri
Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3).
am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi
qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic mocemuli iyo
miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv,
unda uzrunveleyoT individis mier agznebis
etiketireba.
513
514
pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis

damTavrebis Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniSnavdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am SemTxvevaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba
daekavSirebinaT da aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre
emociuri mdgomareobiT, xolo, rodesac cdis
pirebi sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas varjiSis
damTavrebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg
aRwerdnen, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevanturad eCvenebodaT gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan
mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi
aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes. magaliTad,
Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareobebi _ avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivoba
_ romelic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs,
erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al.,
1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri gancdisaTvis
interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli;
garda amisa, Zlieri agznebis gancda yovelgvari
aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur,
aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es
Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi wamiT SeCerdiT
da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema
uecrad gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da
xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi dageZabaT
da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor interpretacias gaukeTebdiT am simptomebs? SesaZloa,
ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi,
sazogadod, gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian,
rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom raRac
ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan
amgvari axsnis mcdeloba mimarTulia imaze, rom
moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an
daadasturebs am negatiur interpretacias (Marshal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi
kritika robert zaioncs (Robert Zajonc) ekuTvnis,
romelmac aRwera iseTi pirobebi, romelSic
SesaZlebelia raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi
mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000).
wamieri eqspoziciis efeqtis eqsperimentebis
seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva
stimuls, rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri
ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo saxeebi.
es stimulebi imdenad swrafad miewodebodaT
cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri aRqma SeuZle-
beli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am
arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimulebi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen
prezentaciis dros, met mowonebas imsaxurebda.
amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli
mowoneba Tavs iCenda stimulebis cnobieri
cnobis gareSe.
amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom
kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis mniSvnelovani, magram ara _ erTaderTi, procesia (Izard,
1993). mTel rig pirobebSi Tqven, SesaZloa, marTlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc),
raTa axsnaT Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis
kontrols eqvemdebarebodes. fiziologiuri pasuxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias.
gansxvavebuli gzebis arseboba, romlebsac
emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs,
rom emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben.
axla es funqciebi ganvixiloT.
emociis funqciebi
risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asruleben emociebi CvenTvis? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovrebidan erTi dRis gaxseneba da imis warmodgena,
Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni
cxovreba emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris
gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi
funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, Cvens
cxovrebaSi asrulebs.
motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: pirvelad CaicviT axali svitri da misi nakeri mxarze irRveva.
ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT
kompensacias? me-12 Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis
Sesaxeb. Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba:
`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an `radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom
emociebi xSirad iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia,
iwveven ra adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gan-
cdili, an warmosaxuli movlenebis sapasuxod.

amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas garkveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis siyvarulisaTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT yvelaferi, raTa moxibloT, iyoT masTan axlos da daicvaT igi.
sakuTar principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, SesaZloa, sicocxlec SeswiroT.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emocias Tqvenze gabatoneba da gakontroleba xelewifeba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli,
rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar SegwevT raime
moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, emociur situaciebze fiziologiuri
agznebiT pasuxobT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas Soris
mimarTeba gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis
funqcias () mihyveba (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian
Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba daaqveiTos moqmedebis
Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti fiziologiuri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa,
ver moaxerxoT Tqveni qcevis efeqturad organizeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri stimulaciis dros, SesaZloa, emociam gadafaros
kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa
da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze, aseve, gansazRvrulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba moqme-
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ korelacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis

optimalur dones Soris.
13.4
ierks-dodsonis kanoni
Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili, an martivi amocanebis
SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca
rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo
done. zogadad, yvelaze ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri
U-s formis funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc yvelaze dabal,
ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.
emociebi
suraTi
debis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi davaleba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali
done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki SedarebiT saSualo
dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac agzneba SedarebiT dabalia, davalebis
Sesruleba maqsimaluria, agznebis donis gasaRebi amocanis sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amocanebis warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis
optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal mxares
mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis
gamartivebasTan erTad davalebis Sesrulebis
optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa
yvelaze efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis _ matulobs.
am mimarTebas ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson
Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad maSin, roca martivi
amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba izrdeba
agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis micema, rac
mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas
niSnavs. fiziologiuri agzneba, romelsac emociuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri
Sesrulebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram sifrTxi-
515
lea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad

gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom davalebis Sesruleba
mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.
negatiur guneba-ganwyobilebas Txovnis formulirebaze.
saidan
emociebis socialuri funqciebi
viciT
516
socialur doneze emociebi socialuri interaqciebis regulatoris funqcias asruleben.

rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli,
isini gvaaxloeben zogierT adamianTan, xolo
rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi,
gvaSoreben zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT
mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT adamians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT
da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT gvagrZnobinebs, rom
mzadaa Cven misaRebad. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva
adamianis mimarT Zlieri negatiuri emociebi
misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT
d.r., romelmac dakarga amigdalas funqcia da,
masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari
(Scott et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-is
SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT, rogori
iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis
gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom
ar gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom
situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma qcevam sxvaSi
brazis reaqcia gamoiwvia? d.r-ma amigdalaSi
garkveuli funqciis dakargvasTan erTad Tavis
socialur garemoSi srulyofilad funqcionirebis unaric dakarga.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze,
Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur viTarebebSi.
ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens

metyvelebaze
eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen
moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur an sevdian
guneba-ganwyobilebaze. mas Semdeg, rac
guneba-ganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqsperimentatori TiToeul cdis pirs kvlevis
sastimulo masalis Canaweris motanas avalebda asistentisagan, romelic gverdiT
oTaxSi imyofeboda. iwerdnen mimarTvebs,
romlebsac cdis pirebi asistentisadmi
Txovnis Camosayalibeblad iyenebdnen.
Semfaseblebi (romlebmac ar icodnen,
romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo)
TiToeul Txovnas Tavazianobis mixedviT
afasebdnen. rogorc 13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi,
guneba-ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqonda Tavazianobaze _ mowyenili cdis pirebi
yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze
TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis mimarT
kategoriuli (potenciurad araTavaziani)
moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas, 1999).
daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: ufro

riskianebi xarT socialur situaciebSi, rodesac
eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari, ojaxis wevri,

an romantikuli partniori iyo. is, Tu rogor
grZnobT Tavs, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
imaze, ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni socialuri
valdebulebebis Sesruleba.
suraTi
13.5
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena
Tavazianobaze
mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi
cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen ucnobs.
Semfaseblebi adgenen TiToeuli Txovnis
Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan (araTavaziani) 7 _
(Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis Txovna ufro
Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: `fails xom
ver momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili
mWirdeba!~).
karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi

xarT cud, mowyenil gunebaze?
mkvlevrebi emociis gavlenaze saubrisas
prosocialuri qcevis stimulirebazec miuTiTeben (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995).
rodesac adamianebs Tavs kargad agrZnobineben,
maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon
sxvadasxva altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al.,
1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen
Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis gawevis mzaobas
gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis
Sesamsubuqeblad (Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amis
msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri
iyo misi qceva. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi
ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari
uTxres sxvas daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba
ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars
emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT,

rom gavlenas axdens Tqveni yuradRebis velSi
moxvedril nebismier obieqtsa Tu movlenaze;
imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs
da rogor xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs swavlaze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, daskvnasa da kreatulobaze SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba
(Bredley 1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi.
informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis
kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon Bower, 1981, 1991) da
misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis
mixedviT, rodesac adamiani garkveul emocias
ganicdis garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsierebaSi inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan
erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili. mexsierebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs
guneba-ganwyobilebis kongruentul gadamuSavebas
da masze damokidebul mexsierebas. guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamuSavebasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani
SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom
gadaamuSaos da aRadginos informacia, romelic
mis mimdinare guneba-ganwyobilebas Tanxvdeba.
masalas, romelic dominirebuli gunebaganwyobilebis Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven
da aqceven yuradRebas; ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). gunebaganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba exeba
pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba informaciis gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis
momentSi Tanxvdeba im gunebas, romelic mas
informaciis damaxsovrebis dros hqonda (Eich,
1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemulia rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis
magaliTebi.
emociebi
emociebis gavlena kognitur aqtivobaze
517
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba da
avtobiografiuli mexsiereba
518
am kvlevaSi iyenebdnen ori tipis musikas

_ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ sasiamovno
da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis pirebs Sesabamis
gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neitralur sityva-gamRizianebels da sTxovdnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexsenebinaT SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan.
magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
`vardi~ da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda
gaexsenebina raime sakuTari cxovrebidan.
monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis
Sesabamisi gaxsenebis arseboba: karg, sasiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis
mogonebebis 72% Sefasebul iqna, rogorc
dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod
52%.
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli
mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis pirebi
ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes laboratoriaSi da isev musikiT Seuqmnes gunebaganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils
eqsperimentis orive nawilSi erTnairi
guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad,
orive cdaSi sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes);
cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva
guneba-ganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad,
pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze ayenebdnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba
marTlac guneba-ganwyobilebaze iyo damokidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive
cdaSi erTnair gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro
met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre
cdis pirebi, romlebsac gansxvavebul gunebas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT
swored aseTi paterni gamovlinda: cdis
pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobilebiT, ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gaxsenebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gunebis mqone cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogonebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb (me-8 Tavi). guneba-ganwyobilebasTan dakavSirebul am monacemebs mivyavarT
im azramde, rom mogonebebis kodirebisaTvis
mniSvnelovan konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi
saWiroa emociebis damateba.
dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-ganwyobilebasa da kognicias Soris urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma Tanmimdevrulad aCvenes, rom dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno
guneba-ganwyobileba _ azrovnebisa da problemis
gadawyvetis met efeqturobasa da kreatulobas
ganapirobebs (Isen et al., 1987). ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis
gadaWras, rac kreatulobis garkveul dones moiTxovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis
pir eqimebs kanfetebs Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad
ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT,
vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et al.,
1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro efeqturad da
kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT
azri: `rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi gunebaganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs gasakeTebeli?~ axla SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor
SegviZlia masTan gamklaveba. agreTve, vnaxavT,
Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari grZnobebis
kontroli kogniciiT.
Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi
garkveuli kategoriis ganmeorebad situaciebze
sapasuxod ganviTarda. kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma ganamtkica evoluciuri midgoma, uzrunvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi
da maTi cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa,
kulturebs aqvT gansxvavebuli normebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da sad aris SesaZlebeli
emociebis gamovlena. avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi
garkveul rols TamaSoben emociis fiziologiaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron
kauzaluri urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur
agznebasa da individis emociur gancdebs Soris.

Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, garkveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpretaciaSi. emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas
emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben garkveul
rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa
da kognituri procesebis Sinaarsisa da efeqturobis gansazRvraSi.
davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnobdiT Tavs~ dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tqven SeiZleba
gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas,
brazs, gakvirvebas da a.S. ganicdidiT; magram
aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi
xSirad adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad
gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis umetesobas
da es aris stresi (Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove
industriuli sazogadoeba cxovrebis swraf,
cvalebad temps amkvidrebs. adamianebi xSirad
iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram
akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali bundovania da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro
ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki ukeT stresis gareSe?
ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar gvTavazobs _
arc dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob
sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom davxvewoT
goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi.
yoveli organizmi gare sinamdvilidan da sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs
awydeba. organizmma es problemebi aucileblad
unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da ganviTardes.
stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul
reaqciaTa paterni im mastimulirebeli movlenis
mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis
unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs
mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs,
romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa stresorebi.
stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena,
romelic organizmisgan garkveul adaptaciur
reaqcias moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqveni manqanis
win velosipedisti zigzagebiT moZraobs, profesorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT,
klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kan-
didaturis wardgenas gTxoven. aseT SemTxvevebSi

individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis
moTxovnaze ramdenime doneze mimdinare _ fiziologiur, qceviT, emociur da kognitur _ reaqciaTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba. rogori
reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT CamoTvlil
TiToeul stresorze?
13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinareobis elementebi. am qveTavSi SevecdebiT, naTeli
wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela
maxasiaTebelze. daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi
fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organizmis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT,
romelic arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas
uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresori (Stressor)_ Sinagani an garegani movlena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
519
suraTi
13.6
stresis modeli
stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs stresorTan

da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da pirovnul resursebTan.
sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze reagirebs: fiziologiur,
qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi
ki _ araadaptaciuri da xSirad momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
520
aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa calkeul efeqtebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva

meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi
gaarTvaT stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac SedixarT klasSi da moulodnelad igebT, rom
mwvave stresi (Acute stress) _ agznebis gardamavali mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv,
dawyebisa da
dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis
xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac individi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan
dasapirispireblad.
sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es

garkveul stress gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda
niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaTvis? im fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emociur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani stresis
yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis
iseTi droebiTi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT
xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoadgens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT, agznebis
droSi ganfenili mdgomareobaa, sadac wayenebuli moTxovnebi, individis aRqmiT, aRemateba
mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad
saWiro Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli
stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi frustracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT gamonaxoT
dro, raTa gaakeToT yvelaferi is, rac gsurT.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor reagirebs sxeuli am
gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad

aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor reagireben
cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoaCina, rom nervul qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi
aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba, raTa sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqciisaTvis _ TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an
usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am
ormag stresul reaqcias brZola an gaqcevis
reaqcia uwoda. am stresuli reaqciis centri
hipoTalamusSi mdebareobs, romelic mraval
emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss
zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo
viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi funqciis gamo:
_ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul
sistemas (ans) da (2) axdens hipofizis jirkvlis
aqtivirebas.
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas aregulirebs. stresul viTarebaSi sunTqva xSirdeba da
Rrmavdeba, guliscema xSirdeba, sisxlZarRvebi
viwrovdeba da sisxlis wneva zemoT iwevs. am
Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba yelisa
da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti
haeri miewodos da, amave dros, saxeze Zlieri
emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba
signalebi zogierTi iseTi sxeulebrivi funqciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTarebisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo moqmedeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT
funqcias stresis dros adrenalinis gamoyofa
warmoadgens. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlebis Sida nawils, adrenalur medulas
(mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons
_ epinefrinsa da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs,
raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli
funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro met wiTel
burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis
Sededebas Seuwyos xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini
stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri
burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeqcias); RviZli stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos meti
Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.
hipofizi hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze
ori hormonis gamoyofiT reagirebs, romlebsac
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze reaqci-
isaTvis. tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) astimulirebs farisebr jirkvals, romelic organizms meti energiiT uzrunvelyofs; adrenokortikotrofuli hormoni (akth), romelic cnobilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni, astimulirebs
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac
mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel
hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan
sisxlSi. akth sxvadasxva organoebsac awvdis
signalebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxva dasaxelebis hormoni, romelTagan
TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis
brZolisTvis momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziologiuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze.
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis
Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor) da misi kolegebis
bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom
stresze fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa,
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da
mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da
misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds, rom qalebi
ar ganicdian brZolas an gaqcevis reaqcias;
metic, am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa,
rom stresorebi qalebs zrunvisa da movlis
reaqciis gamovlenisaken ubiZgeben: stresis dros
qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis usafrTxoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze
zrunviT; qalebi uvlian Tavisi socialuri
jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi
STamomavlobis mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT,
rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier
zemoT ganxilul evoluciur Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi adamianis seqsualur
qcevas ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom gansxvavebrZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight response) _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic
amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa
da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend
response) _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudod, tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi da
SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis
Sesamcireblad.
damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze
521
suraTi
13.7
sxeulis reaqcia stresze
stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.
522
bulia qalisa da mamakacis dawyvilebis strategiebi, nawilobriv, im fardobiTi rolebis gamo,

rasac qalebi da mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze
bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli
azric arsebiTad igivea _ Svilis aRzrdaSi
qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli evoluciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi
fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi sruliad gansxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola an
gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _ `zrunva da movla~, naklebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi.
mravali stresori, romlis zemoqmedebas yoveldRiurad ganicdian rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi,
stresze fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad araadaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis.
garda gamaxvilebuli yuradRebisa, rac stresze
Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva
danarCen fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi
araferi moaqvs: ar arsebobs is, visac unda
SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S.
reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs CamouyalibdaT
garedan wamosuli safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad

ukve kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis
momtania mravali Tanamedrove tipis fsiqologiuri stresorebis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac
asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, bevri adamiani
cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas) da

qronikuli stresi
pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac
sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri stresis moqmedebis
efeqtebi ikvlia, kanadeli endokrinologi hans
selie (Hans Selye) iyo. 1930-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli
cxovelebis rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze,
rogoricaa: baqteriuli infeqciebi, toqsinebi,
travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da
a.S. selies stresis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval
sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia erTnairi
reaqciis, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqciis
gamowveva. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias
_ organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adaptation syndrome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur

fiziologiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic
vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disorders) _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed
stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an
Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze avtomaturi,
winaswargansazRvruli, Tandayolili reaqciaa,
rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri fsiqologiuri
reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damokidebulia samyaros aRqmasa da interpretaciaze.
am qveTavSi ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs
stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa:
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da
travmatuli movlenebi.
umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli
movlenebi
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mravali adamianisaTvis
stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli
movlenebic ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, latariaSi
integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba. stresorebze

reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas), romelic moicavs sam
stadias: gangaSis reaqcias, winaaRmdegobis stadiasa da gamofitvis stadias (Selye, 1976a, 19976b).
gangaSis reaqciebi sxeulebrivi agznebis xanmokle periodebia, romlebic sxeuls energiuli
aqtivobisaTvis amzadeben. Tu stresori droSia
ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis
stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi.
winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi organizms
SeuZlia erTxans kidev aitanos da winaaRmdegoba
gauwios gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel
moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod xangrZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resursebis amowurva da organizmi gamofitvis stadiaze gadadis. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da
ganmartebulia 13.8 suraTze.
seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic
gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba. gavixsenoT,
magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze

xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram xangrZlivi moqmedebis
pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujredebis unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi. roca sxeuli
qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis
hormonebis~ Warbi gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis
imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas. zogadi
adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli
aRmoCnda fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis asaxsnelad
_ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri
mizezebiT ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad,
romlebic stress arasdros miiCnevdnen daavadebis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba sxeuls
mwvave stresTan Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul
stresze sxeulis reaqcias.
selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens,
rogorc gardauval reaqcias stresze. Tumca,
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri
interpretacia _ Tu ra aris stresuli da ra
ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul
movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fiziologiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis gavlenis
Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa
selies fundamenturi fiziologiuri Teoriis
kombinireba fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.
523
suraTi
13.8
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi
stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis saTanado reaqciis
fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas normalur doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba,
gangaSis reaqciis sxeulebrivi niSnebi, faqtobrivad qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba
iwvevs normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba
sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia
irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba
avad da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.
524
mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba

cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvlilebas da axal moTxovnebTan adaptacias moiTxovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni,
romelic me-11 TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis
dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi erTerTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram,
amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri stresis wyarocaa,
vinaidan, garkveulad, aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamowveul kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson
et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT, stresi
Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavcxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Lifechange units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi
gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac
iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili
sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
SiroT, saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri

cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze seriozuli kvlevis
sagnad iqca. kvleva 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala
_ SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) SeimuSaves.
esaa sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis
donis Sesafaseblad, romelic moiTxovs adamianis
cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc
sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebis ranJirebas. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis,
socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S. zrdasrul adamianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan
romeli exeboda piradad maT. es mozrdili adamianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro
13.1
stresis skala studentebisaTvis

stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens Hholmsisa
da raihis socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis
adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba qula,
romelic warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxorcielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met qulas
agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni
arian. 150-300 qulis mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon janmrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
movlena
ojaxis wevris sikvdili

uaxloesi megobris sikvdili
mSobelTa ganqorwineba
patimroba
sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an
avadmyofoba
daqorwineba
samsaxuridan daTxovna
mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra
ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis Secvla
orsuloba
seqsualuri problemebi
seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo
megobarTan
finansuri statusis Secvla
specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis
Secvla
problemebi mSoblebTan
axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an
`boyfriend~
saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda
gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi
pirveli kursis pirveli semestri
kolejSi
sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla
seriozuli uTanxmoeba
maswavlebelTan
mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis
miReba
Zilis Cvevebis Secvla
socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla
kvebis Cvevebis Secvla
manqanasTan dakavSirebuli
qronikuli problemebi
ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris
Secvla
Zalian bevri gacdenili
mecadineoba
kolejis gamocvla
erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani
moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo
darRvevebi
Cemi pirveli monacemi
sul ................................... (TariRi)
Cemi meore monacemi
sul .......................................... (TariRi)
Cemi mesame monacemi
sul .......................................... (TariRi)
cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebis
erTeulebi
100
73
65
63
63
58
50
47
45
45
44
40
39
39
39
38
37
36
35
31
30
29
29
29
28
readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan

mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad mieniWa cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlevrebma gamoTvales individis mier gancdil cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis jami, rac
individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis
sazomad gamoiyenes (Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian
wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes igive procedura: sTxoves monawileebs,
SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli movlenebiT gamowveuli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller &
Rahe, 1997). modernizebul variantSi LCU-is
Sefasebebi 45%-iT gaizarda Tavdapirvel maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi
isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal
donebs, vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa
monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stresis gancdas aRniSnavdnen, vidre mamakacebi.
cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modificirebul variants kolejis studentebisaTvis. sanam
mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni
stresis done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul
stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-is qulebi.
mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines cxovrebiseul movlenebsa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erTerT gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos gamomwvevi virusiT inficirebaze. is monawileebi, romlebsac
negatiur cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti
jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro maRali
aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi
marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen et al., 1993). moifiqreT
msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba
Tqven mier mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gakeTebul arCevanTan.
26
26
26
24
23
saidan
viciT
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT
gadaxdili safasuri
20
rodesac profesori sakurso naSroms

gaZlevT, rac stresuli movlenaa yoveli
studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _
maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze zrunvas
cxrili
525
suraTi
13.9
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gaRebuli safasuri
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs studentTa ori kategoria: saqmis gadamdeblebi

da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studentebs sTxoves, ecnobebinaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris
bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba
aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT,
saqmis gadadebis moyvarulebi aRniSnavdnen
gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis
argadamdebi Tanatolebi.
526
Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsiqologebma SeimuSaves sazomi instrumenti

_ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986),
raTa ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisagan isini,
vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moitoveben saqmes _ `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da
vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis
argadamdeblebi~. mkvlevrebma es skala
studentebs Seavsebines, romlebic janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kurss gadiodnen
da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda warmoedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs
sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris dasawyisSi
da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis
ramden simptoms ganicdidnen. ar yofila
moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
abarebdnen Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre
`saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac
iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gadadebis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos
_ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebiseuli movlena adamianebze erTnair zegavlenas
ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes
dauyovnebliv iwyeben da, amdenad, stress da
avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi
ganicdian. magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier
semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan Tavis aridebas

semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveTri zrda mosdevs. gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod,
cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela
dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT daasrulon! kargad
daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli
semestrisaTvis moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas
SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv,
bolosaTvis itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia
miiRoT fsiqologTan, an saswavleblis konsultantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi
da janmrTeloba sasworze devs!
katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi

movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave,
umarTavi, moulodneli da gaugebari, gansakuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba
gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli
movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo ixsenebs,
rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempionats eswreboda, rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda:
`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma
Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qendelstik parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo.
uecrad mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo,
sinaTle yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo
Cabnelda. 6 000 mayurebeli sruliad dadumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra
moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs por-
miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa

gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor umklavdeboda xalxi katastrofas.
san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaqciebis ganzogadeba daexmara fsiqologebs axali
katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _
Sedegebis SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson,
1995).
saidan
viciT
miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi
gamokvlevisTvis daaxloebiT 800 respondenti SemTxveviTobis principiT SearCies san-franciskos zonidan da ramdenime
moSorebuli qalaqidan. respondentebs interviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6,
8, 16, 28, an 50 kviris Semdeg. isini aTwuTian
satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa
da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda
stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli faza:
sagangebo viTarebis fazaSi (pirveli samioTxi kvira) socialuri kontaqti, SiSi
da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
gaizarda; Sekavebis faza (samidan rva
kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb
fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT,
magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqciebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi;
adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da meti) katastrofis fsiqologiurma efeqtma TiTqos
gadaiara adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Tumca,
san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti
miwisZvridan erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav
distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber,
1993).
gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviTmfrinavisa da seriozuli saavtomobilo katas-
trofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi

da sxvebi, romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi
piradad ganicades, SeiZleba emociurad reagirebdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD).
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba stresze reaqciaa, romlis drosac individi itanjeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gancdiT, magaliTad, e.w. `fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli
mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koSmarebis formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi emociurad indiferentulni xdebian yoveldRiur
movlenaTa da sxva adamianTa mimarT. sabolood,
am reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia
gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar simptomTa mateba,
rogoricaa: Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo
danaSaulis gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis
daqveiTeba da Zalze Zlieri SekrTomis reaqcia.
seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad
avlenen posttravmuli stresis mraval niSans
(Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg
Catarebul gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxverplTa 94%-s daesva posttravmuli stresis diagnozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa
51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am diagnozs Seesabameboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti
kolejis ori studentis saubridan gaupatiurebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb metad Zlier da
xanier emociebs gvacnobs.
elisi: SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi,
SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma
Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg iCina.
beTi: pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan
iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda Cemi ambis
mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi
mxardaWera aRmomiCines; ori kviris Semdeg
ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: `Zalian
kargi, is ukve gamovida mdgomareobidan da
Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic
stress disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis
mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli
mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da
disociaciuri `gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba
gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi movlenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi
katastrofebis pasuxad.
tatuli televizori aRmoaCnda, romelSic

sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs
da uamrav daRupul adamians aCvenebdnen.~
527
mere grZnob, rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera

gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad
metad acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac,
rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom
es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad iviwyeb
amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda
daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom es
SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da
brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav
sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg,
rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi
isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram SiSi dRemde mainc
mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos
yvela Senma megobarma giRalata. vnaxulob
xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT
maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani iyurebian
TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs Zalian
naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi megobari
gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zogierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea. yvela
xedavs ra xdeba, magram saqmeSi aravin ereva.
viRviZeb da usazRvro martoobas ganvicdi
(Stanford Daily, 1982).
528
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi

SeiZleba mwvave formiT gamovlindes uSualod
katastrofis Semdeg da ramdenime TveSi Semcirdes. am reaqciebma SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon
arseboba da Camoyalibdnen qronikul sindromad,
romelsac rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis
paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec gagrZeldes. klinikosebi dResac xvdebian meore msoflio omisa
da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni,
anu rezidualuri posttravmuli stresis
rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni (Residual stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi,

romelSic posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi
grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989).

es monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis
mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi ìkurneba~ (Wortman
& Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).
qronikuli stresorebi
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilvisas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave, mkveTrad
gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone
da, meore mxriv, qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili
stresorebi. rac Seexeba fsiqologiur stresorebs, aq mkveTri zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis
ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis
mwvave wyaro, magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT
Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am
movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi SeiZleba
qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma es paterni
daadgines adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli
daavadebebiT, magaliTad, kiboTi arian avad
(Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurnalobiT gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSirebul qronikul stress SeuZlia janmrTelobis
ufro swrafad gauareseba, vidre sakuTriv daavadebas.
mravali adamianisTvis qronikuli stresi
sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da garemo pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs
Tqvenze mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sidsisa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben
aRniSnuli da garemos sxva stresorebi Tqvens
fsiqologiur kargad yofnaze? adamianTa
zogierTi jgufi Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis an rasobrivi identobis gamo ganicdis
qronikul stress, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs
zogadad kargad yofnaze (Contrada et al., 2000; Stone,
2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad,
gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro
maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre TeTrkanian
amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis
ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri gansxvavebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva (hipertenzia) afroamerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans, qronikuli stresis Sedegia, romelsac iwvevs maT mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena
_ dabalstatusiani samuSao, SezRuduli ganaTleba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali so-
saidan
viciT
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris
damangreveli Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa did nawilSi, romelic
aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali dakavSirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobasTan, Semosavali mxolod erTxel
izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZloa, ver afiqsireben mravalwliani siRaribis kumulaciur efeqts da, aseve,
SeiZleba sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirs asaxavdnen _ cudi janmrTeloba
iwvevs siRaribes. bolodroindelma gamokvlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli
wlis manZilze izomeboda, cxadad aCvena,
rom xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire
fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri

funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs (Lynch
et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba,
rogorc siRaribis federalur donesTan
SedarebiT 200%-ze naklebi ojaxis Semosavlis qona. 1994 wlis gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi
mozrdilma adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 19651983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze
meti problema maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, rogoricaa: saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da
fizikuri sisufTavis SenarCuneba. msgavsi
efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur funqcionirebaSic gamovlinda. ekonomikuri
siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan
SedarebiT siRaribis mdgomareobaSi samjer
namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad
ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simptomebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,
rogorc cinikurad mtrulad ganwyobilni
da optimizms moklebulebi da oTxjer
ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kognitur funqcionirebaSi. imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri
siduxWiriT da ara _ sawyisi cudi janmrTelobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines monacemebi im monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis
sawyisi gazomvebis dros Sefasebuli iyo,
rogorc kargi an Zalian kargi. mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom bolodroindeli ekonomikuri da politikuri strategia zrdis
araTanabar Semosavlebis ricxvs da sul
cialur-ekonomikuri statusi (Anderson et al.,1992;

Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezia frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi
cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis fuWi mcdelobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors.
analogiurad, qronikuli stresi, romelsac
socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel pirobebSi myofi qalebi ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi
mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis
safrTxes (Lobel, 1994; Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad,
siRaribisa da rasobrivi crurwmenebis pirobebSi
dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gacilebiT meti riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre
maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.
E
529
ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros

xangrZliv siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fizikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds,
riTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi
qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).
am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg
gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is, rom qronikul
stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebazec iqonios gavlena. ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan,
zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis meSveobiT
(ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda
uaryofiTi korelacia stressa da verbalur
gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: saSualod, rac ufro
maRalia stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi,
miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris mixedviT
(Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc xedavT, qronikuli
stresis maRal dones mavne zegavlena aqvs
bavSvebis kognitur aqtivobaze. es monacemebi
imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi
mavne efeqti socialuri gadawyvetilebebiT unda
ganeitraldes.
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
530
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan

urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an diskriminaciul crurwmenas namdvilad SeuZlia
stresis gamowveva, magram ras ityviT ufro sust
stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganicdiT? ra SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqorwindiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT
rveulebi, an saxelmZRvanelo. SesaZloa, dagagviandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an dagajarimes
manqanis akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an
kidev, xmaurianma mezobelma Zili dagifrTxoT.
es yvelaferi ganmeorebadi yoveldRiuri stresorebia, romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis
mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli saSualo asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis
manZilze momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi (Zireul cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad),
gamoavlina sruliad aSkara kavSiri usiamov-
nebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris:

rac ufro xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs
aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b). yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba
mohyveba (Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli
etapebidan iwyeben.
saidan
viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier
gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74
aRsazrdels, aReweraT TavianTi yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis
mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi ekiTxebodnen
bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis
manZilze iseTi ram maT cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze
gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvra,
moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena,
bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, imoqmeda Tu ara
maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis sazomSi aisaxeboda,
Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli
am movlenisagan gamowveul stress. bavSvebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis
dasadgenad, mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis
mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, daefiqsirebinaT, Tu ramdenad cudad iqceodnen
bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi korelacia yoveldRiur usiamovnebebsa da
qcevis problemebs Soris: saSualod, bavSvebi, romelTa cxovreba ufro metad iyo
datvirTuli usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro
met agresiasa da destruqcias avlendnen
(Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT.
Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom zogierTi
bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis garkveul dones,
rac uaryofiT SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
stresorebis ganxilvisas fokusirebas, ZiriTadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT,
stresis daZleva
Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu
qronikul stress SeuZlia cxovrebis dangreva
da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswavloT stresis marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da
Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,
rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanaxmad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian mis resursebs
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicavdes qceviT, emociur an motivaciur reaqciebsa
da azrebs. am qveTavs imis aRweriT daviwyebT,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze,
rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori. Semdeg ganvixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT
rogorc daZlevis zogad principebs, ise spedaZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an dauZleveli.
cifikur intervenciebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT

zogierT individualur gansxvavebas stresTan
gamklavebis unarSi.
stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas pirveli
nabijia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad stresulni
arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba
stresoris kognituri interpretacia da raodenobrivi Sefasebaa. kognituri Sefaseba centralur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi:
ras moiTxovs is Cemgan, ramdenad didia safrTxe,
ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad
(Lazarus,1993; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi
stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis dazianeba, sakuTari almodebuli saxlis naxva,
TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba, rogorc safrTxe,
Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogoria Tqveni piradi cxovrebiseuli
viTareba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba Tqvens
ZiriTad miznebTan, moTxovnebTan gamklavebis
SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
Sefaseba. situacia, romelic mwvave distress iwvevs
erT adamianSi, SeiZleba sruliadECveulebrivi
ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yuradReba da gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: zogierTi
situacia TqvenSi, magram ara Tqvens megobrebsa
da ojaxis wevrebSi, stress iwvevs. sxva movlenebi
maTSi iwvevs stress, TqvenSi ki ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefasebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT emociebis
ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or
stadias ganasxvavebs. pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers
moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es
Sefaseba iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da ès
CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan araviTari
kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris
`stresulia~, Tqven afasebT stresoris potenciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve
arsebobs, Tu is mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa
Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2).
Tu gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba
meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul viTarebasTan
gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT arsebul pirovnul
da socialur resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro
magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus &
Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gancdebis
fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erTerT gamokvlevaSi 96 mamakacs pozitiuri da
negatiuri movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs
sTxovdnen. am mamakacebs yoveldRiurad imunuri
reaqciis siZlieresac umowmebdnen. Sedegebma
aCvena, rom sasurveli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan,
xolo arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust
reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu gvinda
cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswarmetyveleba, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebis gaTvaliswineba araa sakmarisi; saWiroa, vicodeT is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba
gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi
stresis mravali wyaro. fsiqologebi sakmaod
didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva
tipis stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad SeuZlia
adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT,
ramdenad warmatebulad Tu warumateblad
umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
531
cxrili
13.2
mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/

kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi
safexuri
532
sakvanZo kiTxvebi
1.
gamowvevis Sefaseba
riski seriozulia,
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi?
2.
alternativebis
mimoxilva
es alternativa misaRebi saSualebaa

gamowvevasTan
dasapirispireblad?
sakmarisad ganvixile
Cems xelT arsebuli
alternativebi?
3.
alternativebis awondawona
romeli alternativaa
saukeTeso?
akmayofilebs saukeTeso
alternativa arsebiT
moTxovnebs?
4.
fiqri valdebulebis
aRebaze
ganvaxorcielo
saukeTeso alternativa
da sxvebsac gavumxilo?
5.
arCeul poziciaze
myarad dgoma
riski seriozulia,
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi?
6.
uaryofiTi ukukavSiris miuxedavad
riski seriozulia,
Tuki Sevicvlebi?
moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba grZeldeba

manam, sanam xdeba gamklavebis reaqciebis mosinjva. Tu pirveli reaqciebi araefeqturia da
stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da
fasdeba maTi efeqturobac.
kognituri Sefaseba stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladis magaliTia. stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian
stresoris zemoqmedebas konkretuli tipis
stresul reaqciaze. Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi
filtravs, an saxes ucvlis stresorebis Cveul
zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad,
Tqveni daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTelobis statusi Semamsubuqebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori
iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul fsiqologiur
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress moderator variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian
mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias Soris.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping) _
potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an
asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa
da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.
an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi

xarT, maSin ukeT gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre
maSin, roca ar xarT karg formaSi. SegiZliaT
naxoT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kognituri Sefaseba Semamsubuqebeli cvladis gansazRvrebasac.
is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi
gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra tipis daZlevis reaqciebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.
daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi

warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis
dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis Sesaxeb,
SeafaseT situacia da sruliad darwmunebuli
xarT, rom es stresuli situaciaa. risi gakeTeba
SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad
stresul movlenas anticipatoruli daZlevis
formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT
mosalodneli gamocdiT gamowveul stress?
rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan
gagricxes, an Seyvarebuls, rom igi aRar giyvarT?
stresuli situaciis anticipacia (anu winaswar
warmosaxva) uamrav azrsa da grZnobas aRZravs,
romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi.
ase xdeba intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob
adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT, rogor
gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra aris mizani: problemasTan
uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli
daZleva Tu stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis
Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva
(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori
ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime qvekategoria
mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3.
daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT.
`wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli,~ _ Cveulebriv,
ase aRiwereba problemuri situaciisTvis mzadyofnis strategia. es midgoma moicavs yvela
strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan
Ria qceviT uSualod dasapirispireblad; aseve,
problemis racionalurad gadaWris aqtivobebs.
xuligans an gaumklavdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT
mis mosyidvas qrTamiT, an sxva ramiT; Tqven
koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an
stresis gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT,
cxrili
13.3
daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
daZlevis strategiis tipi
magaliTi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva

stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari
damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris
aqtivobebiT
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba, moSoreba, an

Sesusteba)gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)brZolisa Tu
gaqcevis variantebis SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda, an anticipirebuli
stresoris Zalis Semcireba).
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva

somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi (SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego
medikamentebis, relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
gamoyeneba)kognitur sferoze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
(dagegmili garTobebi, fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar
Tavze)Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi cnobieri, an
aracnobieri procesebis dasaregulireblad.
rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias da

sakuTar resursebs da axorcielebT reaqcias,
romelic adekvaturia muqaris gasaneitraleblad
an Sesamcireblad. problemis gadaWris amgvari
mcdelobebi sasargebloa kontrolirebadi
stresorebis, anu stresorebis samarTavad, romelTa Secvla, an Semcireba SesaZlebelia aseTi
moqmedebiT. aseTi stresorebis magaliTebia
avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli
niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia
arakontrolirebadi stresorebis zegavlenis
samarTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT
alcheimeriT daavadebuli mSoblis movlaze.
msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, romlis garemodan mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven
ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Secvlis gzebis povnis SesaZlebloba. amis nacvlad
SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi
mis Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebulebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi gaerTiandebiT, an relaqsaciis teqnikas daeuflebiT.
es midgoma isev daZlevis strategias ganekuTvneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad
yofnas safrTxe emuqreba da am safrTxis Semcirebas cdilobT.
daZleva aris viTareba, romelSic, rac ufro
met gansxvavebul strategias flobT, miT ukeTesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli
iyos, Tqveni resursebi aRqmul moTxovnas unda
Seesabamebodes. amrigad, daZlevis mravalfe-
rovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan,

savaraudod, ufro advilad moaxerxebT am
Sesabamisobis miRwevas da stresul movlenasTan
gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis
sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT, dagexmarebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi realuri unari, daakmayofiloT garemodan wamosuli moTxovnebi
(Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas mravali stresoris Zlieri zegavlenisagan SeuZlia Tqveni dacva,
radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur
reaqcias: _ `ra gavakeTo?!~
aqamde Cven stresorebis daZlevisadmi zogad
midgomebs ganvixilavdiT, axla ki warmatebuli
daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur
midgomebs gavecnobiT.
kognituri strategiebis modificireba

stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualeba stresorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa da maTi daZlevis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvlaa.
Tqven sxvagvarad unda gaiazroT mocemuli
situacia, Tqveni roli masSi da is kauzaluri
atribuciebi, romlebsac arasasurveli Sedegis
asaxsnelad akeTebT. stresis fsiqikuri daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis
gadafaseba da stresze sakuTar reaqciaTa Sesaxeb
codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis gancdas, nawi-
me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT,

romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians Tavs
stresoris cvlilebis gareSe.
533
534
lobriv, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sefasebis

Sesabamisad akontroleben (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994).
garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad
fiqris swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an
maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri
gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis Semcireba
SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda
gamoxvideT didi, mkacri auditoriis winaSe?
stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia:
_ warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritikosebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac namdvilad
Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT
imis gamo, rom morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveulebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT?
xom ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze metad morcxvi
da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis daZlevaSi
daxmarebodiT?
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT,
rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis xerxi.
kognitur-bihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald
maiCenbaumma (Donald Meichenbaum, 1977,1985,1993)
SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar
stresis inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I
fazaSi adamianebi sakuTari realuri qcevis ukeT
gacnobierebas cdiloben: ra iwvevs mas da ra
Sedegebi moaqvs. amis gakeTebis saukeTeso xerxi

yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da
Sedegebis terminebiT axlebur gaazrebaSi exmareba da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas.
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, magaliTad, rom Tqveni
niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis
cota dros itovebT davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi axali qcevebis
identificirebas iwyeben, romlebic aRkveTen
araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul qcevebs. albaT,
fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~ unda gamoyoT,
an Ramis satelefono zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT;
III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis
Semdeg, individebi afaseben TavianTi axali
qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli damakninebeli Sinagani dialogis gareSe. nacvlad
imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar Tavs: `gamimarTla,
rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca
teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: `mixaria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris SekiTxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvianurad SegiZlia upasuxo~.
es samfaziani midgoma reaqciebisa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas gulisxmobs, romlebic SeuTavsebelia aqamde ganxorcielebul damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis
Semdeg adamianebi acnobiereben, rom icvlebian
da mxolod sakuTar Tavs unda umadlodnen am
cvlilebas, romelic momavali warmatebebis sawindaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis magaliTebi,
romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi
gvexmareba. stresis inokulaciis treningi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
saidan
viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi
tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba 60 sportsmenma mamakacma miiRo, romelTac sportuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli
operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa naxevari
samkurnalo jgufSi moxvda, sadac reabi-
13.4
sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis

magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis daZlevas
momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo
amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari
Tavisadmi, iazrovne racionalurad.
konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis
marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi
miwinaswarmetyvelebda.
es aris Sexseneba Cemi daZlevis meqanizmebis
gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune
marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.
litaciis Cveulebriv programas stresis

inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi
fokusirebuli iyo gamojanmrTelebis periodis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze
da xels uwyobda mamakacebs zemoT aRwerili kognituri restruqturizaciis
teqnikebis gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocdaaTma mamakacma mxolod reabilitaciis
standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive monawiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurnalobis dawyebamde da Semdeg aTive fizioTerapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo jgufebi
didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
mkurnalobis dawyebamde an pirveli
testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Terapiuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi inokulaciis
jgufis cdis pirebi gacilebiT nakleb
tkivils aRniSnavdnen, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 Tavidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris

tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli rogorc fiziologiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankurnebis procesSi myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli
qvemoT mocemuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor SeiZleba daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba
tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogierTi aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia Tqven mier stresorze gacnobierebuli kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom
SegiZliaT cvlilebis Setana romelime movlenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan, 1993).
Tu gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdinareobaze, an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze
zemoqmedeba, albaT, kargad axerxebT am daavadebasTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987), magram Tu
fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa,
romlis qcevaze gavlenas ver axdenT, an situaciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom am qronikul viTarebas fsiqologiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman,
1977). individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis
cnobieri kontroli iseTi fataluri daavadebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric Sidsia, amiT TavianT
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobas argeben
(Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam samomavloT gamoyenebad kontrolis am
strategiebs daimaxsovrebT, stresis daZlevis
bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba ganvixiloT.
socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc stresis

daZlevis resursi
socialuri mxardaWera sxvebisTvis gaweuli
daxmarebaa, romelic amcnobs adamians, rom igi
uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierTvaldebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen & Syme,
1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis
garda garSemomyof adamianebs SeuZliaT
materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da
informaciuli mxardaWeris (rCeva, pirovnuli
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla;
xSirad sasargebloa stresorebTan gamklavebisas.
cxrili
535
arakatastrofuli qronikulad daavadebuli pacientebi
60
50
30
saidan
20
10
viciT
0
emociuri
informaciuli
mxardaWeris
suraTi
materialuri
tipi
13.10
socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba

aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis
funqcia
(Martin, et. al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis

monacemebi aRebulia Dakof&Taylor, 1990).
536
mkvlevrebi cdiloben imis dadgenas, Tu ra

tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo sxvadasxva
specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996;
Kuijer et al., 2000).
40
yvelaze efeqturi
socialuri daxmarebis
kiboTi daavadebuli pacienebi
ukukavSiri, informacia) uzrunvelyofa. nebismieri adamiani, visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani

socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis
wevri, megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _
SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi
mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi socialuri mxardaWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac
adamianebs hyavT xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon,
isini ukeT axerxeben rogorc sakuTar yoveldRiur problemebTan, ise samsaxurebriv stresebTan, umuSevrobasTan, ojaxis rRvevasTan,
seriozul daavadebebTan da sxva katastrofebTan
gamklavebas (Gottlieb, 1981; Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). socialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi
scildeba stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas;
maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli daavadebisagan
gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamowveuli sikvdilis riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988
Kulik & Mahler, 1989). erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Tirkmlis mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti Seiswavleboda (Christensen
et al., 1994). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, ojaxis
mxardaWeris sazomze miRebuli qulis erTi
erTeuliT mateba sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian
klebas ukavSirdeba.Q
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva
adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socioemociuri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis

urTierTSedareba
Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seiswavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mxardaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daavadebulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen
sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris sargeblianobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxolod meuRleebis, da ara eqimebis, an momvlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv,
avadmyofebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo informaciis an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli
sxva pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan da
ara -_ ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu visgan _ iqnebodnen
es eqimebi, megobrebi Tu ojaxis wevrebi _
modioda Tavsmoxveuli naZaladevi xalisi
da daavadebis simZimis daknineba, avadmyofebi Tvlidnen, rom maT es arafers argebda.
13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxardaWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis mixedviT

kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis
mqone pacientebTan, rogoricaa: qronikuli Tavis
tkivili an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sindromi (Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel
mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris optimaluri
tipi stresis sxvadasxva wyarosTvis gansxvavebulia. SegiZliaT moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu
ratom unda iyos emociuri mxardaWera ufro
sasargeblo kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis, vidre
arc ise mZime daavadebebis mqone avadmyofebisaTvis?
mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron,
Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris wyaroebi realurad
SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT
gTavazobT eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze an
kolejSi gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
saidan
viciT
molodinebi da qronikul
daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens avadmyofebis mier garSemomyof
adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan
maT adaptaciaze. avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis
daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas
sWirdeboda dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTanxmebi~-dan `srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde)
SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi
ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas,
vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da `zogjer
vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi
moelian Cemgan sakuTar mkurnalobaze meti
pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~. mkvlevrebi, aseve, zomavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen
pacientebi avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sedegebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris.
magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic sakuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc gadaWarbebuls, ufro
mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiisa da
cxovrebis dabali xarisxis Sesaxeb (Hatchett
et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis

wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen maTTvis mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molodinebi pacientebisadmi zrdida am ukanasknelTa
distress.
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis
nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas, rom
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT

aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu stresis gancdisas
faqtobrivad arc ki mimarTavT maT daxmarebisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Setyobineba `fsiqologia da cxovrebidan~ isaa, rom
yovelTvis unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri
mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad
izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT stresis gavlena fizikur da fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT,
Tu rogor iyeneben fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa
da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebiT miRebul codnas.
Sejameba
stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, romlebic organizmisagan garkveul reaqcias moiTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs,
romlebic amzadeben organizms moqmedebisaTvis.
rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe
eqmneba imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva saxis
stresors, rogoricaa: cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi, matravmirebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqologiuri efeqti aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac
adamianebi moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT
afaseben situacias. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi
iyeneben stresis daZlevis problemaze orientirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT,
aseve, SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris
xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze reaqciebis
Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT. stresis
inokulaciis (acris) treningi kogniciaTa restruqturizaciis erT-erTi programaa. adamianebi
ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac
grZnoben, rom akontroleben situacias. socialuri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac is
individis moTxovnebs Tanxvdeba. socialuri
interaqcia, SesaZloa, uaryofiTi iyos, rodesac
adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT
arsebuli molodinebis gamarTleba.
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZleba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT (Coyne et al.,
1988); aseve, mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofebma,
SesaZloa, ver gaamarTlon maT socialur wreSi
Semavali adamianebis molodinebi.
537
ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs cudad

da kargad yofnis gancdaSi? Cven ukve warmogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTi imisa, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze aris: _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelobisaTvis fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali
sferos _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiis _ ganviTarebas. janmrTelobis fsiqologia fsiqologiis dargia, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990).
janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da gonebis
zogad mdgomareobas, romelic aRiwereba
siZlierisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis an dazianebis ararseboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme imas ufro
exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionireben
sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb msjelobas daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avadmyofobis tradiciul dasavlur models is
filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils daavadebisa
da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
538
janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeliT xelmZRvanelobs.
am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam biofsiqosocialuri
modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT,
ganvixiloT zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli

praqtika
fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi
yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi
esmiT sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da
relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavi

venesuelis varaos kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT daviwyeT.
rogorc aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avadmyofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli
gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma biWis gamojanmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres
(Briggs,1996).
msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva
kulturebSic SexvdeT. magaliTad, navajoSi
daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas
socialur harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls
Soris urTierTqmedebebs miawerdnen. huazos cneba
navajoSi niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides,
saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa
da sulis sijansaRes. avadmyofoba ganixileba,
rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri
disharmoniis Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs
adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradiciuli gankurnebis ceremonia gulisxmobs avadmyofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas
ara marto Samanis mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis
yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomareobis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri wevri avadmyofobas miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxismgeblobad (da danaSaulad), aramed ganixilavs,
rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans,
romelic unda aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis
ritualebiT. es kulturuli orientacia garantias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris
qseli avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology)
_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini
avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis
zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba simtkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis ararseboba.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias,
sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da
xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
fsiqologi janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc

dinamikur mravalganzomilebian movlenas.
optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad yofna
(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur
da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac daavadebis
prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis
mizniT garkveul qmedebebs axorcielebT, Tqven
janmrTelobis sakeTildReod iqceviT. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis zogad mizans warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa
da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri
qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT aRniSnul
mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kulturebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad sxeulsa
da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas gulisxmobs.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
azrovneba, ZiriTadad, biosamedicino models
eyrdnoba, romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dualisturi koncefciiT xelmZRvanelobs. am modelis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls sulisagan damoukideblad mkurnalobs. goneba mniSvnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis
da cota ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis
realobisaTvis; Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma daiwyes urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis
aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSic ar muSaobs xisti
biosamedicino modeli. Tqven ukve naxeT
zogierTi maTgani: karg da cud cxovrebiseul
movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi metnaklebad moqnilebi arian stresis uaryofiT
SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma
mxardaWeram SeiZleba Seamciros sikvdilis
albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti:
`bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri avadmyofobis realur arsebobaze, `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _
janmrTelobis fsiqologiur da socialur
komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli fizikur janmrTelobas gonebis mdgomareobasa da garemomcvel samyarosTan akavSirebs. janmrTelobis
cneba janmrTelobis profilaqtika niSnavs

zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
XXI saukuneSi avadmyofobis prevencia XX
saukunis dasawyisisgan gansxvavebul amocanebs
ayenebs (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian wlebSi sikvdilis
upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi
warmoadgenda. am periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma
wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia amerikul sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi.
kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis
ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCenebis kontroli da kanalizacia) saSualebiT
maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial model) _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri
sistemis, qceviTi stilis, kognituri procesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma
SeiZleba adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe
daayenos.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTeloba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos
sxvadasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri funqcionirebis unars.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika (Health promotion)
_ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
539
cxrili
13.5
sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-Si,

1998 weli
rangi
sikvdilianobis
procenti
1
2
3
4
31.0
23.2
6.8
4.8
4.2
6
7
8
9
10
1.9
3.9
2.8
1.3
1.1
1.1
sikvdilis mizezi
gulis daavadeba
kibo
dambla
filtvebis obstruqciuli daavadebebi
yvela saxis ubeduri
SemTxveva
mxolod avtoavariebi
pnevmonia da gripi
diabeti
TviTmkvleloba
Tirkmlebis daavadebebi
RviZlis qronikuli
daavadeba da cirozi
sikvdilis
mizezebis
xelSemwyobi
faqtorebi
DS
DS
DS
S
A
A
S
D
A
A
* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi
mniSvnelovnad Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis

SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa: gripi, tuberkulozi,
poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.
Tu mkvlevrebs cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebSi surT wvlilis Setana, cxovrebis
stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix.
cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi wona,
cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli sakvebisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis
540
cxrili
13.6
aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisaken

1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari
bostneuliT, xiliT, marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa
da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT
yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT
da velosipedis CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad, an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi
urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicinostomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT samedicino
reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da
SeiZineT megobrebi.
didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxoebis Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba
_ yvelaferi es garkveul rols asrulebs iseTi
daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: kibo,
gulis daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri
SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas. civilizaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli
qcevebis SecvliT mravali daavadebisa da naadrevi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
am codnaze dayrdnobiT advilia garkveuli
rekomendaciebis mocema, magram ufro sasurvelia,
rom janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis SemuSavebiT SeinarCunoT, romlebic CamoTvlilia
13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT, ukve nacnobia
TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur principebs imis albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven
marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac TqvenTvis kargia.
amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT
ori konkretuli Tema: moweva da Sidsi.
moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma,
vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar icoda, rom Tambaqos
moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 400 000 adamiani kvdeba mowevasTan
dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovelwliurad kiboTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni
adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev mwevelia. mwevelTa
70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,
magram ver axerxebs (daavadebaTa kontrolisa
da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis
fsiqologebs ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: (1)
ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2)
rogor daexmaron adamianebs mowevisaTvis Tavis
danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon
èqsmwevelad~ gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli
mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi
adamiani Tambaqos mowevas, pirovnul Tvisebebsa
da socialur faqtorebze fokusirdeba. individTa
erT-erT tips, romelTanac Tambaqos moweva
asocirdeba SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi uwodes
(Zuckerman,1988); ufro mosalodnelia, rom aseTma
individebma sarisko qmedebebi ganaxorcielon.
gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar

fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis
Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar axorcielebs
cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom
Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs
gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwevelia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela
mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi ar aris mowevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia
imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom manamde
zrdides mwevelis mzadyofnis, sanam is fsiqo-
logiurad mzad iqneba janmrTelobis sakeTildReo qcevis gansaxorcieleblad.

mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli
mkurnaloba mwevelis rogorc fiziologiuri,
ise fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs (Tsoh et al., 1997; U.S. Department of
health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur
doneze mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian
nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da
nikotinis saReWi rezinebi. fsiqologiur doneze
mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi
eqsmweveli da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba
SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
daiswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis strategiebi, romelic Tan axlavs TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moicavs Cven mier adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seamsubuqos masze mravali stresoris zemoqmedeba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT adamianebs aswavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis
gzebi situaciebidan, romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav
gauRviZon mowevis Jini.
Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis
sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTasobiT
adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali
adamiani cxovrobs aiv infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic
anadgurebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfocitebs), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daavadebebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba mTeli rigi
sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mimarT, ramac SeiZleba sicocxlisaTvis iseTi
saSiSi daavadebebi gamoiwvios, rogoricaa: kibo,
meningiti da pnevmonia. virusiT Tavdapirveli
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia
virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
aiv (HIV)_ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi,
romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs
(limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis
imunur sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis

pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi,
romlebic XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967)
miiRes, Seadares XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~
qcevas. qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian
wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZieblebs, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi yofiliyvnen
(Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli
faqtorebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba zogierTi
jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad
imisa, an swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia
janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al., 1994).
es gansakuTrebiT mozardebSi SeiZleba iyos
ase. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom
mowevis warmatebuli prevencia mowevis Sefasebis
Secvlas _ `magaridan~ `cudisken~ _ gulisxmobs.
ukeTesia, Tu saerTod ar daiwyebT mowevas,
magram rogor SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis
Tavis danebebis swavlaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
maT, vinc ukve eweva? miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma
adamianma uSedegod scada mowevisTvis Tavis
danebeba, daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma
samudamod mainc daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo programebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mzard mzadyofnas
mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
541
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis
542
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT,

Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi
wlis gegmas gTavazobT: aSS-is
janmrTelobisa da mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis departamentma
Seqmna programa saxelwodebiT
_ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~,
sadac mocemulia konkretuli
rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli qcevebis
Sesaxeb. programas ori zogadi
mizani aqvs: (1) gansxvavebebis
Semcireba janmrTelobis statusebs Soris mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenaSi _ moxucebSi,
umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da
(2) janmrTeli cxovrebis xangrZlivobis gazrda. fsiqologebi orive miznis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanen TavianT wvlils.
rac Seexeba pirvel mizans,
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba Setanilia `janmrTelobis statusis~
kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime welia fsiqologebi did energias
xarjaven sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebSi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis gaumjobesebaze. meore mizani uSualod
exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsiqologebi janmrTelobis profilaqtikis sagnad miiCneven.
programa `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is mizania, rom adamianebma Secvalon janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi.
rogorc vnaxeT, es janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT,
ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
mizani programidan `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~:
samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri
aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdi-
lTa raodenobis Semcireba 40%dan 20%-mde;

im mozrdilTa raodenobis
gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, romlebic regularulad saSualo
xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT
arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi,
TiTqmis yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia,
Tu ratom girCevT es programa
regularulad varjiSs, anu janmrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba
miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT, rogoricaa: velosipediT siaruli,
curva, sirbili da Cqari siarulic ki. es aqtivobebi iwveven
gulisa da respiratoruli sistemis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlierebas da bevri sxva sargebelic
moaqvT janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis fsiqologiis codna daexmaros adamians dadebiTi efeqtebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swavloben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdiloben gansazRvron is programebi Tu strategiebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad exmarebian adamianebs varjiSis daiwyebasa da
gagrZelebaSi (Dishman & Buckworth,
1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis
dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas igive
modeli miesadageba, romelic
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisTvis
mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs (Myers & Roth,1997). gansjis
wina etapze adamianTa yuradReba,
ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia im
winaaRmdegobebze, romlebic
xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas
(magaliTad, drois ukmarisoba,
varjiSisas partnioris ararseboba), vidre im sargeblobaze,
romelic moaqvs varjiSs (magaliTad, exmareba relaqsaciaSi,
aumjobesebs garegnobas). rogorc ki individebi treningis

Semdgom _ gansjisa da SenarCunebis _ etapebze gadadian,
yuradRebis koncentracia winaaRmdegobidan sargeblobaze
gadainacvlebs.
rogor unda moaxerxoT
gansjis wina etapis daZleva,
Tu Tqven jer kidev ar varjiSobT regularulad?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT iseTi
strategiebis daswavla, romlebic saSualebas miscemT maT,
daZlion varjiSis xelisSemSleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin &
Gross, 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT
zustad iseve ganixiloT varjiSis dawyeba, rogorc nebismieri sxva situacia, romelic
stresis dasaZlevad Tqvengan
kognitur Sefasebas moiTxovs.
ecadeT dagegmoT cxovreba ise,
rom varjiSi ganixilebodes,
rogorc jansaRi garToba.
Tqven, aseve, unda icodeT, rom
Tqveni kolejis bevr students
aqvs `Cavardnebi~ rogorc kvebis, ise varjiSis TvalsazrisiT: rodesac akademiuri
stresis periodebi gaivlis,
isini cudi kvebidan da minimaluri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et
al.,1993). rogor unda CamoayaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise, rom
Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns?
scadeT daexmaroT programas
`janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi
2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia,
sadac SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mizans.
Sesabamis damokidebulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa da

qcevebSi. Sidsis sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli
intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher
et al,. 1994, 1996; Yzer et al., 1998):
informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebodeT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadadis
Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba;
maT unda miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis
(magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros prezervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da steriluri
SpricebiT sargeblobis Taobaze;
motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen motivirebulni Sidsis prevenciis ganxorcielebisaTvis;
qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda
aswavlon miRebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti?
adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Zlier motivirebulni,
magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT,
maT SeiZleba hqondeT sakmarisi codna da
motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor
daZlion socialuri barieri da mosTxovon
partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al.,
1994). fsiqologiurma Carevam SeiZleba adamians
roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi SesZinos am barieris mniSvnelobis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis
daregulirebasa da gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis
daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT mkurnalobis sam
aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis
rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi, rac jandacvis
specialistis daniSnuli reJimis Sesrulebis
aucileblobaSi mis darwmunebas gulisxmobs.
Semdeg ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis
gasakontroleblad. bolos ganvixilavT magaliTebs, romlebSic gonebas mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana SeuZlia sxeulis gankurnebaSi.
inficirebidan simptomebis gamovlenamde periodi

(sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba xuTi weliwadi
an meti iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT
inficirebulTa did nawils ar aqvs Sidsis
samedicino diagnozi, maT mudmivi stresis qveS
cxovreba uwevT, rom nebismier dros am saxifaTo
daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi.
dResdReobiT ukve arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis sruli siZlieriT
Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc
Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba da arc misi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.
aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT.
inficirebisTvis aucilebelia sisxlTan uSualo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi adamianidan meores SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT:
(1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuTvnili intravenuli nemsebisa da Spricebis
saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba
gadavides sisxlis gadasxmiT da im samedicino
procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel
adamians SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul
sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs. hemofiliiT
daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored
am gziT SeiZina, Tumca, yvela adamians emuqreba
SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis
erTaderTi gza im cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis
Secvlaa, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben
adamians. es niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis
Setanas seqsualuri qcevis paternebsa da
wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis
sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidisciplinaruli kvlevis gundis wevria, romelic mTel
rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis
Semdgomi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad
(Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et a,,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT aspeqts,
rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri risk-faqtorebis
Sefaseba, bihevioraluri intervenciebis ganviTareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis
ukeT ganaTlebis mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi
da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis
SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis sistematuri Sefaseba
543
pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva

pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis
garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba moicavdes
samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi
reJimis periodebs da varjiSebs; aseve, iseT
damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa: ganmeorebiTi
Semowmeba, sareabilitacio treningi da qimioTerapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi (Clark & Becker, 1998). pacientTa daumorCileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi
reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 50%-s aWarbebdes.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im individualuri gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac
zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis reJimisadmi morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan
viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializisadmi
544
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, Tu ramdenad

mniSvnelovania yuradRebis makontrolebeli stili pacientis mier reJimis
damyolobisTvis. avadmyofobisas zogierTi
adamiani gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT individebs Zlier makontroleblebs uwodeben,
romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makontroleblebi naklebad axdenen yuradRebis
fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT,
SesaZloa, saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT Zlier
makontroleblad yofna, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari avadmyofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis tendencia. amis gamo maT sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaarTulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi damyoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi
afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc yuradRebis
makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier
aRqmuli kontrolisa da mkurnalobis reJimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis
Sedegebi Seesabameboda mkvlevarTa mier
warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleblebTan SedarebiT, Zlier makontroleblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda hqondaT da
naklebadac eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier
daniSnul mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen
et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT,
rom is, vinc Zalian koncentrirebulia sakuTar
avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. amis
nacvlad, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom
avadmyofobaze Zalian Zlieri fokusirebiT
adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba ufro uaresad
eCvenebodes, vidre sinamdvileSia da, amdenad,
mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevdes.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis
specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis miReba pacientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacientebi ufro kmayofilebi arian
sakuTari janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT,
rom mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT
safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom individi
mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali
eqimi mas informacias gasagebad awvdis; rwmundeba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, Tavazianad moqmedebs, mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras
avlens. garda amisa, janmrTelobis specialistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da
socialuri normebis roli mkurnalobis procesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi
ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi,
romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari profesiis moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosamedicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurnalobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988). fsiqologiur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis ganviTarebis strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimipacientis TanamSromlobis deficitis dasaZlevad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991).
gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi

sul ufro xSirad mkurnaloba, romelsac
unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi, fsiqologiur
komponentebs moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars
miaCnia, rom fsiqologiur strategiebs SeuZliaT
relaqsaciuri reaqcia (Relaxation response) _

mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba, guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis
teqnika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri
biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols
axorcielebs.
janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad, bevri

adamiani stresze daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac
kunTebis daZabvasa da sisxlis wnevis momatebas
iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba
datvirTvaze SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi
fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsacia da bioukukavSiri.
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi
fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval kulturaSi.
aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze
mimarTavdnen gonebis damSvidebisa da sxeulis
daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT
iaponiidan da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis disciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri
moZRvreba an saswavlo disciplina) da iogas
varjiSebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgenen bevri adamianisaTvis rogorc am
qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli
relaqsacia Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias
warmoadgens. organizmis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis
daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba,
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva
(Benson & Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs
eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi da mcirdeba
garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul
sistemaSi Semavali stimulebis raodenoba.
agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba
stresidan gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis
Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: (1) wynari
garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli
poza da (4) raime sityvisa Tu frazis gonebaSi
mravaljeradi gameoreba. pirveli sami mdgomareoba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval signals, xolo meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan
stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri TviTregulaciis teqnikaa, romelic sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontrolis, Sublis
kunTebis relaqsaciisa (wneviT gamowveuli Tavis
tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis SemcirebisTvisac ki. am teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog
nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, bioukukavSiri aris procedura, romliTac adamiani
igebs, Cveulebriv, sust an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients
SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~ sakuTari
sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da
gaZliereba saTanado xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es
ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva intensivobis sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gardaqmnian; amis Semdeg pacientis amocanas garegani
signalebis donis kontroli warmoadgens.
ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris gamoyenebis erTerTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom,
rodesac modunebuli xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT,
xolo rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT?
faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania,
rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis qveSaa.
bioukukavSiris seansze kvlevis monawileebs
eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis
temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi
gazrda. magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs
SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi TiTebis temperaturis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris
kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT TiTis saSualo
temperaturis 79,8F-dan 87.4F-mde (Roberts & McGrady,
1996) gazrda. ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom
kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris trenings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis
uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi
zustad ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur
545
meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac kanis temperaturis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sisxlis wnevas. isini, aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvlevas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi zogierT
individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998;
Roberts & McGrady, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali
wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobasTan erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac
SegiZliaT.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena

janmrTelobaze
546
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs

_ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _ seriozul
daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTelobis fsiqologiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixiloT klasikuri kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan
viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi
daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metastazebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba utardeboda, 50 aseTive avadmyofisagan Semdgari eqsperimentuli jgufi
ki tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvireul mxardamWer Terapiul jgufSi monawileobda.

es pacientebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze, kibos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis daZlevis Taobaze
sasaubrod ikribebodnen, sadac keTilganwyobil garemoSi sakuTari SiSebisa da
sxva Zlieri emociebis daufaravad gamovlenis saSualeba hqondaT.
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi
Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan mxolod
sami iyo cocxali, magram mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs
Soris, romlebic damatebiT gadiodnen
fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic
mxolod samedicino daxmarebas iRebdnen.
jgufur TerapiaSi monawile pacientTa
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve
iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis
ki _ 18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli
kvlevis es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos daavadebis mimdinareobasa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel
et al., 1989).
am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxardamWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi daavadebuli
pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba
SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999). mniSvnelovani dakvirveba am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom mkurnalobis
fsiqologiuri da biologiuri midgomebi erTad
unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul
mkurnalobasTan erTad, fsiqologiur daxmarebasac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan
dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara odesme imdenad
samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagimxeliaT? Tu es asea, Turme am saidumloze saubars
SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna
janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims penebakeris
(James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxovani kvlevebidan. penebakerma aCvena, rom pirovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da
samarcxvino, an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev
gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili azrebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs
adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze.

amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad mZime gadasamuSavebelia da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs
sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneitralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts. Tavis nebaze
miSvebis gancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis
da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri gantvirTvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone
adamianTa mdgomareobaze.
saidan
viciT
emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi
gavlena janmrTelobaze
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebisaTvis SedarebiT martivma moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosavlenad _ ganmartoebiT magnitofonTan, odnav
gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis bolo amocanas
warmoadgens rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, romlebic janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas
exeba. mkvlevrebma, magaliTad, Seiswavles janmrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze
energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizikuri da socialuri problemebis mqone uamrav
adamianTan intensiurad muSaobis Sedegad. emociuri stresis gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis muSakebi
ganicdian, kristina maslaCma (Christina Maslach), am
farTod gavrcelebuli problemis wamyvanma
mkvlevarma, gamofitva uwoda. profesiuli gamofitva warmoadgens sindroms, romelic emociur
gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli
kvlevaSi revmatiuli arTritiT daavadebuli 72 adamiani monawileobda. es daavadeba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qronikul anTebas, romelsac Tan axlavs tkivili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom emociuri gantvirTvis seansebs SeiZleboda xeli Seewyo am
daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis SemcirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare,
yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi
problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
naxevari gantvirTvis jgufs miakuTvnes;
isini yoveldRe, oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
15 wT-iT magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar,
stresul movlenebTan dakavSirebul
yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo
jgufi zustad igive dros andomebda neitraluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mravalferovani peizaJis aRweras. erTi SexedviT,
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav
uaresad grZnobdnen Tavs _ davalebam
mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca,
mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gantvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad,
ufro nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganicdidnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
547
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
SegxvedriaT warmatebaze
orientirebuli adamiani, romelic arafrad agdebs dabrkolebebs? misi klaselebis
umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom
gulis Seteva mas 20 wlamde
daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirovnebas? rogorc iciT, zogi adamiani savse cxovrebiT cxovrobs, sxvebi ufro nel temps
amjobineben. SeiZleba dagainteresoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebs
individualuri gansxvavebebi
janmrTelobaze. erTmniS vnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier fridmani (Meyer Friedman) da rei
rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman) miuTiTebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi
jer kidev antikuri xanidan
varaudobdnen: arsebobs kavSiri
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
erTobliobasa da avad gax-
548
domis SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebiT, gulis koronarul

daavadebebs Soris (Friedman &
Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma
daadgines ori qceviTi paterni, romlebsac tipi A da tipi
B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli
paterni, romelic ukidures
metoqeobas, agresiulobas,
mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas gulisxmobs. A tipis adamianebi xSirad ukmayofiloni arian sakuTari cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebiT, uaRresad konkurenciulni
da ambiciurni da, ZiriTadad,
martoxelebi arian; B tipis
qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi
is, rac ar aris A tipi, anu am
tipis individebi naklebad
mtrulad ganwyobilni arian,
ar uyvarT konkurencia da a.S.
fridmani da rouzmeni amtki-
realizaciis Semcirebas gulisxmobs, rasac

xSirad ganicdian im profesiis warmomadgenlebi,
A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokidebulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _AA
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da
TavSewirvas.
cebdnen, rom adamianebs, romlebic A tipis qceviT paterns

avlenen, sxvebTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad awuxebT gulis daavadebebi (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,
1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba individebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian A tipis
qceviTi paterniT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
A tipis qceva gulis daavadebebTan erTad bevr sxva
Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (Suls & Marco,
1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad
kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi paternis im specifikuri elementebis gamovlenazea fokusirebuli, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad ayeneben adamianebs
safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebidan yvelaze
meti `toqsikurobiT~ mtruli
romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri urTierToba pacientebTan, klientebTan an sazogadoebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT
kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da
TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT SeiZleba
sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki
moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs cudad grZnoben da
ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva
samsaxuris xSiri gacdeniTa da kadrebis denadobiT, samuSaos Sesrulebis gauaresebiT, TanamSromlebTan cudi urTierTobebiT, ojaxSi problemebiTa da janmrTelobis cudi mdgomareobiT
vlindeba (Leiter & Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach
& Hlorian, 1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-mosamsaxureTa Soris gamofitvis sindromma arnaxul
dones miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis,
samuSaos restruqturizaciisa da fuladi mogebisadmi da ara _ TanamSromelTa motivaciisa
pis qcevaTa paterni, saSualebas

mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT,
romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an
visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba (Eysenck, 1994;
Temoshok & Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi
gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas, rogorebicaa: gulisxmiereba, simtkice, an sakuTari
Tavis msxverplad gaReba, TanamSromloba da sxvaTa gulis
mogeba, moridebuloba, moTmineba,
avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da
uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT, brazis argamovlena (Temoshok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT
paterns ar Seesatyviseba `mebrZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos kibos, an sxva
romelime seriozuli avadmyofobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli sulis~ zemoqmedeba
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT
daavadebul pacientebTan (Reed et
al., 1994). individebi, romlebic
sakuTari sikvdilis gardauvalobas ar eguebodnen, ufro
metxans cocxlobdnen, vidre
isini, vinc beds Seegua.
da erTgulebisadmi gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis Sedegia. amdenad, gamofitva mxolod muSamosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa
problema ar aris, is organizaciul gaumarTaobazec miuTiTebs, rac organizaciuli miznebis,
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos moculobis da waxalisebis struqturis gadasinjvas moiTxovs (Leiter
& Maslach, 2000; Maslach & Leiter, 1997).
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamofitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze moqmedebs mTeli
rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa,
romlebic arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan
acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac (Leiter & Maslach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqimi-pacientis urTierTobis xarisxze mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa
raodenoba; rac ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba,
miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri
zogadad, C tipis individebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pasiuri miReba~ avadmyofobisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar

aris. davubrundeT optimizmis
cnebas, romelic me-12 TavSi
ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom
optimistebi warumateblobas
garegan mizezebsa da arastabilur cvalebad movlenebs
miaweren (Seligman, 1991). daZlevis es stili Zlier gavlenas axdens optimistTa
keTildReobaze. mkvlevrebma
daamtkices optimizmis gavlena
imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist
adamianebs avadmyofobis
naklebi fizikuri simptomebi
aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben
garkveuli avadmyofobebisgan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad
ufro janmrTelebi arian da
ufro metxans cxovroben
(Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi
samomavlo perspeqtivebi sxeulze qronikuli stresis
zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi
dagexmarebaT da sasargeblo
qcevebis ganxorcielebis albaTobas gazrdis.
gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi

kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan uSualo
kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo
kontaqtSi muSaobis xangrZlivobas ukavSirdeba
gamofitvis siZliere. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da
damTrgunvelia, magaliTad, kontaqti momakvdav
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxangrZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli emociuri
daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu eqimebs SeuZliaT,
ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom
droebiT ganeridon amgvar stresul situaciebs.
profesiuli gamofitva (Job burnout) _ sindromi,
romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis
Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad ganicdian isini,
romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
ganwyoba gamoirCeva (Carmelli &

Swan, 1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000;
Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam
SeiZleba janmrTelobaze zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc
fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra
sxeulis stresuli reaqciebis
qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise
fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra
mtrulad ganwyobil adamianebSi
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gauaresebas da socialuri mxardaWerisagan Tavis aridebas.
sasixaruloa is faqti, rom
bihevioraluri Terapia A tipis
qceviTi paternis Sesasusteblad,
umravles SemTxvevaSi warmatebuli iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen
& Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi
mtrul ganwyobas aRmoaCenT,
sakuTari janmrTelobis dasacavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoT aRniSnuli tipi A da
misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B
mkvlevrebma qcevasa da gulis
koronarul daavadebebs Soris
kavSiris asaxsnelad Seqmnes.
cota xnis win mkvlevrebma
miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C ti-
549
maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri

daxmareba arCion da SeuZliaT yvela Sansis
gamoyeneba gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis pozitiuri
ukukavSiris misaRebad.
rCevebi janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebiT
dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad
stresis an avadmyofobis molodinisa da Semdeg
masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT
cxovreba ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis mtkice
safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti bednierebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken
dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad marToT sakuTari
cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqologiuri garemo rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxvebisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT,
rogorc wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli
programa:
1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. iseT

faqtorebSi eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis
mizezebi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia
momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan da
sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli
kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes gansxvavebulad Semdeg sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
550
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da

grZnobebi Tqveni megobrebis, TanamSromlebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT
sakuTari adeqvaturoba da pasuxebis relevanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis
mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac
sakuTar grZnobebs, sixaruls da mwuxarebas
gauziarebT. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris
qselTa SenarCunebasa da gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT drois balansirebuli gancda,
rac gagiadvilebT im moTxovnebze koncentracias, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba,
situacia da sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orientirebuli momavalze, rodesac raRacis
gakeTebaa saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli
awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da
siamovnebis miRebis droa da warsulze
orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT
Tqvens fesvebs;
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da warmatebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni dadebiTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT
yvela is Tviseba, romelic erTaderTad da
ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. magaliTad, morcxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri
gauwios molaparakes, Tu misi yuradRebiani
msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT
Tqveni pirovnuli siZlieris wyaro da
Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSualebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols
kargavT, ganerideT situacias fizikuri
wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilze warmoidgineT konfliqtur situaciaSi. amJamad
gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis
aRmosaCenad warmosaxva momavlisken mimarTeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres.
mieciT Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da
gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da
imedgacrueba gicavT kidec siyalbisagan.
SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi
sazianoa TqvenTvis, an SeiZleba dagifaron
momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT Secdomebze.
miiReT warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi
Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri
ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis
gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis, Secvlis
mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar
Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan gamklavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specialistis rCevas. zogjer fsiqologiurad
miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba
fizikuri iyos da piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT
dro dasvenebisTvis, meditaciisaTvis,
masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis; iseTi
aqtivobebisaTvis, romlebic SegiZliaT
akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac
SegiZliaT ukeT CawvdeT da daafasoT
sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul
stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba SeuZliaT,
imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gadafasebis gamoyenebas maTi zemoqmedebis Semcirebis
mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT

fsiqikis unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqarebis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT am
gansxvavebul `grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontroloT sakuTari cxovreba. gamoiyeneT es Zala.
Sejameba
aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivi
tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialur modelSi asaxulia samive komponentis
_ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris
_ wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi iseTi fsiqologiuri meTodebis
gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs

daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon arajansaR qcevebs,
magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve,
ganaviTares SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlilebebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs
imis analizs, Tu ratom eqvemdebarebian, an ar
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims.
kvlevebiT, aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi,
romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis
dacvis samsaxuri iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma
SeZlon, Tavi aaridon gamofitvas da darCnen
sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
emocia aris cvlilebaTa

rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefasebas da qceviT da eqspresiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Sedegi, bazisuri emociuri
reaqciebi yvela adamianisTvis saerToa.
sxvadasxva kulturebs
emociebis gamoxatvis
marTebulobis gansxvavebuli standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emociuri pasuxis iseT aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, periferiuli sxeulebrivi reaqciebi, an
centraluri nervuli
sistemis procesebi.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove
Teoriebi xazs usvamen
agznebis Sefasebas.
emociebi asruleben motivaciur, socialur da

kognitur funqciebs.

stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios
uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma
movlenebma. stresTa umravlesobis safuZvelia cvlileba da garemos biologiur, fizikur da socialur
moTxovnebTan adaptaciis
saWiroeba.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze regulirdeba hipoTalamusis, hormonaluri
da nervuli sistemebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT.
stresoris tipisa da droSi
misi moqmedebis mixedviT,
stresma, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios msubuqi aSliloba, an
seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas janmrTelobas.
kognituri Sefaseba stresis

ZiriTadi Semamsubuqebeli
cvladia.
daZlevis strategiebi an
problemaze fokusirdebian
(uSualo moqmedebebiT), an
emociis daregulirebas
cdiloben (arapirdapiri
gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).
stresTan gasamklaveblad
SeiZleba kognituri gadafasebisa da gadastruqturebis gamoyeneba.
socialuri mxardaWera,
aseve, stresis mniSvnelovani Semasustebelia manam,
sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.
avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa
da prevencias eZRvneba.
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli adgens kav-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
emocia
551
551
Sirebs avadmyofobis fizikur, emociur da garemo

faqtorebs Soris.
avadmyofobis prevencia
XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia
cxovrebis wesis ganmsazRvrel iseT faqtorebze,
rogorebicaa: moweva, kveba,
varjiSi da Sidsis gadadebis safrTxe.
avadmyofobis fsiqosocialuri mkurnaloba pacientis mkurnalobas sxva
ganzomilebas matebs.
individebi, romlebic
xasiaTdebian, rogorc
tipi A, tipi B da tipi C,
optimisturi qceviTi
paterniT avadmyofobis
albaTobas gansxvavebulad ganicdian.
janmrTelobis dacvis
TanamSromlebi gamofitvis riskis qveS imyofebian, rac SeiZleba Semcirdes maT mxardamWer
552
552
mW
garemoSi saTanado situaciuri cvlilebebis

ganxorcielebiT.
ZiriTadi
cnebebi
emocia
amigdala
jems-langes emociis
Teoria
kenon-bardis emociis
Teoria
kognituri Sefaseba
emociis kognituri
Sefasebis Teoria
ierks-dodsonis kanoni
stresi
stresori
mwvave stresi
qronikuli stresi
brZola an gaqcevis
reaqcia
dacvisa da zrunvis
reaqcia
zogadi adaptaciuri
sindromi
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis
erTeulebi
posttravmuli stresis
aSliloba
rezidualuri (narCeni)
stresis paterni
daZleva
stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladebi
anticipatoruli daZleva
gacnobierebuli
kontroli
socialuri mxardaWera
janmrTelobis
fsiqologia
janmrTeloba
huazo
biofsiqosocialuri
modeli
kargad yofna
janmrTelobis
profilaqtika
Sidsi
aiv
relaqsaciuri reaqcia
bioukukavSiri
profesiuli gamofitva
A tipis qceviTi paterni
B tipis qceviTi paterni
C tipis qceviTi paterni
pirovneba
14
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis
Teoriebi
tipebiT kategorizacia
niSnebiT aRwera niSnebi
da memkvidreoba winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi
qcevas pirovnebis tipisa
da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
ratom aris zogi adamiani
morcxvi
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidis Teoriss fsiqoanalizi froidis Teoriis

Sefaseba post-froidistuli Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba

socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria banduras
kognitur-socialuri daswavlis Teoria kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
me-s (self) Teoriebi
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi TviTSefaseba da
TviTprezentacia me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: me
internetSi
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
pirovnebis Sefaseba
obieqturi testebi proeqciuli testebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
553
ainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqnebiT Tu ara? Tqven rom frenologiis _ me-19 saukuneSi popularuli erT-erTi Teoriis mimdevari
iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im Teoriis mixedviT,
romelsac frenologia eyrdnoboda, tvinis
Zlierad ganviTarebuli organoebi Signidan
awvebian Tavis qalas da amozneqilobebs qmnian.
tvinis yovel organos ukavSirdeboda iseTi
niSnebi, rogoricaa: mSobliuri siyvaruli,
megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoebTan asocirebuli kopis zomis SefasebiT
adamiani dauyovnebliv sakmaod bevrs Seityobda
sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT
mocemulia mSobliuri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi:
frenologiisa da fiziognomiis axali ilustrirebuli saxelmZRvanelo~ (saavtoro uflebebi daculia samuel uelsis mier, 1869):
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
mSobliuri siyvarulis anu filoprogenitivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis Sua nawilis (2. suraTi 23) da kefis gamozneqilobidan
daaxloebiT erTi duimiT zemoT (gv. 42).
554
ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis

qalaze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis
qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs zemoT
dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogori mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven, Tqveni mSobliuri
siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa
da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Rrmaa. rogorc
mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas
da, SesaZlebelia, gaaTamamoT kidevac ganebivrebiTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis uflebis micemiT. Tu Tqven
Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas ganicdiT maTTan
dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

isini Tqven gverdiT ar arian, xolo erT-erTi
maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma
iqneboda TqvenTvis;
didi Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT
Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da SeswiroT
maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT
gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da, zogadad, ar
igrZnobT Svilebisadmi Tu Sinauri cxovelebisadmi Zalian Zlier mizidulobas;
saSualo zomis Tqven sakmaod indiferentuli xarT Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis mimarTac
ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela
sxvis mimarT; cotas atana SegiZliaT maTgan da
ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven
ar gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi;
mcire zomis Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT
civi da indiferentuli sakuTari Svilebis
mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipatia sxvisi
Svilebis mimarT (gv. 160-161).
turis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi

myofi movlenebis gagebasa da (2) qcevisa da
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyvelebaSi imaze dayrdnobiT, rac viciT pirovnebis
Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor pasuxoben da rogor eguebian adamianebi
konkretul pirobebs.
sanam zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis
ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, unda davsvaT kiTxva:
_ ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (da
xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirovnebisadmi midgomebSi Teoretikosebi gansxvavdebian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis
mixedviT, aseve imiT, Tu rogor cdiloben
gansxvavebuli saxis fenomenebis axsnas. zogi
dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struqturiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor ganviTarda
es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas.
zogs ainteresebs, ras akeTeben adamianebi, specifikur qcevebsa Tu mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT maSin, rodesac sxvebi
swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi am
dros. dabolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs axsnas
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli
qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, ratom unda iyos

kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalis formasa da mSobliuri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexardebaT imis gageba, rom frenologia savsebiT
diskreditirebul iqna, Tumca, is impulsi, rasac
is eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod
Zlieria. fsiqologebi eZeben martiv, magram
efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis;
maT surT, rom am kategorizaciebma maT imis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu rogori reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es
adamianebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es aris pirovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani gansazRvron adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi, rac maT
cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan,
albaT, Zlieri intuicia gaqvT Camoyalibebuli
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs
pirovneba. rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria?
gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT; axla
_ is, visac piradad icnobT da TqvenTvis misabaZi
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi,
visTanac mTeli darCenili sicocxlis gatarebas
isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac
ver itanT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac
dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, es iseTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebia, rogoricaa: patiosneba, sandooba,
keTilSobileba, agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an
pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi, albaT, SeimuSaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar
sistemas; cdilobdiT, gangesazRvraT, vin
iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri;
SeimuSavebdiT mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan
gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansazRvraven, magram yvela gansazRvrebisaTvis
saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da
qcevis maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazRvravT pirovnebas, rogorc unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic
gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros
gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel
paternebze. pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen
hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri pirovnebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
isini gvexmarebian fsiqologiis miznebidan ori
mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis struq-
555
fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis

pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas janmrTel
individebze amaxvileben. ase rom, yoveli Teoria
raimes gvaswavlis pirovnebis Sesaxeb, erTad ki
maT bevris ramis moTxroba SeuZliaT adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT
zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda gesmodeT
pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
Tumca, sanam daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg
kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets
Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT?
romel adreul gamocdilebas gamoyofdnen isini,
rogorc Tqvens dRevandel qcevasa da azrovnebaSi wvlilis Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis
romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqvens
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da
mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris, romlebic imave
situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi
dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze ufro zusti
pasuxebis formulirebaSi.
Semdgom ramdenime qveTavSi pirovnebisadmi
Semdeg Teoriul midgomebs ganvixilavT: tipisa
da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socialuri daswavlis, kognitursa da me-s (self-is)
analizs. am Tavs Sefasebis im zogierTi teqnikis
aRweriT davasrulebT, romlebsac fsiqologebi
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRwerisaTvis iyeneben.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis

Teoriebi
556
ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis

aRwerisa aris: adamianebis klasificireba calkeuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im
xarisxis gazomva, ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba
aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans,
adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, sakuTari
da sxvebis qceva sxvadasxva kategoriebs miakuTvnon. modiT, ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi
mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis
gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
fsiqologebma tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am

gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis Seqmnes.
tipebis kategorizacia
Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis kategorizacias ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. esenia: kolejis klasi, akademiuri
specializacia, sqesi da rasa. pirovnebis zogi
Teoretikosi adamianebs gansxvavebul, araurTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad ajgufebs,
romlebsac pirovnebis tipebi ewodeba. pirovnebis tipebi sul an araferi~ fenomenebia da
ar gamoixateba ama Tu im xarisxiT: Tu adamiani
erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuTvnebodes nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi.
bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis
gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini
gviadvileben sxva adamianebis Secnobis rTul
process.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria
Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis.
misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac
medicinas hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx ZiriTad
siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli
asocirebulia garkveul temperamentTan, emociebisa da qcevis paternTan. individis pirovneba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori Warbobs
sisxli _ sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaruli da aqtiuri;

flegma _ flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri
da modunebuli;
Savi naRveli _ melanqoliuri temperamenti:
naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli;
yviTeli naRveli _ qolerikuli temperamenti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sjerodaT, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, Tumca man
ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs
(miuxedavad amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates temperamentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans aizenkis niSnis TeoriaSi).
Cvens droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon,
1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic sxeulis
agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria,
romelic jer kidev popularulia da popularul sainformacio saSualebebSi aisaxeba. man
adamianebi sam kategoriad dayo maTi sxeulebrivi
agebulebis mixedviT. es kategoriebia: endomorfuli (msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomorfuli (kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da
eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Seldonis azriT, endomorfebi arian relaqsirebuli,
socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian
sxeulebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianebi, aRsavse
energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT asertiuli1
tendenciebi. eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad
ganviTarebuli, artistuli da introverti
adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia
fiqri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT
sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis
Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom gadaRebul
iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis
msgavsi kolejebis aTasobiT studentis SiSveli
pozis~ foto, raTa mkvlevrebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxovrebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri. Tumca, hipokrates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad,
Seldonis sxeulis tipebis Teoriac Zalian
dabali Rirebulebis aRmoCnda individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).
1
assertive dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli.
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim (Frank

Sulloway, 1996) SemogvTavaza dabadebis rigze
damyarebuli, Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria. Tqven
pirveli (an erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqvens
ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,
ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians
mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba hqondes,
saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis
kriteriumebs (uCveulo ojaxuri kombinaciebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis magaliTad, rodesac
or bavSvs Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi
sxvaobaa salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis gzebs). dabadebis rigze damyarebul winaswarmetyvelebebSi salouei efuZneba
darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gansxvavebulni, raTa ipovon is niSa, romelic
maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis
mixedviT, pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamzadebuli niSa aqvT _ maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdiloben amis SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identifikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs
sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis moZebna iseTis,
sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian
Tavisi mSoblebis magaliTs. amis Sedegad,
mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs,
rogorc ajanyebisaTvis dabadebulebs~; isini
cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT sferoebSi,
sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ara aqvT ukve
mopovebuli upiratesoba. gvian dabadebulebi
tipurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi
gamosadeg strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs
cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis povna~.
(gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad,
rom gvian dabadebulni siaxleebs miesalmebian
maSin, rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobineben, saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istoriuli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg ki
gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamedrove figuris dabadebis rigi, vinc mxars uWerda
Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1
suraTze naCvenebia, Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen
mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur
Teorias pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli
mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis ojaxis
SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian
dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen mxars inovaciur
Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT
mis sxeulSi. hipokratem daawyvila sxeulis

humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi
sqemis mixedviT:
557
suraTi
14.1
dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli

inovaciebis mxardaWera
frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri Teoria
da gansazRvra 1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi,
romlebmac miiRes an uaryves es Teoriebi. nebismieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni
ufro iRebdnen inovaciur Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni.
Tu ara Zmebi da debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT

aseTi magaliTi Tqvens sakuTar ojaxSi?
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvnebdiT garkveul tips~? moicavs Tu ara tipi~
yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis
Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis Teoriebi TiTqos ugulvebelyofen adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz
aspeqtebs. modiT, gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic
ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZleblobas iZlevian,
radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara
tipebis mixedviT.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an

atributebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
558
niSnebiT aRwera
tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi
Seesatyvisebian arsebul calkeul, wyvetil
kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad,
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis
sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben
uwyvet ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti,
an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti Tvisebebi
an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben
individebs, rom isini Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia erT dRes Tqven patiosneba gamoamJRavnoT
dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da meore dRes
imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis
suraTi
14.2
morcxvoba rogorc niSani

niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc
intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic
akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas.
olportis niSnis Teoria

gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961,
1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc pirovnebis
samSeneblo masalas da individualobis Camoyalibebis wyaros. olportis mixedviT, niSnebi
uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas (koherentulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erTgvarovans xdian pirovnebis reaqciebs mravalgvarovan stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma,
romlebic akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamoyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardinaluri, centraluri da meoradi. kardinaluria
niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc agebs adamiani Tavis
cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri
niSani sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis
Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi,
samagierod, centraluri niSnebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi, pirovnebis
mTavar maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen. meoradi
niSnebi specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebia,
romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi gvexmareba, magram naklebad gamosadegia
individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi
niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da
tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas.
olports ainteresebda am sami tipis niSnebis
unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena, rac yovel
adamians ganumeorebel mTlianobad aqcevda,

amitom igi mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis gamoyenebas (case
study).
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad
olports pirovnebis struqtura ufro esaxeboda,
vidre garemo pirobebi. erTi da igive cecxli
adnobs karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs~ am frazas
igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa da
imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs
sxvadasxva individze. mravali Tanamedrove
niSnis Teoria olportiseul tradicias mihyveba.
universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis

gansazRvra
1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam
h. s. odbertma Caatares leqsikonis kvleva da
inglisur enaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis
aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli
aRmoaCines. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa
maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli ganzomilebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni
ganzomileba arsebobs da maTgan romlebi
miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosadegi, universaluri daxasiaTebis Seqmnis
saSualebas.
reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) niSanTa
bazisuri ganzomilebebis amomwuravi erTobliobis dadgena scada, risTvisac amosaval wertilad olportisa da odbertis zedsarTavi
saxelebis sia gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ketelma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs
16 faqtori da maT ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda,
radgan, misi azriT, isini warmoadgenen im
ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze
arsebuli qcevebis ukan da romelsac Cven pirovnebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori moicavda
iseT mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs
Teoriis zogierTi momxre niSnebs gansazRvravs,

rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas
iwveven, Tumca ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi
niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben
dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli qcevis paternebs.
modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.
559
dadgenili pirovnebis tipebisgan erT-erTs,

Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria am kategoriebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas iZleva.
individi SeiZleba yvelgan aRmoCndes wreze,
Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstravertirebulamde da Zalian labiluridan (nevrotulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoTvlili niSnebi adamianebs swored am ori
ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT aRweren. magaliTad,
Zalian eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad
labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia, rom impulsuri iyos.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
suraTi
14.3
pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi

kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba

gvaZlevs wriul gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am
gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates mier
gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs
daukavSira. miuxedavad amisa, misi Teoria am
kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
560
(opoziciebs), rogoricaa, magaliTad, TavSekavebuli _ komunikabeluri, mimndobi eWviani,

modunebuli daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis
testirebis monacemebidan mxolod sami ZiriTadi,
moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia
(SigniT orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis
sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad stabiluri emociurad labiluris sapirispirod) da
fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani
agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod).
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 14.3, aizenkma
moaxdina ori ganzomilebis eqstraversiisa
da neiroticizmis kombinireba, raTa maTi wreze
demonstracia SeZleboda. misi azriT, wris
TiToeuli seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adastureben aizenkis

Teoriis mraval aspeqts, Tumca, ukanasknel
wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis
struqturas yvelaze kargad xuTi faqtori
axasiaTebs, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva
aizenkis sam ganzomilebas (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis yvela mkvlevari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995;
Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994), dResdReobiT swored
isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqturis Sesaxeb diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs
mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnes raime struqtura
niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsikonidan olportma da odbertma (1996). niSnebi
dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200
klasteramde, romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis
bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad;
ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali da
dabali polusebi, rogoricaa pasuxismgebliani
da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi
bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs eqvemdebareboda imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor iyo
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri klasterebi. am meTodis gamoyenebiT ramdenime
damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave
daskvnamde mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad,
romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari
Tavis da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod
xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963, 1967;
Tupes & Christal, 1961).
faqtori
bipolaruli gansazRvreba
eqstraversia
laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli

da asertiuli wynaris,
TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis
sapirispirod
TanxmobisaTvis
mzaoba
TanamgrZnobi, keTili da
mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa da
sastikis sapirispirod
patiosneba
organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani
da frTxili uyuradRebos,
frivolurisa da
upasuxismgeblos sapirispirod
neiroticizmi
stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili

SfoTianis, arastabilurisa da
temperamentianis sapirispirod
gamocdilebisadmi
Riaoba
kreatuli, inteleqtualuri da
gonebagaxsnili martivis,
zedapirulisa da ugunuris
sapirispirod
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan

TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi aTavsebs bevr
niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani
konotacia, magram saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis
am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani
modeli ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi
xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1. Tqven erTxel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli ganzomileba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwodebis mniSvnelobis tolfasi terminebi aRweren
maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego terminebi ki _ dabals.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi 1960ian wlebSi Segrovebuli masalidan warmoiSva,
sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli nakrebi, mravali gansxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba.
mas Semdeg Zalian msgavsi ganzomilebebi
aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius
kiTxvarebsa da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae,
1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis demonxuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _
pirovnebis yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema,
romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs,
Teoriul cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris;
araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
strirebisaTvis mkvlevrebi gascdnen Tavis kvlevebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struqtura gameorda ramdenime enaSi germanulis,
portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis
da iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi
faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom Seanacvlos
mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac
mniSvnelobis sakuTari niuansi da elferi aqvs.
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqsonomias _ klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni nacnobi
adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom
xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad, aRweriTia.
faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klasterebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad da ara
Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda: es aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes~ (Ozer &
Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis momxreebma
daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis Zieba. magaliTad, maT scades, xuTi ganzomileba interaqciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan daekavSirebinaT,
romlebic adamianebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan da
gare samyarosTan kacobriobis evoluciis
manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000).
evoluciuri safuZveli dagvexmareboda, agvexsna
xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia,
evoluciis mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri
gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. ganvixiloT es
debuleba.
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi aseT
frazebs amboben xolme: jimi artistulia,
Tavisi dedis msgavsad~, an, meri misi babuasaviT
jiutia~, an, SesaZloa, frustrirebulad gigrZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqvens da-ZmaSi gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis
gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi gsurT. modiT, ganvixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis memkvidreobiTobis
damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris
mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis, Tu ra xarisxiT
gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi paternebi memkvidreobiT. pirovnebaze genetikis
14.1
cxrili
561
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevrebi swavloben

pirovnul niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa, romlebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli proporciebi aqvT da erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul
garemoSi gaizardnen. magaliTad, Tu pirovnuli
niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema,
maSin is ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos
identur, monozigotur tyupebSi (romelTa
genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur,
dizigotur tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa
genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).
memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani ganicdis
genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998).
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva iseTi kvlevebic, sadac
mravali gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiyeneba, miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo
niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neiroticizmi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkontroli an socialuroba. ganvixiloT erTi
sanimuSo kvleva:
562
saidan
viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidreobiToba
Tqven axlaxan pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian
models gaecaniT. mkvlevrebma yuradReba
miaqcies sakiTxs: arsebobs Tu ara am
modeliT gansazRvruli faqtorebis genetikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mec-
nierTa jgufma germanidan da poloneTidan

Seagrova pirovnuli niSnebis monacemebi
660 monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi
tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna
rogorc TviTangariSis (anu tyupebi avsebdnen im tipis pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
romelTac mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi),
ise axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu megobrebi
da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore
tyupiscalis Sefasebebs) meSveobiT. zogadad, adrindel kvlevebSi mxolod
TviTangariSis monacemebs iyenebdnen. memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur da dizigotur
tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi,
rodesac isini sakuTar Tavs adareben Tavis
tyupiscals, an sxva individs. axlobelTa
Sefasebebis CarTva amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebi tyupebis TviTangariSis
pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi monozigoturi tyupebis
pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro
msgavsi, vidre dizigoturi tyupebisa.
TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 0.52
(monozigoturi) da 0.23 (dizigoturi).
rogorc TviTangariSis, ise axlobelTa
monacemebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aCvenes mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCveneblebi xuTfaqtoriani modeliT gansazRvruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et
al., 1997).
kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris
romeli polusebia TqvenTvis yvelaze Sesabamisi?
SegiZliaT ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqvens
mSoblebs Soris?
mkvlevrebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis
kvlevebis gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac
tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad
izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT,
ramac SesaZloa maTi pirovnebebis korelacia
gamoiwvios. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi ki
gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvaveba
bavSvebis niSnebis korelaciebisa maTi biologiuri mSoblebis niSnebTan da aRmzrdeli
mSoblebis niSnebTan. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebis monacemebidan, aseve, naTelia is, Tu raoden
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara
niSnebi qcevas
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoves, amoirCioT raime
pirovnuli niSnis aRmniSvneli termini, romelic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT
gviTxraT, rom Tqven Zalian keTilganwyobili
xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi
gvaZleven saSualebas, viwinaswarmetyveloT
qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im
codniT, rom Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc
Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba?
modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic SesaZloa gagiCndeT,
Semdegia: codna imisa, rom pirovneba SeiZleba
daxasiaTebul iqnes konkretuli niSniT, saSualebas mogcemT, iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan
moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela situaciaSi, Tumca, 1920-ian wlebSi ramdenime
mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan
dakavSirebul qcevaze dakvirveba gansxvavebul
situaciebSi, gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire
TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis mixedviT
qcevis konsistenturobis mxriv. magaliTad, skolis moswavleebSi mxolod susti korelacia
iqna aRmoCenili patiosnebis niSanTan savaraudod dakavSirebul or iseT qcevas Soris,
rogoricaa tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba
gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928).
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevrebmac,
romlebic iseTi niSnebis kros-situaciur
Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) swavlobdnen, rogorebicaa introversia an punqtualoba
(Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris
kros-situaciurad konsistenturi, anu, Tu adamianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi,
ratom aRiqvamT Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis
pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev
ufro damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im
damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs erTi
situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvir-
veblis SefasebasTan, romelic icnobs mas sxva

situaciidan. movlenas, rodesac pirovnebis
Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli
damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, xolo
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi, konsistentobis
paradoqss (Consistency paradox) uwodeben (Mischel,
1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvlevaTa didi raodenoba mohyva (mimoxilvisTvis ix.
Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi
miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsistentoba gamovlinda didwilad imis gamo, rom
situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi qreba, rodesac mecnierebi marTebulad
daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebis (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad,
dauSviT, rom Tqven gsurT qceviTi konsistentobis Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu
ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad yvela
wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalodnelia, aRmoaCinoT, rom misi qceva mniSvnelovnad
cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done mxolod
wveulebebia~. saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli
fsiqologiurad relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi
yofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad.
SesaZloa, Tqveni megobari uxerxulad grZnobs
Tavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac misgan ucxoebisaTvis piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian.
Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac misgan
piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is
SeiZleba Zalian arakeTilganwyobilad gamoiyurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas
misgan ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad.
amave dros, sxva iseTma situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa
interviu samsaxurSi miRebisas, SeiZleba, aseve,
gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsistentoba gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwveven
situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxvavebul reaqciebs.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri

faqtoris wvlili (Bouchard, 1994).
563
ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ukanaskneli drois kvlevebma gviCvena, rom kolejis

studentebis 50%-ze meti
sakuTar Tavs amJamad morcxv~
individad miiCnevs (Carducci &
Zimbardo, 1995). maTi umetesoba
ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris
arasasurveli mdgomareoba,
romelsac uaryofiTi pirovnuli da socialuri Sedegebi
ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebiTi efeqtebi. studentebis sxva
jgufi ambobs, rom isini
situaciurad morcxvebi~ arian da ara dispoziciurad
morcxvebi~, rogorc studentebis zemoxsenebuli umetesoba.
isini grZnoben, rom TiTqosda~ morcxvoben garkveul
situaciebSi, romlebic axalia, ucnauria an socialur
zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situaciebia paemani ucnobTan, martoxelebis barebi, aseve, rodesac adamians moeTxoveba,
sazogadoebis winaSe momzadebis gareSe imoqmedos. simorcxvis mkvlevrebi gaocdnen,
rodesac zrdasrul adamianebSi aRmoaCines, rom aramorcxvi~ adamiani iSviaTi,
araCveulebrivi saxeobaa SeerTebul StatebSi da yvela sxva
gamokvleul qveyanaSi (Zimbardo, 1991).
564
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc diskomforti

da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis adamianis
interpersonaluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas. morcxvoba SeiZleba iyos qronikuli da dispoziciuri, anu
warmoadgendes centralur
niSans adamianis TviTgansazRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos
mcire TavSekavebuloba da socialuri ucnauroba, romelic
bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal
situaciebSi, magram mas SeuZlia
gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _
adamianebis mimarT sruliad
Semakavebel SiSSi (socialur
fobias me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT).
bevri morcxvi adamiani introvertirebulicaa. isini upiratesobas aniWeben ganmartovebul, arasocialur moqmedebebsa da garemos. arseboben
morcxvi eqstravertebi~, romlebic sazogadoebaSi komunikabelurni, magram pirovnulad morcxvebi arian, amjobineben socialur aqtivobebSi
CarTvas, aqvT socialuri unarebi amis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram eWvi
eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad
imsaxureben sxvebis mowonebasa
modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mravalferovani situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs swavlobdnen. kvlevaSi ganixileboda
is aqtivobebi, romlebsac bavSvebi sazafxulo
banakSi axorcieleben.
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zimbardo, 1979).

maS ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi maSin, rodesac
sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZlebeli axsnaa buneba. kvlevebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 10% ibadeba
morcxvi~ (Kagan, 1994). aseTi
bavSvebi dabadebidan uCveulod frTxilni da Caketilni arian ucxo xalxTan
da ucnob situaciebTan Sejaxebis dros. Semavsebeli (komplementaruli) axsna yuradRebas aRzrdaze amaxvilebs.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians
dascinian, masxrad igdeben,
an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis
sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrdebian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
siyvarulis damsaxureba~ damokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs
Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis
SejibrSi. mesame axsna kulturas efuZneba.
Seswavlili cxra qveynidan simorcxve yvelaze maRalia zog aziur qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT iaponiasa da taivanSi, da yvelaze dabalia
israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991). es
gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad,
miewereba imas, rom am aziur
saidan
viciT
konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde
bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic socialuri
adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis
mowyobil sazafxulo banakSi gaagzavnes.
mkvlevrebs surdaT enaxaT, Tu ramdenad
luri diskomforti da izolacia. arsebobs ramdenime

martivi koncefcia da taqtika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiqrsa da gamoyenebis cdasac
v Ta v a z o b T m o r c x v s t u dentebs (ix. Zimbardo, 1991):
gaacnobiereT, rom marto Tqven ar xarT morcxvi;
yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi
morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni
msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gansxvavebuli;
simorcxve SeiZleba maSinac ki Seicvalos, rodesac
masSi genetikuri komponentia
CarTuli, magram es moiTxovs
Tavdadebasa da Secvlis
ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc nebismieri xangrZlivad arsebuli Cveva, romlis Secvlac gsurT;
ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da
mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis damyarebaSi adamianTa umravlesobasTan, visac xvdebiT;
ilaparakeT laRad, xmamaRali da mkafio xmiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes
an informaciis miReba gsurT;
iyaviT pirveli, vinc SekiTxvas dasvams an komentars
gaakeTebs axal socialur
situaciaSi. saTqmelad momzadebuli gqondeT raime
saintereso da TqviT es pirvelma; yvela afasebs adamians,
vinc yinuls gaalRobs~, da
zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa

winaswarmetyveleba, romlebSic calkeuli
bavSvebi agresiul qcevas gamoavlendnen.
am winaswarmetyvelebaTa `gasakeTeblad~
mkvlevrebma Seagroves monacemebi banakis
sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, moTxovnis im tipebis
mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen:
kognituri (moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis
unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moi-
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven

morcxvi xarT;
nu daimdablebT Tavs,
aramed ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleba gaakeToT Semdeg,
rom TqvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi miiRoT;
yuradReba gaamaxvileT
i m a z e , r o m s x v e b s Ta v i
komfortulad agrZnobinoT.
gansakuTrebiT swored is
sxva morcxvi adamianebi moZebneT. es Seamcirebs Tqvens
TviTcnobirebas, rogorc
morcxvi pirovnebis;
gaivarjiSeT meditaciaSi, relaqsaciasa da idealuri scenaris gonebriv vizualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi, romelic, Cveulebriv, aZlierebs
Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT,
vimedovnebT, rom gaiziarebT
am rCevebs. studentebi, romlebmac gaiTvaliswines es
rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen
morcxvobis tyveobidan da
axali TavisuflebebiT~
savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes.
es aris martivi fsiqologiis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis
erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki
Tqven morcxvi ar xarT,
SegiZliaT waaxalisoT Tqveni morcxvi megobrebi da
ojaxis wevrebi, raTa maT am
gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxovreba (Henderson & Zimbardo,
1998).
Txovs frustraciis atanis unars), fizikuri

siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres,
amtanobas) da motoruli koordinacia
(moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis
koordinaciis unars). magaliTad, curva
moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da koordinacias, magram SedarebiT mcire TviTregulacias. amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba motorul koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs
maRali donis TviTregulacias.
qveynebSi kultura ganapirobebs avtoritetisadmi damorCilebas da sircxvilis

gancdas, Tu adamianma socialuri Secdoma dauSva; xolo
israelSi, amis sapirispirod, Tu adamiani riskze midis, es kulturulad waxalisebulia da danaSaulis
gancda eqsternalizirebulia (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978).
meoTxe axsna nawilobriv exmaureba bolo dros SeerTebul StatebSi simorcxvis
prevalentobis zrdas: axalgazrdebi intensiurad arian
CarTulni eleqtronul teqnologiebTan muSaobaSi. didi drois gatareba, rogorc
wesi, simartoveSi, televizoris yurebaSi, videoTamaSebSi, internetis Tvalierebasa da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur
izolacias iwvevs da amcirebs yoveldRiur pirispir kontaqts. internetis
intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs
potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad,
izolirebulad da ufro
morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie
& Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul
ufro Zlierdeba, is adamianis cxovrebis axal da axal
aspeqtebSi iWreba, amcirebs
socialur siamovnebebs da
maqsimumamde mihyavs socia-
565
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
566
yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec

mividnen mkvlevrebi, raTa situaciebis relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi gamoeyvanaT. aseTi
taqsonomia maT aZlevs iseTi gansxvavebebis
gamovlenis saSualebas, rogoricaa sonias uWirs
gamklaveba iseT situaciebTan, romlebsac
maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT. swored amitom
xdeba is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situaciebSi~. Cven aRmovaCenT konsistentobas, rodesac
pirovnebis (is ver umklavdeba kognitur
moTxovnebs~) da situaciis (es situacia Seicavs
kognitur moTxovnas~) swori aRwera gvaqvs.
debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula
niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad ganesazRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu
qcevis romeli jgufebi unda iyos dakavSirebuli
pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi.
niSani SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes gansxvavebuli
qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis
Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu ra gziT
iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi qceviT gamovlinebebs, es paterni logikurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobil
pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
keTilganwyobil~ qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni
cxovrebis yvela momentSi. Cveni molodiniT,
Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli iqneba
sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven,
SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis
mimarT, magram oficialuri _ Tqveni profesorebis mimarT.
tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis

Sefaseba
Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
mkvlevrebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, mogvcen
gansxvavebuli pirovnebebis lakonuri aRwera,
Tumca, es Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan
isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba.
isini mxolod gansazRvraven da aRweren maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove niSnis
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am
sakiTxebs, niSnis Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, aRweren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis
statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, stabilizebul xats. amis sapirispirod, pirovnebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla
ganvixilavT, xazs usvamen individis SigniT
arsebul konfliqtur Zalebs, romlebic adamianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas iwveven.
Sejameba
tipis Teoriebi adamianebs aragadamfarav
kategoriebad (rogoricaa pirvelad dabadebulni
da Semdeg dabadebulni) yofen, raTa gakeTdes
winaswarmetyveleba maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb.
amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen

pirovnebis konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzomilebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
azriT, arsebobs xuTi universaluri faqtori,
romelic kros-kulturulad asaxavs pirovnebis
ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba, patiosneba, neiroticizmi da
gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis
kvlevis mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali
xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba. dResdReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis
konsistentobis kvleva moiTxovs rogorc pirovnebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis zust aRweras.
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri Sinagani

Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da qcevis motivirebas axdenen. zigmund froids (Sigmund Freud),
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi
biografi ernest jonsi fsiqikis darvins~ uwodebs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria gabedulad cdilobs axsnas pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sawyisi wyaroebi da mimarTuleba, fsiqikis buneba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meSveobiT pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq yuradRebas
mxolod normalur pirovnebaze gavamaxvilebT.
froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da
mkurnalobaze me-15 da me-16 TavebSi iqneba
ganxiluli, ris Semdegac am Teoriebis kritikasa
da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs aRvwerT.
motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am

midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba momdinareobs
misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve,
rogorc am Sida Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze.
froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi,
mas ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi movlenebi; yvela
moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT. nebismier
adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani,
romelic SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnes azrebis
asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan
vnebebze metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis
analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul iqna
Terapiis procesSi myof individualur pacientebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan
da SemTxvevebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis intensiuri Seswavlis Sedegad man ganaviTara
normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT, ganvixiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebis birTvs adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli
movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi) qmnis,
romlebic qcevis motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad
adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs, Tumca, zogi
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi,
romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis
formireba da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba
Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.
ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTareba
nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam froidi
miiyvana Teoriul daSvebamde, rom im qcevebs,
romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda,
saerTo biologiuri safuZveli hqondaT. adamianuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia miiCnia.
man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda hqonoda
Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi (drives),
567
romlebic warmoadgenda sxeulSi arsebuli

organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs.
aqtivaciis dros energiis es wyaroebi SeiZleba
gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltolvis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi azriT, dakavSirebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovnilebebTan, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili);
meores man uwoda erosi, Zala, dakavSirebuli
seqsualur impulsebTan da saxeobis SenarCunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro
metad seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man
Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri survilebis cneba da Sig CarTo ara marto seqsualuri
kavSiris survili, aramed yvela sxva siamovnebis
miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis damyarebis mcdelobac. igi iyenebda termins libido (libido) seqsualuri impulsebis energiis
wyaros gansasazRvrad. libido aris fsiqikuri
energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela saxis SegrZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsualuri impulsebi dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas
moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis
Tu fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapirdapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod
gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva, ar Cndeba
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic
mimarTavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi,
gansakuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken
cxrili
moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwifebis) dros, aramed moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi

amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinod vlindeba
im siamovnebaSi, romelsac Cvilebi iReben
genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis, anu
erogenuli zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT.
froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi
safexuri moyvanilia cxrilSi 14.2. is Tvlida,
rom seqsualuri siamovnebis fizikuri wyaro
icvleba am mowesrigebuli progresiiT. fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari
winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,
aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze, 4-5 wlis asakSi,
rodesac bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri
personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba misca,
romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da
colad SeirTo sakuTari deda. froidis azriT,
yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi,
ganixilos mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe
dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kompleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac bavSvi
axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan
(froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo patara gogonebis
gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi).
froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajildoeba, ise zedmeti frustracia fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze, fiqsacias _ ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze normalurad gadasvlis uunarobas iwvevs. rogorc
14.2
ffsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
stadia
568
asaki
erogenuli
zonebi
mTavari ganviTarebadi mizani

am stadiaze fiqsirebuli bavSvebis
(konfliqtis potenciuri wyaro) zogierTi maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulobaSi
oraluri
0-1
piri, tuCebi,
ena
ZuZuTi kvebis Sewyveta
oraluri qceva, rogoricaa moweva, zedmeti

kveba, inertuloba da miamitoba
analuri
2-3
anusi
tualetis varjiSi/ qoTanze

miCveva
akuratuloba (meToduroba), Zunwoba,

jiutoba, an sapirispiro
falosuri
4-5
genitaliebi
oidiposis kompleqsi
pativmoyvareoba, ugunuroba, an sapirispiro
latenturi
6-12
ar arsebobs
specifikuri
are
dacviTi meqanizmebis
ganviTareba
arc erTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia am

safexurze ar xdeba
genitaluri
13-18
genitaliebi
mowifuli seqsualuri
urTierToba
zrdasrulebma, vinc normalurad moaxdina

adreuli stadiebis integrireba, unda
ganaviTaron sxvebis mimarT gulwrfeli
interesi da mowifuli seqsualoba.
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis
froidis mosazrebaze, rom adreuli konfliqtebi Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvras uwyobs xels.
fsiqikuri determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas,
rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia
(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdilebiT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar aris SemTxveviTi movlenebi, piriqiT, isini mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana
froidi iqamde, rom man gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avtorebs ganxiluli hqondaT aracnobieris konstruqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis,
grZnobebis da moqmedebebis aracnobieri
determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis
centrSi moaTavsa. misi azriT, qceva SeiZleba
motivirebul iqnes ltolvebiT, romelTa
Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba
moqmedebdeT mizezis codnis gareSe, an Tqveni
moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis
SesaZleblobis gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis
manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac
adamiani rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu
moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _
daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi
gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero,
sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, represirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi
akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT, romlis Sesaxebac

Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram arsebobs, aseve,
faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli
(SfoTviT gamowveuli) simptomebis, sizmrebis,
werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba azrovnebisa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis aracnobier doneze unda veZioT.
dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas
froidis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiCnevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tanamedrove literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri
nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis gavlenas
adamianis qcevaze.
froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impulsebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia, mainc
cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli
mcdari qmedeba xdeba, rodesac Cveni saubari an
qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad,
am wignis erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo,
samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca is ar iyo
didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi gatarebuli
SabaT-kviriT; igi apirebda, daewera: mixaria,
rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad~.
miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod usiamovno satelefono
saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom
sinamdvileSi mas dauweria: mixaria, rom aseTi
nagavi dro gavatareT erTad~.2 xedavT, Tu rogor
SeuZlia magari~-s nagavi~-T Secvlas aracnobieri survili gamoxatos? aracnobieri motivaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pirovnebas, ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqcionirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi
ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu ra wvlili
SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.
pirovnebis struqtura
froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi
im gansxvavebuli gzebidan warmoiqmneba,
romlebiTac adamianebi umklavdebian Tavis
ZiriTad ltolvebs. am gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad
froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola
pirovnebis or antagonistur nawils _ idsa da
superegos _ Soris, romelsac aSualebs me-s
mesame aspeqti _ ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sam aspeqts ise ganvixilavT, TiTqos isini
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze

fiqsaciam zrdasrulobaSi SeiZleba warmoqmnas
mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
fiqsaciis cneba xsnis imas, Tu ratom aniWebda
froidi adreul gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvnelobas pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida,
rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurebze miRebul gamocdilebas udidesi
gavlena hqonda pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze da
zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
Ì m glad we got to spend a junk of time together~ nacvlad

Ìm glad we got to spend a chunk of time together~.
569
gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom

froidisTvis isini mxolod gansxvavebul fsiqikur procesebs warmoadgendnen; igi ar gansazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi
idisaTvis, egosaTvis da superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is
iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs impulsurad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyovnebeli siamovnebisaken imis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs realurad
SesaZlebeli, socialurad sasurveli anda
moralurad misaRebi. ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, siamovnebis umarTavi Zieba, gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri
siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq
da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazogadoebisagan naswavli Rirebulebebis sacavs,
moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. superego, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sindisis zogad cnebas
Seesabameba. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi
sakuTar Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da
sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs socialurad arasasurvel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s
da ar unda-s Sinagani xma. superego, aseve, moicavs
egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT
pirovnebaze, rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda
cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad konfliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri
nawili, romelic iracionalurad funqcionirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis, standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.
570
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawileobs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur

ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi
dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an
danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZnobebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms)
_ fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an aracnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis
normaluri mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
siamovnebas mianiWebs maSin, rodesac superego

daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti,
romelic gansjis, agvarebs konfliqtebs idis
impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris.
ego warmoadgens individis pirad Sexedulebebs
fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier
warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi moqmedebebis
arCeva, romlebic daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs
arasasurveli samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis
gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, romelic racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis
moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am
tyuilSi gamoWeris SemTxvevaSi samomavlo
Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da is Caanacvlebs am
impulss momavalSi ufro kargad swavlis, an
maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyvetilebiT. rodesac idi da superego konfliqtSi
imyofebian, ego iseT kompromiss poulobs,
romelic nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives;
Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba
optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.
represia (gandevna) da egos dacva

xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi
idis gegmebis srul CaSlas gulisxmobs. ukiduresi, eqstremaluri survilebi ganidevnebian
cnobieridan aracnobierSi. represia, anu gandevna fsiqologiuri procesia, romelic icavs
individs gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an
saxifaTo impulsebis, ideebisa Tu mogonebebis
gamo gancdilis ukiduresi SfoTvisa an
danaSaulis gancdisagan. egom araferi icis
rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve
im procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac represia inaxavs
informacias cnobieris farglebs gareT. represia ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad
im mravalTa Soris, romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs
muqaris Semcveli impulsebisa da ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri
strategiebi, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis
maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am
impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli
yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad
iyenebs (ix. cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur

TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis fsiqologiur gamklavebaSi Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia
SeinarCunos sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis
grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu
gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna
moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios mas. Semdgom
es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs
dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki ar aris
aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
impulsi ar Cans da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar
gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan
Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba aimaRlos TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros
aracnobieri SiSi, rom masSi mtrul ganzraxvas
aRmoaCenen.
froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri
emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin, rodesac
gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi
amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis niSania: _ gandevna
ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti
cxrili
dacva! droa, amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, egos

erTi an meti dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno
impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi. magaliTad, dedam,
romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar
surs masze zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis
formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: me ar mZuls Cemi
bavSvi~ gaxdeba me miyvars Cemi bavSvi. xedavT,
rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?~ dacvis
aseTi xerxebi SfoTvis SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet,
gamklavebis funqcias asruleben.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicaven SfoTvisagan,
ratom aris, rom maT mainc SeiZleba uaryofiTi
Sedegebi mogvitanon? ramdenad gamosadegic ar
unda iyvnen isini, egos dacvis meqanizmebi
imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met problemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energiis
daxarjva miuRebeli impulsebis lavirebaSi,
dafarvasa da sxva arxisken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi amosvlas.
14.3
realobis uaryofa
me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris TqmiT
Canacvleba
Sekavebuli grZnobebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, mtruloba) gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo

obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan gamoiwvia emocia;
fantazia
frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba warmosaxul miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli

formaa ocneba~);
identifikacia
TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva (cnobil) adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan

identifikaciiT;
izolacia
saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis

danawevreba logikurad dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi
damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda, rogorc erTdrouli an
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli). aseve uwodeben danawevrebas;
proeqcia
sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an sakuTari akrZaluli~

survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba;
racionalizacia
imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva racionaluria~ da gamarTlebadi da,

amdenad, sakuTarsa da sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs;
reaqciis formacia
saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebisa da qcevis

tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi rogorc `barierebis~ gamoyenebiT;
regresia
ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro bavSvur pasuxebsa da,
rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal dones;
represia
mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi aracnobierSi Senaxva. es

iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis meqanizmad;
sublimacia
frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an maTgan ganTavisufleba

kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT.
egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmi
571
Semcirebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba cota energias

tovebs produqtuli cxovrebisaTvis da damakmayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis.
zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba SfoTvis SemcirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegia, rogorc fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi vnaxavT.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
572
Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan froidis ideebs
uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobs mravali fsiqologi pirovnebis normaluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb,
Tumca, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi
hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre momxre. ras
efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi
bundovania da ar aris operaciulad gansazRvruli; rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis mecnierulad Sefaseba, radgan SeuZlebelia zogierTi
misi centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa da, amdenad,
froidis Teoria saeWvo xdeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido,
pirovnebis struqtura da infantiluri seqsualuri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika
isaa, rom froidis Teoria warmoadgens karg
monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod
ver winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retrospeqtulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac movlenebi
moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, moicavs
istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara _ SesaZlebeli
moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis
mecnierul konstruqcias. garda amisa, mimdinare
qcevis istoriuli warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli
xazgasmiT es Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas
amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba
iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari
kritika: pirveli _ is ganviTarebis Teoriaa,
magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze dakvirvebebsa
da kvlevebs; meore _ travmatuli gamocdilebis
(rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa) Sesaxeb
mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fantaziebis darqmeviT (rac efuZneba bavSvis mSobel-
Tan seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas minimumamde dahyavs am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba;

mesame _ am Teorias androcentruli (mamakaczecentrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad
kacis models iyenebs da arc ki cdilobs,
gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvaveba SeiZleba arsebobdes qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, froidis Teoriis
zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdenadac isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6 TavSi
vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad
ikvleven aracnobieris cnebas (Baars & McGovern,
1996; Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis did nawils
Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis
zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs kavSirs
aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias
Soris: _ aracnobieri codna sulac ar gamoiwvevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve, mkvlevrebma
daadastures fsiqikis zogierTi Cvevis arseboba,
romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan
viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia,
individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin, rodesac isini SfoTvas ganicdian.
mkvlevrebma es hipoTeza mravalferovani
meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari
swavlobda im xarisxs, romliTac axalgazrda mozrdili (23 wlis) adamianebis
jgufma miaRwia zrdasrulobis stabilur
identobas (gaixseneT me-11 Tavidan, rom
erik eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gansazRvra aris krizisi~, romelic adamianebma mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda
gadalaxon). am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer
kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi iyo. Tu es
krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini
unda yofiliyo, rom krizisSi myofi jgufi
ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqaniz-
me-13 TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zogierTi stili dacvis meqanizmebis zogad
kategoriaSi xvdeba. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT,
rom pirovnul travmebTan, danaSaulis an
sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli
azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba gamanadgurebeli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie
et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis
mosazrebebs, rom represirebul fsiqikur
masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri
pirovnebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro
rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli
xedvaa maSinac ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyvelebebi mcdaria. yvela sxva Teoriis msgavsad,
froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc
Teorias, romelic unda dadasturdes, an ar
dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis
mixedviT. froidi inarCunebs gavlenas Tanamedrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea
farTodaa miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna.
misi Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia misi
studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen isini froidis mosazrebebis Sesworebas.
post-froidistuli Teoriebi
zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg
movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna pirovnebis
miseuli xedva, rogorc brZolis velisa, romelzec aracnobieri sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian
socialur Rirebulebebs, Tumca, froidis inteleqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma Seitana
koreqtivebi pirovnebis fsiqoanalitikur

xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma
Semdegi cvlilebebi Semoitanes:
maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze,
egos dacvebis, me-s ganviTarebis, cnobieri
azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauflebis CaTvliT;
maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kultura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro did rols
TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi;
isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seqsualuri impulsebis, anu libidos energiis
mniSvnelobaze;
maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ganavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen
hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis sakvanZo
debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo
erosisa da siamovnebis principis mniSvneloba.
adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli
patara bavSvis msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis
inferiorobis (anu arasrulfasovnebis) grZnobas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi dominirebs am grZnobis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. adamianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adekvaturobis grZnobis miRweviT an, ufro xSirad,
gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu
Warbi TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT.
pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis
irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils inferiorobis bazisuri, yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZlevis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT aviTareben.
pirovnebis konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri
garemoebebis zewolasa da adekvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis
gamo da ara adamianis SigniT SejibrebaSi myofi
impulsebis gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney) fsiqoanalitikur
skolaSi aRizarda, magram ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias.
igi daupirispirda froidis falocentristul
aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis,
dedobis, mkerdisa da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT
biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur
Zalas warmoadgens. am saSvilosnos Surs~ mihyavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
mebs. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari

sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxrobebi Tematuri apercefciis testis baraTebze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 12). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa uaryofa da proeqcia (ix. cxrili 14.3). analizma daadastura hipoTeza: _ im individebis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli
ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo meti
midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyenebisaken (Cramer, 1997).
573
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli aracnobieri

impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli kompensaciisaken.
hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kulturul faqtorebs da yuradReba gaamaxvila
amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara _
infantilur seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939).
vinaidan hornim humanisturi Teoriebis ganviTarebazec moaxdina gavlena, mis ideebs Semdeg
qveTavSi davubrundebiT.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova
aracnobieris cneba. misTvis aracnobieri ar
iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsavse iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,
romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs,
koleqtiuri aracnobieriT. koleqtiuri aracnobieri xsnis Tqven mier primitiuli miTebis,
574
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious)

_ individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic
Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli
da saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili,
primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _
fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
xelovnebis formebisa da simboloebis intuitur

gagebas, romlebic yofis universalur arqetipebs
warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamocdilebis an obieqtis primitiuli simboluri
warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi
asocirebulia mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris,
an misi gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis instinqtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali arqetipi
moiyvana istoriidan da miTologiidan: mze RmerTi, gmiri, dedamiwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqetipi maSin, rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi da
yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive arqetips
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala,
anu jadosnuri wre, romelic simbolurad asaxavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas
(Jung, 1973).
iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba
warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa maskulinuri agresia da femininuri mgrZnobiaroba.
pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis,
xedvas analitikuri fsiqologia ewoda. garda
amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniSvneloba, romelic esoden centraluri iyo
froidis TeoriisaTvis. man daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatulobis moTxovnileba da koherentul, mTlian
individad Camoyalibebis moTxovnileba. Semdeg
qveTavSi humanisturi Teoriebis Sesaxeb vnaxavT
am meore moTxovnilebis paralels TviTaqtualizaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela qceva motivirebulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze
operirebs. libido warmoadgens motivaciis
mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad seqsualuri energia gamoixateba erogenuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im pacientebis
SeswavliT, romelTa simptomebi adreuli
cxovrebis movlenebs asaxavdnen, froidma
Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria.
misi Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri
winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi cdiloben, Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaTdeba individis piradi da cnobieri gamocdilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis
mimarT interesiT. yvela humanisturi Teoriis
ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze; TviTaqtualizacia
ki mudmivi swrafvaa sakuTari arsebuli potencialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis
srulad ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi naxavT,
Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi Teoriis
mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra damatebiTi niSnebi ganasxvaveben humanistur Teoriebs
pirovnebis Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi

pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis
azriT, rogorebic arian karl rojersi, abraham
maslou da karen horni, qcevis motivacia
momdinareobs pirovnebis unikaluri (rogorc
Tandayolili, ise SeZenili) tendenciebidan,
ganviTardes da Seicvalos TviTaqtualizaciis
miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi mimarTulebebiT.
gaixseneT me-12 Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaqtualizacia Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
kenweroSi moaTavsa. TviTganxorcielebisaken
swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa,
romelic zogadad yovel adamians dadebiTi
qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken mimarTavs.
TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan
konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da sxvebis mowonebis
moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT maSin, ro-
desac adamiani grZnobs, rom mowonebis damsaxurebisTvis garkveul movaleobebsa Tu pirobebs

unda akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, karl rojersi
(Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyobis mniSvnelobas bavSvebis
aRzrdis dros. igi Tvlida, rom bavSvebma unda
igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da
moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da
cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi rekomendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi cudad iqceva, mSoblebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar
moswonT da ara _ TviTon bavSvi. upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul
asakSic, radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb,
movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis TviTaqtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil adamians, Tqven
gWirdebaT gasceT da miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi
ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos
xarT. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa
grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas,
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im
sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas SeiZleba cdilobT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSirad ar miageben
saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi centraluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac ganapiroba humanisturi fsiqologiis dafuZneba
(Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom
adamianebs aqvT namdvili me~, romelic aqtualizaciisaTvis xelSemwyob iseT garemo pirobebs
moiTxovs, rogoricaa: siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis
keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvis,
rogorc konkretuli individis~ mimarT (Horney,
1945, 1950). rodesac ar arsebobs aRzrdis aseTi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels uSlis
sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis realizaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional positive regard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da
mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad,
bavSvisa mSoblis mier, yvelanairi pirobis
gareSe.
seqsualuri, emociuri da fizikuri siamovnebisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas

aZleven pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani
konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma
ver gauZlo kritikas, aracnobierisa da dacvis
meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba pova
mraval fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma,
rogorebic arian: adleri, horni da iungi, misi
Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba
SemogvTavazes.
575
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
576
SfoTvis dasaZlevad individebi interpersonaluri an intrafsiqikur dacvebs mimarTaven.

interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZraobas sxvebisken (rac gamoixateba gadaWarbebuli
TanxmobisaTvis mzaobisa da TviTSekavebiTi
moqmedebebis meSveobiT), sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac
gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani, an narcisistuli gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac
gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT). intrafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoayalibon ararealuri idealizebuli me-s xati,
romelsac Sedegad mosdevs didebis Zieba~ am
xatis gasamarTleblad da siamayis sistema,
romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis rigidul wesebs,
raTa Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefasebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad unda-s tiraniis~
qveS cxovroben da sakuTari Tavis mimarT
wayenebuli aqvT iseTi movaleobebi, rogoricaa:
me srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli,
mamaci unda viyo~ da a.S. hornis azriT, humanisturi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda individs
TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo
adamianis bunebaSi Tandayolili konstruqciuli
ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian TviTganxorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacia, anu namdvili me-s mimarTulebiT progresis aqcentireba warmoadgens
maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts. garda amisa, humanisturi
Teoriebi aRweril iqna, rogorc holisturi,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.
humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan
adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs mTliani pirovnebebis terminebiT xsnian. adamianebi ar ganixilebian, rogorc jami calkeuli niSnebisa, romlebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas
qcevaze. maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad
motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna
me-12 TavSi), Tu ufro dabal doneze aRmocenebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan
isini adamianis Tandayolil Tvisebebze fokusirdeba, romlebic mTavar gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixileba, rogorc sirTuleebi da barierebi (rogorc
Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buStebs). rodesac aqtualizaciis tendencia
gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobebisagan, man aqtiurad unda warmarTos adamianebi

sasargeblo, dadebiTad moqmedi situaciebis
arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris
dispoziciuri im gagebiT, romliTac _ niSnis
anda fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi
qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav warmoCenili ganmeorebadi
Temebia. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad
mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel
jerze, rodesac humanisturi dispozicia
xorcieldeba, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom,
dispozicia arasodes gamoixateba orjer, erTi
da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtualizaciisaken, am motivebis yvelaze wminda gamohumanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan
isini xazs usvamen individis Tvalsazriss da
realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveblisa Tu Terapevtis obieqtur mosazrebas. ase
rom, humanisturi fsiqologi yovelTvis cdilobs
yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexedulebis danaxvas. es xedva awmyoze orientirebuli xedvacaa;
warsuli gavlenebi mniSvnelovania mxolod im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT adamiani dRevandel
situaciamde moiyvanes, xolo momavali warmoadgens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanisturi Teoriebi
ar Tvlian, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas
aracnobierad warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
dabolos, iseTi mecnieris azriT, rogoricaa
rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975), humanistur Teoriebs
aqvT egzistencialuri aspeqti; isini yuradRebas
amaxvileben maRal fsiqikur procesebze, romlebic xsnian mimdinare gamocdilebas da saSualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes, an
daTrgunul iqnes yofierebis yoveldRiuri
problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva
momdinareobs rogorc literaturuli, ise
filosofiuri tradiciebidan, romlebic mas
farTo mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali Tanamedrove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis (Schneider
& May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva
sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali fsiqologisaTvis, romlebic froidiseuli medicinis momwaro
dietaze~ aRizardnen. humanisturi midgomebi
fokusirdeba gaumjobesebaze an imaze, rom cxovreba ufro advilad mosanelebeli, misaRebi
humanisturi Teoriebis
Sefaseba
froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zedmetad pesimisturi SexedulebisaTvis, rom adamianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travmebidan da SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi
jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad gaCnda,
romelic bednierebisaken da TviTaqtualizaciisaken miiltvis. Znelia, gaakritiko Teoriebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben adamianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis gamo. da mainc,
kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi
bundovani da Znelad misawvdomia kvlevisaTvis.
isini svamen kiTxvas: dazustebiT ra aris TviTaqtualizacia? es Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu
kulturuli konteqstiTaa Seqmnili?~ humanisturi Teoriebi ar amaxvileben yuradRebas individebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze; isini ufro
metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs adamianis bunebis
da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela
adamianisTvis saerToa, vidre Teoriebs individualuri pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqologebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc gamocdilebisa da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT
humanisturi Teoriebi uaryofen garemos mniSvnelovan cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi
tradiciidan nawilobriv momdinareobs Tanamedrove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod
koncentrirdeba individualur moTxrobebze, anu
cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis
Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis detalebis
gagebaSi fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis
tradiciis sawyiss SeiZleba froidis mier leonardo da vinCis analizSi mivakvlioT (Freud,
1910/957; ix. Elms, 1988, froidis naSromis kritikisaTvis). fsiqobiografia ganisazRvreba, rogorc fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT, pirov-
nebis) Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis

Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis~
(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris,
pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia:
pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada,
seriozuli miwisZvrisa da umcrosi dis sikvdilis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba pikasos
udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli
nawilis axna scados, rogorc am adreul travmebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner,
1993).
rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura
fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba, mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da
werilebs mimarTos, rogorc sando monacemebis
wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamokiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb;
magaliTad, cdis pirs SeiZleba sTxovon, isaubros ukanaskneli Zlieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb:
ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am
epizods mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT
Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an rogor
ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ (McAdams &
de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010). damaxasiaTebeli Temebi,
romlebic TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi
vlindeba, mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis
mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur versiebs _ adamianebi Tavis
identobas calkeuli moTxrobebis cxovrebis
ambad gaerTianebis gziT ageben. piradi angariSebi
fanjaraa, romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu
ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari Tavisa
da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
(Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents
akeTebdnen TiToeuli individis swrafvaze TviTaqtualizaciisaken, Tumca, aRiarebdnen, rom
adamianebis warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi, nawilobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos realiebiT.
axla ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic uSualod
exebian individebis qcevas, romelic maTi
garemos gavleniT yalibdeba.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis gamoyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.
gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli mogonebebis gamoqeqvaze, romlebic xandaxan umjobesia gandevnili

darCes. humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams
yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos
Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.
577
Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic
arian maslou, rojersi da horni, Tvlidnen,
rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT
ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis bazisuri surviliT,
rac TviTaqtualizaciisaken moZraobas gulisxmobs. pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da
egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanisturi Teoriebis zogi centraluri cneba cudad
aris gansazRvruli; es Teoriebi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianebis cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur
tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebiTac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul mTlian
suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
578
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela TeoriisaTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur Sinagan
meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulsebze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze, romlebic
biZgs aZleven qcevas da warmoqmnian funqcionirebadi pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac
aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, esaa myari kavSiri
pirovnebasa da konkretul qcevas Soris. magaliTad, fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teoriebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben specifikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis kidev erTi
mimarTuleba imis safuZvelze warmoiSva, rom
yuradReba gamaxvilda qcevaSi individualur
gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom adamianis qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba garemos
pirobebze dayrdnobiT viwinaswarmetyveloT.
daswavlis Teoriis mimdevari fsiqologebi miuTiTeben garemos pirobebze, romlebic akontroleben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc
Ria da faruli pasuxebis jami, romlebic didi
albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa
ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian, radgan maT
gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli koncefcia, romelic ielis universitetis fsiqologebis gundma Seqmna jon dolardisa da nil
mileris meTaurobiT (John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950).
dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa: daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis
Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis paternebi.
froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis
da daZabulobis Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli
(siamovnebis momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri
Zalebis rols. organizmebi moqmedeben, raTa
Seamciron daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebiT
gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic
warmatebiT amcirebs aseT daZabulobebs, meordeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeorebiTi daZabulobis SemcirebiT. dolardma da
milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba
iswavlos socialuri imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT,
anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis aucilebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT, rom patara
biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das kanfets aZleven,
rodesac is mirbis saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis
Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam gaafarTova is gzebi, romlebiTac, fsiqologebis warmodgeniT, daiswavleba efeqturi an destruqciuli qceva. pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am
daswavlil qcevaTa jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben dolar-
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria
uolter miSelma (Walter Mischel) ganaviTara
pirovnebis kognituri bazisis gavlenis Teoria.
miSeli aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad
monawileoben garemosTan Tavisi interaqciebis
kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs
usvams imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis
gageba, rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc adamianebsa
da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia
(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze
naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom
is yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia,

rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is sakmaod uxeSi
da arakeTilganwyobili gaxdes, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs.
meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im
adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba,
rogorc ki maT kargad gaicnobs (Shoda et
al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilganwyobis gaSualeba, albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs
maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT,
magram am SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis mixedviT
(1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasuxobT garemos specifikur movlenaze, damokidebulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze.
xedavT, Tu ra gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoTvlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda
adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT
magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze. scadeT, warmoidginoT situacia, romelSic Tqven cxrilSi
moyvanili personaJebisgan gansxvavebulad moiqceodiT, radgan Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli
cvladis mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba
gainteresebT, Tu ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis
bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis
azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis dakvirvebebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri
garemos usulo aspeqtebTan interaqciebis istoriis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).
saidan
viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva qcevis konsistentobis ganxilvisas aRvwereT. kidev erTi
kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs
gansxvavebul fsiqologiur situaciebze.
es situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier
dadebiTi socialuri kontaqtis wamowyeba,
an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba raime
moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis
reaqciebi kodirebul iqna iseT kategori-
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
disa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gavlenas axdens garemos pirobebi, Tumca, es
Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs
usvamen kognituri da bihevioraluri procesebis
mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls moazrovne
gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebi Seqmna, aRniSnaven,
rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri
gansxvavebebi imaSi, Tu rogor fiqroben da
gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur
(garegan) situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yuradRebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb organizebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi
Teoriebis msgavsad, kognituri Teoriebi xazs
usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirovnebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad,
aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara mxolod
pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alternativebs da irCevT iseT garemos, romelSic
moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT
situaciebs, romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini
TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayofileben da bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven xSirad
arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi,
sadac adre gemrieli kerZi miirTviT da yovelTvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro
konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven ganvixilavT
uolter miSelis, albert bandurasa da nensi
kentoris Teoriebs.
579
cxrili
14.4
pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqtur TeoriaSi

cvladi
gansazRvreba
kodirebebi
is gza, romliTac Tqven axdenT Tqveni Tavis,

sxva adamianebis, movlenebis da situaciebis
Sesaxeb informaciis kategorizacias.
rogorc ki bobi vinmes Sexvdeba, is

cdilobs, daadginos, ramdenad
mdidaria es adamiani.
molodinebi da
rwmenebi
Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb da

konkretul situaciebSi mocemuli qmedebebis
mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni
Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gaqvT
raime Sedegebis miRebis unari.
gregi patiJebs megobrebs kinoSi, magram

arasodes elis, rom isini `ki~-s
ityvian.
afeqtebi
Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, fiziologiuri

pasuxebis CaTvliT.
sindi Zalian advilad wiTldeba.
miznebi da
Rirebulebebi
Sedegebi da afeqturi mdgomareobebi, romlebic

TqvenTvis Rirebulia, an ar aris Rirebuli;
Tqveni miznebi da cxovrebis gegmebi.
piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi klasis

prezidenti iyos.
kompetenciebi
da TviTregulatoruli gegmebi
qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba Tqven SegiZliaT

da gegmebi kognituri da qceviTi Sedegebis
misaRebad.
iani laparakobs inglisurad,

frangulad, rusulad da iaponurad da
varaudobs, rom gaeroSi imuSavebs.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ebad, rogoricaa: prosocialurad laparakobda~, an daemorCila, an dauTmo~.

garda amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis
konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexasiTebinaT, rogorc agresiuli~, Caketili~, an keTilganwyobili~. ra informacia gamoiyenes maT am Sefasebebis gasakeTeblad? magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT
damorCilebis an daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi,
romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas daaxasiaTes, rogorc keTilganwyobili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT
ufrosi aZlevda gafrTxilebas, xolo
bavSvebi, romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes, rogorc Caketili, morCilebi
iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT Tanatolebi aRizianebdnen, an dascinodnen (Shoda
et al., 1993b).
580
magaliTi
miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis

paternebis mniSvneloba sazafxulo banakSi bavSvebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT. am
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis
saSualo maCveneblebis codna bevrs verafers
gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda
icodeT, ra situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem
_ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos
aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas
(Shoda & Mischel, 1993).
banduras kognitur-socialuri
daswavlis Teoria
pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgomis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert bandura (Albert
Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSromebiTa da bavSvebisa da zrdasrulebis farTo
14.4
reciprokuli determinizmi
reciprokuli determinizmis mixedviT individi,
misi qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben,
raTa gavlena moaxdinon da Secvalon sxva komponentebi.
kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan bavSvebis

agresiuli qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi
gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da socialur garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti.
socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT adamianebs ar
marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini
arc garemos gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri marionetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic
CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis CamoyalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvisebebis SeZenasa da maTi SenarCunebis procesSi.
banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri
faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos stimulebis rTul
urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze
zemoqmedeba an maTi Secvla. cvlilebis mimarTuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is reciprokulia. Tqvens qcevaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
Tqvenma damokidebulebebma (atitudebma), rwmenebma,
Sexedulebebma an ganmtkicebebis winamorbedma
istoriam, iseve, rogorc garemoSi arsebulma
stimulebma. iman, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos garemoze, xolo garemom da
Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma SeiZleba
Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze
imoqmedos. es mniSvnelovani cneba _ reciprokuli
determinizmi _ gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _ albert banduras socialuri daswavlis

Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom individs, mis qcevas da garemos
stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli reciprokuli urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am
komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosazrebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia
adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
suraTi
gamoikvlioT yvela komponenti, Tu gsurT mTlianad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socialuri ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ix. sur. 14.4). amgvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi wona gaqvT,
SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba,
magram, Tu sacurao auzis maxloblad cxovrobT,
SeiZleba curva arCioT; Tu Tqven komunikabeluri
xarT, gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da
amiT ufro socialur atmosferos SeqmniT, rac,
Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis.
es erTi magaliTia adamians, adgilsa da qcevas
Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
me-7 Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom banduras socialuri daswavlis Teoria xazs usvams
dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac
adamiani cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze
dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT swavlis
meSveobiT bavSvebi da mozrdilebi Tavisi
socialuri garemos Sesaxeb informaciis udides
speqtrs iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT
Tqven swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adekvaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba dasja
an ignorireba. vinaidan Tqven SegiZliaT mexsierebis gamoyeneba da garegan movlenebze fiqri,
Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni
qmedebebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad
ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ubralod imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi
da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi
(1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri cneba TviTefeqturoba gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena
imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia konkretul situaciaSi adekvaturad moqceva. Tqveni TviTefeqturobis SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas
Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. Tqven
arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas, rodesac elodebiT, rom
581
araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs,

rodesac Tavs adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac
ki, rodesac, realobaSi Tqven gaqvT unari da
survilic, SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili
qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT davalebis warmatebiT
Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT
is, rac amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqturobis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs informaciis
kidev sami wyaro:
sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba
sxvebis moqmedebaze;
darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon,
rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes gakeTeba, an Tqven
SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi,
rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb an rodesac
iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva
migvaniSnebs efeqturobis dabal molodinze;
Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens

imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT da ramden
xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxovrebiseuli situaciebis farTo speqtrSi sirTuleebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000;
Schwarzer, 1992). magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad
energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs,
SeiZleba ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni
TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur unarze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an warumateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba imoqmedos
ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb
mowodebulma ukukavSirma, magram am molodinebs,
aseve, SeuZliaT Seqmnan winaswargansazRvruli
ukukavSiri da amdenad iqcnen TviTSesrulebad
winaswarmetyvelebad. modiT, es aRmoCena akademiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.
582
saidan
viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis
akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ikvlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am
kvlevis mizani iyo, eCvenebina rogorc
bavSvebis, ise maTi mSoblebis TviTefeqturobis donis gavlena bavSvebis akademiur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasazomad bavSvebic da mSoblebic aRniSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa
seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis debulebebi exeboda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan
gamklavebis sakuTari unarebis Sesaxeb;
aseve, maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT
unari, moaxdinon TavianTi garemos struqturireba swavlis gasaadvileblad, magaliTad, ramdenad kargad gamogdiT maswavleblebisTvis daxmarebis Txovna, rodesac
saskolo samuSaos Sesruleba giZneldebaT?~ mozrdilebisTvis debulebebi
ukavSirdeboda maT unarebs, moexdinaT
TavianT bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi
interesisa da misi Sesrulebis motivacia,
magaliTad, ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa
daexmaroT Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo
samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?~ mkvlevrebs
bavSvebis maswavleblebma maTi akademiuri
miRwevebis Sefaseba miawodes. Sedegebma
aCvena rogorc mSoblebis, ise bavSvebis
TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani
gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis
rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda
bavSvebis rwmenaSi, rom maT didi miRwevebi
eqnebodaT; Tavis mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi
zusti aRmoCnda _ TviTefeqturobis Zlieri
rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv
maRal miRwevebTan.
am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia warmatebis

miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT
mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT Svilebi, unda ifiqroT
imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqvens SvilebSi
gancda, rom maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT
sakuTar swavlaze.
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve,
aRiarebs garemos mniSvnelobas. warumateblobis
Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi
gadawyvetilebebi mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu
Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _
xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,
suraTi
14.5
banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli

am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi
moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis qcevas Soris,
Sedegis molodinebi ki _ qcevasa da mis mosalodnel Sedegebs Soris.
kentoris socialuri
inteleqtis Teoria
winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma (Nancy Cantor) da
misma kolegebma pirovnebis socialuri inteleqtis Teoria Camoayalibes (Cantor & Kihlstrom,
1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti
exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs
SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri
gansxvavebebis sam tips:
cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi
gasxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis
romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi
xSirad Relaven kargi niSnebis miRebis~, an
megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis~ Sesaxeb.
aris Tu ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis
ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore? adamianebis
miznebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tqveni aTi wlis winandeli miznebi,
albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, ise
momavali miznebisagan;
socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi
codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT,
Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da

pirovnuli problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi;
miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi.
adamianebs aqvT problemebis gadawyvetis
gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.
xedavT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami
ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT,
rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven SeiZleba icnobT
or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxovrebis mizani aqvT _ SeiZleba orivesTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens kargi niSnebis miReba,
magram imis mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor
SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans, SesaZloa,
swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi
aswavles, meore ki Zlivs axerxebs amas specialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri inteleqtis Teoria axal xedvas gvawvdis imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor winaswargansazRvravs pirovneba konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi
konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adamianebis
miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi,
romlebSic adamianebis gansxvavebuli miznebi
iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: _ mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT
urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas,
romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis

aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze dafuZnebul
molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor eTanxmeba erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis
nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi damokidebulia adamianebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve
garemos aRqmaze.
583
saidan
viciT
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebSi
584
rodesac zogi adamiani sasiyvarulo

urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi mizania siaxlovis Seqmna _ maT surT, aRmoCndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da
TviTgaxsnas; sxva adamianebi ki dainteresebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTierTobebi, magram maTTvis es urTierTobebi
sasurveli moqmedebebisken (magaliTad,
wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTobebisken) mimaval gzas ufro warmoadgens,
vidre siaxlovisken. siaxlovis miznis
siZliereSi am gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebma sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT
iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa:
sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi vcdilob Cemi
yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnobebis gaziarebas~ (Sanderson & Cantor, 1997).
studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes, rogoricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini
realurad atarebdnen Tavis partniorebTan
gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve, rogorc
sakuTari dakmayofileba urTierTobebiT.
monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im adamianebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisgan,
romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miznebi hqondaT, naklebad iyo damokidebuli
im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gatarebac maT realurad SeeZloT Tavis partniorebTan. maTi Sefaseba urTierTobebisgan miRebuli dakmayofilebisa SedarebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr
dros atarebdnen isini erTad Tu cotas.
SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis
miznebis mqone individebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo,
rodesac isini cota dros atarebdnen
partniorebTan.
xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni
individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri siaxlovis
miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivirebulni arian, rom rac SeiZleba meti miiRon
im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT Tavis

partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti
siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa uxvi
interaqciebis gareSe SeenarCunebinaT damakmayofilebeli urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
SegiZliaT amoicnoT pirovneba im konsistenturobiT, romliTac adamianebi axlo urTierTobebSi iqcevian.
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli kritikis erT-erTi
Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebelyofen emociebs, rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan
komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur TeoriebSi
emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa
da qcevis Tanmdevi produqti, an ubralod gaerTianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, nacvlad imisa,
rom maT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros.
maTTvis, visi azriTac emociebi centraluria
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli naklia. kognitur Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben,
rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri
motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi pirovnuli konstruqtebisa da kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis
axsnebis bundovanebazea fokusirebuli. kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebs xSirad bevri araferi
hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganviTarebiTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti
individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis aRqmaze
Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kelis
(Kelly) Teoriazea mimarTuli, romelic aRweril
iqna ufro, rogorc konceptualuri sistema,
vidre, rogorc Teoria, radgan is fokusirebulia
struqturaze da procesebze da TiTqmis arafers
ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognitur
Teoriebs mTavari wvlili ekuTvniT Tanamedrove
azrovnebaSi: kelis Teoriam gavlena moaxdina
didi raodenobiT kognitur Terapevtebze.
miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebam moitana ori komponentis interaqciis
Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom adamianebis
moqmedebebze gavlenas axdenen garemos SemTxveviTi maxasiaTeblebi: uolter miSelis azriT,
garemos specifikur movlenebs adamianebi pasuxoben sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da
Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da Rirebulebebze, unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel gegmebze dayrdnobiT; albert banduram warmoadgina
adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli urTierTqmedebis Teoria. TviTefeqturoba udides
rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevebis gansazRvraSi; nensi kentoris
Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian
cxovrebis miznebis arCevis, Tavisi codnisa da
im strategiebis mixedviT, romlebsac TavianTi
miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.
me-s (SELF) Teoriebi

mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic
yvelaze metad uSualod pirovnulia: isini pirdapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeuli
individi mis me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia?
ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu
ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni
megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis konsistenturi,

myari me-s warmoCenas? ra gavlena aqvs dadebiT
da uaryofiT gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am kiTxvebis
ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT daviwyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcvelia uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890). jemsma megamocdilebis sami komponenti gamoyo: materialuri me (sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri
sagnebis darad), socialuri me (Tqveni codna
imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi) da
sulieri me (me, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs
pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda,
rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis
identobas, garkveuli azriT misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs
TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac akritikeben maT
megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs.
me-s koncefcia, aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodinamikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo
froidis TeoriaSi; iungi ki xazs usvamda imas,
rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtis miReba da integracia unda moaxdinos.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi?
Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur aspeqtebs: me-s
koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs; Semdeg
ganvixilavT, Tu ra gzebiT warudgenen adamianebi samyaros Tavis me-s; dabolos, SevexebiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba
me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis mixedviT.
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri

aspeqtebi
me-s koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqikur struqturas, romelic axdens intrapersonaluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da
procesebis motivirebas, interpretirebas, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia
mraval komponents moicavs. maT Sorisaa: _ Tqveni
mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb; mosazrebebi
Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebuleme-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri
modeli.
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs adamians

qceviT garemoSi imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi
qceviTi garemo; banduras ideebma gamoiwvia
maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis
gaumjobeseba da daexmara maT warmatebisaTvis
mieRwiaT janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis
sferoSi; dabolos, kentoris Teoriam pirovnebis
konsistentobis Zieba cxovrebiseuli miznebisa
da socialuri strategiebis doneze gadaiyvana.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma
Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni sakuTari pirovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela
naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaqciebze dayrdnobiT. axla SevudgebiT im Teoriebis ganxilvas, romlebic kidev ufro Sors
wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis gansazRvraSi.
585
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
586
bebis da unarebis Sesaxeb; idealuri me, rogoric

yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli
me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ganixilavT; Tqveni Tavis dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi
Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown,
1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8 TavSi ganvixileT
sqemebi, rogorc codnis paketebi~, romlebic
garemos struqturis Sesaxeb kompleqsur ganzogadebebs ganasaxiereben. Tqveni me-s koncefcia
Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT,
iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi gaZleven saSualebas,
marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi
(Markus, 1977), Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze
axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac xSirad iyenebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis,
imazec axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb informacias (Cantor &
Kihlstrom, 1987; Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva
adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic
gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqvens amJamindel me-s
koncefcias adarebT. hezel markusma (Hazel Markus)
da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gansazRvres, rogorc idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic
Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi,
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri
me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi,
rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s
kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia~ (Markus & Nurius,

1986, gv. 954). SesaZlebel me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT
qcevis motivirebaSi _ isini biZgs aZleven moqmedebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis ganxilvis
SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia
aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu uaresi.
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSoblobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
saidan
viciT
SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis
instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axalgazrda mozrdil adamianebs SeeZloT
sakuTari Tavis mSoblad warmodgena (Bloom,
et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile 683-ma kolejis studentma gasca pasuxi srulebiT
ar Semesabameba - Zalian Semesabameba~
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes,
magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas~.
im mizniT, rom studentebi ver mimxvdariyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis Sesabamisi debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro
grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris Sevsebis Semdeg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis
SesaZlebeli me-s qula (parent possible-self
score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi
ar gasxvavdebodnen am qulebis mixedviT,
Tumca, mkvlevrebma gamoyves rogorc
qalebis, ise mamakacebis qvejgufebi, romlebmac gansakuTrebiT maRali da gansakuTrebiT dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgu-
febis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bavSvebis videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis

qceva bednieridan nerviulamde icvleboda.
maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesabamisad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,
vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.
SegiZliaT gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc

adamianis unars, warmoidginos Tavisi Tavi mSoblad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis
mier bavSvis qcevis interpretaciaze?
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezentacia
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzogadebuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic

gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba

Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s koncefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele,
1988). adamianebi TviTgaumjobesebis mraval
formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT davalebis
Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi, SesaZlebelia, TviTuunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT.
Tqven Segnebulad uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar
qmedebas! am strategiis mizania, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mizezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris naklebobas
(Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu
geSiniaT imis gageba, iciT Tu ara is, rac
saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis,
SeiZleba mecadineobis nacvlad megobrebTan
gaataroT dro. am gziT Tu Tqven warmatebas ar
miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis mcire Zalisxmevaze
gadabraleba, imis gamorkvevis gareSe, gqondaT
Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
saidan
viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis studentebs, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi pozicia
(veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi~) TviTuunarobis
gamzomvel debulebebTan mimarTebaSi: _
me bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets
vecdebodi~; mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians

uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs, romelic
SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali
TviTSefaseba. adamianis TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSefasebas SeuZlia Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azrebze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. dabali
TviTSefaseba, nawilobriv, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi darwmunebuloba.
rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone
individebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi
ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT (magaliTad, logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzidveli), rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTlianobaSi ufro dabali Sefasebebi misces (Baumgardner, 1990), Tumca, rodesac maT Tavisi Sefasebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibebac
sTxoves, dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebma
ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes _ maT me-s
naklebad zusti gancda hqondaT, vidre maRali
TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebs. ase rom,
dabali TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZlebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod
bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb, rac aZnelebs
imis winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara adamiani warmatebas cxovrebiseul miswrafebebSi.
587
daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxvebis umetesoba~; vcdilob, saqmeebi ukanasknel wuTamde gadavdo~. pirveli gamocdis
win studentebs hkiTxes, Tu ra niSani
iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis
Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi _ sasurvelze~
naxevari quliT ufro dabali niSani _
Seatyobines (magaliTad, Tu maT 4" isurves,
uTxres, rom maT 4_~ miiRes). am momentSi
mkvlevrebma Seafases studentebis TviTSefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba icavs TviTSefasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom
maRali TviTuunarobis mqone adamianebis
TviTSefaseba nakleb zians ganicdida,
rodesac maT aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi miiRes. es zustad is paternia, romelic gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis
minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba dakavSirebuli iyo maRal TviTSefasebasTan,
Tumca, qal studentebSi ar gamovlinda
raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da TviTSefasebas Soris. mkvlevrebis mosazrebiT,
mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro
Zlieri tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).
cxrili
14.5
varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba

maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
TviTSefaseba
sajarod
damkvirveblis gareSe
maRali
123
448
dabali
257
387
-134
+61
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.
sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da dabali

TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi
gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989). maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs
warudgenen, rogorc ambiciur, agresiul, riskze
wamsvlel adamians; dabali TviTSefasebis
adamianebi ki _ rogorc frTxils da windaxeduls. mniSvnelovania, rom es pozicia gankuTvnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis, anu misi e.w.
momxmarebeli~ sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
viciT
588
ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqvens sakuTar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT Tu ara

Tqven TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas (gansakuTrebiT
Tu Tqven mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens
niSnebze (sxvaTa Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva
dasrulda, mkvlevrebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubrnen
monawileebs, rac motyuebis miznis axsnasa da
namdvili niSnebis miwodebas moicavda).
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs,
rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi
TviTprezentaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviTuunaroba ufro metad aris mosalodneli maSin,
rodesac adamianebma ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise,
rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad Tqven Sesaxeb,
rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic Tqven SegxvdaT,
esoden TvalsaCinoa? TviTprezentaciis msgavsi
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi
reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis procesi, romlebic minimumde daiyvans unarebis
deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel
mizezs.
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe

maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebs TamaSSi gavarjiSebis SesaZlebloba imdeni xniT miecaT, ramdenic maT
surdaT. amis Semdeg maT ori wuTis
ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis
nawili eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS
varjiSobda, meore nawili ki _ damkvirveblis gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi gaizoma
dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares
(gazomva moxda Riad eqsperimentatoris
daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad _
misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.5. sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefasebis individebi
daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varjiSobdnen, rasac dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone monawileebi. damkvirveblis gareSe
varjiSis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi Sebrunebuli
iyo _ isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen,
vidre dabali TviTSefasebis individebi
(Tice & Baumeister, 1990).
es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebs SeiZleba surdeT ise gamoCndnen, TiTqos warmatebas
Zalian mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki aRweven
(Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!~) da
Tuki isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeiZleba
kvlavac mimarTon TviTuunarobas (Tqven xom
naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!~).
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren

damoukidebeli me-s gagebas _ damoukideblobis
kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari
Tavis ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis
qceva organizebulia da, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sakuTar, da ara sxvebis, azrebTan, grZnobebTan
da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani~
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, gv. 226).
koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas _ urTierTdamokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis
danaxvas, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri

urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas, rom
adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia
da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras
aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad~ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991,
gv. 227).
mkvlevrebma mravalgzis daadastures am
gansxvavebebis realuroba da Sedegebi.
me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi
gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti saxelwodebiT
oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST)
(Kuhn & McPartland, 1954). am testis Catarebisas
monawileebs sTxoven 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi
gascen SekiTxvas _ vin var me?~ rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6, am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad
iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia kvlevis
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals
of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc individisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa,
organizebulia adamianis sakuTar, da ara sxvebis,
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis
nawilisa; imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva
gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi
piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad.
aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur

konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba
da SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic sakmaod farTod
gamoiyeneba adamianebSi. me-s mkvlevrebma imis
Seswavlac daiwyes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens me-s
koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli
kulturuli zewola. Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli
kvleva ar SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi
da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s, Tumca,
im tipis kultura, saidanac aRmocendeba dasavluri me _ individualisturi kultura _ umciresobas warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%
koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individualisturi kulturebi xazs usvamen individis
moTxovnilebebs maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi
kulturebi jgufis moTxovnilebebzea fokusirebuli (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli
aqcenti mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs imaze, Tu
rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri
Tavis me-s. hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama
(1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997) amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul
gagebas (construals) aZlevs safuZvels:
589
cxrili
14.6
oci debulebis testis (TST) pasuxebis kros-kulturuli Sedareba _ pasuxebis

procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
indielebi
kategoria
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
mamr.
mdedr.
mamr.
mdedr.
socialuri identoba
me var studentime var Svili
34
28
26
26
ideologiuri rwmenebi
me mjera, rom yvela adamiani kargia

me mwams RmerTis
interesebi
me miyvars fortepianoze dakvrame siamovnebas

maniWebs axali adgilebis monaxuleba
16
ambiciebi
me minda gavxde eqimime minda meti viswavlo

fsiqologiaSi
11
15
me-Sefasebebi
me patiosani da Sromismoyvare var

me maRali adamiani var
me vRelav momavlis Taobaze
35
33
64
65
11
sxva
590
magaliTi
amerikelebi
me xmauriani megobrebi myavs

me myavs ZaRli
Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen

daaxloebiT 300 students SeerTebuli Statebidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi
gansxvavebaa cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT,
romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac
Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel gancdas;
indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro
naklebi me-Sefasebebi da, Tavisi urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies
ramdenadme ufro meti debulebebi socialuri
identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi
sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad mniSvnelovania. daufiqrdiT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
koleqtivisturi kulturebis me-s koncefciebze
dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia kenielebis TST-s pasuxebi, romlebic
praqtikulad ar ganicdian dasavluri kulturis
gavlenas _ samburus da maasais mwyemsebis tomebis
warmomadgenlebis _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan,
vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis dedaqalaq
nairobiSi. aRmoCnda, rom tomis wevrTa pasuxebis
daaxloebiT 82%, nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis
mxolod 58% da nairobis universitetis studentTa pasuxebSi mxolod 17% TST-ze socialur
pasuxebs warmoadgenda (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am
paternidan gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Semoaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba mes dasavluri gagebac Semoitanos.
es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi,

romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian, did
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT
Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am gagebis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi.
magaliTad, me-11 Tavidan gaigeT, rom kultura
gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller &
Bersoff, 1992), me-13 Tavidan ki is, rom kultura
zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven mogvianebiT kvlav
SexvdebiT am gansxvavebas amave saxelmZRvaneloSi, rodesac SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs
Tu ara me-s gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb mosazrebebze (ix. me-17 Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s
Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saidan
viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
zemoT movitaneT magaliTi, rom adamianebi dasavlur kulturebSi TviTgaumjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi
cvlilebebis Setanas cdiloben, Tumca
es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi
kulturis warmomadgenlis dRis wesrigSi.
amis nacvlad, urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi

yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis
TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad, iaponeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels iaponelebis
TviTkritikas. dabolos, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi iaponeli studentebi ramdenadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen,
vidre maTi iaponiaSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebi. aq SeiZleba aisaxebodes amerikuli
kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi amerikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis
TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom
SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis kulturasTan aSS-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et
al., 1997).
damzadebulia iaponiaSi
damzadebulia aSS-Si
T vi T S ef as eb i s S ed ar eb i T i
zrda
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
iaponia (kioto)
iaponia (iujini)
aSS (iujini)
respondentis kultura
suraTi
14.6
kultura TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikelma da iaponelma
studentebma aRweres warmatebis da warumateblobis
situaciebi. TiToeul kulturaSi warmoSobil situaciebs uwodes àmerikaSi damzadebuli~ da ìaponiaSi
damzadebuli~ situaciebi. meore fazaSi studentebma
orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc studentebma iaponiidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu
rogor imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi
moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze, TviTSefasebaSi
uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaumjobesebaze, TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebiT. Sedegebi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi
Sesabamis qveyanaSi warmoiSoboda. svetebSi moyvanili
ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis procents, romlebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad,
iaponeli studentebis 86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika,
rodesac pasuxobda ìaponiaSi damzadebul~ situaciebs
maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina
TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac àmerikaSi damzadebul~
situaciebs pasuxobda).
gagebis arseboba SeiZleba dakavSirebul

iqnes TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs
koleqtivis gaumjobesebas sakuTari individualuri miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebis jgufma sTxova iaponel
studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebs da amerikel studentebs
_ individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs, aReweraT rac SeiZleba meti situacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizarda an Semcirda. warmatebis situaciebi
aRwerili iyo iseTi debulebebiT, rogoricaa: rodesac gamocdaSi an diplomis
dacvisas saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe~; warumateblobis situaciebs ki iseTi debulebebi aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: rodesac
beisbolis Cems sayvarel gunds an msaxiobs
sajarod akritikeben~. momdevno fazaSi
studentebis sam axal jgufs _ 63 iaponel
students kiotodan da 88 iaponel students, romlebic droebiT swavloben
oregonis universitetSi (iujini) da 102
kavkasiuri TeTri rasis students oregonis
universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT
situaciebis aRwerebi da ecadaT sakuTari
Tavis am situaciebSi warmodgena; Semdeg
ki mieTiTebinaT, imoqmedebda Tu ara situacia maT TviTSefasebaze da Tu ki, ra
mimarTulebiT (anu Semcirdeboda, Tu
gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis
xarisxi oTxsafexurian skalaze (romelzec
1 niSnavda sustad~, xolo 4 _ Zlierad~)
unda SeefasebinaT.
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia
suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT yuradReba, rom iaponeli studentebi rogorc
iaponiaSi, ise amerikaSi ufro metad aRniSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es
aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im gansxvavebas,
romelic damoukidebeli me-s da urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris gavakeTeT.
meore, TviTkritikis efeqti ufro didia
iaponel studentebSi, xolo TviTgaumjobesebisa _ amerikel studentebSi maSin,
rodesac situacia warmoiqneba anu, rogorc
mkvlevrebi amboben, situacia damzadebulia~ maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs,
rom proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikeli
591
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
me internetSi
592
yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva,

romelsac adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs usvamen internetSi Sesvlis win, Semdegia _ vin unda
viyo me dRes? internetSi
cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze
kargad dokumentirebuli aspeqtia is, rom adaminebi TavisTvis axal identobebs
igoneben ( McKenna & Bargh,
2000; Reid, 1998) . r o d e s a c
adamiani CeTis oTaxSi Sedis,
man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom
urCevnia kaci iyos da ara
_qali, Savkaniani da ara _
TeTri, 40 wlis da ara _ 18is, an warmatebuli aRmasrulebeli struqturis muSaki
da ara _ kolejis meorekurseli studenti. mravali
adamianis cxovrebaSi internets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs
SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncefcia. modiT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT am internetis me-ebis
zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis,
rom realur~ cxovrebaSi
sakmaod SezRudulia TviTgamoxatvaSi: ganmeorebadi
interaqciebi ojaxTan, megobrebTan, ufrosebTan da TanamSromlebTan moiTxovs misgan
konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes im
pirovnebas, romelic mas surs,
rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis
sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis
axal sferoebSi gadasvla,
maTi yoveldRiuri socialuri konteqstis zewolis
gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti
asustebs am socialur konteqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
adamianebs SeuZliaT inter-
netis anonimurobis gamoyeneba,

r a Ta
gamoxaton
axali
interesebi an gamoikvlion axali ideebi im SiSis gareSe,
romelic realuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SedegebiT
aris gamowveuli. radikaluri
cvlilebebis gareSe (magaliTad, imis gancxadebis gareSe,
rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci)
adamians SeuZlia, gamocados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic
SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos
mis idealur me-sTan. metic,
internetis anonimuroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
ufro meti gamoamJRavnon
sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb, vidre
isini sxva pirobebSi moisurvebdnen. gaixseneT me-13 Tavidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT
Sedegebs iReben janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac isini
emociurad ixsnebian (Pennebaker, 1990). interneti aseTi
gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. adamianebs SeuZliaT ipovon specializebuli CeTis oTaxebi
an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli sakuTari Tavis nebismierad warmoCena da socialur mxardaWeris miRebac.
mkvlevrebma faqtobrivad
daadastures is, rom adamianebis
unars, gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis
faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia
gamoiwvios TviTmimReblobis
gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies
informacia adamianebisgan,
romlebic internetis iseT
jgufebSi monawileobdnen,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo marginalizebuli seqsualuri

identobis
pirebisaTvis, rogorebic arian homoseqsualebi. mkvlevrebma moaxerxes anonimuri
monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis
aqtiuri
monawileebisagan (McKenna &
Bargh, 1998). monacemebidan
gamomdinare, am jgufebSi
monawileobam gazarda TviTmimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
respondentebis 37%-ma jgufSi monawileobis Sedegad
sxvebs marginalizebuli
identobis saidumloeba
gauziares.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebdiT internetis dadebiT
aspeqtebze: adamianebis unarze, gaaRrmavon me-s gaazreba
da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi,
rasac janmrTelobasTan da
TviTmimReblobasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi mohyveba,
magram, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs garkveuli saSiSroebebic. anonimurobam SeiZleba adamianebi sakuTari
cxovrebis iseT fragmentaciamde miiyvanos, romelic
disadaptaciis qcevas gamoiwvevs (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec
aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvlevari morcxvobis prevalentobis zrdas internetis
xelmisawvdomobas miawers da
mainc, imedia, rom adamianebis
umetesoba sargebels naxavs
im SesaZleblobebisgan, romlebsac, gazviadebis gareSe,
iZleva interneti TviTgamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba

me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben adamianebis koncefciebs sakuTari pirovnebis Sesaxeb
da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen
aRqmuli. ufro metic, me-s kros-kulturul
gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze,
Tu rogor afaseben fsiqologebi Tavisi Teoriebis universalobas. miuxedavad amisa, is, vinc
akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas,
gmobs imas, rom am midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs.
ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s koncefciis relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris naTeli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda
amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc socialuri
konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts,
rom pirovnebis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba
memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cven mier
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren
mxolod zogierT rames, magram ara yvelafers
iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba
me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis
struqturebs, romlebic moicaven sqemebs me-s
Sesaxeb da marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben
adamianebi informacias sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs TviTSemowmeba
urCevniaT maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s
koncefcia uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben
SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi

arian axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen
momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s zogad
Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos
azrebze, guneba-ganwobilebasa da qcevaze. adamianebi TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad
mimarTaven. kros-kulturul kvlevaSiAyuradReba
gamaxvilda imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individualisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s
gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas. individualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT damoukidebeli me-s, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _ urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi
moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben Tavis Tavs
adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviTSefasebas. me-s Teoriebis kritikosebis azriT,
isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar
aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unificirebuli Teoria, romelsac fsiqologebis umetesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis
ganxilvisas araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris
ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda Segvejamebina
xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs yovel am daSvebas:
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi
fsiqologia da cxovreba, am gansxvavebas, aseve,
buneba Tu aRzrda ewodeba. ra ufro mniSvnelovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: genetikuri da biologiuri faqtorebi Tu garemos
gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
iyofoda am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria Zlieradaa damokidebuli memkvidreobiTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis,
kognituri da me-s Teoriebi xazs usvamen
garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an
garemosTan urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirov-
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,

SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis Znelad gasagebi
iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari
TviTSefasebis gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi,
vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, isaa,
rom me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniSvneblobis matarebeli. koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is,
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs. momdevno
ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT SeecadoT
ganicadoT me-s orive gageba, Tu daakvirdebiT
imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare
movlenebi Tqvens me-ze, rogorc individze da
Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.
593
nebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris

gansxvavebebis wyaros;
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili
wesebi. romel mosazrebas unda mieniWos
upiratesoba: imas, rom pirovneba icvleba
daswavlis gziT, Tu rom pirovnebis ganviTareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs
emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis
Tvalsazriss maSin, rodesac humanistebi
ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdileba cvlis adamianebs. socialuri daswavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi aSkarad
mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da
pirovneba icvleba daswavlili gamocdilebis
Sedegad;
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyosa Tu momavalze.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi xazs usvamen warsul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils;
froidis Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul
bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze;
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusirebulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da awmyo SemTxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniSvnelobas aniWebs awmyo realobas an momavlis
miznebs, xolo kognituri da me-s Teoriebi
fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da
momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis dadgena).
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
4. cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria

mniSvnelobas aniWebs aracnobier procesebs,
humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoria mcire yuradRebas
uTmobs am gansxvavebas, me-s Teoriebs ki am
mxriv gamokveTili pozicia ar gaaCniaT;
594
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia.

socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi xazs usvamen
situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win
wamosweven dispoziciur faqtorebs, xolo
sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul
da situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli
wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SemecnebaSi. niSnis
Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers
pirovnebis nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqo-
dinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da

sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi
Teoriebi adamians mZRolis adgilze aTavseben.
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen
saWes, mimarTulebis signalebsa da sxva saregulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi
amateben Sexsenebebs, rom fsiqikuri ruka, romelsac mZRoli irCevs mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas
axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili, organizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. dabolos, me-s Teoriebi axseneben mZRols, rom
gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romelsac misi
manqanis tarebis unari gavlenas axdens mis
mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb
mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT is, Tu rogor xdeba
pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT gzas,
romliTac fsiqologebi iZieben informacias
pirovnebis im maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,
romelic yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.
Sejameba
pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu
rogor aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze
garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze
qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze;
cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da
dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT. yoveli
Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis
Secnobis TvalsazrisiT.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac
Tqveni saukeTeso megobrebisgan gansxvavdebiT.
fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs erT individs,
asxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan an asxvavebs
erT jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis
wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan).
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris am mcdelobebs
safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli is, rom
arsebobs individebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis
micema (qulebis miniWeba) da maTi gamoyeneba
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul
wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur testSi
Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli
programebiT xorcieldeba. saboloo Sefaseba,
rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic
erTaderTi ganzomilebis gaswvriv (rogoricaa
adaptacia-disadaptacia) Tavsdeba, an sxvadasxva
niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogoricaa: impulsuroba, damokidebuleba an eqstraversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan.
TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi
testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben kiTxvaTa
seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pirveli TviTangariSis
kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis
furceli _ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili
1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs: RamiT
xSirad geSiniaT xolme?~ (DuBois, 1970). dResdReobiT pirovnebis kiTxvaris Sevsebisas adamiani
kiTxulobs debulebaTa seriebs da aRniSnavs,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba, an ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotas multifazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, anu MMPI (Dahlstrom et al.,
1975). is mraval klinikur dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba pacientebis diagnostirebis damxmare
instrumentad da maTi mkurnalobis mimarTulebis misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa
da misi gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled
SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO Personality Inventory - NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoipirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) TviTangariSis meTodika, romelic gamoiyeneba pirovnebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa
CamonaTvals pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa
da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
yeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad janmrTel mosaxleobasTan muSaobisas.
MMPI
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930ian wlebSi fsiqolog starke heTeueisa da
fsiqiatr j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway &
McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi ZiriTadi mizania individebis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategoriebis mixedviT. pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an
pasuxobdnen _ àr SemiZlia pasuxis gacema~. am
debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi,
romlebic fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi pacientebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirovnebis testebs, radganac isini empiriuli strategiis gamoyenebiT SemuSavda da ara intuitiuri,
Teoriuli midgomiT, romelic im dros dominirebda (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia
testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis
Sesaxeb). debulebebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
rCeboda skalaze, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxvavebdnen or jgufs, magaliTad, Sizofreniul
pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs.
TiToeul debulebas unda eCvenebina misi
validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori
jgufis wevrebi _ gansxvavebulad. amgvarad,
debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas
atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empiriul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen
Tu ara isini or jgufs).
MMPI-is aqvs 10 klinikuri skala. TiToeuli
Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom gansakuTrebuli klinikuri jgufebi (rogoricaa SizofreniiT daavadebuli individebi) ganvasxvavoT normaluri
sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi, aseve, Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens
iseT saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa: aSkara sicrue,
uyuradReboba, Tavdacva, anda aragulwrfeloba.
MMPI-is interpretaciisas, is, vinc tests atarebs, pirvel rigSi, amowmebs validurobis
skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testze miRebuli
pasuxebi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen
pirovnebis Sefaseba
romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs

da, meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba Sefasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi xorcSesxmulia
pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba
obieqtur da subieqtur testebad davyoT.
595
cxrili
14.6
MMPI- 2 klinikuri skalebi

ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi
funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da
azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis
aracnobieri gamoyeneba konfliqtebisa Tu
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
asocialuri fsiqopaTia (Pd): socialuri normebis
ignorireba; zedapiruli emociebi;
gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris
arqona
maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris gansxvavebebi
paranoiduloba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis
mania
fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi;
danaSaulis gancda; gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva;
sakuTar TavSi Caketva; halucinaciebi; iluziebi
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis

araTanmimdevruloba; moWarbebuli aqtivoba
596
maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni _ romelia

yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba isini
erTmaneTisgan _ qmnis MMPI-is profils~.
individualuri profilebi dardeba konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT profilebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, kriminalebi da azartuli
moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes
da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher et al., 1989;
Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s
axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena, misi Sinaarsi ukeTesad asaxavs Tanamedrove problemebs da
monacemebi normebisaTvis axal populaciebSi
Segrovda. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia
15 axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoiyvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan
(rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri problemebi)
TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZvelze dayrdnobiT _ iyo Tu ara isini Teoriulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da qmnidnen Tu
ara statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac
niSnavda imas, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs
erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is
klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi mocemulia

cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8. Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
klinikuri skalebis umetesoba zomavs ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarsobrivi skalebis saxelwodebebi martivi da
naTelia.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis
simartive, ekonomiuroba da misi vargisianoba
fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher &
Rouse, 1996). garda amisa, debulebaTa erToblioba
mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT kreatulobis skala individebis kreatuli da arakreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-dan im
debulebebis gansazRvriT, romlebsac maT
gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
fsiqologebma am gziT asobiT specialuri
daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres
maTi validuroba. mkvlevrebisaTvis MMPI-is erTerTi yvelaze mimzidveli maxasiaTebelia misi
profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli
50-ze meti wlis manZilze. radganac yvela es
adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli
erTsa da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba
SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, ise specialuri daniSnulebis
skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali kreatulobis~
skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevrebs
saSualebas aZlevs, Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPIze, romlebic mravali wliT adre iyo Cata-
cxrili
14.8
MMPI- 2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi

SfoTva
antisocialuri qmedebebi
SiSebi
tipi A (adamiani, romelic

uzomod bevrs muSaobs)
obsesiuroba
(akviatebuli azrebi)
dabali TviTSefaseba/
TviTpativiscema
depresia
socialuri diskomforti
janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebuli
sazrunavebi
ojaxuri problemebi
ucnauri azrebi
muSaobis dros
winaaRmdegobebi
gabrazeba /risxva
mkurnalobis uaryofiTi
indikatorebi (uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba eqimebisa da
mkurnalobis mimarT)
cinizmi
antisocialuri qmedebebi
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inventory _ NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikuri mozrdilebis populaciaSi. is zomavs pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian models, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.
Tu NEO PI CagitardaT, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis
furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT Tqvens standartizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCevasTan mimarTebaSi xuTi ZiriTadi ganzomilebidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia,
Riaoba, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba
(Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-is gadasinjuli
versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic
organizebulia xuTi ZiriTadi faqtoris mixedviT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroticizmis ganzomileba dayofilia eqvs calkeul
skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,

impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam
aCvena, rom NEO PI-is ganzomilebebi homogenuria,
axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruqtuli da kriteriumis mixedviT validoba (Costa
& McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI
gamoiyeneba cxovrebis manZilze pirovnebis
stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad
iseve, rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mimarTebis sakvlevad fizikur janmrTelobasTan da
mravalferovan cxovrebiseul movlenebTan,
rogoricaa warmatebuli kariera, anda adreuli
gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali
kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari _ Big Five
Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris validuroba yofiliyo.
skala italiaSi SeimuSaves, magram mas msgavsi
fsiqometruli maCveneblebi aqvs amerikuli da
espanuri populaciebisaTvis da Sesabamisi
normebi franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli
da polonuri TargmanebisaTvisac dgindeba
(Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan,
is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba misgan.
faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc energia~
an aqtivoba~ da ara eqstraversia~ (damTmobobis
socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamcireblad). BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeblad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO
PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod ori calkeuli
skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad,
energia~ Sedgeba dinamizmisa~ da dominantobis~ skalebisagan; pirveli intrapersonaluria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdenadac fsiqologia sul ufro globaluri xdeba,
Sefasebis aseTi instrumentebi, romlebic erTnairad kargad muSaoben enobrivi da erovnuli
barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia mniSvnelovani
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis
pirovnebisa da socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli testebi
rodesme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da
saxe an cxovelis konturi daginaxavT? Tu Tqvens
megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba
daenaxaT dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an
pirovnebis Sefaseba
rebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda

warmodgena gasazomi konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad,
misi klinikuri skalebi heterogenurobis gamo
(isini erTdroulad ramdenime parametrs zomaven)
gaakritikes. aseve, mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom
cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris
sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis winsvlis asaxvisaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empiriul warmoSobasTan (Helmes & Reddon, 1993).
SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac adamianebi sxvadasxva mizniT
cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, MMPI-2is depresiis skala aRwevs validurobis misaReb
dones (Boone, 1994); amis sapirispirod, wamaldamokidebulebis (substance abuse) winaswarmetyvelebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi
validuri, rogorc ufro specifikuri Sefasebis
instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebismieri Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevrebma didi sifrTxiliT unda Seafason
MMPI-isa da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba da
validuroba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
(Greene et al., 1997).
pirovnebis es kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo klinikuri problemebis mqone individebis SefasebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT
zogadad pirovnebis (ara pacientebis) SefasebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.
597
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
598
drakoni. msgavs fenomens eyrdnobian fsiqologebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli

testebis gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxan vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs
oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an respondentebs
debulebebis seriebs sTavazoben da sTxoven
maT, martivi pasuxi gascen (rogoricaa WeSmaritia~, mcdaria~, an ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema~), an sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas sTxoven
garkveuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogoricaa
mSfoTvare-mSvidi~). amgvarad, respondenti iZulebulia, airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxebidan erT-erTi. amis sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargansazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi pirovnebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic
ganzrax bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, magaliTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli
suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac
mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli. adamians SeiZleba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daasrulos suraTebi an moyves naxatebis Sesaxeb
istoriebi. proeqciuli testebi pirvelad fsiqoanalitikosebma gamoiyenes, romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi maTi pacientebis
aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas gamoavlendnen.
vinaidan stimulebi bundovania/orazrovania,
maTze gacemuli pasuxebi, nawilobriv, gansazRvrulia imiT, rac adamians Semoaqvs situaciaSi, saxeldobr, Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi
motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis gamocdilebidan. es pirovnuli, idiosinkratuli
(damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, romlebic proecirebulia stimulebze, pirovnebis
Semfasebels mravalferovani interpretaciis
gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs.
proeqciuli testebi Sefasebis im instrumentTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebsac yvelaze
xSirad iyeneben praqtikosi fsiqologebi (Butcher
& Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985);
aseve, isini ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holanproeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTobliobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi
avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da
konfliqtebs.
diaSi, hong-kongsa da iaponiaSi, vidre MMPI-is

msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993).
xSirad ver xerxdeba obieqturi testebis
adekvaturi Targmani da adekvaturi standartizeba araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli
testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT, Tumca, radganac isini
ase gavrcelebulia, kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben,
rom maT aravalidurad gamoiyeneben. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis _ rorSaxis testisa
(Rorschach test) da Tematuri apercefciis testis
(Thematic Apperception Test -TAT) ganxilvisas Cven
validurobis am sakiTxebs SevexebiT.
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels SeimuSava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman rorSaxma
(Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi warmodgenilia simetriuli melnis laqebis saxiT
(Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da
zogi _ feradi (ix. sur. 14.7). testis msvlelobisas respondents uCveneben laqas da ekiTxebian:
ra SeiZleba es iyos~? respondentebs arwmuneben,
rom ar arsebobs swori an mcdari pasuxebi
(Exner, 1974). mkvlevrebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben,
ras amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT
pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro exarjeba
respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravs
mas baraTi. Semdeg, meore fazaSi, romelsac
gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina
pasuxebs da sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos
isini.
suraTi
14.7
melnis laqa, msgavsi imisa,

romelsac iyeneben rorSaxis
testSi
ras xedavT? am laqis Tqveneburi interpretacia asaxavs Tu ara raimes Tqveni xasiaTidan?
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Tematuri

apercefciis testi
henri mareis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels
Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis testSi respondentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs
da sTxoven, Seqmnan am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi,
romlebic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben
da fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiToeuli movlena da rogor dasruldeba yoveli
situacia (ix. sur. 14.8). pirovneba, romelic
atarebs TAT-s, afasebs rogorc istoriebis
struqturasa da Sinaarss, ise ambis momyoli
individis qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis
zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperimentatorma SesaZloa Seafasos pirovneba, rogorc
patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwe-
suraTi
14.8
Tat testis nimuSi

rilia adamianebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen movaleobebis mixedviT da Tu ambebi moyolil iqna
seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12
Tavidan, rom TAT xSirad gamoiyeneboda individualuri gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad iseT
dominantur moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zalauflebis, afilaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba
(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TAT damkvidrda, rogorc miRwevis
moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT
SeniSvnas pirovnebis Sefasebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am pirovnebis
Sefasebis instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul
pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,
rom Teoriebis TiToeuli tipi saukeTesod
aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebul
aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi
daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia _ yovel maTgans
aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pirovnebaSi unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba.
klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze
xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi
da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba komplementarulad
ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984;
Piotrowski et al., 1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia,
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pasuxebi sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT

fasdeba: (1) lokacia, anu pasuxSi aRniSnuli
baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba respondenti Tu mis nawils da aRniSnuli detalebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli
obieqtis da moqmedebebis buneba da (3) determinantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma (rogoricaa, feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs.
Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba aRniSnon, rogori
iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri, Tu
popularuli da konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis
bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen iseTi pasuxebis
mravalferovnebas, romlebic interpretacias
ar eqvemdebarebian. sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrebma
Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli
Sefasebis sistema, romelic gansxvavebul testis Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani Sedarebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993;
Exner & Weiner, 1994). Sefasebis es sistema azustebs
Sinaarsobrivi pasuxebis iseT zogad kategoriebs,
rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs,
an gulisxmobs adamianis figuris formas) da
sisxli (pasuxi moicavs adamianis, an cxovelis
sisxls). pasuxebis nimuSebi warmatebiT daukavSires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebs, fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis
sistemasTan da rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT
mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996;
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b).
599
rom profilebi, romlebic miiReba obieqtur,

kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki, saSualebas iZleva, gakeTdes specifikuri Sedegebis
zusti winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi klinikurma eqspertizam da daxelovnebulma intuiciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi. praqtikaSi saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba maSin xdeba,
rodesac kombinirebulia sxvadasxva midgomis
Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver
gavzomavT mis Tavze gamoburculobebis SegrZnebiT, Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT
garkveul sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven
Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamocdilebebs gamoyofdnen, rogorc Tqvens qcevasa
da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebi zemoqmedebs Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze
amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra gangasxvavebT sxva
individebisgan, romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs
situaciaSi funqcionireben? axla xvdebiT, rom
pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli tipi iZleva zogad
CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. dauSviT, rom

axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni
fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan
daiwyebdiT?
Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven
Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT standartul
da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s Tanamedrove
ena da Sinaarsi axasiaTebs, rac klinikuri
Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas asaxavs. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqcionirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli testebi individebs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa
gamoavlinon Sinagani gancdebi, motivebi da
konfliqtebi. mkvlevrebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis
melnis laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismomcveli sistema. TAT warmoadgens miRwevis moTxovnilebis validur sazoms.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
pirovnebis tipis da
pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi
600
600
zogierTi mecnieri axdens

adamianebis kategorizacias sul an araferi~
tipebis mixedviT, romlebic konkretul damaxasiaTebel qcevas ukavSirdeba.
sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis
Semadgenel agurebad miiCneven pirovnul niSnebs _
uwyveti ganzomilebebis
gaswvriv arsebul maxasiaTeblebs.
warmoadgens pirovnebis
aRweriT sistemas, romelic asaxavs urTierTobas
zogad pirovnul niSnebs,
Teoriul koncefciebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris.
tyupebisa da naSvilebi
bavSvebis kvlevebi naTelyofen, rom pirovnuli niSnebi nawilobriv memkvidreobiTia.
adamianebi amJRavneben qceviT konsistentobas, rodesac situaciebi ganisazRvreba relevanturi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi
froidis fsiqodinamikuri
Teoria adamianuri motivaciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiCnevs.
froidis Teoriis bazisuri

cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur
energias, rogorc qcevisTvis biZgis mimcems da warmmarTvels; adreul gamocdilebebs, rogorc pirovnebis mTavar msazRvrelebs
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze;
fsiqikur determinizms da
Zlier aracnobier procesebs.
pirovnebis struqtura Sedgeba idisagan, superegosagan
da maTi Semarigebeli egosagan.
miuRebeli impulsebi represirdeba da viTardeba
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da
TviTSefasebis SesanarCuneblad.
fokusirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze _ individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturi,
dispozociuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuria.
humanisturi tradiciis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi fokusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis
da kognituri Teoriebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi
da pirovnebebs Soris individualur gansxvavebebs
ganixilaven, rogorc gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis
gamocdilebis Sedegs.
kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa
da garemos subieqtur interpretaciaSi individualur
gansxvavebebs.
uolter miSelma ikvlia
qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc
adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.
albert banduram aRwera
adamianebs, garemos da qcevas
Soris.
nensi kentoris Teoriam xazi gausva miznebis, codnis
da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.
me-s (self-is) Teoriebi

me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia
me-s koncefciis mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.
me-s koncefcia aris dinamikuri mentaluri struqtura, romelic axdens pirovnuli da interpersonaluri
qcevisa da procesebis motivacias, interpretacias,
organizebas, mediacias da
regulacias.
mravali individualuri
gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul
xerxebSi, romlebiTac adamianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar
Tavs socialur situaciebSi.
kros-kulturuli kvlevidan
gamomdinare, individua listuri kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s
gagebas, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebi _ urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs davupirispiroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan
SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze qcevis Tandayolil
wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu
momaval miznebze; cnobierebze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da dispoziciebze
situaciebTan SedarebiT.
TiToeul Teorias gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SecnobaSi.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi
fasdeba rogorc obieqturi,
ise _ proeqciuli testebiT.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli
obieqturi testi, MMPI-2,
klinikuri problemebis
diagnostikisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis
ufro axali obieqturi
testebia, romlebic zomaven
pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad
ganzomilebas.
pirovnebis proeqciul testebSi adamianebs sTxoven,
upasuxon bundovan stimulebs.
ori mniSvnelovani proeqciuli testia rorSaxis
testi da TAT.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
analitikuri fsiqologia
SfoTva
arqetipi
koleqtiuri aracnobieri
konsistentobis paradoqsi
ego
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
fiqsacia
idi
damoukidebeli me-s gageba
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gageba
libido
pirovneba
pirovnebis kiTxvari
pirovnebis tipebi
SesaZlebeli me-ebi
proeqciuli testi
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fsiqobiografia
pirovnebis
fsiqodina-mikuri Teoriebi
represia
TviTaqtualizacia
me-s koncefcia
TviTefeqturoba
TviTpativiscema
TviTmavnebloba
morcxvoba
socialuri inteleqti
superego
niSnebi
upirobo dadebiTi
pativiscema
aracnobieri
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
postfroidistebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni

da iungi, ufro metad gaamaxviles yuradReba egos
funqcionirebaze da socialur cvladebze da naklebad _ seqsualur ltolvebze. maT pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare procesad miaCniaT.
601
601
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebi
15
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
buneba
ra aris paTologiuri
obieqturobis problema
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
fsiqopaTologiis
etiologia
klasifikacia
klasifikaciis miznebi
DSM-IV-TR
marTla gvicavs Tu ara
Seuracxadoba
ZiriTadi tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
suicidi
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
disociaciuri
aSlilobebi
marTla arsebobs Tu ara
internetomania
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
tipebi
Sizofreniis mizezebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
602
ZiriTadi cnebebi
gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni

gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi,
meuRle, megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi
Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev ucnob
Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi
kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb,
romelic arsebobs Cemi avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa
da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxulobdi amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi.
viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob, rom
davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi da
rogoria samyaro realurad, sinamdvileSi. avadmyofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da
momabezrebel absurdebs. wamlebi Zlierad
moqmedebs Cemze da Cems organizmze, amitom ar
maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri simptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absurdebi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda miswvdomoda
da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis
moqmedebis dawyebamde vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel
tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da
mindoda Cemi gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva
surs, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba
esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirovnebac var.
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis

sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan?
Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas hgavs, maSin es misi
mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri
daavadebiT gamowveul mraval problemasTan
gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys

awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan gansxvavebul
qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjobesebeli medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT
gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es mxolod
mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic
euflebaT klinikaSi da kvlevebiT dakavebul
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
inda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cvens

droSi funqcionalur Sizofrenikad yofna da rasTan uxdebaT Sejaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone
adamianebs.
me 30 wlis var, marto vcxovrob da naxevar
ganakveTze vmuSaob, radganac Tan kolejSi
vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad
muSaobis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi
vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecializdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis mogvarebaSi
davexmaro, radganac, rodesac pirvelad gavxdi
avad, Zalian cudad viyavi da amitomac kargad
vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin
amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad, sanam me TviTon
ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara
tyupiscali) ukve 12 weliwadia avad aris da
uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs,
rom es daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var.
avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac vkiTxulobdi
wigns arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars~,
davrwmundi, rom marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg
gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wyalobiT. Cemi azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac
ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur daavadebebSi,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad
603
fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da
mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras warmoadgens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba
da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis
mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi am codnazea
agebuli da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi,
romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva
aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa da Suaxnis
moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc aReniSneba fsiqologiuri
aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali
Tqvengani, vinc waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo
codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli
zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac fsiqologiuri
aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze axdens. mocemul TavSi,
ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
kategoriebs, SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis
aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am aSlilobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT maT sityvebsa da
gamocdilebas, rogorc es Tavis dasawyisSi
gavakeTeT. daviwyoT paTologiis cnebis ganxilviT.
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis buneba
rodesme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT
daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli yovelgvari realuri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis,
ris Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar
iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT TviTmkvlelobaze? migimarTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis problemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad? TiTqmis yvela
Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT
pasuxs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis yvela
Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqoloAbnormal Psychology iTargmna, rogorc paTofsiqologia~, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
1
604
giuri funqcionirebis im diapazons, romelic

ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli, an paTologiuri da romelsac xSirad fsiqopaTologias
an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben. fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba moicavs emociuri,
qceviTi, an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,
rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi, an rac
blokavs, aferxebs mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia1 fsiqologiuri kvlevebis is sferoa, romelic yvelaze
uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis bunebis
Secnobas.
am qveTavs paTologiuri~-s gansazRvrebis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT, Semdeg
ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos
ki Tvals gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda
es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis aswleulebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli
pirovneba paTologiuria, anu fsiqologiuri
aSlilobisgan itanjeba? rogor wyveten fsiqologebi da klinikaSi momuSave sxva praqtikosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovelTvis naTeli, Tu rodis, ra momentSi gadainacvlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan paTologiuris kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveulebisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba.
am daskvnas garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa
da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi,
rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba, fsiqikuri daavadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul
Tvalsazrisze, Semfaseblis codnasa da mis
kulturul gamocdilebaze, situaciasa da im
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT
an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs
pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi, romelic yovelgvari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe muSts urtyams fanjaras, araprognozirebad qcevas
axorcielebs;
pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba

daskvna.
ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qcevisaTvis paTologiuris~ statusis misaniWeblad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan
& Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis
pirovnul distress, an axorcielebs usargeblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski, an qcevis
Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis dakargva. magaliTad, mamakacs,
romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis
gareSe, ar SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli
miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekvaturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs
miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba pirovnul keTildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miznebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs. individi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZlia samuSaos SenarCuneba, an romelic safrTxis winaSe ayenebs sxvebs Tavisi problemiT,
araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi
moqmedebs an laparakobs sxvebisTvis gaugebrad, an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic
pasuxobs obieqtur realobaSi ararsebul
xmebs, araracionalurad, anu iracionalurad
iqceva;
4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprognozirebadad, an araTanmimdevrulad iqceva situaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba.

individis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva statistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da misaRebi
an sasurveli qcevis socialur standartebs
arRvevs. Tumca, mxolod statistikur uCveulobas ar mivyavarT paTologiuris fsiqologiur daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis
inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram
es sasurveladac aris miCneuli. meore mxriv,
ukiduresad dabali inteleqti, aseve, iSviaTobaa, magram es arasasurvelad iTvleba;
amitom xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi diskomforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom garkveulad
afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua
quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar TavTan xmamaRal
kamaTSi CarTuli qali damkvirveblis
diskomforts iwvevs mZRolSi, romelic
misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
individi arRvevs molodins imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am kriteriumis mixedviT,
adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT,
Tu maT ar surT muSaoba anda ar swamT
RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi relevanturia samarTlebriv situaciebSic. am
Temas eZRvneba CanarTi fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi~.
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTologiuris es kriteriumebi myisierad aSkara yvela damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT mxolod
bolo kriteriumi. fsiqikurad avad xarT, Tu ar
gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es paTologiurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT?
an ganvixiloT ufro seriozuli simptomi. Cvens
kulturaSi cudia~, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs,
radganac isini fsiqikuri darRvevis niSnebad
aRiqmeba, magram es kargia~ im kulturebSi, sadac
halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiritualuri Zalebdan momdinare mistikuri xilvebi.
sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos
605
optimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTad
efeqturad muSaobs da
uzrunvelyofs:
subieqtur kargad yofnas;
optimalur ganviTarebas da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
marTlmsajulebasTan
Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
fundamenturi Tanasworobis
mdgomareobebs.
suraTi
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
subieqtur distress;
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gauaresebas an arasakmaris
ganviTarebas;
warumateblobas miznis
miRwevaSi;
destruqciul qcevas;
usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.
15.1
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi

vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre absoluturi, sasargebloa
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic
gansazRvravs optimalur fsiqikur janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi araadapturi
qcevebi.
606
ganvixilavT zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da

safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuTvnebT qcevas paTologiuris kategorias, rodesac
gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori.
rac ufro ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro metad darwmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTologiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben. arc erTi am
kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba,
romelic saerTo iqneboda paTologiuris yvela
SemTxvevisTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis
studentis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas Seexeboda,
aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da
arc sindisis qenjna; am studentma ki CaquCiT
mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi
kabinetis karze gaakeTa warwera: dRes ar aris
miRebis saaTebi~. pirovnuli tanjvis ararsebo-
bisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac

am ukidures qcevas paTologiuris kategoriaSi
movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke
aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris sakmarisi piroba imisaTvis, rom paTologiuri qcevis
yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi
arsebuli qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da
paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris imdenad
qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli
gansvla (gansxvaveba), ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra
xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba
paTologiuris SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa
erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas Soris, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 15.1.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris
Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad imisa, rom
kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiodaa gamokveTili,
fsiqologebs mainc afiqrebT obieqturobis problema.
obieqturobis problema
suraTi
15.2
raTa saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis

(Chorever, 1891).
SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris
liderebs wesad hqondaT politikuri disidentebis, maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis
gamo (sur. 15.2) fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba
da maTi moSorebul fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi xangrZlivi periodiT gagzavna.
Tu individs erTxel miawebeben paTologiuris~ iarliys, adamianebs aqvT tendencia,
rom Semdgom mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac
am daskvnis Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen.
devid rozenhanma (David Rozenhan) da misma
kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli
iyos Seracxadad~ yofna Seuracxad adgilze~.
saidan
viciT
Seracxadad darCena Seuracxad~
adgilze
rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma adamianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT moxvedra erTi simptomis _ halucinaciebis
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul

individs fsiqologiurad aSlili, an paTologiuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb
msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali mkvlevris
mizania am msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis miniWeba, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe. zogierTi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi
xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis standartebs.
sxva SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria.
rogorc vnaxeT fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis
mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive
moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi sruliad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia.
vTqvaT, mamakaci kocnis mamakacs. es SeiZleba
iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniSnebeli aSS-Si, misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi
an mafiis sasikvdilo kocna~ siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia konteqstze.
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea iseTi situaciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris
Sesaxeb daskvna individTa moraluri, an politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedicino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia negroiduli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Taviseburebebi~. doqtori samuel qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel
Cartwright) luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier
iyo daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli
monebis ucnauri~ praqtikis kvlevis komitetis
Tavmjdomared. kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna
monobis praqtikis gasamarTlebeli utyuari
mecnieruli mtkicebulebani~. aRmoCenil iqna
zogierTi daavadeba~, romelic manamde ucnobi
iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi aRmoCena
is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni
iyvnen sensoruli daavadebiT, rac maT dasjisas
tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida~ (amitom ar unda
daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina
daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania), anu Tavisuflebis Ziebis mania _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic batonisgan gaqcevas aiZulebda zogierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera,
607
_ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients miRebisas paranoiduli Sizofreniis an maniakalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi

dausves. miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad
normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi
adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba, ufro
metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxadad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis xelaxali interpretireba konteqstis Sesabamisad xdeba. fsevdopacientebi racionalurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs TavianT situacias, maT inteleqtualuri~ dacvis gamoyenebas miawerdnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis warmoebas
ki Caweris sindromad~ miiCnevdnen. fsevdopacientebma TiTqmis sami kvira gaatares
palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs Seracxadad. rodesac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxolod meuRleebisa da kolegebis daxmarebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi
diagnozi isev Sizofrenia~ iyo, Tumca,
remisiis periodSi~; amrigad, maTi simptomebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
608
rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogoraa

damokidebuli paTologiebis Sesaxeb mosazreba
Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.
fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) TvalsazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki arsebobs
_ es miTia~ (1961, 1977, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis arsebobis damadastureblad gamoyenebuli simptomebi mxolod da
mxolod samedicino iarliyebia, romelic socialur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan gadaxrili) adamianebis mier socialuri normebis
darRvevaSi _ profesiuli Carevis sanqcias
iZleva. erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs
maTi gansxvavebulobis~ problemis gamo an
rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da
sastikad, arsebuli status-qvos~ darRvevis
safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors,
ZiriTadad, imitom, rom kvlevaTa da mkurnalobaTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa
da Semsubuqebaze fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi
aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad, an

garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad miiCneven.
amgvarad, am msjelobas mivyavarT mosazrebamde,
rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes paTologiuris
sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda
SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom sjeraT
klinicistebs, rom simptomTa erToblioba, romliTac warmodgenilia qceviTi paterni, individisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre
ubralod socialuri normebis darRveva.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze
Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad axla
paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis
mkurnalobis zogierT istoriul moments
SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki im zogad mizezobriv
faqtorebs mivubrundebiT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
paTologiuris gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan eSmaks
ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresiulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs da gadamwyvet
zomebs iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvrelad, romelsac ucnaurad, an paTologiurad
miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da
ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri samedicino mkurnalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks
Soris kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli
gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es aRmoCenebi,
SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arsebul rwmenaze, rom aseTi naxvretebi individSi
Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas
aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi
mowodebuli iyo isteriis Sesamsubuqeblad, romlis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi,
Tavbrusxvevebi, koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kontrolis, zegavlenis qveS moqceuli moxetiale
saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT
yuradReba, rogor Cans qvemoT warmodgenil Se-
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo

saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov, msuqano
saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov,
gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro... mogiwodeb
Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT
dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac arc unda
daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde
risxvis gareSe im adgilze, sadac Tavdapirvelad dagafuZna maRalma RmerTma
(Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, citirebulia Nietzel
et al.-Si, 1991, gv.19).
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mraval axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda konvulsiebi,
pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen SeboWilobis, Cxvletisa da dakbenilobis SegrZnebebs. mravali maTgani droebiT dabrmavda an
dayruvda; zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa
da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma
simptomebma axsnis farTomasStabian Ziebas STaberes suli. mravali adamiani Tvlida, rom
simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgenda, rasac is miwieri grZneulebis ZalisxmeviT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze
zemoqmedebiT aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis
panika da grZneulebad wodebuli 20-ze meti
qalis egzekucia mohyva.
XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs ugono qmnilebebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxolod jaWvebiTa da fizikuri discipliniT iyo
SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad
maT damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobi-
leebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo am mdgomareobis Secvla.
samedicino modelis warmoqmna

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri
qcevis mimarT axali damokidebuleba gaCnda _
adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone
individTa avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanjulebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad
an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT
SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi ganxorcielda. filip pineli (Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erTerTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am
ideebis gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis
klasifikaciis sistemis ganviTarebis mcdeloba
ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,
organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT,
TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebel
simptomTa erToblioba, romelic ganasxvavebs
mas sxva aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqcionirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia
dakvirvebadi simptomebis paternebis, darRvevis
dasawyisisTvis arsebuli pirobebis, aSlilobis
bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis mixedviT. aseTma saklasifikacio sistemebma, bunebismetyvelTa mier gamoyenebuli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis
Seqmnis Semdeg, modelireba ganicada da mowodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis gavrcelebuli aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi
daxmarebis gasawevad.
locvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi

demonuri Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.
609
1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil krepelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwuravi klasifikacia. vinaidan swamda, rom fsiqologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli
hqonda, man samedicino diagnozis suliskveTebiT
aRwera fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da
klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, romelic dResdReobiTac arsebobs (Rosenhan &
Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad
da swrafad damkvidrda fsiqiatrebis terminologiaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da
fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalobaze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.
610
fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna

samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdinareoba paTologiuri qcevis fsiqologiur
mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es
mosazreba kargad gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc
mesmeris (Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma
Sromebma. mesmers miaCnda, rom mraval aSlilobas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur
magnetizmad wodebuli idumalebiT moculi
Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda.
man aRmoaCina cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis
ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT cnobili gaxda, rogorc hipnotizmi, rac, Tavdapirvelad, mesmerizmad moixsenie-
boda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton,

1968; Pattie, 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria
cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb diskreditirebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma
mkvlevarma gadaiRo da aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo
cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean
Charcot, 1825-1893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis
zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia,
rodesac pacienti hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS
imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi
isteriis simptomebis gamowvevac ki SeuZlia,
riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
rols im problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac
mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis mqoned miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund
froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT eqsperimentireba.
igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis
Sesaxeb Tavisi fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis SemuSavebisTvis iyenebda, romelic, aseve, axdens
zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriebze (man Semdgom
Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba
da xeli mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazrebebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikuri daavadebebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri modelebis aspeqtTa kombinirebul variants warmoadgens. qvemoT swored paTologiuris mizezebis
axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi
etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedicino problemebis ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba
aSliloba, saidan momdinareobs is da ra zegavlenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkurnalobis
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi prevenciis axali
gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba mizezebis analizi.
qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did
kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze
_ visaubrebT.
biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyalibebuli Tanamedrove biologiuri midgomis
daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri darRvevebi
gamowveulia bazisuri biologiuri faqtorebiT.
biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad
ikvleven Tavis tvinis struqturul anomaliebs,
biologiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavlenebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife balansSi
imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi
_ neirogadamtanebSi, an mis qsovilSi momxdar
mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi
mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba da infeqcia.
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove teqnologia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs, qirurgiuli Carevis gareSe, cocxali
individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da specifikuri bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis
saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal
kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur aSlilobebsa
da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris.
amasTanave, qceviTi genetikis sferoSi mimdinare
miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur genebsa da
fsiqologiur aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis
dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT ra paTologiuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis Secnobas,
winamdebare TavSi biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva
tips mimovixilavT.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis

ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da socialuri
faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am midgomebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirovnul gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da
garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven ganvixilavT
paTologiis sam ZiriTad fsiqologiur models: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kogniturs.
fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgomis msgavsad, fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT,
fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis SigniTaa
lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am
modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri.
rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda,
rom mravali fsiqologiuri aSliloba yvela
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri konfliqtebisa da egos dacviTi reaqciebis normaluri~ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis
gamocdileba orives ayalibebs _ normalur
da paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva
xSir SemTxvevebSi gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa
da survilebiTaa motivirebuli. fsiqopaTologiis simptomebi gaucnobierebeli konfliqtebidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves. Tu aracnobieri
konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea
daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva da sxva
aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am fsiqikur konfliqtTa
umravlesoba idis araracionaluri, siamovnebis
maZiebeli impulsebisa da superegodan momdinare
internalizebuli socialuri iZulebebis urTierTdapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis
rols ego asrulebs, Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTologiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis
mier am funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.
erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi
dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT cdiloben,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gandevna, an uaryofa.
dacvis meqanizmebis moWarbebulad gamoyenebas
Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba, an TviTdamanetiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi, an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
611
612
greveli qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad

didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad,
rom mcireodeni energiaRa darCes nayofieri da
komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
bihevioraluri modeli. xazs usvamen ra
dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi naklebad
saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur procesebze. maT miaCniaT, rom paTologiuri qcevis
SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad _ daswavlisa
da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT _ xdeba. isini
yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas,
Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare qcevasa da mimdinare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs,
romlebic inarCuneben qcevas. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier TviTdamangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri arasasurveli,
paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi arsebuli SemTxveviTi ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlevrebs, an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze
mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis dasaxva da
arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba. araadapturi qceviT
gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebis modelebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kognitur midgomas xSirad bihevioralur TvalsazrisTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis mixedviT, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs
yovelTvis ver aRmovaCenT obieqturad arsebuli
garemos stimulebSi, ganmamtkiceblebsa da
TvalsaCino reaqciebSi. mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da
garemos da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur
cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba sworad an
arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris
pirovnebis mier mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis
gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi aRqma, safrTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobis pirovnuli rwmena da movlenebis
interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli faqtorebis terminebiT. kognituri midgomis mixedviT,
fsiqologiuri problemebi realuri situaciis
aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis, an
problemis gadawyvetis uSedego mcdelobebis
Sedegia.
sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis
Sesaxeb sociokulturuli mosazreba xazs usvams
kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazRvrasa da etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnostirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac obieqturobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT,
rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTsa da imave qcevas
sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes:
zRurbli, romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi
individisTvis adaptaciaSi problemebis Semqmneli gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteqstzea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba etiologias,
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli garemo pirobebi,
sadac cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba gansazRvravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipebis an qvetipebis gamoyofas. Cven mogvianebiT, klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im
ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac mkvlevrebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTavazoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopaTologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da ufro
metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase
magaliTad, genetikurma predispoziciam neirogadamtanebis, an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT
SeiZleba mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis srulad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socialuri stresi, an daswavlili qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba
saubari, romelic ganxorcielda aSlilobebis
sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.
Sejameba
paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: distresi, an uunaroba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti
da zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis
gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevrebis upirvelesi
mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi
obieqturi mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis klasifikacia
ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikaciis sistemis arseboba? ra
upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi
Sefasebis gziT misi sxvadasxva tipebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri diagnozi aris
paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis
klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad
micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri
sistemis farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi diagnostirebisas eqims iseT fizikur monacemebze SeuZlia
dayrdnoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis
suraTi, sisxlis analizi da biofsia. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi diagnozisTvis
saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis interpretaciidan viRebT. klinikosTa maqsimaluri
SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT
diagnostikur Sefasebebs Soris Tanmimdevrulobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma diagnostirebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares,
romelic uzrunvelyofs simptomebis detalur,
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis)
_ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva

kriteriumebi exmareba praqtikosebs imis gadawyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva garkveuli aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
klasifikaciis miznebi
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo
iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg sam sargebels unda iZleodes:
saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa
da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarTa Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis
praqtikosebi sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniSvnelobebis mqone terminebs eZeben. diagnostikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi
raodenobis kompleqsur informacias aerTianebs,
romelSic Sedis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi
da aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur
garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da saavadmyofoebi, diagnostikuri sistema fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs ufro efeqturi komunikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an mkurnalobis
programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTanxmdnen dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.
etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma naTeli unda
mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
samwuxarod, mravali fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi uTanxmoebis an
sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia
am miznis miRweva.
mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve,
unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis ra tipebi
unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis.
mkvlevrebma da klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom
garkveuli mkurnaloba an Terapia ufro efeqturad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur
aSlilobebze. magaliTad, Sizofreniis dros
sakmaod efeqturi medikamentebi sruliad
usargebloa da zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec
mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi. mkurnalobebis efeqturobisa da specifikurobis Sesaxeb
codnis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro
sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac
metad mniSvnelovania.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia
rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb daskvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze.

kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad
epyrobodnen, anda sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen.
mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis SedarebiT adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamianebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini, am aSlilobebis daavadebebad ganxilva daiwyes. es daavadebebi kategorizaciasa
da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri
daavadebis etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul models mimarTaven xolme.
613
DSM-IV-TR
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze farTod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema amerikis
fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri
saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSMIV, 1994) teqsturi gadasinjva~ 2000 wels gamoqveynda da mas klinikosebi da mkvlevrebi DSMIV-TR-is saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasificirebulia, gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze
meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis
mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli diagnostikuri
sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yuradReba simptomTa paternebis aRwerasa da aSlilobebis mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris
gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur Teoriebsa
da mkurnalobis strategiebze. wmindad aRweriTi
xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs
problemebis aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis
gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi
da ikvlion, Tu romeli Teoriuli modeli
ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis
amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri da statistikuri
saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia,
ganmartebulia da aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSlilobebi.
cxrili
614
DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels

gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul fsiqikur daavadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gadasinjuli DSM-II ufro metad Seesatyviseboda
meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTelobis organizaciis daavadebaTa internacionalur klasifikacias (ICD _ International Classification of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV,
1994) komitetebisa da mecnierebis ramdenimewliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida.
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels
gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrilebiT ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili
gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da, aseve,
Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli
cvlilebebi realur klinikur pirobebSi. DSMIV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe
gamocemas. DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqstur
gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic aris
mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili
DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis struqtura.
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSirSi myofi fsiqologiuri, socialuri da fizikuri
faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasaxmareblad DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs, anu RerZebs
iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia yvela
am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).
ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba
I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis yvela aSliloba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic
15.1
DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi
RerZebi
informaciis klasi
aRwera
RerZi I
klinikuri aSlilobebi
es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens qceviTi an

fsiqologiuri problemebis simptomebs, an paternebs, romelic,
rogorc wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs funqcionirebas
romelime sferoSi. aq Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs
iCens Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.
RerZi II
(a) pirovnuli aSlilobebi

(b) gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis disfunqcionaluri

paternebi.
RerZi III
zogadi samedicino
mdgomareobebi
am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri problemebi, romelic

ukavSirdeba I da II RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas, an mkurnalobas.
RerZi IV
fsiqosocialuri da garemos
problemebi
am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri da garemos

stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos
aSlilobis diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.
RerZi V
funqcionirebis mTlianobiTi
Sefaseba
am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur, socialur da

profesionalur sferoebSi individis mimdinare funqcionirebis
erTiani done.
diagnostikuri kategoriebis
ganviTareba
diagnostikuri kategoriebi da maTi organizebisa da warmodgenisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi
DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es
cvlilebebi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis eqspertebis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs
asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan
Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba da sad unda
gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs
Soris. aseve, maTSi asaxulia sazogadoebaSi
paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi
gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri kategoria,
zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad,
DSM-III-is (1980w.) SesavalSi amoRebulia nevrotul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxvavebis tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSlilobebi, anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad gaigeboda,
rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri
problemebi, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aReniSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad
araracionaluri azrovneba da ar arRvevda
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur
distress, an xasiaTdeboda TviTdamangreveli
an daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT. fsiqoturi aSlilobebi, anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli

problemebisgan gansxvavebulad moiazreboda
rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT.
miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi qceva mniSvnelovanwilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan
da mas Tan axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa
da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsultacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom terminebi
nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilobebi Zalze ganzogadda Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT
da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri
kategoria (Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiatri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis darRvevebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli
diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda CamonaTvals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia homoseqsualoba. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT XII Tavidan,
rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam
xma misca fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan
homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde homoseqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadeba.
fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla
kvlevebis Sedegebma gamoiwvia, romelmac aCvena
homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli
qalebis, zogadad, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba.
dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas ubralod
seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad
miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IVTR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba
mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi seqsualur
orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT~ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000,
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas
ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar
avlens moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul
iracionalur azrovnebas, an ar arRvevs qcevis
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur
distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-IIIdan.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba individis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrovnebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil
sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs. II RerZze mocemulia

rogorc gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirovnuli aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan
sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi moicavs
informacias zogadi samedicino mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, diabeti, rac
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze ganTavsebuli aSlilobis gagebisas, an mkurnalobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs damatebiT informacias, romelic SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos konkretuli individisTvis mkurnalobis kursis dagegmvisas, an prognozis Sefasebisas
(momavali cvlilebebis winaswar ganWvretisas).
IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan
momdinare problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba
axsnas pacientis stresuli reaqciebi, an stresTan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze klinikosebi afaseben individis funqcionirebis
saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis
sruli diagnozi TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas
unda moicavdes.
615
marTla gvicavs Tu ara Seuracxadoba
1981 wlis 30 marts msoflio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis

_ ronald reiganis mkvlelobis TiTqmis warmatebulma
mcdelobam, romelic jon
hiklim ganaxorciela. 1982
wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela
zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac
naficma msajulebma hinkli
udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis gamo~. ramdenad misaRebi iyo es? ras niSnavs, rom
viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris ganmartebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar
arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri gansazRvreba. metic, Seuracxadoba popularuli kulturisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis cnebaa.
samarTalSi Seuracxadobis
gaTvaliswinebis praqtika 1843
wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac inglisSi deniel mak-
616
naTeni (Daniel M`Naghten) mkvlelobaSi udanaSaulod cnes

Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi
savaraudo msxverpli britaneTis premier ministri iyo.
maknaTens swamda, rom mas RmerTma Caagona mkvleloba (man
SemTxveviT premier ministris
nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacvlad fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. am verdiqtis
Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca
lordTa palatas, rom gamoekveTa mimarTuleba, e.w. maknaTenis wesi, romelic gansazRvravda Seuracxadobis farglebs. am wesis mixedviT, damnaSave ver unda xvdebodes mis
mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis xasiaTsa da kategorias;
anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda icodes, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris
swori.~
gv.582). diagnostikuri kriteriumi, cxadia, gamoiyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs

es problema.
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kritikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis
miRma rCeboda kulturuli variaciebi. DSM-IVTR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs
informacias specifikuri kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis~ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli
sindromi: ganmeorebiTi, normidan gadaxrili
qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri paternebi
da Semawuxebeli gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes, an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IVSeuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara
klinikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuridiulad Seuracxadi, an araqmediTi,
arakompetenturi.
aris ki maknaTenis wesi

damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulobis samarTliani sazomi? fsiqikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi
winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlevrebma ufro meti ician im
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romelSic damnaSave SesaZloa ansxvavebdes swors mcdarisgan _
damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes,
rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba arasamarTlebrivi an arazneobrivi iyo,
magram mainc ver SeZlos moqmedebis daTrgunva da misgan
Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am
tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi aSlilobebis ganxilvisas visaubrebT). xSirad, magaliTad,
fobiebis mqone adamianebma
ician, rom oboba maT arafers
dauSavebs, magram ar xelewifebaT misi danaxvisas panikuri
qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba.
is garkveul diagnostikur kategorias~ (DSMIV-TR, 2000, gv.898). qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime

magaliTi:
Boufee delirante. aJitirebuli da agresiuli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva, SesamCnevi
dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba~ (gv.899);
aRniSnulia dasavleT afrikaSi, taitze;
Koro. moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva
imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an, qalebis SemTxvevaSi,
sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba
sxeuls, ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios~
(gv. 900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;
Taijin Kyofusho. individis intensiuri
SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis sxeuli, sxeulis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samarcxvino, an Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebisaTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT, saxis gamo-
lod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac

eqspertebi daadgenen, rom
isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapatimrebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSirad winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra vadiT aTavseben individs fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebaSi. rogor fiqrobT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi
ramdenad darwmunebulni unda
yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da
fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba ganecxadebinaT?
hinklis SemTxvevis Sedegad mravalma sasamarTlom
Secvala Seuracxadobis dacvis arsebuli standartebi:
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba Seuracxadobis gamo udanaSaulod
cnobis~ verdiqtis miRebis
garTuleba iyo (Appelbaum,
1994). iyo Tu ara es cvlilebebi aucilebeli? praqtikuli motivebidan gamomdinare,
pasuxi TiTqmis ueWvelad aris
ara~. miuxedavad im didi
yuradRebisa, romelsac sainformacio saSualebebSi uTmoben Seuracxadobis mo-
metyvelebiT an moZraobiT~ (gv. 903); aRniSnulia

iaponiaSi.
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis TiToeul ZiriTad formas, mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura
ar miiCnevs erTnairad normalurad an paTologiurad.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis
mizania rogorc sxvadasxva aSlilobebis aRwerisa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli stenografiuli enis uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etiologiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSMIV-TR warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad
saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli informacia xuT
RerZzea mocemuli. diagnostikuri kategoriebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema
ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi gamxdariyo.
Txovnebs da, Sesabamisad,

sazogadoebis kargad informirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb,
aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod
iSviaTia (Blau et al., 1993; Lymburner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad,
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom baltimorSi,
merilendSi 60 432 sabraldebo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma
damcvelma (0.31%) Seitana Seuracxadobis sarCeli da mxolod 8 maTgani (4.2%) iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al.,
1996). amgvarad, mcirea albaToba imisa, rom Tqven odesme
mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom
dajdeT nafic msajulTa
skamze da gansajoT, meore
adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara,
magram warmoidgineT, rom es
moxda. vTqvaT, Tqven jefri
dameris saqmis ganxilvisas
iyaviT msajuli, romelic
kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo
dakavebuli da romelic
Seracxadad cnes (msajulebma
uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva).
rogor imoqmeda am TavSi miRebulma informaciam Tqvens
mosazrebebze?
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris
Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi, mivadeqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mizezebsa da
Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizofrenia. TiToeuli kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer
aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli
individebi da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvirveblebi. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
etiologiisadmi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
midgomebi am aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva
kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac ver davuTmobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb aseTi mosazreba samarTlebriv standartebSic iqna

CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda
hinklis SemTxvevaSi. mis
nafic msajulebs miaCndaT,
rom hinkli ar akontrolebda
Tavis qcevas, romelic msaxiob
judi fosteris akviatebidan
momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara
hinkli? _ araviTar SemTxvevaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis
wm. elizabetis fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001
wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis,
rogorc dacvis, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba
m k v l e l e b s Ta v i s u f l a d
darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994).
Seuracxadobis sarCeliT
udanaSaulod miCneul individTa daaxloebiT 90%
fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi individebs sazogadoebaSi mxo-
617
yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa Sesaxeb mokle, Semajamebeli informacia.

nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi
moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur nivTierebebze
damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas.
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
mravali sakiTxi cnobierebis mdgomareobebis
uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi 6).
somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis
fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi, rogoricaa:
kidurebis paralizeba, an tkivilebi, fizikuri
mizezis gareSe. es kategoria moicavs isteriad
wodebul simptomebs.
seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri
Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa da
deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.
aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba,
Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi, an
WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv CamorCenilobas, komunikaciur aSlilobebs, rogoricaa: enabluoba da autizmi.
kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa: anoreqsia

da bulimia, me-12 TavSia ganxiluli.
618
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires,

ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT individebs calkeuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebulia kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti
adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad, fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis
didi SerCevebidan aris miRebuli. diagramebSi
asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba
erTi Tvis, erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis
periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia
National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS), romelSic 15dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda
(Kessler et al., 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas
mozrdilebad~ movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar
monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis mozrdilebi.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa
da imave individebs cxovrebis garkveul etapze
erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniSnebodaT. es fenomeni komorbidulobis saxeliT
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze
meti aSliloba.
aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis arsebobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavadebaTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si dadginda, rom
individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT
erTi aSliloba, realurad erTdroeulad ori
an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbidulobis paternebis intensiuri Seswavla daiwyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri
darRvevebisaTvis tipur simptomebsa da gamocdilebebs, gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi
maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul
romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs. Cven mier
aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, amitom gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini
sruliad ucxod mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs
adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac konkretuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis kriteriumTa nusxaSi
SexvdebiT. am msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels
Seuwyobs paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda
gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi
mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil profesionalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba
gauwioT cdunebas da ar gamoiyenoT axlad
SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis wevrebisTvis paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da
depresias da SedarebiT mokled visaubrebT
pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSlilobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiToeul Cvengans ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad problemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad funqcionirebasa
da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis
xels. dadgenilia, rom mozrdili mosaxleobis
TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebi (Kessler et al., 1994). TiToeul am
aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs,
Tumca, isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis simwvaviT/
panikuri aSliloba
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba

rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils,
sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze, SfoTvaSi, an
nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobis diagnozs
usvamen. xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebiseul situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa:
ararealuri SfoTva finansebis, an sayvareli
adamianis kargad yofnis Taobaze. SfoTvis
gamoxatvis gzebi _ specifikuri simptomebi _
varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram
generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis
pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva simptomic unda
aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: kunTebis daZabuloba,
gadaRliloba, mousvenroba, susti koncentracia,
gaRizianebadoba, an Zilis problemebi.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs, radganac SeuZlebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontroleba, an gverdze gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze
koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs
sakmaris yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxureobriv valdebulebebs. am sirTuleebs aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic
erTvis Tan.
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin damexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis

gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txemidan fexis TiTebamde gagirbens sxeulSi
da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli
var... TiTqos vkvdebi, an raRac msgavsi
(Muskin & Fyer, 1981, gv.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin
xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba panikis
ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amasTanave, intensiurad nerviulobs Semdgomi
Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da
TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabulobiT.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis
momatni obieqtis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sul
mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi
aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis moulodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabulobis, SiSisa, an saSinelebis
grZnobiT iwyeba.
siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven

mimovixilavT ZiriTad kategoriebs, esenia: generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba, fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba da posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis qronikulad arsebobisgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis
Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi
SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSis, an saSinelebis grZnobebiT
iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis
fizikuri simptomebi, maT Soris TviTregulirebadi hiperaqtiuroba (rogoricaa aCqarebuli
guliscema), Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da
xuTvis, an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi moulodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs
raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gakeTebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis SefasebaSi,
Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone
es pirovneba panikis Setevebs:
619
DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis

diagnostireba unda moxdes agorafobiis Tanmxlebi arsebobis, an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
agorafobia iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi, an
Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSia, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli, an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos.
agorafobiis mqone individebs, rogorc wesi,
aSinebT iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa: _ xalxmravali oTaxebi, saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi
da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom,
Tu saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli
sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis buStze kontrolis dakargvis gamo, an
panikis Setevis simptomebi, SeuZlebeli iqneba
daxmarebis miReba samarcxvino situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian. es SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuflebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki sakuTari
saxlebis patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli
agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan? panikis
Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela)
adamianisTvis momavali Setevis saSiSroeba _
umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba
sakmarisi gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis
mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis
usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis
ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.
fobiebi
620
SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad

identificirebul garegan safrTxeze (rogoricaa
xanZari, an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an gadavides
Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,

fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri
obieqtis, moqmedebis, an situaciis mdgradi da
araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba da realobas
safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi, an gvelebi
(an mravalarCevniani testebic ki). es msubuqi
SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur
saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi zegavlenas axdens
adaptaciaze, mniSvnelovan distress iwvevs da
miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs
aferxebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad SezRudulma fobiamac ki SeiZleba udidesi gavlena
moaxdinos konkretuli individis cxovrebaze.
DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili:
socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi
(ix. cxrili 15.2).
socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic individi SeiZleba sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis
mqone adamians samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcielebis eSinia. pirovneba acnobierebs, rom SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram
SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi aaridos
iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba.
socialuri fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayofilebel winaswar ganWvretas gulisxmobs. inagorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval
adgilebSi, an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi
SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli, an
samarcxvino iyos.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis,
an situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis
momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da
iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba
iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar
warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
cxrili
15.2
gavrcelebuli fobiebi
ZiriTadi tipebi
socialuri fobiebi (raime damamcireblis
keTebis dros dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis
SiSi)
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba
gamovlenis tipuri asaki
umravlesoba qalia
mozardobis periodi
TiTqmis yvela qalia
bavSvoba
umravlesoba an TiTqmis
yvela qalia
bavSvoba
umravlesoba qalia
nebismieri asaki
TiTqmis yvela qalia
bavSvoba an 20-iani wlebis

Sua periodi
specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi
katebi (ailurofobia)
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)
mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)
bunebrivi garemos tipi
Stormebi (brontofobia)
simaRleebi (akrofobia)
sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi
sisxli (hematofobia)
nemsebi (belonofobia)
situaciuri tipidaxuruli
divids SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa

dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom
warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac
socialuri fobiis mqone adamianebi warmatebulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben,
rom warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace &
Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa 13.3%-s aReniSneba
socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT
sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze, an situaciebze
reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi,
specifikuri fobiebi dayofilia ramdenime
qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifikuri fobiis mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze
hqondes fobiuri reaqciebi. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis
realurad arsebobisas, an warmodgenisas warmoiqmneba. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilspecifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obieqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
Ta 11.3%-s aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee

et al., 1996).
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi
adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis specifikur
paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis
jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli
da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri
Wabuki iyo. Semdeg, TiTqmis erTbaSad,
fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul
gariyulad, socialuri cxovrebidan gamoTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis
akviateba (obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata
ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udidesi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuWyis CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad dabanvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReebsa da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am
sivrceebi (klaustrofobia)
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)
621
qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,

rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
622
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis saxeliT aris
cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), romelic, monacemebis mixedviT, amerikel
mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (DSM-IV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi)
aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric
iyo jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani
iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad, mainc meordeba an narCundeba. obsesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc arasasurveli SeWra
cnobierebaSi; isini suleluri, an autanelia
da miuRebelia im pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis
maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis
msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa
wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi, vTqvaT,
namdvilad Cavkete kari?~ an gamovrTe Tu ara
gazqura?~ obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone adamianTa obsesiuri azrebi gacilebiT metad
iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba
imoqmedos socialur da profesiul saqmianobaze.
kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric iyo jimis
banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xorcieldeba garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ritualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis
momgvrel raime situaciasTan dakavSirebuli
diskomfortis Sesamcireblad, an aRsakveTad
xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia, an
_ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri kompulsiebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviatebuli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT
an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT,
anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT,
romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ritualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD) SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/
fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis,

an sxva xelsawyoebis gamorTulobis gadamowmebas
da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone individebi, sawyis periodSi mainc, ewinaaRmdegebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi
ar vlindeba kompulsiebis arseboba, Tumca,
SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli xdeba
daZabulobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri
kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili, romelsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamianebi ganicdian, obsesiebis iracionalurobis,
an moWarbebulobis da maTi Semcirebis unaris
arqonis gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustraciidan momdinareobs.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba

XIII TavSi warmogidgineT diskusia or qalbatons Soris, romlebic jer kidev ebrZodnen
gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori
qalbatonis mimdinare SfoTvas. erTi ambobda,
rom SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi~
gaiara da esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen
Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki idgnen,
uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad
misvlas. meores, romelic sirbilis (varjiSis)
dros gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis
ganaxlebis: yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar,
mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba. cxadia,
marto aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer
isev rCeba~. am qalbatonebs posttravmatuli
stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _
PTSD) aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis
gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT, anu e.w. fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba
ganuviTardeT gaupatiurebaze, sicocxlisaTvis
safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze, an
Zlier dazianebaze, travmaze, anda stiqiur
ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991;
Kairbank et al., 1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994).
adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni, an rodesac
xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs albaToba
imisa, rom PTSD-is mqone adamianebs amavdroulad
sxva fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogo-
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT ganxilul TiToeul etiologiur midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri)
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba
aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul
maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili SfoTviTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.
biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas
biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-erTi Teoria
cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli
fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis an simaRleebis SiSi,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva safrTxeebis, magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan
mravali SiSi saerToa sxvadasxva kulturisTvis,
SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom evoluciuri
warsulis garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi
zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.
SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tandayolili hqondaT seriozuli safrTxis gamomwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi mocemulia erTxel SemaSineblad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da daufiqreblad~ reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia
(Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis im obieqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis
saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs, romelTac evoluciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCenisTvis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamentebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis SesaZlebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri
faqtoris rolis damadasturebel monacemebs
iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). magaliTad, gavixsenoT me-3 Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi
GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis Semcirebisas
adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, GABA-is Semcvelobaze moqmedi
nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev
agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis tvinSi arsebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas
(Malizia, 1999). magaliTad, PET- skanirebam gamoavlina
gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sakontrolo jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis
funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis
warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI teqnikis
saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi
gamovlenil iqna Zalze farTod gavrcelebuli
paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli
boWkoebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre
normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simptomebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris damokidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis
Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis xuTi kategoriidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZvels iZleva (Skre et al., 1993). magaliTad, identuri
ricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri disfunqciebi.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa
daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze erTxel
mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlianobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT sami
meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba
travmatulad miviCnioT, rogoricaa: seriozuli
ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studentTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena;
daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti
aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana &
Lauterbach, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi
da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian travmatul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-is
ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre mamakacebSi (Breslau
et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan
gansakuTrebiT didia albaToba imisa, rom
bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganviTardes PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben
am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian
arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor umklavdebian mkvlevrebi PTSD-isa da sxva SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis wyaroebis aRmoCenis rTul amocanas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri
distresis Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.
623
tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTarebis albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis
araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis albaTobasTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
erTaderT tips, romelsac ar gaaCnia genetikuri
faqtoris wvlilis damadasturebeli monacemebi,
fobiebi warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi
ufro metad aris CarTuli.
fsiqodinamikuri
624
fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan,

rom SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebi warsulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan, an SiSebidan
momdinareobs. simptomebi fsiqologiuri tkivilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoadgens. amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri
konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis
saxlis rTuli garemodan gaqcevis survils.
Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma, an situaciam,
romelic simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs
konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba moaxdinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis simbolizacia iyos, romelic man unda gaiaros
saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad.
amitom xidis danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti
SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac fobiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba
Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi
saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis simboluri mcdeloba.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba, rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis, an
konfliqtebis mier warmoqmnili SfoTvis gadanacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic simbolurad akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, CanacvlebiT pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas aRwevs.
magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili
WuWyis akviatebuli (obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba
seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da
sakuTari reputaciis gaWuWyianebis~ SiSs Soris
warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritualuri moqmedebebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs,
individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan
momdinare, sawyisi TemisTvis Tavis aridebis

saSualebas warmoadgens.
bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba
imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi ar eZeben safuZvelSi myof aracnobier
konfliqtebs, an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebebs, radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis
pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT,
bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobiebis ganviTarebas, romelTac klasikurad ganpirobebul SiSebad miiCneven. gavixsenoT patara
alberti, romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali
reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares.
bihevioraluri axsnis Tanaxmad, manamde neitraluri obieqti, an situacia SemaSinebel gamocdilebasTan Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis
stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis
niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis fobia Camouyalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze
fiqrmac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSis talRa.
fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia,
rasac adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis
Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis bihevioraluri analizi aCvenebs, rom kompulsur qcevas
SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba
kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu
qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis
(kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana Seamcirebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtkicebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad, obsesiurkompulsuri aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis
Semcirebis, anu reduqciis saSualebiT xdeba,
rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.
kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul procesebsa
da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos
pirovnebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis miseuli
Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda

vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am
xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avnerviuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad
gamovCndebi. roca ar unda mnaxon am
adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi,
rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic sityviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs
TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali ubedurebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam
SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras: pirovnebas eSinia
ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas
da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck & Emery,
1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT Seamowmes: individebs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs,
rogoricaa zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva, an
gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli
Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZnobelobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT daTanxmebis
tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _
rodesac vamCnev, rom guliscema mixSirdeba,
vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemarTos.~ erT-erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen
im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas SfoTvisadmi, romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadetTa ZiriTadi wvrTnis stresul kurss gadioda.
am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac
SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze
maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani
kursis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva,
mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%-isgan
gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT individs imis gamo
SeiZleba daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi
sakuTar sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelobis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis
gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba
kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebi momatebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen
safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze. panikuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis
am cnebebSi panikis Setevis fiziologiuri,
sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis,
magaliTad, Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva
da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSlilobis mqone individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi
warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am kategorias, ise _ sakontrolo CamonaTvals (magaliTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli)
Zalze xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis
1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili sityvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone
cdis pirTa Sedegebi dardeboda sakontrolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kognituri Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod
panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis
cnobas, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es
hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis
mqone pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes
maSin, roca janmrTelma sakontrolo
jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al.,
1997).
kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben SfoTvis SenarCunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina
planze swevs da metad gamokveTils xdis
SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa,
yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris tendencia axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis
SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis
1/100-s grZeldeba.
Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad gamklavebis

sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, socialuri fobiis mqone adamianma farTo auditoriis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos SfoTvas:
625
TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSlilobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis mxolod

nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdinare gamokvlevebi naTels gaxdis mizezebs da,
Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla,
rodesac ukve gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami didi kategoriidan Semdegis ganxilvaze,
romelsac, aseve, detalurad ganvixilavT. es
aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.
aSlilobebi
aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi periodebi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad daTrgunulad, an
warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis
ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs maTi cxovrebis
normalur ritms. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas, rogoricaa Rrma depresia an depresia, romelic maniasTan
monacvleobiT iCens Tavs. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler et al.,
1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: klinikur depresiul aSlilobasa da bipolarul
aSlilobas.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
626
depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analogad miiCneven, radganac Zalze xSirad emarTebaT

adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia
sayvareli adamianis dakargva, an sevdiani da
ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miRguneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder)
_ guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa
Rrma depresia, an maniasTan adgilmonacvle
depresia.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli
depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
cxrili
15.3
klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis

maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTebeli
magaliTi
disforiuli
ganwyobileba
sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba;

TiTqmis yvela Cveuli
saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan
siamovnebis miRebis unaris dakargva.
mada
umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.
Zili
insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an

moWarbebuli Zilianoba)
motoruli
aqtivoba
SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli

CamorCena) an agznebuloba.
danaSaulis
gancda
usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/

TviTgvema
koncentracia azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis

Semcirebuli unari; gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi
akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis

Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi an
mcdelobebi.
wevaSi warumateblobis gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi

mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris,
romelsac ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli
aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).
depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTmaneTisgan arsebuli simptomebis siRrmiTa da
xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali maTgani cxovrebis garkveuli etapis mxolod ramdenime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur depresias, arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizodur, an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
gavrcelebis statistikis mixedviT, qalTa 21%sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc aReniSneba klinikuri depresia
(Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daavadebuls, mis ojaxsa da sazogadoebas. evropaSi
Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda,
rom rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi
mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis mexuTeds
klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis
gamo sruliad araqmediTunariania da veRar
axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSSis fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela diagnostirebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas depresia
warmoadgens, magram jer isev miaCniaT, rom es
ar aris diagnostirebisa da mkurnalobis sruli
iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia yvelafris darigeba-gaCuqeba.

semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac
maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi aReniSneba:
suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individTa naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime
saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).
bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma depresiuli periodebis maniakalur epizodebTan
monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi pirovneba,
rogorc wesi, uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad
iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan
individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianebadoba ufroa, vidre aweuli guneba-ganwyobileba
da enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca
igi ramenairad winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. maniakalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
moWarbebul TviTpativiscemas, an ararealur
rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes Zilis moTxovnilebis mkveTri
Semcireba da SeiZleba Warbad iyos dakavebuli
samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri, an siamovnebis momtani saqmianobiT. Sepyrobilia ra maniakaluri ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usafuZvlo optimizms, midis usargeblo riskze,
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi

adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis periodSi
Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas
cdiloben. amgvarad, maniakaluri epizodi
TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT
icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyobilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da sixSire
pirovnebidan pirovnebamde varirebs. zogierT
maTgans normaluri funqcionirebis xangrZlivi
periodebi aqvT, romelTac drodadro xanmokle
maniakaluri, an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets,
Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire raodenoba,
romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da
romelTa cxovrebaSi maniakalur epizodebs
pirdapir klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg
isev maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad
viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli, romelic angrevs da anadgurebs Tavad am aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs, maT ojaxebs, megobrebsa da TanamSromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ gunebaganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli aSlilobis komponenti, romelic
xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis periodebiT, grandiozulobis
grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da
realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad

grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda, rom
TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da
igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas anerviulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela iqceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis
brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis xelewifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda
finansebTan dakavSirebuli aRmafrTovanebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar
cdilobdnen misi megobrebi mis gegmebSi
CarTvas.
627
waagon mTeli danazogi, an ucnobebs guluxvi

saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs danaSaulis
grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipolaruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdilTa 1.6%-Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al., 1994).
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra faqtorebi moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am kiTxvas biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da
kognituri midgomebis poziciebidan davsvamT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba, misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bipolarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili
da es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.
biologiuri
628
garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi gunebaganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi biologiur faqtorze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia maniakaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis
or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis tvinis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs safuZvlad. ori
qimiuri agentis, serotoninisa da norepinefrinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukavSirdeba, momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT
ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman
et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET skanirebas iyeneben
maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi
cerebraluri glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba,
romelic energiis gamosanTavisufleblad gamoiyeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix.
sur. 15.3), magram aseTi gansxvavebebi ganwyobilebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba
iyos, vidre mizezi.
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobaze genetikuri
faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen,
1997). tyupebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom, Tu identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis
suraTi
15.3
bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba

PET skanireba maniakaluri frazis dros, depresiulobasTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri glukozis
metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda
da qveda rigze depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis
monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.
aSlilobiT avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi,

rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris
araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar aqvT identuri genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello,
1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben ra mosazrebas guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde
am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli genetikuri masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis
adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis
Temis warmomadgenelTa bipolaruli aSlilobis
paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi
aseTi kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi
arian maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri genealogiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad
izolirebulobisa da maT Soris iseTi qceviTi
faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa, alkoholizmi da Zaladoba, (romelic zegavlenas
moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis
yvela 15 000 wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamomavalia. aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis

gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis TvalSisacemi
magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan
modis. zogierT adamians regularulad eufleba
depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe
xanmoklea (ix. sur. 15.4). guneba-ganwyobilebis
am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri
afeqturi aSliloba _ saa (anu SAD _ seasonal
affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli
teqnika, romelic sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs
SAD-s _ pacientebs sistematurad waredginebodaT mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar
& Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom
sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos neirogadamtan serotoninze, romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev
faqtorad aris miCneuli.
saidan
suraTi
viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi
aSliloba (saa)
saa-is mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos,
sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian
kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvle-
15.4
sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba

sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT.
diagramaze mocemulia maRali ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis
sinaTlis xangrZlivobias (nawili B) Soris
Taobebis manZilze gamovlindes zogierT, magram

ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs
aSlilobis mqone da misgan Tavisufali individebis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naadrevi aRmoCnda bipolaruli genis~ identificirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsenebebi (Kelsoe et al., 1989), mkvlevrebi ar kargaven
optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans
im codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997;
Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
629
vis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis

Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomareoba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas
axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcvelobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacientebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcvelobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze
dasves; sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs
ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesanarCunebeli dieta daeniSnaT. eqsperimentuli
jgufis pacientebs saa-is simptomebis recidivi aReniSnaT, sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom sinaTlis Terapia Tavdapirvelad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis
Semcvelobis aRdgenaze, ramac pacientebs
aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba
misca, anu Tavidan aacila depresiuli
simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).
630
gankicxvis wyaros. es risxva bavSvobis gansakuTrebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas

ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa
da Svilis urTierToba, sadac ar xdeba
pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis
dakmayofileba. mozrdilobaSi gancdili danakargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri, aaqtiurebs mtrul grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve
pirovnebis egoze miemarTeba da Sedegad depresiisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.
bihevioraluri
Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma

wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi neirogadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
(zogierT maTganze me-16 TavSi visaubrebT), Tumca,
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias
iseTive efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc
zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis
orive saxeoba _ medikamenturi, an sinaTlis
Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas aSlilobis
etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis darRvevis rolis Sesaxeb. amave dros, Tu SAD-is
aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT
sakuTar Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT gunebaganwyobilebis aSlilobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.
depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis

nacvlad, bihevioraluri midgoma pirovnebis mier
miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
raodenobis efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas
(Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin
viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan arasakmaris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels
iRebs danakargis, an raime sxva mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani
da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis mdgomareobas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli
yuradReba da TanagrZnoba ganamtkicebs (Biglan,
1991), Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis depresiuli
pirovnebis uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobileba da
damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs arideben. es
reaqcia spobs dadebiTi ganmtkicebis erT-erT
wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul
adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris verSefasebisa
da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis tendencia
axasiaTebT (Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson &
Craighead, 1977).
fsiqodinamikuri
kognituri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depresiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols aracnobieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare
mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs. froids depresiul
adamianebTan TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis
grZnobasTan uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda,
rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar
Tavze mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviT-
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis

Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi Teoriis
mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uaryofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri sqema (ix. Tavi 5)
ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazrebebi SeeqmnaT maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare im
movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben. meore, axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _

zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi
reaqciis ar, qonis zogadi paterni, romelic
xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac
individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali
uaryofiTi stimulis zemoqmedebas.
depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom

igi sakmaod, an saerTod ver akontrolebs
sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs.
TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli
gamocdilebis zogierT aspeqts. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), depresiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara kognituri
sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli
adamianebi sami tipis uaryofiTi kogniciiT
gamoirCevian, rasac igi depresiul kognitur
triadas uwodebs. esaa uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare movlenebsa da momavalze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom sakuTari Tavi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad, an naklovanad
aRiqvan, mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uaryofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da sirTuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi azrovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela gancdas da
depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis. individi, romelic yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moelis, ver iqneba motivirebuli raime miznis
miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili
maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis paralizeba.
axsnis stilis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
martin seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix. Tavi 12)
ekuTvnis, individebs sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad,
rom ar SeuZliaT maTTvis mniSvnelovani
momavlis gakontroleba. seligmenis Teoria
ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo

depresiismagvari simptomebi ZaRlebSi (mogvianebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri
(1967) ZaRlebze mtkivneuli da gardauvali
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda
eqnaT ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar
arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili
umweoba. daswavlili umweoba sami tipis deficitiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficitiT _
ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen cnobili moqmedebebis
dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _ isini rigidulni, gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni
Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini cudad
iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic
ki, sadac eZleodaT SokisTvis Tavis aridebis
SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT
qcevas (Maier & Seligman, 1976).
seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamianebic daswavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon,
yvelaferi uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978;
Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi mis
cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc me-12
TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis stilis sami
ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internalurieqsternaluri), zogadi-konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi
(stabiluri-arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis
gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven
gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors
miawerT (me suleli var~), rac ufro dagasevdianebT, vidre garegani faqtori (gamocda
namdvilad Zneli iyo~), ramac SeiZleba gangarisxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT
inteleqtze metad cvalebadi Sinagani mdgomareoba agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani,
ucvleli faqtorisTvis (sisulele) migeweraT,
romelic zogad, anu Sors mimaval gavlenas
axdens, Tqven SemoifargleT fsiqologiis
gamocdasTan an kursTan dakavSirebuli axsniT
631
(me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis~).

axsnis stilis Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi,
romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian
depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis dadasturda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis
misaRebia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom is stili,
romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven
sakuTar Tavsa da maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare
movlenebs, maT depresiul mdgomareobaSi amyofebs. magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axasiaTebT TviTdadasturebis, anu maTi mekoncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis moZiebis
tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am tendencias uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli adamianebisaTvis.
saidan
viciT
TviTdadastureba da depresia
632
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies

individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi depresiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepresiuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali TviTpativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic,
aseve, aradepresiuli iyo da xasiaTdeboda
maRali TviTpativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgufis cdis pirebma interviusTvis mosamzadebel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces
pasuxi. interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres,
rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca
pasuxi da TiToeulze daiwera pirovnebis
daxasiaTeba~, rasac win uZRvoda sruli
pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs
miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _ erTi
dadebiTi (es pirovneba kargad damkvidrebuli, TviTdarwmunebuli da bednieria~
da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi (es pirovneba
ubeduria, daurwmunebelia, arakomfortulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan~ da a.S.).
cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT, amoerCiaT, Tu
romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen.
Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia mocemuli. rogorc
xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTanabrad iyvnen dainteresebulni uaryofiTi
Sefasebis wakiTxviT; dabali TviTpativiscemis mqone individebTanac gamovlinda

uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midrekileba maSin, roca maRali TviTSefasebis
mqone individebi aSkarad dadebiT ukukavSirs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili
15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad
miaCndaT TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis
dadebiToba da uaryofiToba.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom mxolod depresiul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba ufro zusti iyo (Giesler
et al., 1996).
Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli

adamianebi sakuTari Tavis amowevas~ Seecdebodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom, piriqiT, isini
TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben,
romelic TiTqmis ueWvelad xels uwyobs
depresiis SenarCunebas.
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri
Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam biZgi misca
Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad
depresiis Seswavlis ori sxva mniSvnelovani
aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa
da qalebSi depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri
depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas) Soris.
cxrili
15.4
TviTangariSi da depresia
depresiuli
negatiuri
Sefasebis
amorCevis
procenti
arCeuli
daxasiaTebis
sizuste *
dadebiTi
daxasiaTeba
uaryofiTi
daxasiaTeba
Sereuli
dabali TviT- dabali TviTpativiscema

pativiscema
82
64
25
5.67
6.60
9.70
7.89
6.48
2.45
-2.22
0.12
7.25
*sizustis reitingi 11-qulian skalaze gakeTda misi

saerTod ararsebobidan (1) maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.
depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri

sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT qalebs
depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan nolenhoeqsemas (Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema
et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri SemoTavazeba Seexeba
reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi
uaryofiT guneba-ganwyobilebaze dgebian. am
mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian
sevdas, maT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo
mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba axasiaTebT;
mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad cdiloben
depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan moSorebas sxva
rameze yuradRebis gadataniT, an fizikuri
saqmianobebis wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar
fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am
modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi (ruminative) reaqciis
stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad
fiqris tendencia zrdis maT mowyvladobas
depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kognituri midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyobilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi grZnobebis raodenobasa
da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom
individebSi, romlebic zogadad msjeloben,
fiqroben depresiaze, ufro mosalodnelia mwvave
depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da
mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT
arsebuli gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi
depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (NolenHoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT
depresiisas sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis kvlevis
gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski
qalebSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod,
rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al., 1990). mraval
kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad
yofnis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba, raSic moiazreba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis, an siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa
da asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis funqciebis
Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi
gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom depresiis mizezi

SeiZleba faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da
rom normaluri~ qcevidan depresiisken mravali
gza midis.
suicidi
gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili
damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia... dgeba dro,
rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas,
rodesac ikargeba imedis sxivi~ (Shneidman, 1987,
gv.57). suicidaluri axalgazrda mamakacis am
sevdian gamonaTqvamSi nebismieri fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _ suicidia (TviTmkvleloba) asaxuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba ar iklavs
Tavs, analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul
adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze
modis (Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-is mosaxleobaSi oficialurad TviTmkvlelobad miCneul
sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s
Seadgens. miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas
ubedur SemTxvevebs, an sxva mizezebs, realuri
raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom TviTmkvleloba aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxleobaSi sikvdilianobis merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde
adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000). TiToeul ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri
depresia: sqesTa Soris

gansxvavebani
633
634
mcdeloba modis. kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda
TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze,
2%-ma realurad scada Tavis mokvla amave periodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
ganxorcielebuli hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcdeloba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qalebSi ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri,
rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro xSirad
cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis
mier ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba ufro xSirad
aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is
faqti, rom mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben
cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman & Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erT sagangaSo socialur problemas mozardTa suicidi warmoadgens.
yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs
Tavis mokvlas da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba
warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis
mier Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs
mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde gaizarda (Garland & Zigler, 1993). Tavgamodebuli mcdelobebisda miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia
warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard
gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994). sainteresoa, rom
afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis
mozardebSi gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis
zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994; Murphy, 2000). es
rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
grZeldeba. monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da
asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe
TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi dganan, yvelaze
mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis
amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken? orive sqesisTvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo
urTierTobis rRveva warmoadgens (Gould et al.,
1996). sxva mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic
sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs,
SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli ego da
mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos. aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi Sedis,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba

an dapatimreba. metic, homoseqsuali da lesboseli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi,
1999). suicidis aseTi maRali sixSire ueWvelad
asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi SedarebiT nakleb socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvleloba ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar
SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna.
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri zegavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad ganxorcielebuli
aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areulobisa da garegani usiamovnebebis periodis
finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda msxverplTa umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs, an wers
Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amrigad, TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad
unda iqnes miRebuli (Marttunen et al., 1998).
suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba,
ramac SeiZleba warmoqmnas, an gaaZlieros aseTi
destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia prevenciis mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni
(Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40 weliwadi
miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone
adamianebis Seswavlasa da mkurnalobas, askvnis,
rom suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli
gonebis mier autaneli da dausrulebeli tkivilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwirvis aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis
daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebulobis Semcireba~ (1987, gv.58). suiciduri
ganzraxvebis niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da
sakmarisi Carevis uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia
rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli
TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves sirTuleebisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, zogadad,
araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs erTi gansacvifrebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv amerikel
mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer
aRemateba mTeli mosaxleobis mozardebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgurebaze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi formaa da
aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv (qronikul),
xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani distresis gamowveva. misi amocnoba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an adreuli mowifulobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli
aSlilobis mravali saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IVTR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis pirovnuli
aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: paranoidul, Teatralur, narcisul da antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas.
paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs maTTan kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis
motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis
mdgradi paterni axasiaTebT. isini eWvoben, rom
sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da
motyuebas cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad
uwyinar situaciebs faruli usiamovno mniSvneloba mouZebnon; moelian, rom maTi megobrebi,
meuRle an mSoblebi uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbebuli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis ZiebiT xasiaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi surT yofna da
Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad
raime araadekvaturis gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini
didi TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs, Tumca, naklebad interesdebian ukukavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis moWarbebuli
grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis
siWarbiTa da mudmivi aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis
moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs
xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis, uflebebis
mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT
sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoirCeva upasuxismgeblo, an ukanono qcevebis
xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socialur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa rigSi Sedis
sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad
ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna
maT mier Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo.
socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis adreuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos
klasSi areulobebis gamowveva, CxubebSi CarTva
da saxlidan gaqceva. es moqmedebebi sxvaTa
uflebebisadmi gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva. antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva
paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT 25%-s, romelic
akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis
kriteriums, antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi
ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre sxva
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti,
araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.
destruqciuli qcevis nawils warmoadgens

(Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsiqologi tereza lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise),
romelic am problemas ikvlevda da profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi ganaviTara,
Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis socialur
mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul
siRatakesa da umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis
sixSires ganapirobebs ojaxebis ngreva, sayovelTao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi
(es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili, ojaxidan wasvla
an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoyeneba, ojaxebis momatebuli aramdgradoba da
mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba~ (LaFromboise, 1988, gv.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv amerikelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi myof
TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori
ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi aSlilobebi da guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofreniaze visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirovnuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri aSlilobebi.
635
mel cdis pirTa mSoblebs aReniSnebodaT

antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es
monacemebi aSlilobaSi genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi ojaxebis cxovrebis pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac
moipoves informacia: interviuirebis saSualebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis
pirebi gaizardnen mimReb mSoblebTan
araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis
hqonda qorwinebis, iuridiuli, nivTierebebze, an alkoholze damokidebulebis
problemebi. es monacemebi antisocialur
pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sedegebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive
tipis zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biologiuri mSoblebis SvilebTan, an araxelsayrel garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan,
saSualod, ufro meti iyo antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret
et al., 1995).
636
tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic

am aSlilobebSi genetikuri komponentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Goldsmith, 1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas gavixsenebT
me-14 Tavidan, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom am
maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tandayolilia. arsebobs pirovnuli aSlilobebis
gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic
(Norden et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa
da garemos urTierTqmedebebi, romlebic antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.
am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri

pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis riskis winaSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam,
genetikurma an garemos faqtorebma daayenos.
amave dros, es aSliloba ar uviTardeboda im
adamians, romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT
pirovnuli aSlilobebi, an romelic rTul
garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda. mkvlevrebs kvlav
surT imis garkveva, Tu ra ganapirobebs zogierTi
adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqnilobas.
saidan
viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva,
sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan
ramdenime dReSi. Sesabamis uwyebebSi daculi monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZleoda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb,
amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, ro-
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis,
mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis darRveva. adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
akontrolebdnen TavianT qcevas, anu emociebs,
azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aRqmisTvis arsebiTia individualurobis SegrZneba
_ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis SeTanxmebuloba
(konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba
drosa da sivrceSi. fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom
disociaciur mdgomareobaSi individebi gaurbian
sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da
uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da uaryofen sakuTari

Tavis nawilebs. yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri
faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis daviwyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur amnezias
uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magaliTia. fsiqologebma daiwyes monacemebis Segroveba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes
Tan mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia)
bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri Zaladobis
SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma
travmis sxva tipebi, rogoricaa 1991 wels
oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis Stati)
momxdari xanZari, romelmac 25 sicocxle Seiwira da milion dolarze meti zarali moitana,
aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen
et al., 1996).
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
(Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID), warsulSi cnobili Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple
personality disorder), disociaciuri fsiqikuri aS-
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes

Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, modis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared.
bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators
uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs aTandisociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _
pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs
identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis darRveva.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gaxsenebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli
disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissociative identity disorder DID) _ disociaciuri
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi
arsebobs ori an meti calkeuli pirovneba;
warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili
(multiple) pirovnuli aSliloba.
lilobaa, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori

an meti calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul
momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
individis qcevas warmarTavs. disociaciuri
identobis aSliloba popularul enaze gaxleCili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da
xandaxan mas SecdomiT Sizofreniasac (aSliloba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT
da vnaxavT, rom am dros pirovneba xSirad
uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben
xolme. dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqmnili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris
gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu sawyisi pirovneba
sustia da seqsualurad mimzidveli, maSin erTi
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWili iqneba, meore ki _
mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryvilo.
TiToeul pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli
identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari aqvs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa, romelic pirovnebas
rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi
exmareba. qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone
qalis wamyvani~ pirovnebis angariSidan (Mason, 1997, gv.44):
637
xmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili

iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze. igi
droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba
guli _ es misi droa. cocxali Cvili
xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli.
mzareuli sami dRis saWmels amzadebs da
TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven
yvelas sxvadasxva midrekilebebi, miswrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSinebuli me~ xmamaRla yviris, daWrili _
kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams.
638
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis

adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori iqneba amdeni
pirovnebebis~ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, cocxali Cvilis, mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi
moTavseba?
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disociaciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis Semadgenili
pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT
funqcias emsaxureba. dia-is msxverpli SeiZleba
ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT, an mietovebinaT im
adamianebs, visac, savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT,
viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar
SeeZloT maTTan SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da
maTi SeZulebac ki. fsiqodinamikuri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis
(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen
gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro Zlieri Sinagani
xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego
arsebuli travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc
wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi,
romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi fizikurad, an seqsualurad iqnen
Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis,
an axlo megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris
saSualebiT mopovebul iqna 448 klinikosis
monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobisa da klinikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad)
SemTxvevebze muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani maxasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis
yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac adgili aqvs
3 wlis asakidan da aT welze metxans grZeldeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 235 depresiul
pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri
SemTxvevebi, es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire
cxrili
15.5
Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis

Sedegebi: disociaciuri identobis
aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis
Sedareba
kiTxvaris debuleba
Seuracxyofis
SemTxveva
DID (%)
depresia (%)
98
54
fizikuri
82
24
seqsualuri
86
25
fsiqologiuri
86
42
uaryofa
54
21
yvela zemoT
CamoTvlili erTad
47
tipebi
fizikuri da
seqsualuri
74
14
(N=355)
(N=235)
iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan

SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa,
rom es monacemebi da zemoT moyvanili pirovnuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi
mainc skeptikurad uyurebs dia-is diagnozs
(Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
(DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi xSirad gamoTqvamen
masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac swamT~ diais arsebobis, SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Terapevtebi TavianT pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs
aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis warmoqmnas~.
sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi
monacemebi arsebobs dia-is diagnozis sasargeblod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod
gulmodgine Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili produqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone
adamianTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva namdvilia,
WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva
Terapevtisgan aris gaCenili.
Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa:
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri
aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSli-
SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met

dros atarebT internetSi,
vidre unda~ atarebdeT? megobrebTan internetis saSualebiT saubari girCevniaT
maTTan piradad urTierTobas?
internetze xarjavT dros,
romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan
saqmianobas unda uTmobdeT,
rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis
mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom Tqven damokidebuli (addicted) xarT internetze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis
manZilze internetomaniis~
sakiTxs didi adgili eTmoba
popularul presaSi: es axali
istoriebi qmnian (xSir SemTxvevebSi) mozardi vaJis xats,
romelic realuri samyaros
adamianebTan kontaqtze uars
ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da
MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCinardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
aRmoCenili aqvs realuri
SemTxvevebi, romelic Tanxvdeba sainformacio saSualebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats.
maT internetomaniis~ diagnozi miusadages (magaliTad,
Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi
ufro skeptikurni rCebian am
diagnozis, rogorc fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipis,
mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom.
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqopaTologiis TiToeuli tipisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri
tipis araadaptur qcevebs
axorcielebdes, rogorc aRniSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca,

internetze damokidebulobis,
internetomaniis~, SemoTavazebuli diagnozis SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu
konkretulad romeli qcevaa
araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris,
romelsac individi qselSi
yofnis dros axorcielebs.
erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT:
Tu zogierTi adamiani mijaWvulia internetze, mainc razea igi mijaWvuli?~ (Griffiths,
1998, gv.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, romelsac emsaxureba individebis
mier internetis gamoyeneba da
mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, romliTac isini dakavebulni arian
xazze yofnisas. magaliTad,
adamianebi qselSi Sedian informaciis mosaZieblad, saTamaSod da romantikuli an seqsualuri partniorebis sapovnelad. SeuZliaT ki adamianebs,
damokidebulni gaxdnen miznebisa da aqtivobebis erTobliobaze, romelTac interntomaniis~ diagnozs usadageben? Tu arsebobs internetis gamoyenebis ufro specifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic
fsiqologiuri Seguebis problemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanaskneli mosazreba sworia, maSin
arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom
mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba
f s i q i k u r i j a n m r Te l o b i s
profesionalebis mier ukve
dadgenili ufro specifikuri
diagnozi. magaliTad, rogorc

vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazRvrulia socialuri fobiis
kategoria. ufro miwanSewonili iqneboda, rom individisTvis, romelic zRudavs
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas
internet-urTierTobis sasargeblod, socialuri fobiis
diagnozi dagvesva da ara _
internetomaniis~. adamianebis
mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes cnobili aSlilobebis simptomebs, Tumca,
TavisTavad internetis Warbad
moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba,
rogorc aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven
ar uarvyofT im faqtis arsebobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti internets pirovnuli, socialuri da profesiuli cxovrebisTvis saziano
gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad,
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic intensiurad
iyeneben internets, izolirebulad da martosulad
grZnoben Tavs (Kraut et al., 1998;
Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi
frTxilad SemoTavazeba da
gaazrebac gvsurs, aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs
internetis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, romelic fsiqopaTologiis specifikur formas
iwvevs da am fsiqopaTologias
samarTlianad uwodeben internetze damokidebulebas _
internetomanias~.
marTla arsebobs Tu ara ìnternetomania~?
639
640
loba da posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba qronikuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri
aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas ukavSirdeba. fobiebs
axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi,
rom isini gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obsesiebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi
qcevebi. travmatulma movlenebma, rogoricaa
gaupatiureba, an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba posttravmatuli stresis aSlilobis ganviTareba
gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aSlilobebs, genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am aSlilobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da kognituri tendenciuroba
moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _ fsiqopaTologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da
bipolaruli aSliloba. depresia iwvevs gunebaganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis cvlilebebs. bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis
monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom gunebaganwyobilebis aSlilobis genetikuri komponenti iseve ukavSirdeba depresiasa da manias,
rogorc cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amaxvileben yuradRebas kognitur interpretaciaze,
romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis
maRali sixSire qalebSi, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
depresiaze reagirebis gansxvavebul gzebTan.
depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini SeiZleba
imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur
funqcionirebas socialur da profesiul
garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi identobis
mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebi disociaciuri identobis aSlilobis
mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur
Seuracxyofas miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrcelebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresiuloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac ki, rodesac
umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Sizofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic normaluri funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. Sizofreniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis mwvave
formaa, romlis drosac dezintegrirebulia
pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma,
gasadavebulia emociebi. Sizofreniuli aSlilobis mqone pirovnebebi swored iseTebi arian,
rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme
sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamianisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli ganaCenia
ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, romelsac isini ganmartoebulni da izolirebulni
zidaven da iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSorebiT icxovron. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizofrenia SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba
cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al., 1994) _
es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori
milioni adamiani itanjeba am yvelaze saidumloebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSlilobiT. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxevari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT, radganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis umetes
nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs, normalur~
cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt
vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar iyo, rodesac
Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. samoTxis
eqspresSi~ (Eden Express, 1975) igi sakuTari
gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobidan
gasvlisa da saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb.
erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi
xeebs da mobodiSeba daviwye. TiToeulma
maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damainteresa, romelimes movwondi Tu ara.
mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvali-
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas SegiqmniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.

Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogikuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris asociaciebi Soreuli
da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad
aRiniSneba halucinaciebi, romelic warmosaxviT
sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an, yvelze
xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da
romelTac pacientebi realurad miiCneven.
pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet
komentars ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis
saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru, an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs
sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.
metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes
_ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, an gamogonili
sityvebis sityvier salaTas~ daemsgavsos, an
individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba
axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani gamoxatuleba,
an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos. fsiqomotoruli qceva SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (grimasebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli
gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia profesiuli
funqcionirebisa da pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gauareseba, radganac pacienti socialurad gariyuli, an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT
kategoriebSi aTavseben. Sizofreniis mwvave anu
aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi
simptomebi _ halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmimdevruloba da dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva
dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri
gariyuloba da gasadavebuli emociebi. zogierT
cxrili
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ti pebi

Sizofreniis tipebi
ZiriTadi simptomebi
dezorganizebuli
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi
qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.
katatoniuri
gayinuli, rigiduli an
iolad agznebadi qceva.
paranoiduli
grandiozulobis an devnis
mania.
aradiferencirebuli
simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi

azrovnebis aSlilobebiTa
da sxva tipis
maxasiaTeblebiT.
rezidualuri
ar aris warmodgenili
ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,
aRiniSneba aSlilobis
ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.
individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti,

Sizofreniis mxolod erTi, an ori mwvave faza
aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul cxovrebas
ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul
avadmyofebad miiCneven, axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle
periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yvelaze metad `darRveuli~ individebic ki ar
imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru, aRqma, romelsac adgili aqvs obieqturi gamRizianeblis

erebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom isini yovelTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom
rbili, Signidan momdinare sinaTlis naTeba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saidanRac warmoudgenlad danaoWebuli, gardamavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan
mxolod ganusazRvrel manZilze myof
patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda
da bolos uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda
veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSoreba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere,
rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975, gv. 96).
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,

romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi.
641
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi

SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebis mravalferovnebis gamo, mkvlevrebi mas
calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da
ara _ erTeul aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi mocemulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder)
_ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic
xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcionirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
dezorganizebuli tipi
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs

araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da moWarbebulad
ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva axasiaTebs.
emociebi gasadavebuli, an situaciis Seusabamoa.
xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad
iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba SeiZleba imdenad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityvebiTa da daumTavrebeli winadadebebiT aRsavse
gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komunikacia. Tu adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs,
isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.
642
mister f.b. 30 wels mitanebuli hospitalizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo. rodesac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa,
rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas, radganac
yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis
gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime wuTis
ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. rodesac raime seriozulisa da sevdianis
Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister f.b.-ma xiTxiTi
da sicili daiwyo. rodesac hkiTxes mniSvneloba andazisa When the cats away, the
mice will play~2, man upasuxa: nakleb adgils
ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi
da Tagvma ar icis, ras akeTebs kata. kata
ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre
Tagvi. dumbo kargi biWi iyo. man dainaxa,
rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan
daayena, amrigad, xalxi aRar Sexedavda
maT, rogorc komediantebs~ (Zimbardo, Personal Communication, 1957).
mister f.b-is maneruloba, depersonalizebuli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da bodvebi
am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatoniuri tipis wamyvani
maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis darRveva.
xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stuporSi arian gayinulni. individebi umoZraod,
xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian xangrZlivi
2
sityva-sityviTi qarTuli
Targmani
ase JRers:
rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben~; Sinaarsobrivad
_ uZaRlo qveyanaSi katebs ayefeben.~
(mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
periodis manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben

garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es
pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT
xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad umiznod da
garegani gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe
xorcieldeba. katatoniur tips ukiduresi negativizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad aramotivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.
paranoiduli tipi
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli
da sistematuri bodvebi axasiaTebT, romlebic
garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:
devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom
maT mudmivad uTvalTvaleben, SeTqmulebas
uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.
grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sjeraT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da amaRlebuli
arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgoneblebi an religiuri figurebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas SeiZleba
grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi
didi pirovnebaa, magram mas mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.
eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari
mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom megobrebi
Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis
Sesatyvis monacemebs da adastureben~ bodvis
simarTles.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebTan simptomebis gamovlena, Sizofreniuli aSlilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT,
cxovrebis ufro gviandel periodSi iwyeba.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi
iSviaTad axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul
qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da sruliad
formaluria.
aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers
pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba gamokveTili
bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba, an Zalze dezorganizebuli qceva,
rac erTze meti tipis kriteriumebs, an gaurkvevel, bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis
mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba
sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan gamodiferencireba.
gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier

Setanil wvlils.
rezidualuri tipi
genetikuri midgomebi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone individebs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis ZiriTadi

ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave,
Tavisufalni arian iseTi ZiriTadi simptomebisgan, rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi.
aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi, meorexarisxovani, dadebiTi an gasadavebuli afeqtis msgavsi
uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri
tipis diagnozi SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze,
rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi
Sedis, anu faruli xdeba.
didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias ojaxebSi gavrcelebis tendencia axasiaTebs (Bleuler,
1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba _ ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva
da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa
da imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamovlenis albaToba im individebTan ufro metia,
visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis
mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan, visac ar aqvs
aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang,
2000). 15.5 suraTze mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis
naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis
xarisxis maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis
mkvlevarma irving gotesmanma (Irving Gottesman, 1991)
dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli
TiTqmis 40 sando kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT
miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi
moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri
naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xaris-
sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis

Zalze gansxvavebul sawyis mizezebze, misi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da mkurnalobis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxedoT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
suraTi
15.5
Sizofreniis
ganviTarebis
genetikuri riski
grafikze naCvenebia Sizofreniis ganviTarebis riskis saSualo maCveneblebi. monacemebi
mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyupebis kvlevebiT, romelic evropis mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielda 1920-1987 wlebSi; gamovlinda maRali korelacia riskis xarisxsa da genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxs Soris.
Sizofreniis mizezebi
643
xTan. magaliTad, rodesac orive mSobeli daavadebulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSlilobis gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli
populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac mxolod
erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski
mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives
aRmoaCndeba Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer
aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis
gamovlenis albaTobas.
mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavlasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad, rom genetikuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
Sizofreniis etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic fasdeboda Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi azrovnebis aSlilobebis SemTxvevebis sixSire.
saidan
viciT
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis

mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi
644
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi

pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontrolo SerCeva Sizofreniis mqoneTa SerCevas
Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT;
sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval cdis pirebs
ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis
gamocdileba. Caweres eqsperimentuli da
sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da
maTi biologiuri naTesavebis metyveleba,
genetikis mniSvnelovnebis Sesafaseblad
da maTi mimRebi naTesavebis metyveleba,
garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad.
am verbalur masalaze dayrdnobiT, TiToeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da
naTesavebs) mieniWa azrovnebis aSlilobis
maCvenebeli, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna
azrovnebis aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought
Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7
cxrilSi _ TDI-is yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miuTiTebs. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizof-
reniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis

pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma azrovnebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli miiRes, vidre sakontrolo SerCevis
naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma
naTesavebma. Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvilebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan azrovnebis aSlilobis mixedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom genetikuri faqtori garemos faqtorze metad
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba azrovnebis aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).
TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabadebidan mcire xnis Semdeg daaSores TavianT biologiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda gamoewvia Sizofreniis mqone gaSvilebul individebSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali
xarisxi da SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT
biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
garemos faqtorTa rigs.
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da
yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT: zogierTi
individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
genetikuri masalis matarebelia, romelic mas
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs. mkvlevrebi,
romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri
cxrili
15.7
azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi

Sizofreniis mqone naSvileb individebSi,
sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb
individebsa da maT naTesavebSi
azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi
Sizofreniis
mqone naSvilebi
individebi
sakontrolo
SerCevis
naSvilebi
individebi
gansxvaveba
Tavad naSvilebi
individebi
4.82
1.15
3.67
maTi biologiuri naTesavebi
1.37
0.99
0.38
maTi biologiuri dedmamiSvilebi da

naxevrad dedmamiSvilebi
1.44
0.82
0.62
maTi mimRebi
naTesavebi
1.11
1.31
-0.20
SizofrenikTa
sawyisi etapi
Svilebi
N=100
maRali riski
N=10-50
riski
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba 30
wlis asakSi
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
riskis
periodis
bolos
suraTi
aranairi riski
N=90-50
Sizofreniki
araSizofreniki
N=5-45
N=5
Sizofreniki,
adreuli
dasawyisi
N=5
Sizofreniki,
gviani
dasawyisi
N=5
araSizofreniki
N=90-50
ara
Sizofreniki,
ara
Sizofreniki,
N=0-40
N=90-50
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski
masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis populaciaSi

bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis
kvlevis ganxilvisas aRwerili midgomis msgavs
pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im
wilis dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone individebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan ganasxvavebs. mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa
im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi, romelic adamianebs
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz
et al., 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa
da Sizofreniis risks Soris ueWvelad maRali
korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis
jgufebSic ki, risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia
(ix. sur. 15.6). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia
aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sizofreniis
mizezis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTeza
midrekileba-stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress
hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis

Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe
ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos stresis
faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma
riskma gamovlenili (manifestirebuli) Sizofreniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT
ra Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla
am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli garemos
stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da

biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri
midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis mqone individTa
Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris
dakavebuli. am mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teqnikebs eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi 3), romelic Sizof-
Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs Sizofreniis
ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s
ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa
40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.
645
646
reniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis normaluri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa

da funqcionirebis uSulod Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997;
Vita et al., 2000). magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis
procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets gadidebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis tvinis struqturebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri
siTxe (Degreef et al., 1992). bavSvobaSi gamovlenili
Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progresuli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda amisa, gamosaxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis
mqone individebs sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxvavebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi
Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis SemTxvevebi,
rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali SizofreniiT iyo daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod
im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan SedarebiT, romelTac realurad hqondaT Sizofrenia.
kvlevis aseTi sqemiT genetika~ konstantad
iqceva, rac am aSlilobis kidev erTi biologiuri aspeqtis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biologiuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis Sevsebas.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress
hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis
mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis
mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi
qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma
faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias,
raTa gamovlindes.
biologiuri maniSnebeli daavadebis gazomvadi

indikatoria, romelic SeiZleba iyos, an arc
iyos, mizezobrivi~ (Szymaski et al., gv. 99). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli
SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca,
ar iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar
aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli, romelic
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, magram maniSneblebs didi potenciuri Rirebuleba
aqvT diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magaliTad, Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro
metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis Tvalierebisas Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis
gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv adamianebTan.
SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba da es Sefaseba ojaxebSi
Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz &
Sweeney, 1990; Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifikuri elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT,
romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan (Katsanis et
al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniSneblebis zusti codna mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis
ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daexmareba.
Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan
gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT biologiuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arseboba, romelic SeiZleba Sizofreniis mizezs
an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs xels
garemos maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval
adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?
rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze

specifikuri biologiuri faqtori Sizofreniis
sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT,
rom fsiqologiuri faqtori aucilebeli pirobaa
amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da
fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTierTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis gavlenas
Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania
garemos im pirobebis dadgena, romelic zrdis
Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali
individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.
mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli
dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams mSoblebis
urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegavlenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994;
Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi
saerTo yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba;
mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da
zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom, im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac
Sizofreniis mqone wevri cxovrobs, naklebi
gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri
mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi
ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: devianturi ojaxis
struqtura Sizofreniis mizezia, Sizofreniis
simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic
aris da meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul (momavalze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben:
isini zomaven ojaxis funqcionirebas, raTa naxon,

Tu romeli paterni uZRvis win Sizofreniis
ganviTarebas, an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. magaliTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda pacientTa
naTesavebis empaTiis unars, rac maT mier pacientebis guneba-ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis
wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateboda (Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis
Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo Sizofreniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa
naTesavebsac empaTiis dabali done aReniSnebodaT.
am kvlevis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT
miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis
faqtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis
funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis
Semdeg.
saidan
viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis
gameoreba
Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komunikaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned
miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT
mravlad gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli komentarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen
CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi (vTqvaT,
iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabezrebelni) da Tu maT zogadad arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba hqondaT pacientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi Segrovda
monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis
ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic SedarebiT
stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen.
TiToeuli ojaxi fasdeboda emociis gamoxatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra
Tvis Semdeg Seafases pacientTa mdgomareoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis
mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s
aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika
maSin, roca analogiuri mdgomareoba emociis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone
ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa mxolod 17%Tan dafiqsirda. Tumca, emociis gamoxatvis
ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori
647
zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda

pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi, romelTa
ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis
cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg socialurad
ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT,
rigiduli ojaxuri garemo arTulebs saavadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King
& Dixon, 1996).
648
es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis

mimarT mSoblebis kritikis, mtruli damokidebulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan
erTad, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba mwvave Sizofreniuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeorebiTi hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et
al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba mimarTul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze, rogorc sistemaze,
raTa Seicvalos daavadebuli Svilisadmi damokidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cven mier ganxiluli mTeli
rigi interpretaciebis da mniSvnelovani kvlevebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am
mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.
garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni, albaT, ukeTesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi,
TiToeuli SesaZlo calkeuli mizezebiT. genetikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare
problemebi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiToeuli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs
jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im elementTa
kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac
Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde mivyavarT.
Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri
azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da
dezorganizebuli fsiqomotoruli qceva. arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi: dezorganizebuli,
daRi (Stigma) _ individze, an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo arasrulfasovnebis, an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
katatoniuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli

da rezidualuri. arsebobs Sizofreniis genetikurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli Tavis
tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri maniSneblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis
garkveulma paternebma, maT Soris emociis gamoxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli
aSlilobis warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an
gameorebas.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi

(stigma)
winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
amocanas fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gasaidumloebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb warmodgenis
gabaTileba warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT,
gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi
sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli movlenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadaxrilis) iarliys awebeben; sazogadoeba Zvir sazRaurs moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi
normis farglebs. Tumca, devianturis iarliyi
ar Seesatyviseba arsebul realobas: rodesac
aSS-is axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis
50%-s cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler
et al., 1994). fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc,
SedarebiT normis farglebSi Tavsdeba.
normalur cxovrebaSi~ fsiqopaTologiis
SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda miuxedavad, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad
iseT daRs asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)
samarcxvino niSania; fsiqologiur konteqstSi
es aris pirovnebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebebis erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas,
rogorc miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis
dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: pacientsa
da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri
daavadebis Sesaxeb, radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi~. sxva
gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _ CemTvis
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli

iyo, rogorc Tavad saavadmyofoSi yofna~. igi
cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyofoSi moxvedramde SesaSuri cxovrebiT
vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jildoebiT, premiebiTa da mosawvevebiT... fsiqikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeTqebasaviT iyo Cems cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi,
rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas maniWebda, moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri
bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSvenieri peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawilobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmoxveuli Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba,
SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uaryofam, Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis
mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskomfortma da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli
Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTeleba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxeulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda,
da sazogadoebisa, romelic uxalisod
miRebda (Houghtin 1980, gv. 7-8).
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi

maTTvis tkivilis misayeneblad iyenebdnen.
mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi
(Link et al., 1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis
erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba
mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos ar aRiniSneboda
cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi: miuxedavad
maTi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs
ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad mopyrobis
molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval
adamians ambivalenturi, gaorebuli damokidebuleba aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: daxmarebisken swrafva da aSlilobis mqone adamianTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis daSveba. aseT damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs
da daRic; mkurnaloba aumjobesebs cxovrebis
xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas
(Rosenfield, 1997).
damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi xSirad
axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias
(gaSinagnebas),3 ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uaryofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al.,
1997). ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri
eqsperimenti.
saidan
viciT
uaryofis molodini
29 mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen klinikaSi moTavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes
monawileoba winamdebare kvlevaSi. maT
icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul
pacientebTan samuSaos povnasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs
acnobes, rom maT saqmiani dawesebulebidan
mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specialistTan, trenerTan mouwevdaT urTierToba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres,
3
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba,

radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias,
xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionaluri komponentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtomaturad Semodis.
fsiqikuri daavadebis damRa (stigma)
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamianebisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas mravali

wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
fsiqiatriul pacientebs Zaladobis Semcveli
danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia
xumroba fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze;
ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs
usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda amisa, adamianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT,
rom malaven arsebul fsiqologiur sirTuleebs,
an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa,
romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina
et al., 1996; Wright et al., 2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis
mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavadmyofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s
sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45% aRniSnavda, rom
649
rom trenerma icoda maTi statusis (yofili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb;

meore naxevars ki uTxres, rom treners
isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino, an
qirurgiul pacientebad miaCnda. realurad,
treneri~ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire
iyo, romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu
ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis
Sesaxeb. amgvarad, man ar icoda, Tu romeli
cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda informacia maTi eqspacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba urTierTobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic
erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis pirebsa da
eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda
cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis migvewera.
aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac
sjerodaT, rom eqsfsiqiatriuli pacientebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs laparakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da efeqturad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amocanis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis cdis
pirebs asistentma ufro daZabuli da
mSfoTvare~ uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini
(Farina et al., 1971).
650
aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma,

romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT fsiqikuri
daavadebis~ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba imgvarad
Secvalon urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti
diskomforti SeeqmnaT _ uaryofis molodinma
SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba
kidev erT samwuxaro TviTqmnad winaswarmatyvelebad SeiZleba iqces.
bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena,
rom im adamianTa damokidebulebebi, visac
warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis
moqmedebas. magaliTad, studentebi, romlebmac
waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis

Sesaxeb, ufro optimisturad uyurebdnen mis
momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve
hqondaT fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999). aseve,
studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacientebisgan momdinare safrTxis Sefaseba SedarebiT
naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
maTTan urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT,
rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan gacnoba
dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras
niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad da ras niSnavs
iyo gankurnebuli~) modifikaciasa da fsiqikurad daavadebuli individebis mimarT tolerantulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven
SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT normis, realobisa
da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Secnobis, mkurnalobisa
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis
Ziebisas mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT,
vinc itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da cxovrebiseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba, aramed afarToeben adamianis bunebis fundamentur gagebas.
rogor axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi
araswori fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmarTvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas
Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.
Sejameba
fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali
adamiani itanjeba stigmisgan. stigmam pirovnebaTSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis sxvadasxva forma SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkurnalobis Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis Semsubuqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian stigmis zemoqmedebas. metic, Tavad pacientebis molodinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Taobaze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaqciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
paTologiebis Sesaxeb daskvna keTdeba im xarisxis

mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac
pirovnebis moqmedeba Tanxvdeba indikatorTa erTo b l i o b a s , r o m e l S i c
Sedis distresi, araadekveturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba,
damkvirveblis diskomforti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.
adreul periodSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs xSirad epyrobodnen, rogorc demonebiT
Sepyrobilebs, an arasrulfasovan, adamianze dabla
mdgom arsebebs.
fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi
Tanamedrove midgomebis
warmoqmna daiwyo imis gacnobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa,
romelic mkurnalobas saWiroebs.
arsebobs mTeli rigi midgomebisa, romelic fsiqopaTologiis etiologias
ikvlevs.
biologiuri midgoma Tavis
tvinis paTologiebze, bioqimiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavlenaze fokusirdeba.
fsiqologiur midgomebSi
moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri
da sociokulturuli modelebi.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saklasifikacio
sistema fsiqopaTologiisa da
specifikuri SemTxvevebis zogadi tipebis Sesaxeb komunikaciis saerTo, sayovelTaod miRebul parametrebs (common
shorthand) unda uzrunvelyofdes.
yvelaze farTod miRebul sadiagnostiko da saklasifikacio sistemas DSM-IV-TR warmoadgens.
DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mravalganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs,
rac exmareba fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs im
fsiqologiuri, fizikuri da
socialuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas, romelic SesaZloa
romelime konkretul aSlilobas Seesabamebodes.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi

tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi
ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:
generalizebuli, panikuri,
fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri
da posttravmaturi stresis
aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aS lilobebSi moiazreba emociis
darRvevebi. yvelaze gavrcelebul afeqtur aSlilobas
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba warmoadgens maSin,
roca bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia.
s u ici di y v elaz e xSir ia
depresiis mqone adamianebSi.
biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
axsna SfoTviTi da gunebaganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts
ganixilavs.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa
da qcevis xangrZliv da xist

paternebs, romelic auaresebs
individis funqcionirebas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
gulisxmobs pirovnuli identobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integralurad
funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofrenia fsiqopaTologiis mwvave formaa, romelic xasiaTdeba aRqmis,
emociebis, qcevisa da metyvelebis ukiduresi darRveviT.
arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi
qvetipi, esenia: dezorganizebuli, katatoniuri, paranoiduli, aradife ren cirebuli da rezidualuri.
Sizofreniis savaraudo
mizezebi, damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi aRmoCenilia sxvadasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris
aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis
paTologiebi da ojaxuri
procesebi.
fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT
iarliyebs awebeben, ro melsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobas dadebiT cvlilebebamde mivyavarT, fsiqikur daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli daRi cxovrebis
xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
651
ZiriTadi cnebebi
agorafobia
bipolaruli aSliloba
bodva
generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSliloba
aSliloba
daswavlili umweoba
disociaciuri amnezia
disociaciuri aSliloba
disociaciuri identobis
aSliloba
652
652
DSM-IV-TR
etiologia
klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba
komorbidi
maniakaluri epizodi
midrekileba-stresis
hipoTeza
nevrotuli aSliloba
obsesiur-kompulsuri
aSliloba
paTofsiqologia
panikuri aSliloba
pirovnuli aSliloba
posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba
stigma (daRi)
fsiqoturi aSliloba
fsiqologiuri diagnozi
fsiqopaTologiuri
funqcionireba
fobia
Seuracxadoba
Sizofreniuli aSliloba
SiSi
SfoTviTi aSliloba
socialuri fobia
specifikuri fobiebi
halucinaciebi
pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
16
Terapiuli konteqsti
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo istoriuli

da kulturuli konteqsti
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi
adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
bihevioraluri Terapia
kontrganpirobeba pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
socialuri daswavlis Terapia generalizaciis teqnikebi
kognituri Terapiebi
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: Terapia
kompiuteris saukuneSi
egzistencialur-humanisturi
Terapiebi
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia

farmakoTerapia
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba mkurnalobis Sefaseba prevenciis strategiebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
653
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
vtobiografiaSi mxeci~ treisi

tomsoni (1995) aRwers 25 wlian
brZolas depresiasTan. am nawyvetSi tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas
qalTan, romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxmarebisTvis.
654
is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda

meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda
gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis
umetesi nawili.
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri,
gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil
smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul
daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi atlantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi
mdebareobda.
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom
Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel, oTxSabaTobiT,
saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safasurad.
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali
Canda, romelsac SeeZlo CemTvis daxmarebis
gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia
ar iqneboda advili da oridan xuT wlamde
am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvlilebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino maxasiaTebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT,
man fsiqoTerapiuli kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT
igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tomsonis depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom
mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda. aseve,
monaTxrobidan Cans, rom Terapiuli urTier-
intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. orixuTi weli CemTvis patimrobis tolfasi

iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan
yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi stabilurobis
saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cems
qaotur azrebs mousmendnen da seriozulad
aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma
depresiam nel-nela iklo. gazafxulisTvis
Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad ara bednierad,
magram TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli
fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom
Terapia realurad amuSavda.
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gadaiara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv brZolas daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis
amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi dedasTan.
saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze;
dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda simSvide
da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli
gasarTobebi _ lawiraki biWebi, Cum-Cumad
kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anadgurebda mas, dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...
amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls,
rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es Taviseburad SesaniSnavi sistema iyo _ erTgvari pasiuragresiuli janyi (gv. 62-65).
Tobebi pirovnuli urTierTobebia. amandas,

fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi,
romlebic dasawyisSi dadebiTad moqmedebda
tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram Terapiis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tomsonis dedis `Semcvlelad~ aqcia.
winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxelebul Temas. ganvixilavT Terapiis tipebs, rom-
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mravalgvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali mizezis gamo
iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis
miuxedavad, ar iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvadasxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic,
Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri aseTi
Careva mowodebulia misi funqcionirebis garkveuli mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi

Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx
ZiriTad Temas an mizans:
1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, arsebuli problemisTvis, savaraudod, saTanado
fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansazRvra da aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba aSlilobis SesaZlo mizezebis da simptomTa funqciebis identificireba.
3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozireba, anu Sefaseba mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi

da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva
da ganxorcieleba, romliTac SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba
an gaqroba da, Tu moxerxda, maTi mizezebis
mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi Tavs iCens
an hardware-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprogramebs mis funqcionirebas. fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimarTulia an erTze, an _ meoreze.
biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hardware-is, anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze, romelic
safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
moqmedebas. mas farTod iyeneben fsiqiatrebi
da eqimebi, rodesac tvinis funqcionirebis
Secvlas cdiloben qimiuri an fizikuri intervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki
da medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqmedebs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad
fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is Secvlazea
orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier
mcdarad daswavlili sityvebi, azrebi, interpretaciebi da ukukavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Terapiebs axorcieleben rogorc klinikuri fsiqologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialurhumanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas
Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an konfliqtis
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, romelic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri,
an fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia, an eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa
da emociebis Secvlaze.
Terapiuli konteqsti
lebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exmareba mTeli rigi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs.
davsvamT mravlismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri
Zalebi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobaze? rogor urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan
Teoria, kvleva da praqtika, rodesac mkvlevrebi
qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis meTodebs?
rogor vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul
gonebaze, rogor SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi
qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia Terapiis
ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove
profesionalebi. esenia fsiqoanalizi, qcevis
modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanisturi Terapia da farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixilavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda
amisa, SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli
saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebebi.
655
656
garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi

Terapevtebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs ganmakurnebeli saubriT~ mkurnaloben, romlis drosac
Terapevti exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos
kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT SesaZlo
gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs
Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurnalobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic unda Seicvalos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc daswavlili qceviTi paternebi da ara, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasurveli da arasasurveli reaqciebis ganmamtkiceblebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis
CaqrobiT da problemis efeqturad gadaWris
modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrovnebis nakadis restruqturizacias, rasac problemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili,
xSirad damangreveli TviTdamarwmunebeli
debulebebis SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturirebuli kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirovnebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da
axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze
aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis faseulobebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian
TviTaqtualizaciisaken, fsiqologiuri zrdisaken, ufro Sinaarsiani pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad
janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebaze ufro fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli
darRvevebis mqone individTa simptomebis koregirebaze.
Terapevtebi da Terapiuli
garemo
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba,
adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi eZebs
araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos
ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi,
advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. religiuri orientaciis adamianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian
barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa da

nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze
mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.
rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,
araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi
ufro xSirad mimarTaven Terapias, vidre adre,
isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin akiTxaven
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebs,
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba,
an droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva
saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-konsultants, Cveulebriv, iseT
sferoebSi uwevs adamianebis megzuroba, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi,
narkotikebix moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.
xSirad es konsultantebi konkretul problemebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sferoSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi, samxedroTa momsaxurebis centrebSi, an raionul klinikebSi muSaoben. isini iyeneben intervius, testebs da
iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs
konkretuli problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli
sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistia, romelsac socialuri
muSaobis skola amzadebs da mowodebulia
fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur fsiqologebTan
TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da
fsiqologisgan gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs
naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT
Terapiis procesSi ojaxis wevrebis CarTva an,
sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao garemosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgufis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist)
_ fsiqologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, saskolo problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da
ojaxuri konfliqti.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic
adamianTa problemebs socialur konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba nebismieri
profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado
kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _ xarisxi, romelic
eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians,
romelic aris Tavisi saqmis profesionali da akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi,

klients, an pacients uwodeben. termins pacienti
is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki
_ isini, vinc fsiqologiur aSlilobebs cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas
misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins gamoviyenebT:
pacients biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri
TerapiebisTvis da klients _ sxva danarCenisTvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze
ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebodeT, jer ganvixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (Pastoral counselor)
religiuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic
specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas
problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) pirovneba, romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris
xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da
mkurnalobaSi.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) pirovneba, romelsac
aqvs medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqtoranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
pacienti (Patient) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri
problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
udgebian.
klienti (Client) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs `cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.
Terapiuli konteqsti
es konsultantebi sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.

klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, romelic universitetSi specializirdeba fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi; klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaTvliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da
unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa doqtoris1 akademiuri xarisxi. am
fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT
fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa da kvlevaSi, vidre
fsiqiatrebs.
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRebuli unda hqondes medicinis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino
ganaTleba da, aseve, doqtoranturis dasrulebis
Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtoranturaSi fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi froidiseul midgomaSi specializirdeboda.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva garemoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos saavadmyofoebi,
klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. humanisturi orientaciis zogierTi Terapevti, ufro
bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar
saxlSi amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas.
TerapiebisTvis, romelic klientis garemocvis
CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi,
SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa
calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi, an samlocvelo saxlebi. dabolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic
klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben
muSaobas. magaliTad, klientebTan, romelTac
frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, sociofobiis mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval
savaWro centrebSi.
657
ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gavafarTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi
miRebul mkurnalobis praqtikasac gavecnoT.
istoriuli da kulturuli
konteqsti
rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi,
Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi SegeqmnebodaT?
Tu evropasa, an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom mkurnaloba uSedego
yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva
kulturebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da
socialur faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileboda da ufro adamianur mopyrobasac
imsaxurebda.
dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria
658
XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis

zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba da socialuri
gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe,
danaSauli da fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva.
maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali usargeblo~
kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa da fsiqikurad
daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen.
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mariamis hospitalma fsiqologiuri problemebis
mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300
wlis manZilze sulierad daavadebul pacientebs
jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli
sazRauris fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCvenebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi beTlemis transformirebuli dasaxeleba bedlemi~2 qaosis sinonimad iqca, hospitalSi gamefebuli saSineli
uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri
mopyrobis gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi, damokidebuleba
evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis
gaCnda. 1801 wels frangi eqimi filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel) werda: fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da
2
badlam inglisurad ,,bad~ _ `cudi~.
ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi arian,

romelTa samwuxaro mdgomareoba yvelanair
zrunvasa da yuradRebas imsaxurebs, romelic
nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis.
unda vecadoT, rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT
davubrunoT saRi goneba~ (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
gv. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri
darRvevebis mqone adamianebs, maTive da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyofebdnen, Tumca, ar mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis
Sua wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc
mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da pativiscema moipova, qveyanaSi mkurnalobis kulti~
gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan
momdinare stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac
axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes
socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen, romelsac
iseve esaWiroeboda fsiqikuri higieniT~ (Mental Hygiene) mkurnaloba, rogorc gadamdeb fizikur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
kulturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis

rituali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis
istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva dasavluri
mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda,
romelic xazs usvams individis unikalurobas,
damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demonologia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs,
rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare process
da individis marcxs.
mravali sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mosazrebas (Triandis, 1995). anTropologebma gaaanalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi
da mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard, 1937;
Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul

msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti keTdeba TanamSromlobaze, urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis
gadarCenaze, bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur
pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad daavadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSorebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba mravali araevropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval afrikul kulturaSi gankurneba socialur konteqstSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daavadebulis rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli
garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da
qselur Terapiad~ wodebul procedurad Camoyalibda, sadac mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacientis mTliani garemocva _ naTesavebis, TanamSromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da jadoqrobas
ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romelTac Samanebs uwodeben, gansakuTrebul mistikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli TanamoZmeebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi
uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze
gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi tanjvasa
da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven.
kulturuli rwmenis es sistema bedisweris, an
iRblis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias
axdens, romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxovrebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi personalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis
da savaraudo saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan
daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).
xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac
daavadebuli adamianis Sepyrobilobis Sedegad
miiCneven, mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT
icvleba. Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis
mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad dolebze dakvra,
Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi gamoiyeneba, rac
axali codnisa da Zalis Ziebisken mimarTavs
individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs, miTebsa
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
Terapiuli konteqsti
1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers)

dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis moZraobas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientTa SezRudvas axali sareabilitacio
mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafrebi am socialur-politikuri moZraobis ZiriTad elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen soflad,
qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT
mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi ara marto dacvis,
aramed mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971).
samwuxarod, mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve
gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani ucnauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi moTavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari fsiqiatriuli
dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure
personaliT, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda darRvevebis mqone individebisTvis gankuTvnili
konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan
reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis winaaRmdeg
daiwyes gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeblod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da
saTanado sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi
normalurad SeeZloT funqcionireba. samwuxarod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu
fsiqiatriuli klinikidan gawerili pacienti
ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxovrebel adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone 438
individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).
659
660
da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri gankurnebis ceremonia gankurnebis process gansakuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens. is aZlierebs pacientis STagonebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSlilobis dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan
akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da Tems
(Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, romelsac gankurnebis mraval ceremoniaSi iyeneben,
cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daavadebuli adamiani, an morwmune mkurnali cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia TavisTavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis simptomi,
romelic prevencias, an gamosworebas saWiroebs.
sxva kulturebSi ki cnobierebis Secvlil
mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians
da boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri
Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli espiritistas~
(Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneba. maT gankurnebis ceremoniaSi Sedis adamianis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba
(Garrison, 1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkurnalebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben gankurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad
scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gacilebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz,
1982, 1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis
meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard kaci
(Richard Katz) wers: sulebTan kavSiri im Zalebisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs, romelic scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi
mkurnalis wvlilis Tavmdablur Sefasebas moiazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom
Tavad flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul
sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel moqmedebas
ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad~ (gv. 327-328).
kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs TvalsaCino sxvaobas
aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris:
dasavlel eqims ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs
mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze. komritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) ceremonia, romelic mkurnalobis process gansakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas
sZens.
petenturobas, anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris

gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari
ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre adamianis bunebriv mowyvladobas daavadebisadmi~ (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas
ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis praqtikaSi
(Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im
uaxles Terapiul midgomebSi socialur garemosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena
da ojaxur garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze
mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs usvamen sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri
Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva dasavleli praqtikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa
(romelSic TviTanalizi moiazreba) da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis (romelic
individs arsebul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi
moazrebs) integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias,
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro
farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs (Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi
kulturuli variaciis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg,
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove
praqtikaSi gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra da mkurnalobis
dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bevrgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul
meTodebs iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad amyofebdnen.
fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gankurnebadi
avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro
adamianuri mkurnalobis meTodebis Seqmna mohyva.
mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams
farTo sazogadoebriv da spiritualur konteqsts, sadac viTardeba da ikurneba fsiqikuri
daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva
kulturebidan TandaTanobiT iTviseben sazogadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uSveben, rom pacientis problemebs aracnobier

impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan
momdinare SezRudvebs Soris warmoqmnili
daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da
saTaveebs ki Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi
eZieben.
fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud), warmoadgens
intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul
teqnikas, romelic ikvlevs nevrotuli da mSfoTvare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebi im
Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis
unaris arqonas warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da superegos internalizirebul (anu
gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.
fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis metad gacnobierebas, superegos moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad
damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios,
rogor iyenebs pacienti represiis, anu gandevnis
process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli
Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb, rom raRac ar aris
wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daexmaros pacients gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi
amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos3 arsebul simptomebsa
da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli
kavSiri. fsiqodinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, Terapia
warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli
mxolod maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi
3
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva insight, romelic wvdomas~ da intuicias~ niSnavs. es
termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave
konteqstSi (magaliTad, emociuri insaiti~ an inteleqtualuri insaiti~) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da

kaTarzisi
ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi
gamoiyeneba aracnobieris gamokvlevisa da gandevnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. pacienti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze, an
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) fsiqodinamikuri

Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris intesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) teqnika,
romliTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kavSiris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken,
romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
ganxorcielebuli gandevnisgan gaTavisufldeba~. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizani

pacientisTvis im kavSiris danaxvisken, anu insaitisken wayvanaa, romelic awmyoSi arsebul
simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris
arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad
insaitur Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win
gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli) mogonebebis aRdgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeqtur gadawyvetamde misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesabamisad, es aris droSi gaxangrZlivebuli, anu
grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul
mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _ kviraSi xuT seansamde _ grZeldebodes). garda amisa, is saWiroebs
kargi metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacientebs, romlebic sakmarisad Zlierad arian motivirebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT soliduri
Tanxis gadaxda (fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis SedarebiT gviandel formebSi gacilebiT Semoklebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlivoba.)
gandevnili konfliqtebis gacnobierebasa da
maT mogvarebaSi pacientisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave
Terapevtebi sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben; esenia:
Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis analizi, sizmrebis analizi, gadatanisa da kontrgadatanis analizi.
661
debulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo jamSi, rodesac

gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti,
rogorc wesi, amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo,
absurduli, araSesatyvisi, an Zalze arasasiamovnoa imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Terapevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs. fsiqoanalizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da
pacients misces SesaZlebloba, Tvali gausworos am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebas.
sizmris analizi
662
wevs taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs

gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar azrebs,
survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebs. pacients sTxoven, rom aRweros TavSi mosuli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is
mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpirobebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi. analitikosis
amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo
sityvebis miRma nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvnelobebi dainaxos. pacients Zlieri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba eZleva, romelic, rogorc
wesi, avtoritetul figurebzea mimarTuli da
romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis, an samagieros
mizRvis SiSiT. nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas,
romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi aman sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.
winaaRmdegoba
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvac
ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis
dros garkveul momentSi pacienti avlens
winaaRmdegobas, anu mas ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze saubari. aseT winaaRmdegobas aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven.
es masala (anu masala, romelsac barieri akavebs
da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros)
xSirad individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis
yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs) an
mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damoki-
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari

pacientis aracnobieri motivebis Sesaxeb informaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. rodesac adamians sZinavs, superego SedarebiT naklebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel
impulsebs, amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac
ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris saxiT
gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars
ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs: manifesturi, anu xiluli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg
axsovs adamians da latenturi, anu faruli
Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamovlenas cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli
da miuRebelia, rom damaxinjebulad, simboloebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am dafaruli motivebis gamovlenas sizmris analiziT
cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic
gulisxmobs pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis garCevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da survilebis simboluri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) Terapiuli meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad,
gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) Zlieri, magram, rogorc
wesi, gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) fsiqoanalizis
msvlelobisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze saubari.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliqtebis wvdoma.
gadatana da kontrgadatana
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali
ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma principma da
praqtikulma meTodma modificieba ganicada.
zogadad, neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT,
ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis awmyo
socialur garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian
warsulze); (2) cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis
rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian biologiur instinqtebsa da egoistur moTxovnilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniSvnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis ganviTarebaze
(da nakleb yuradRebas aqceven idsa da superegos Soris konfliqts).
me-14 TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofroidisti _ karl gustav iungi da alfred adleri.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neofroidianul mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas warmodgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani
kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis
wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix. Ruitenbeek, 1973).
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953)
miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da TerapiaSi ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTierTobebis roli da miRebis, pativiscemisa da
siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi moicavs ara marto travmatul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ problemur interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da
Zlier socialur zewolasac ki. patara bavSvs
usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva
da siTbo esaWiroeba. SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri
daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan
sxvebTan urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis ararsebobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT, sakuTar
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia,
rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients
sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani
adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis

dros pacients, rogorc wesi, Terapevtis mimarT
emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba. xSirad xdeba
Terapevtis identificireba warsulSi gadatanili emociuri konfliqtis centralur figurasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan, an seqsualur
partniorTan. am emociur reaqcias gadatana, anu
transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi
tomsonisa da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTierTobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis identificirebas dedasTan (dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...~). gadatanas ewodeba dadebiTi, rodesac
Terapevti siyvarulis, an aRtacebis obieqti
xdeba; gadatana aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi
mtruli damokidebulebis, an Suris obieqtad
iqceva. xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damokidebuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gadatanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa analitikosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvladobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, es aris mkurnalobis arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani nawili.
warsulis gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi
realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da gacnobierebiT,
Terapevti pacients masze gadatanili grZnobebis
interpretirebaSi exmareba (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reaqciaSic CarTulia
piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana, anu kontrtransferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
Terapevts moswons, an ar moswons pacienti,
radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
figuris msgavsad aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis
damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari
aracnobieri mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnobierebamde mivides. igi pacientis cocxal sarked~ iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis
iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver axerxebs
kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia
SeiZleba warumatebeli gamodges (Winarick, 1997).
am saxis Terapiuli urTierTobis emociurad
datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis
gamo, Terapevtma mkacrad unda daicvas zRvari,
romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da
mis problemebSi pirad CarTulobas Soris
gadis. cxadia, rom Terapiulma situaciam iolad
SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda gaacnobieros da gaiTvaliswinos Terapevtma.
663
fsiqologia Cvens saukuneSi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
664
1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis

suzan neisoni gauCinarda. amave
wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi
gvami. oci wlis manZilze aravin
icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels
mxaris gamomZieblebs suzanis
megobari eilin franklin-lipskeri daukavSirda. eilinma
uTxra maT, rom fsiqoTerapiis
daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi
xnis win gandevnili, daviwyebuli saSineli mogonebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans.
1990 wlis Semodgomaze eilinma
daadastura, rom oci wlis win
man sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rogor
gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam,
jorj franklinma da Semdeg
sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis
keti (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990).
eilinma isic Tqva, rom mama mokvliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uambobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es Cveneba
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom jorj franklini damnaSaved ecnoT damamZimebel viTarebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT,
rogor daifara mogonebebi 20
wlis manZilze? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis
froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves. rogorc aRvniSneT,
froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom
adamianis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis zogierTi mogoneba sakmaris safrTxes uqmnis mis
keTildReobas, amitom es mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
klinikur fsiqologebs xSirad
SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron klients sakuTari cxovrebis gakontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxovrebis damangreveli paternebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc gandevnili mogonebebis Sedegi. Te-
rapiis mniSvnelovan mizans am

gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimarTebaSi kaTarzisis miRweva warmoadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi
yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis
kabinetSi. ukanaskneli wlebis
manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad
saubroben gandevnili mogonebebis
STambeWdavi gacnobierebis SemTxvevebze. drois xangrZlivi
periodis gasvlis Semdeg individebi moulodnelad detalurad
ixseneben SemaZrwunebel movlenebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi, an
bavSobaSi gadatanili seqsualuri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia,
rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos?
me-8 TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa
mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis
safuZvels iZleva (Loftus, 1993;
Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne,
1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi
WeSmarit mogonebebad miiCnevdnen
xelovnuri wyarodan miRebul
informacias. es maSinac xdeboda,
rodesac maT, rogorc mowmeebs,
afrTxilebdnen, rom isini SecdomaSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad, mogonebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZleva misi wyaros ueWveli sandoobis mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wlebSi, popularul mediaSi gandevnili mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri
saubari SeiZleba Tavad iqces
xelovnul wyarod~. televiziiT
nanaxi individis pirovnul mogonebad SeiZleba iqces, Tu mas aRar
axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa.
amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi mosmenilma daxasiaTebam
zogierTi individi igive mogonebebis gaxsenebamde~ SeiZleba
miiyvanos. individma, praqtikulad, dakarga mogonebis wyaro,
magram SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (Johnson et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,

romelTac sjeraT gandevnili
mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis meqanizmebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba
isini Caunergon kidec pacients
( de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin, 1997) .
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswavles qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar braldebebze da aRiares, rom aravis
gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es
qalebi mixvdnen, rom maTi mogonebebi~ gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb
ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi
adasturebs, rom Terapevtebi
xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi
mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da
sityvier waxalisebas ar iSureben, rodesac mogoneba~ gamomzeurdeba (de Rivera, 1997). aseTi
SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klinicistebs, rom Seswavlil unda
iqnes Terapiis procesSi CarTuli
socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaarkvion, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
Terapevtis Teoria pacientis
realobaSi (Lynn et al., 1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aRdgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seamsubuqos fsiqoanalitikosTa pacientebis mdgomareoba. faqtobrivad, aRdgenili
mogonebebis garkveuli nawili
adreuli travmatuli gamocdilebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens
(Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinteresdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsulis gandevnil mogonebebs awmyo
diskomfortis axsna, darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom pasiurad
ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRaciseul versias. jorj franklinis sabednierod, eWvi Seitanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil
mogonebebSi, rac sakmarisi gaxda
verdiqtis uarsayofad.
sirTuleebs awydeboda im pacientebTan muSaobisas, romelTa konfliqtebi verbaluri mexsierebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli periodidan iRebda saTaves, rac xSirad, Tavis
mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTologiis mizezi xdeboda. es pacientebi xSirad
itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT. kleins
miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli formebi
cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi amtkicebda, rom oidiposis seqsualuri konfliqtis,
rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorganizebeli faqtoris, nacvlad sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs sikvdilis
instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis
gaCenas iwvevs da romelic, aseve, mniSvnelovania
fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtkicebda, rom fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorganizebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia
anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas.
samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas xdeba
arasasurvelis uaryofa da sasurvelis SenarCuneba; siyvaruli badebs erTianobasa da mTlianobas. kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli
ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _
WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili zrunva sxvebze.
Tumca, es cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia
sinanulTan sayvarel adamianebze mimarTuli
savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da
potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma
axsna erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo, romelsac
awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZulvili _ Cveni pirovnuli samoTxe da jojoxeTi
_ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan~ (Frager & Fadiman,
1998, gv. 135). kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
samyaros Cveneuli gancdis samSeneblo agurebs~
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis _ fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praqtikis centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqtiurTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) ewoda.
kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation
theory) fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic
momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis
Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis samSeneblo agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
me-ze warmodgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoTvis optimaluri donis SesanarCuneblad. es

sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da organizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:
kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudime (asocirebulia dedis daZabulobidan, romelsac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri me, romelic miuRebelia danarCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZnebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis ganwyobebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas.
Terapiuli interviu ganixileba, rogorc socialuri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da
ganwyobebi zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti
frTxilad mihyavT iqamde, rom gamoTqvas sakuTari
varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa, salivanisTvis Terapiuli situacia,
upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti
siyvaruliT swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach &
Wallach, 1983).
melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosazrebas oidiposis konfliqtis fsiqopaTologiis
ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan
froidi oidipuri periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki)
momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli Carevis amocana am aracnobieri seqsualuri konfliqtebis interpretireba da saaSkaraoze gamotana iyo. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti
665
666
da seqsualuri ltolvebis damarwmunebeli

interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxvadasxva xarisxis mniSvnelobas froidis koncefciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
axali mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove
interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans Seadgens is,
Tu rogor xdeba individis me-koncefciis, anu
sakuTar Tavze warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor
aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli pirovneba da rogor xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa
mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad iqceva, romelsac
dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani
damcveli da fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTierTobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;
Siegel, 1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba
imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor saWiroebs me-s
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier
adamianebs da mniSvnelovan sagnebs, rac nebismier
adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqologiis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania me-s gamocdileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, romelic me-s fragmentacias iwvevs. Sesabamisad,
Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad
Cawvdes sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli
(klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Terapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad drois xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad adamianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT itanjebian, romelic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas saWiroebs.
bihevioraluri Terapia, romelsac axla ganvixilavT, simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis
aracnobieri konfliqtisa da gandevnis Teoriidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan
kaTarzisis misaRwevad da fsiqikuri energiis
gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs
iyeneben, maT Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs,
sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met

mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo socialur
garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare
gavlenas, socialuri motivaciis rols, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebas.
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur
Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian, bihevioralur
TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi
garegani qceva warmoadgens. bihevioraluri orientaciis Terapevtebi amtkiceben, rom paTologiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc
normaluris _ daswavlis procesiT, romelic
ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri
Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtkicebis principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan asocirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi) Terapia
da qcevis modifikacia xSirad sinonimebad
gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis
sixSiris gazrdis, an arasasurveli qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia
muSaobs devianturi qcevebisa da pirovnuli
problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac Sedis
fobiebi, kompulsiebi (akviatebebi), depresia,
damRupveli miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoholizmi, an narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri
qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia specifikur problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre
zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul problemebTan: fobiis SemTxvevaSi is gacilebiT efeqturi iqneba,
vidre _ zogadi, usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da
daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic pragmatuli,
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) ixileT
qcevis modifikacia.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) daswavlis principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
kontrganpirobeba
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseT uwyinar gamRizianebelTan (anu stimulTan) Sexvedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli,
an socialuri kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna
aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis martivi principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7 da me15 TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi,
romelic yovelgvari mizezis gareSe~ angrevs
pirovnebis cxovrebas, xSirad ganpirobebulia
pirovnebis mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswavlili reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli,
araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT, xdeba
axali reaqciis gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri
Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel CanawerebSi swored
aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) Terapiuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli
axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
Cover Jones, 1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis

gamomuSavebiT, anu ganpirobebiT SesaZlebelia
SiSis gadaCveva4 (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi
SevadaroT patara albertis magaliTs me-7
Tavidan).
misi pacienti 3 wlis biWuna iyo, saxelad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli mizeziT eSinoda kurdRlebis. Terapia moicavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris gamokvebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo moTavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis ganmavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uaxlovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra da
piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRelTan.
qover jonsis Semdeg bihevioristi Terapevtebi
kontrganpirobebis sxvadasxva teqnikebs _
sistematur desensitizacias, imploziur5 Terapias, situaciaSi daZirvas6 da aversiul7 Terapias
_ iyeneben.
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva

eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba
modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da agznebulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro procesebis erTdroulad aqtivireba. es
martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli
(urTierT) Sekavebis TeoriisTvis, romelic
samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volpem
SemogvTavaza (Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas
SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da
Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli situaciis
warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT,
anu gradualurad akeTebdnen _ Soreuli asociaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo
xatebamde. relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
4
unlearned sityvasityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc
gamoswavla~ (). vinaidan aseTi sityva literaturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, rogorc gadaCveva~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
5
implosion inglisuridan, SigniT mimarTuli afeTqeba~, implozia.
6
flooding _ inglisuridan, CaZirva~, daZirva~, siWarbe~.
7
aversion _ inglisuridan, zizRi~, zizRis obieqti~.
empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli.

yvela cocxali organizmis umTavresi amocanaa,
daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur
garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu
organizmma ver daiswavla problemebis efeqturad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis
koregireba SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxali daswavlis) principebze dafuZnebuli TerapiiT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad
mdebare procesis simptomad. simptomi Tavad
aris problema. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis
prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis
koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani problemis gamovlenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde
mivalT, anu Tavs iCens axali fizikuri Tu
fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTologiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982;
Wolpe, 1986). piriqiT, samizne simptomebis gaqrobis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom
sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra~
(Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba moaqvT
daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
667
cxrili
16.1
testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis

mier Sedgenili SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis ierarqia
(SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde;
2. ori kvira gamocdamde;
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde;
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde;
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde;
6. sami dRe gamocdamde;
7. ori dRe gamocdamde;
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde;
9. gamocdis wina Rame;
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis
furclebi;
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini;
klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis gamomwvevi

stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls.
Tu mas amis gakeTeba diskomfortis gareSe SeuZlia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.
garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba stimulTa CamonaTvalSi pirvel
adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi)
situaciis SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensitizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba
adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi generalizebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi
da impotencia (Emmelkamp, 1990; Spiegler & Guevremont,
1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom
am tipis bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT
kargad muSaobs fobiebis mqone pacientebTan.
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma;

13. uSualod testirebis procesi - xvebze pasuxebis
gacema;
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.
668
Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic sistematuri desensitizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili.

desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi
etapisgan Sedgeba: (1) klienti axdens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
ierarqiulad alagebs maT _ yvelaze sustidan
yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 16.1
mocemuli ierarqia ekuTvnis students, romelSic
testireba Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini
(debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad miiCnia,
vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13).
(2) klients aswavlian kunTebis TandaTanobiT
Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas, anu
relaqsaciis trenings ramdenime seansi sWirdeba,
romlis drosac klienti swavlobs daZabulobisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTisgan garCevas da SfoTvis moxsnas fizikuri da
fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba
Tavad desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization) bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,
rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
saidan
viciT
daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis
fobiis dros
bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sahaero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs,
sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis gaskdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs
da sportul RonisZiebebs. bilma Tanxmoba
ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis
Terapiis gavlaze. Terapia Sedgeboda sami
Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Terapevts xvdeboda yovel dRe, sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti
gaskda. pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma
subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100-qulian skalaze,
sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides, 100 _
ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirvelad
man subieqturi diskomforti mxolod 5
quliT gamoxata (imave 100-qulian skalaze),
ukanaskneli 115 buSti man Tavisi xeliT
gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili
aRar aridebda Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT
savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).
amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,

klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi
mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).
sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri
Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis _ yvelasTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _
eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena. warmosaxviT
iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT
_ virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients
waredgineba is obieqti, an situacia, romelic
mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiurkompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akviatebuli hqonda azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaTdeboda WuWyis obsesiiT), iZulebiT (anu kompulsurad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasisxlianebamde. igi zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki
fiqrobda, imdenad gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba,
romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxovrebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis meTvalyurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im
obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze metad aSinebda _
WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki
Seexo. man isic ki moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Semcirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi SemaSinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) fobiebisTvis
gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi
TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad
SemaSinebeli stimuli.
imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensitizaciisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli

midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis
nacvlad, usafrTxo garemoSi klients dasawyisSive waredgineba yvelaze SemaSinebeli
stimuli (SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierarqiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia
isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel
stimuls. Terapevti aRwers klientis SiSTan
dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situacias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mTel sxeulze
Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom
man srulad warmoidginos, SeZlebisdagvarad
Zlierad ganicados es situacia. iTvleba, rom
aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiwvios. vinaidan es afeTqeba Sinagania (individis
SigniT xdeba), process implozias, anu SigniT
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodebac imploziuri Terapia.
rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli
kargavs Zalas da veRar axerxebs SfoTvis
gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar warmoiqmneba,
qreba is araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis
Tavis asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am proceduris
ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva
SfoTvis gamomwvevi situaciis uaryofis, misTvis
Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis
daRwevis saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom stimulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi TanxmobiT,
realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi.
magaliTad, klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas
bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis
eSinia _ auzSi.
daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma warmosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia
mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori
saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze dawvrilebiT yvebian
fobiis Sesatyvisi ukiduresad SemaSinebeli
situaciis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba
da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar
aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli, ramdenadac Tavad
mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva
gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre sistematuri
desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT
iseT qceviT problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia.
669
manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Terapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis
gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da nagavi), aramed
man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis
dabana), romelic, Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda
SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoTvis Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxorcielebis gareSe.
aversiuli Terapia
670
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis formebi klients uSualod realurad uwyinar

stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda
movimoqmedoT maT dasaxmareblad, visac saziano
stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damokidebuleba, seqsualuri perversiebi da umarTavi
Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa SemTxvevaSic
devianturi qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli
stimuli gvevlineba. aversiuli Terapiisas iyeneben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes
mocemuli stimulis Sewyvileba mZlavr damazianebel stimulTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eleqtruli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad,
igive uaryofiT reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli
stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aversiuli reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT
_ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs stimulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aversiuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT individebTan,
romlebic TviTdamazianebel qcevebs axorcieleben, rogoricaa Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma
an mirtyma sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis ganxorcielebis dros individs msubuq eleqtrul
dartymas ayeneben. es mkurnaloba efeqturad
amcirebs TviTdamazianebel qcevas zogierTi,
magram ara yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker
& Seys, 1996).
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) qceviTi
Terapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano
stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmimdevruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas

gavs. sainteresoa, ratom eqvemdebarebian adamianebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv,
isini amas mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom realurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT janmrTelobas, karieras, an ojaxur cxovrebas. garda
amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi instituciuri zewolac SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba,
magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil mkurnalobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis
azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli mtkivneuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas
aZlevs Terapevts; (2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi
ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebarTvas. ukanasknel wlebSi, instituciur sareabilitacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Terapiis gamoyeneba eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis8
kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro
iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba meore reaqciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi operantuli ganpirobebis principebs efuZneba, romelic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli
kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gulisxmobs mkurnalobis zogad strategias, romelic mimarTulia
qcevis Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis
gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika arsebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia da
Caqrobis strategia.
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia

rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod
mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia, rom es
reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gax8
saubaria aSS-is Statebze (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Sirdes. operantuli daswavlis es ZiriTadi

principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac
sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad gamoiyenes mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas
STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes, rodesac dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT me-7 TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi.
Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis formireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacienti sami wlis biWuna iyo, romelsac saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena,
raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT mieaxlovebina
saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis
ekonomikaze, rodesac winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medikamentebis miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure
personali samizne qcevis yoveli ganxorcielebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es Jetonebi
mogvianebiT SeiZleba mTel rig waxalisebebsa
da privilegiebze gaicvalos (Kazdin, 1994; Martin
& Pear, 1999). waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla,
wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva saarsebo garemoSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierTqmedebebi.
sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad
ganamtkicebs arasasurveli qcevis sapirispiro
qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narkotikebze damokidebuli adamianebis mkurnalobisas.
analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar

Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiToeuli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents Seadgenda da mis sanacvlod sabiTumo saqonlis
SeZena SeiZleboda. dasawyisSi Sardis
yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi
monawileebs 10 baraTs aZlevdnen. mas
Semdeg, rac maTi Sardis analizi isev da
isev uaryofiTi iyo, yovel Semdeg jerze
baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda. monawileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad iqca, romelic narkotikis gareSe
yofnasTan Seawyviles. danarCen 34 monawilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs, Tumca, maTi
ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli
narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan: SeuwyvilebelTa~ jgufis TiToeuli wevri mimagrebuli iyo SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis romelime wevrze da orive erTnairi odenobiTa da erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas
(baraTebs). kvlevis aseTi sqemidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT,
rom baraTebis nebismieri efeqti Sewyvilebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod ganmtkicebis. faqtobrivad, pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblisa (baraTebis) da sasurveli
qcevis (narkotikis gareSe yofna) Sewyvileba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasasrulisTvis da kvlevidan erTi wlis Semdegac SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis wevrebi,
SeuwyvilebelTa~ jgufis wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, uwyveti warmatebiT axerxebdnen
narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et
al., 2000).
viciT
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba
narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevrebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da
qali, romelsac kokainze damokidebulebisgan gankurneba surda. TiToeulma monawilem sakonsultacio seansebi gaiara, raTa
am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis strategiebsa da unar-Cvevebs gacnobodnen.
garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen specialur baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac
SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi

moqmedebs, rac arasasurveli reaqciis sasurveliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT):
adapturi qcevis albaTobis gasazrdelad
daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi gamoiyeneba.
Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas,
rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs maSin, roca
sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT?
pasuxi aseTia: qcevis mraval formas mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs, zogierTi
saidan
671
672
maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi.

xSirad SeumCneveli dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axerxebs qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad
uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis,
SeiZleba ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja
misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi formaa.
Caqrobis strategia TerapiaSi gamosadegia
maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri qcevebis SenarCuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemoebebiT xdeba. am ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena
situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba.
Semdeg ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom arasasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebeli
gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am
midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu klientis garemocvaSi
myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganamtkiceben qcevas, TanamSromloben TerapevtTan,
Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires
da droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad
gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis magaliTi.
mkvlevrebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi skolis
oTxi moswavlis araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtkiceblad moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba.
mkvlevrebma miaRwies, rom bavSvebi yuradRebas
iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis misaRebi qcevebisadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel
qcevebs. amiT maT SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi
qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup,
1997).
aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofreniuli qcevis SenarCuneba da waxalisebac ki
SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: mraval
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom
momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:
rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ rac socialuri
komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT,
rom amiT momsaxure personals diagnozisTvis
saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar
azrebze, grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da
halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure personali mihyavs daskvnamde, rom pacientebi sakuTar
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning
therapy) mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti
uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
TavSi arian Caflulni da aranormalurad

iqcevian. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom, rac ufro
ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas miawvdian
pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben momsaxure personalisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganamtkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamoxatvas. klasikur gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna
Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba,
rodesac momsaxure personals mieca martivi
instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da
mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi
mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba (Ayllon &
Michael, 1959).
socialuri daswavlis
Terapia
bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni socialuri daswavlis Teoretikosebma gaafarToves, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi
sxva adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT swavloben.
axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi
simboluri saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viyenebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze
dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis Terapia mowodebulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modificirebisTvis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac
klienti xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba modeli
ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. daswavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da socialuri Cvevebis Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi
aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,
ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura)
naSromebSi damuSavda (1977, 1986). aq misi midgomis
mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis
mibaZvasa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSavebaze.
modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT,
individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis meSveobiT
daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobiebis mqone adamianebs unda SeeZloT, rom
modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis
suraTi
16.1
monawilis modelirebis
Terapia
fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer
models uyurebda, romelic TandaTanobiT uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg
Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo
jamSi, mas SeeZlo gvelis xlSi aReba
da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZraobis saSualebis micema. grafikze
asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxorcielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa raodenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Terapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda) da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina
danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis
da sakontrolo jgufsac.
socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa mier Semotanil umTavres siaxles warmoadgens araadekvaturi socialuri Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis
ufro efeqturad funqcionirebis swavleba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi mraval
sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel adamianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben
Tavs sxvebTan urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi
arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis
dacva. socialuri unar-Cvevebi, anu urTierTobis
unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad
miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rodesac isini
mimarTaven sxvebs, an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan.
am unar-CvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra
(Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia
(Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili) vTqvaT da moviqceT;
(3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT.
urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erTerTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar
TavSi daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa
Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva pirdapir,
gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons,
1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am problemis daZlevaSi
modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
modeling) Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Terapevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients
mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier
ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba

reaqcias. magaliTad, gvelebis SiSis mkurnalobisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom
SedarebiT usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia
gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloeba; es SeiZleba iyos
galiasTan axlos misvla, an misTvis xelis
Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa da
waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive
qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba miaxloebis
qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli
xelSi aiyvanos da mas sxeulze Tavisuflad
moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi
qcevis ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier
momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis daZleva
miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad
SemaSinebel safexurze dabrunebiT xdeba.
ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis
meSveobiT modelireba, kargad Cans kvlevaSi,
romelSic es teqnika simbolur modelirebas,
desensitizaciasa da sakontrolo jgufis
mdgomareobas Seadares. simboluri modelirebiT
Terapiisas pacientebi, romelTac naswavli
hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac
ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs.
Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas iwvevda,
SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi
da modunebuliyvnen. sakontrolo jgufSi ar
yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 suraTidan Cans, monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba
aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo am teqnikebs
Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis
jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile ganikurna gvelebis
SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970).
673
dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali

Terapevti gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis
TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda moviqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasurveli
dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven mier ganxorcielebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win
uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis nakleboba
bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom mkvlevarTa
da TerapevtTa mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimarTulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone
bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis
ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer & McBurnett,
1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois
xanmokle periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo urTierTobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izolirebulad Tvlidnen.
saidan
viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi

darwmunebulobis daswavla
674
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxvda sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT unda

eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 11,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan da marto,
mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis
manZilze wyvilebi saTamaSod aTjer Sekribes da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20
wuTi grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva
saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da Semdeg.
aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina. umcros mewyvilesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga
da sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels
miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis
sixSire im bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketilebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) procedura, romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unarCvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis;
rodesac CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom klienti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.
TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac

gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba, magram
Zalze mcired. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
erTi-erTze, wyvilSi TamaSis situacia
morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
rom socialurad usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi
da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen
sxvasTan urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT
xelmZRvanelis rolSic gamoecadaT Tavi
mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare,
usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas (Furman et
al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis

mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs, socialuri
unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjobesdaT socialur situaciebSi qcevis verbaluri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al.,
1980). bavSvebs sxvadasxvagvar socialur situaciebSi saTanado sityvieri pasuxebis gacema
(daxmarebis gaweva, an komplimentis Tqma, TxovniT mimarTva) aswavles. maT, aseve, aswavles
saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad,
gaRimeba Seqebisas), saubrisas sworad moqceva
(mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis
kontaqtis damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi
yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unarCvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im
situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda saswavlo
programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs
palatebSic iyenebdnen. es dadebiTi Sedegi
Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.
generalizaciis teqnikebi
biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ainteresebT Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad ganaxorcieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul garemoSi
daswavlil qcevebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(Kazdin, 1994). es sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis
mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis efeqturobis nebismieri sazomi grZelvadian cvlilebebs
unda moicavdes, romelic mas Semdegac SenarCundeba, rac klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts,
klinikasa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli klientis realuri cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi
cxrili
16.2
fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalitikuri da bihevoraluri midgomebis Sedareba

fsiqoanalizi
biologiuri instinqtebi, pirvel rigSi,
seqsualuri da agresiuli, romelTac dauyovneblivi gamonTavisufleba esaWiroebaT da
aiZuleben adamians, rom daupirispirdes socialur realobas.
sxva cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianebi mxolod

swavlis SesaZleblobiT ibadebian; daswavlis procesi igive principebs emorCileba adamianTan, romelsac yvela sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.
ganviTareba xdeba Tanmimdevrul stadiebze

konfliqtebis gadawyvetis Sedegad. identifikaciisa da internalizaciis gziT yalibdeba
egos mxridan zrdasrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
marTvis meqnizmebi da xasiaTis struqturebi.
adapturi qcevebi daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa da

mibaZviT.
paTologiaSi aisaxeba konfliqtis araadekvaturi gadawyveta da ganviTarebis adreul

stadiebze fiqsacia, amis Sedegia Zalian Zlieri
impulsebi da/an maTi Sesustebuli kontroli.
problemuri qceva momdinareobs araadapturi qcevebis arasworad daswavlidan. simptomi aris problema da ar arsebobs aranairi safuZvlad mdebare
daavadeba.
Terapiis mizani
fsiqoseqsualuri mowifulobis miRweva, egos

funqciebis gaZliereba da aracnobieri da
gandevnili impulsebis mxridan kontrolis
Sesusteba.
aRikveTeba simptomaturi qceva da Canacvldeba

adapturi qcevebiT.
gamokveTili fsiqologiuri sfero
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli motivebi, grZnobebi,

fantaziebi da kogniciebi.
Terapia mimarTulia qcevaze da dakvirvebad grZnobebsa da moqmedebebze.
drois aspeqti
wasrulis konfliqtebisa da gandevnili grZnobebis cnobierebaSi amotanaze, garCevasa da

gaazrebaze orientacia.
ainteresebT mxolod klientis qcevis ganmtkicebis

istoria. ikvleven da mkurnaloben awmyoSi realurad
arsebul qcevas.
aracnobieri
masalis roli
es aris fsiqoanalizis centraluri sakiTxi,

romelsac neofroidianebeli SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
ar ainteresebT aracnobieri procesebi da cnobieri

subieqturi gamocdileba.
insaitis roli
insaits centraluri adgili ukavia; Cndeba makoregirebel emociur gamocdilebaSi.
insaiti zedmetia da/an ar aris saWiro.
Terapevtis roli
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc gamomZiebeli:

eZebs pirvelad, sawyisi konfliqtebisa da winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis mizezebs; gamijnuli
da neitraluri, xels uwyobs gadatanis reaqciis
ganviTarebas.
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc treneri: exmareba

klients Zveli qcevisgan gadaCvevasa da/an axali
qcevis daswavlaSi. mniSvnelovania ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva; naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.
adamianis sawyisi
buneba
normaluri
adamianuri
ganviTareba
fsiqopaTologiis
buneba
qcevaSi miRweuli cvlilebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis Semdeg SeiZleba

daikargos. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan
asacileblad miRebuli praqtikaa generalizaciis
teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul procedurebSi CarTva. es teqnikebi mowodebulia,
raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovon erTmaneTs Terapiuli garemosa da realuri cxovrebis samizne
qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da stimulis
moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian
qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul garemoSic ganmtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu
windaxeduleba. waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri
(nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa miRebuli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes,
sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis ar mosdevs qcevas.
TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi garegani
gamtkicebis molodins da, amasTan, aCveven socialur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,
maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel

gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis meTodi 7 wlis biWunasTan muSaobisas gamoiyenebs, romelic xSirad
paravda nivTebs Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen,
1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an qulebiT~
ajildovebdnen (romelTa gadacvlac SesaZlebeli iyo iseT sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze,
rogoricaa damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi
nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi erTxel
amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa
ricxvi TandaTanobiT Seamcires da biWis Semowmebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes,
sabolood ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac
ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi
wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2, dafiqrdiT da
sagani
675
gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cven mier

ganxilul or fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _
fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.
Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da
araadapturi qcevis sixSiris Sesamcireblad
bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs
iyenebs. kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis
sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da daZirva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi
nawilia eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena.
aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli stimulisa da arasasurveli qcevis Sewyvileba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas, samizne
qcevis gasaZliereblad, an Sesasusteblad,
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis strategia
gamoiyeneba. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis
gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa fobiebis
moxsna; individebs SiSis daZleva modelis
mibaZviT SeuZliaT. Terapevtebi socialuri
daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
SemuSavebis mizniTac iyeneben.
kognituri Terapiebi
676
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri

grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT. es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg
daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da
emociuri distresi momdinareobs problemebidan,
romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri Sinaarsi)
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis
Secvlas, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive
behavior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, romelic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenis kognitur aqcents da, meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiqroben adamianebi. kognituri Terapia sxvadasxvagvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTodebis swavlebaze fokusirdeba. am midgomis
zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13 TavSi ganvixileT,
rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am qveTavSi aRvwerT
kognituri Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kognitur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari Tavis
rwmenis, anu TviTefeqturobis gamomuSavebis
CaTvliT) da mcdari warmodgenebis sistemebis
Secvlas (depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da
racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y
modifikacia
Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar
Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT imas, rac
gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongiturbihevioraluri midifikaciis sawyisi piroba.
am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi
mxriv, motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenis kognituri aqcenti da, meore
mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti. arasasurveli,
miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba
kognituri gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliT
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli
nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da klientis mier
imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor
gamoxatavs problemas, romelic unda mogvardes
Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi
ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli, an disfunqciuri qcevisken, isini axali, konstruqciuli
debulebebis SemuSavebas da TviTpativiscemis
Semamcirebeli, an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviTganmkicxavi debulebebis Semcirebas iwyeben
(Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad, negatiuri
debuleba saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveulebaze, aRarasodes dampatiJeben~, Canacvldeba
konstruqciuli kritikiT: Tu minda, rom sainteresod gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damaintrigebeli frazebi unda movifiqro saubris
dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anekdotis moyolaSi
warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac

miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis saSualeba iyo (Wood
& Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogoricaa me SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad
gakeTeba~, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
depresiis kognituri Terapia

kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients exmareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli, araswori
paternebi problemebis gadawyvetis ufro efeqturi meTodebiT Caanacvlos. aaron bekma (Aaron
Beck, 1976) warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo kognituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurnalobis formula man martivad Camoayaliba: Terapevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari
azrebis gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis
formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis aTvisebaSi~ (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs
SeiZleba sTxovon, rom daweron is uaryofiTi
azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis mimarT uCndebaT; gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es
TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo da
SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad
damangreveli) warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze.
kognituri Terapiebi
da cocxlad gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTxrobs~. ganvlili situaciebis uaryofiTi momentebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis,
klients momavali movlenebis dadebiT aspeqtebze fokusirebas aswavlian.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia klients qcevis warmatebulobaze ganawyobs. Terapevtebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis
adamianebis mxridan efeqturad moqcevis albaTobas. miRwevadi miznebis dasaxvis, maT misaRwevad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis da
Sedegebis realisturad Sefasebis gziT viTardeba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena, anu TviTefeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997).
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, TviTefeqturoba
mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da
qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis Sefaseba
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT
da ramdenad didxans SeewinaaRmdegebiT warmoqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer,
1992). qcevis modelirebis zemoT aRwerili
procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom
gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis
gancda, anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba:
isini daiswavlian, rom xelewifebaT garkveuli
saxis qcevebis ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod,
sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi darwmunebulobis, anu kognituri TviTefeqturobis
gamuSavebaze mimarTuli Terapia cvlis klientis
mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma,
romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana, romelic
maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaumjobesebda maT SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT
zogierTi kognitur, bihevioraluri Terapevti, pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa

da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimarTuli. isini amtkiceben, rom mravali fsiqologiuri problema sxva adamianebTan da movlenebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araadekvaturi damokidebulebidan momdinareobs. mcdar
azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes; (1) usafuZvlo, arakeTilgonier ganwyobebs (idealurad
swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa~);
(2) mcdar winapirobebs (Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb,
rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi~) da (3)
xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi
gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis ukve arsebuli paternebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve
usargebloa (unda davemorCilo xelmZRvanelobas~). emociur distress, anu sulier tanjvas
araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa
da sakuTari warmosaxvebis (an molodinebis)
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris arqona badebs.
677
bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba

droSi, rom adamianebma araferi ician im uaryofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, maTgan damoukideblad warmoiqneba;
avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: verasodes
viqnebi iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa~, rom
gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis veyvarebi~, arc ise Wkviani var, rom rames mivaRwio
skolaSi, sadac aseTi gacxarebuli brZolaa
pirvelobisTvis~. Terapevti oTx taqtikur svlas
axorcielebs, romelic mowodebulia depresiis
kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck & Rush,
1989; Beck et al., 1979):
eWvqveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs
sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs, romlebic adastureben, an uaryofen
avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqtorebze da ar miawers mas klientis mouxerxeblobas an arakompetenturobas;
ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa uSedegod

gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad
qceuliyo klientisTvis.
678
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am TerapiaSic centraluri adgili ukavia klientis

mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi
uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis aucilebloba da apaTiuroba. sakuTari uaryofiTi
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
mexsierebaSi acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki
odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis
gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros depresiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xedaven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas sarkazmad aRiqvamen, rac kidev erTi mizezia~ imisTvis, rom
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rationalemotive therapy RET) pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri azrebis transformacias efuZneba,
romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri
muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri
SfoTva.
depresiulebi iyvnen. kognituri Terapiebi aCereben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom
exmarebian klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros
depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi siRrmiseuli azrobrivi wvdomis (insaitis) gamoyenebas
(Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et al., 1995). magaliTad,
erT-erTi gamokvleviT dasabuTda, rom Terapia
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs
sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis
& Jacobson, 1996). am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, klinicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis
saTanado mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli formaa racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT), romelic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy &
Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis. racionalur-emociuri Terapia
pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistemaa,
romelic im iracionaluri azrebis transformacias efuZneba, romelic arasasurvel, Zlieri
emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs iwvevs,
rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba
hqondeT gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi,
romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni
da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom maT samarTlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom
irgvliv yvelaferi ufro sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave
praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu rogor unda
gadaastruqturos yvela saWiroa~, valdebuli
xar~ da ase unda iyos~, romelic mis qcevas
akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survilisamebr cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis
amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri reaqcia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas,
sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb klientisTvis
ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia. amiT
Terapevti klientis Caketil cnobierebaSi
SeWras cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis
dros orgazmis ararseboba (movlena) iwvevs
daTrgunulobisa da TviTgakicxvis emociur
reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmodgenebi daaxloebiT aseTia: ar vvargivar seqsualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var,
Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamianebis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas imis SecvliT
cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini
cxovrebiseul movlenebze. kognitur- bihevioraluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli
qcevis paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT. depresiis kognituri Terapiisas aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs,
cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mimdinare movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul paternebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels uwyobs
klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da
sakuTari survilebiT cxovrebis dawyebaSi.
egzistencialurhumanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaarsiani adamianuri urTierTobebis arqona da iseTi
mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romelTaTvisac Rirs brZola _ tipuria egzistencia-
luri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis

bunebisadmi humanisturi da egzistencialuri
midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis ganzogadebul saxeobaSi, romelic
mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, yofierebis ZiriTad problemebze.
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi
Teoriebis birTvs mTliani pirovnebis cneba
warmoadgens, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da
Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul
SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad irCeven,
rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian faseulobaTa
sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axorcieleben maT. Tumca, arCevanis Tavisuflebas
pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis
yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva da sasowarkveTa
euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT,
sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis
SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis gamo. egzistencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuTvnili axali versia, romelic aerTianebs mis
mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba
mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis damabneveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel
ori ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams.
depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi realobidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisistuli sindromebi ki _ am realobis eqspluatacias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iyeneben adamianis bunebis zogadi Teoriis principebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari
Tavisufleba, ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi
arsebuli, moqmedi me da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da mravalferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari individualurobis
damkvidreba da gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis
srulad realizebis (TviTaqtualizaciis) gzebi.
egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania
mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic
pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam,
aseve, dasabami misca moZraobas adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolos. am moZraobaSi saSualo
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
radgan ise ver moviqeci, rogorc unda movqceuliyavi~. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmodgenebi Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfrontaciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva
mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa: gadaRla, alkoholis zemoqmedeba, mcdari warmodgenebi sqesobrivi aqtis msvlelobaze, anda mocemul dros,
an am konkretul partniorTan urTierTobis
damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis
teqnikas Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi
mohyveba, romliTac xdeba dogmaturi, iracionaluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri,
situaciurad ganpirobebuli ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia
individisTvis sakuTari Rirebulebisa da potencialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis realizeba mas Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac
igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis damabrkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am
TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs saerTo humanistur
TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.
679
Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi
fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvnili Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizania, daganaxoT misi

qmediTunarianoba da efeqturoba.
gamokvlevebisa da praqtikuli
SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri
tanjvis Semsubuqeba. XXI saukunis dasawyisisTvis kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da kompiuterebis iolad
xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli
gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis sferoSi
dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT
arsebuli im saSualebebis diapazonis gafarToveba, romlebic
Terapiuli cvlilebebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mraval adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba
saubriT gankurnebis~ _ iseTi
interaqtiuri Terapiis, romelic
680
froidma da misma mimdevrebma

ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pacientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleqtronuli fostiT, an internetiT
miiRos (Fink, 1999; King & Moreggi,
1998). kompiuteris gamoyenebiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapiisas
Terapevti da klienti eleqtronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs. mkvlevrebma Tavidanve
miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis
potenciur naklovanebebsa da
sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi
Terapiis nakli isaa, rom SezRuduli da damaxinjebuli informaciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi
Terapevtma SeiZleba araswori
diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis
saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba, rogorc es pirispir situaciaSia
SesaZlebeli (King & Moreggi, 1998).
garda amisa, momxmareblebs iSviaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsi-
gaerTianda, romelic miznad isaxavda mis ufro

srulad gamoyenebasa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebasa da gamravalferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia,
romelic Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda
fsiqikurad janmrTeli adamianebisTvisac, romelTac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi,
metad produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro
bednieri adamianebi.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli
moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da
praqtikul saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs
saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli
gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da
gamravalferovnebis mizniT.
qologTa kompetenturobis
gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi
eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZleba daibralos. miuxedavad
am naklovanebebisa, eleqtronuli fostiT ganxorcielebuli Terapia unikalur SesaZleblobebs aZlevs Terapevtebsa da maT klientebs. magaliTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia,
rom am formis Terapiis fardobiTi anonimuroba klientebs
yvelaze Semawuxebeli problemebis gacilebiT swrafad da
sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs; isini
SeiZleba gacilebiT gulwrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT
sakuTar monaTxrobze Terapevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis
gamo nerviuloba (Grohol, 1998).
kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela
uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevrebma
Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur

tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam Terapiul
midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias,
jgufur Terapiasa da ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapias.
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia
klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic
karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951, 1977) SemogvTavaza,
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor
xedaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi
klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania
pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri zrdis waxaliseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis _ sa-
SemaSinebeli situaciebis wardgenas da relaqsacias da

kognitur komponents _ kognitur gadastruqturebas moicavda. Terapiuli programa
CatvirTuli iyo jibis portatul kompiuterebSi. amitom
klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo,
yvelgan SeeZloT maTi tareba.
kompiuteruli programa sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda; maT Soris iyo
moduli, romelsac ekranze
gamohqonda gamonaTqvamebi
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da SeTavazebebi azrovnebis mimarTulebis Secvlis Taobaze.
aseve, iyo moduli, romelic
axleburad sunTqvis Cvevas
karnaxobda klients. orive
Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg orive jgufs SenarCunebuli hqonda TerapiiT miRweuli Sedegebi. magaliTad, orive tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniSneboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi
gamokvlevebi imeds gvaZlevs,
kuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ umTavresi tendenciiT. rojersi darwmunebuli

iyo, rom organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela
sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa
gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes~ (1959, gv. 196). jansaR
ganviTarebas araswori daswavlis paternebi
abrkolebs; amasTan, pirovneba eTanxmeba sxvebis
mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad
imisa, rom mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa
da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad dadebiT me-s
xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris,
SfoTvasa da ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es
konfliqti, anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cnobierebis farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom
adamiani Tavs ubedurad da gaufasurebulad
grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Terapiuli garemos Seqmna, romelic klients saSualebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces
rom Terapevtis Semcvleli

kompiuteruli programebiT
mkurnalobis kursis gavla
klientebs nebismier dros
SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi
vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTerapiaTa umravlesobis ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas Terapevtisa da pacientis Tu
klientis pirispir urTierToba Seadgenda. XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi mkvlevrebi cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ra situaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom
kompiuterebi da interneti am
pirispir urTierTobis sasargeblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ismho.org - fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis saerTaSoriso internet-sazogadoebis veb-gverdi.
www.metanoia.org/imhs/ - wamyvani veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia dadasturebuli
saTanado kvalifikaciis
mqone TerapevtTa CamonaTvali.
sakuTari Tavis gasaumjobeseblad da TviTaqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom

adamiani bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa,
Terapevtis amocana ZiriTadad isaa, rom klients
daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalaxvaSi, romelic zRudavs bunebrivad dadebiTi
midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli
strategiaa klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba
da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _
atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic Tavisuflad
gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da
grZnobebs. aseTi gulwrfelad gaxnili situaklientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered
therapy) mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma,
romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis umTavresi tendenciiT.
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis saerTaSoriso internet-sazogadoeba Camoayalibes, romelic mowodebulia internet-Terapiis

praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRudvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi
igoneben internetisa da kompiuterebis gamoyenebis axal
saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro viwro
profilis Terapiuli daxmarebis gaweva (Newman et al., 1999;
Strm et al., 2000). magaliTad,
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seqmna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo
panikuri aSlilobis kognitur bihevioraluri mkurnalobisTvis (Newman et al.,
1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda
cdis pirTa ori jgufis mkurnalobis monacemebi: erT
jgufs, nawilobriv, kompiuteris daxmarebiT umkurnales,
meorem ki _ tradiciuli Terapiis sruli kursi gaiara.
orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba
bihevioralur komponents _
681
682
ciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom

Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT.
aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom Terapevti
klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediTunarian pirovnebas, romelic ki ar unda ganikiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda
daexmaros sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi
(Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri
stili klientis waxalisebis saSualebaa, raTa
man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli
konfliqtis WeSmarit wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes
gavlenisgan, romelic TviTaqtualizacias
abrkolebs. Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva
TerapiebiT muSaoben, mosmenilis interpretacias
axdenen, pasuxebs, an miTiTebebs iZlevian,
Terapevti, romelic klientze centrirebuli
TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile
msmenelia, romelic msjelobs da xandaxan
formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqvamebsa da gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze centrirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom aradireqtiuli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar
TavSi garkvevasa da sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
rojerss miaCnda, rom, Tu adamianebs sxvebTan
Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da sakuTari Tavis
miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad
SeeZlebaT sakuTari fsiqologiuri sijansaRis
aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Terapevtis, rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da
klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma urTierTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina
gavlena.
geStalt-Terapia
geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aRdgenis mizniT, gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebazea mimarTuli (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi
geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma, romelzec me5 TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari
Tavis Secnoba, anu TviTSemecneba, rac Semdegnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom
gamoxatos Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros
warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) Terapia,
romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis
mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic

mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da romelTa
damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis
gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-Terapiis fuZemdebeli
_ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da
Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas sTxovda. isini
aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac
perlzi maTi pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil
nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT
sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli, danawevrebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is
dafaruli potenciali, romelic sizmarSi iCens
Tavs~ (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba
monawileTa waxaliseba, rom aRadginon kontaqti
TavianT WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan~ (Hatcher &
Himelstein, 1996). geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams
cariel skams. klientma unda warmoidginos,
rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba,
pirovneba, obieqti an situacia. igi esaubreba~
skamze mjdoms~. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda, an mama
zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs grZnobebs, romelTac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma
SeiZleba warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi
sxedan~ skamze da maT gaesaubros~ imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze.
es teqnika saSualebas aZlevs klients, daupirispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe
darCenili Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi
xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic
mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi
imyofeba. karl rojersma Seqmna klientze
centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs
aradireqtiuli garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti
SeZlebs arasworad naswavli paternebis daZlevas da sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da
TviTrealizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli
midgoma, pirvel rigSi, Terapevti-pacientis, an
Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze urTierTobas iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri
Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer
SeiZleba ufro efeqturi iyos, vidre individualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqtikuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire raodenobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klientisTvis
SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva. danarCeni upiratesobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas, anu jgufis
efeqts ukavSirdeba: jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafrTxo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc
iolad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad
ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2) iZleva
saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma

gavlena moaxdinos calkeuli monawileebis
araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, rom Terapiuli seansebis msvlelobisas daakvirdnen sxvebs da pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi gaivarjiSon;
(4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi ojaxuri jgufis
analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregirebis saSualebas iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari
gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis wanamZRvrebisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viswavloT sakuTari
mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom
isini sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT,
ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze moxdenili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdilebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT, an imisgan,
rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda
amisa, jgufi TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmunebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da devianturi~ qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria da adamianTa
did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs
ar uyvarT sxvebTan TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze
saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informaciis gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive
problemis mqone mraval adamians egonos, rom
is aris erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs~.
jgufur situaciaSi gamocdilebis gaziareba
exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es pluralisturi umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis
saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur, ganumeorebel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis
procesSi dawyebuli urTierToba da urTierTdaxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis
Semdegac gagrZeldes.
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis

Terapia
jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTisTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic jgufSi
droebiTi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad modian,
ramac SeiZleba garkveuli sargebeli misces
maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis
SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian
mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli, ukve
arsebuli erTeulebi.
jgufuri Terapiebi
xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da

sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac grZnobebis gamoxatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs.
mravali adamiani sargeblobs TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.
683
saidan
viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmareba
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa jgufma

gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba.
maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo: kvlevaSi
monawile mozardebi maSin ufro Seamcirebdnen narkotikebis moxmarebas, Tu
mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri
garemo. amitom ojaxis Terapiis samizne
iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamosworeba, ise _ mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli
aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvsTviani mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis
ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi
SvilebTan urTierTobisas (magaliTad,
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatva, sityvieri
agresia) _ 72%, sWarbobda dadebiT qmedebebs
(magaliTad, optimizmisa da siyvarulis
gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasrulisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis Cvevebma _ 77%, gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%.
garda amisa, im mSoblebis Svilebma, romlebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi gaumjobeseba aCvenebs, mniSvnelovnad Seamcires
narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).
684
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Taobaze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia partniorTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli paternebis gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs (Napier, 2000).
wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir SemTxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis videofirze
CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts
SeuZlia daexmaros maT urTierTobis im verbaluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa
da garCevaSi, romelsac isini erTmaneTze upiratesobis mopovebis, an marTvis, anda erTmaneTis
dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT iyeneben.
TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu rogor unda
ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da
yuradRebis gareSe datovos arasasurveli reaqciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireq-
tiuli mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa partniors

grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad gamoxatvaSi
daexmaron. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebisTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT efeqturia,
vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi
partniorisTvis. amasTan, Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom
mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili
ki inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
ojaxuri Terapiis klienti mTliani ojaxia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo ojaxis
TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis wevri (Schwebel & Fine, 1994).
ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti ojaxis Sewuxebul,
aforiaqebul wevrebTan muSaobs da maT imis
garkvevaSi exmareba, Tu ra uqmnis erT, an
ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania
adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri manZilebis da
erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi dinamikis Secvla, rac gansxvavdeba calkeuli araadapturi individebis
qcevis Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis
magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.
es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelovnebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan mTel
ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala
garemos is faqtorebi, romelmac, SesaZloa, miiyvanes kidec mozardi narkotikebis gasinjvamde
da moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli
daZabulobis Semcireba da calkeuli wevrebis
funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba imiT, rom daexmaros klientebs da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis
rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Terapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis
TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval
rols asrulebs: is aris Terapiul seansebze
ganxorcielebuli urTierTqmedebebis interpretatori da amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro,
Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom
Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli da mogvarebuli
problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs, an socialuri
urTierTqmedebis problemebs warmoadgens, da
ara _ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es
siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebul-
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris
jgufebi
fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi amaRelvebeli
periodi iyo TviTdaxmarebis jgufebisadmi
interesis gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis
daaxloebiT 10 milioni mozrdili moqalaqe
dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al.,
1997). mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc
wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi
jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen
msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs,
romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da xandaxan
wamratebebsac aRweven. specialur jgufebSi
TviTdaxmarebis idea pirvelad gamoiyena organizaciam anonimuri alkoholikebi~ (AA),
Tumca, alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da
ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawyebulma
qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis.
dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: damokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da sxva krizisebi, seriozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an
naTesavebis gamo miRebuli travmebi. ukanasknel
wlebSi adamianebma daiwyes internetis, rogorc
TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis,
gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviTdaxmarebis internetjgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni,
romliTac maTi fizikuri oreulebi (Davison et
al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovan Sexvedris adgils warmoadgens iseT

mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis, romelTac
avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis
sindromis, an gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo
SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZlebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis
saSualebas.
mkvlevrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis
garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda hqondes
TviTdaxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi
iyos. rogorc maTi moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi
jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben
TavianTi wevrebisTvis; magaliTad, adamianebs
unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari problemebis gakontroleba; uzrunvelyofen socialur mxardaWeras cxovrebiseuli
sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uzrunvelyofen aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff
& Bargal, 2000). Tu aseT jgufSi monawileobas
gadawyvetT, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es jgufebi
gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier
sakuTari keTildReobis gancdaze, rodesac isini
kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal,
2000). magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad
cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa
sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac alkoholizmis
mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken miswrafebis ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT naklebi
midrekilebiT xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am
sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba individebs,
alkoholizmis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT,
sakuTari qcevis sisworeSi darwmunebulobis
ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern
et al., 1997).
TviTdaxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana jgufuri Terapiebis gamoyenebam
ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan.
aseTi Terapiis mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa
da maT ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi
SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron,
realurad Sexedon gardauval sikvdils da
Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991).
ganukurnebel pacientebTan aseTi mxardamWeri
jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _ aswavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxov-
jgufuri Terapiebi
ni xdebian Seasrulon, an Tavis Tavze aiRon

arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesSi _ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva,
bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedebis araefeqturi formebis Camoyalibeba.
ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis
garkveva da masze moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebi
SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis mizania
disfunqciuri~ struqturuli elementebis gaqroba da axali, ufro efeqturi struqturebis
SemuSaveba da ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).
685
rebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini ityvian

mSvidobiT~ (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven
mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa, romlebic mxolod
fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _
mkurnalobaze, romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis
software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu
rogor muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi,
gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da tvinis hardware-is Secvlaze,
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis

qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla. biosamedicino
Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs
tvinis hardware-is problemebad miiCneven. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubuqebis sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT:
_ fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur Soks
da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
fsiqikur janmrTelobaze zrunvas; amasTan,
socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia individis iseT problemebze
muSaobs, romlebic Seguebas ukavSirdeba da
urTierTobebis sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZneleebis Sedegebs warmoadgens. Terapiis mizania
wyvilebsa da ojaxebSi urTierTobebis sistemebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es
jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds, socialur
mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur,
ise _ kibersivrceSi.
686
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba.

rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad xdeba, Cven
qcevis paTologiuri paternebs, an ucnaur kognitur da emociur reaqciebs vxedavT. garemos,
socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT
tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy)
_ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli
boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
forma.
los anjeles Taims~-is saTauri iuwyeboda:

tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians fsiqikuri
daavadebisgan kurnavs~ (2/23/188). statia 19 wlis
axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda,
romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobiT
itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man
pirdapir SublSi isrola 22 kalibriani tyvia.
saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa, ganikurna paTologiuri simptomatikisgan da uvneblad SeunarCunda gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev arsebobda.
es SemTxveva biosamedicino Terapiis erTerTi yvelaze pirdapiri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas _ tvinSi qirurgiul Carevas _ gviCvenebs.
aseTi Careva tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas gulisxmobs.
xSirad es ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTologiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi Terapiuli
zemoqmedebiT. fsiqoqirurgia zogadi terminia,
romelic aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebul qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis, an aRkveTis
mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia SeSlilTa tvinebidan sisulelis marcvlis amokveTas~ niSnavda, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli
maSindel graviurebsa da ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi
Sedis korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis amokveTa
mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
razec me-3 TavSi vsaubrobdiT _ limburi
sistemis funqcionirebis ganmapirobebeli gzebis
CaWra (amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri
lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia,
romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis
Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad TvalsaCinoa,

misi gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) aris
Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis gamoyeneba iseTi
fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis mizniT, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze
xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia: pacientis
safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli
nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10 wamidan erT
wamamde manam sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia.
konvulsia, Cveulebriv, 45-dan 60 wamamde grZeldeba. pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkivneuli mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle
moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis mosadunebeli preparatebiT, rasac pacienti ugono
mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da rac minimumamde
amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Abrams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis simptomebis
SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba,
nawilobriv, isaa, rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs.
rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs
farmakoTerapiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic erTi
an ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxedavad amisa, TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkurnalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive therapy ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli
Sokis gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da

hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. procedura SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man
1949 wels nobelis premia miiRo mkurnalobis
sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda,
cvlida fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianTa finqcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi
agznebadi Sizofreniuli pacientebi da kompulsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone pacientebi iyvnen. fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi
iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali pirovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emociuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad, arc yovlismomcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da
risxviT itanjeboda. Tumca, operacia samudamod
anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs: pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis
procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen sakuTar
unikalur pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis
Semdeg maT aRar SeeZloT momavlis dagegmva,
axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa
mosazrebebisadmi, infantilizmi, inteleqtualuri da emociuri gasadaveba; eseni iyvnen adamianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe
(moniSis erT-erTi pacienti imdenad gaognebuli
da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli
SedegebiT, rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac
is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.) vinaidan
fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vinaidan kargad aris cnobili misi mZime uaryofiTi
687
688
gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkurnaloba suicidur, an cudad nakveb depresiul

pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs antidepresantebze, an ver itans maT gverdiT
movelenebs.
Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase
xSirad demonizirebuli? magaliTad, 1982 wels
berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma
xma misces fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo
yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi eleqtrokonvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (Semdgom es gadawyvetileba gabaTilda iuridiul
safuZvelze). ekT-is mimarT samecniero wreebis
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi
isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi.
es Terapia pacientze dakvirvebisas gaCnda,
romelsac erTdroulad Sizofrenia da epilefsia hqonda. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg
mas Sizofreniis simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. klinicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi daSveba
nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT ukeTesad amsubuqebs depresias, vidre Sizofranias
_ mkvlevrebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-is SesaZlo
gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin, 1979,
1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT
dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis mTel rig darRvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian
amneziiT _ aRar axsovT movlenebi, romlebic
win uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangrZlivia mkurnaloba, miT mZimea amneziac. Tumca,
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi, rogorc
wesi, aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurnalobis dasrulebidan ramdenime Tvis manZilze
(Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura hqondaT
gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqcionirebaSi im pacientebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand
et a., 1991). dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle
Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki, xSirad
f s i q o f a r m a k o l o g i a (Psychopharmacology)
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze
medikamentebis moqmedebas.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod

erTi mxaris stimulacias axdenen da isic _
mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis
Sesamcireblad. aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqturi
antidepresantia.
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia
fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino Carevis yvelaze polularuli forma.
farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba iyo medikamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoTvare pacientebis damSvideba, autisti pacientebis
realobasTan kontaqtis aRdgena da fsiqoturi
pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali
Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels, klinikebis Terapiul
programebSi trankvilizatorebis, gansakuTrebiT, qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo. medikamentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis dauyovnebliv
moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi
Semcvlelis statusi. fsiqofarmakologia fsiqologiis dargia, romelic qcevaze medikamentebis moqmedebas Seiswavlis. fsiqofarmakologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebi swavloben,
Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT
biologiur sistemaze da rogor icvleba reaqcia
am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmoCenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina mZime aSlilobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis momsaxure personals
aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis rolSi yofna, pacientebis izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis
damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma. personalis
moraluri saxe gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac
fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi fsiqikurad daavadebulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT
Seicvala (Swazey, 1974). metic, revoluciam,
romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas
mohyva, didi gavlena iqonia aSS-is fsiqiatriuli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, saSualod, iq ramdenime weliwads atarebda)
cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. mkurnalobaSi qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamentebis gamoyenebam SeaCera da sapirispiro mimar-
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi
mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis, socialuri gariyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agznebadobis (aJitaciis) Sizofreniul simptomebs
(Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis
moqmedeba zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis
aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _
Torazini) da haloperidoli (cnobilia, rogorc
haldoli), dofanimuri receptorebis mgrZnobelobas amcirebs an Trgunavs. klozapini (cnobilia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani
antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod
amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da zrdis serotoninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofaminur sistemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es preparatebi amcireben, tvinis aqtivobis zogad dones,
isini ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi.
mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Semasustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini aqroben,
an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT simptomebs,
bodvebisa da halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryofiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba axasiaTebs. vinaidan
dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrolSi, medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad
axlavs kunTebis muSaobis darRvevebi. motoruli
kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis
muSaobis _ gamorCeuli darRvevaa gviani diskinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi
movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati
klozapini ufro SerCeviTad akavebs dofaminur
receptorebs, rac motoruli darRvevebis
ganviTarebis albaTobas amcirebs. samwuxarod,
im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT
mkurnalobda, viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba
agranuklocitozi, rodesac Zvlis tvini aRar
gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegebis Seswavlas; aseve,
swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis
Sewyvetis Sedegebs. preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi axali simptomebi uviTardeba; Tumca,
im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac
mosalodnelia recidivebi, romlebic regularulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizofrenias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad mdebare
fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod
kargad axerxeben daavadebis yvelaze damangreveli simptomebis kontrols.
antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadamtanebis _ norepinefrinisa da serotoninis _
aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepresantebi, rogoricaa tofranili da elavili,
amcireben sinafsuri napralidan neirogadamtanebis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri antidepresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao)
Tuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas.

1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis qveyanaSi arsebul fsiqiatriul pacientTa naxevarze naklebi
imyofeboda realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis
manZilze.
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami
ZiriTadi kategoriis medikamentebi gamoiyeneba:
antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsiolizuri naerTebi. rogorc dasaxelebebidan
Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian
tvinis specifikur funqciebs, romlebic fsiqotur simptomebze, depresiasa da ukidures
SfoTvazea pasuxismgebeli.
689
inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment monoaminoqsidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia

norepinefrinis daSlaze (metabolizmze). rodesac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti
raodenoba xdeba Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT
xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca, gaumjobeseba
ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (es pacientebi
SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kandidatebi gaxdnen) (Hirschfeld, 1999). prozaks intensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed
wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen wamlebze gacilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zogierT fsiqiatrs usityvod sjera prozakis
efeqturobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi
prozakis mosmena~ (Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993)
fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel rig
SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac
prozaki hqondaT daniSnuli, gasaocari pirovnuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac
krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi Tavad gaecno kramers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli
pirobebi da depresiis istoria. prozakiT orkviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva
adamianad iqca:
690
Cem win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis

Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgunuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT, pepelasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris.
iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da keTilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva
iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da mxiaruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, gv. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STambeWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da sxva fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven
imis gamo, rom prozaki ara marto depresias
xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari individualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac
aTavisuflebs~ (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).
liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipolaruli aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi (Schou,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic umarTavi moWarbebuli
agznebis periodebs ganicdian, rodesac maTi
energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis
mdgomareobidan liTiumis dozebiT gamoyavT.

pacientTa 60-80%-s, romlebic liTiumiT mkurnalobdnen, gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvT
(Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone im adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgomareoba xSirad irxeva maniakalur da depresiul
periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia,
vidre mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, valproati _ preparati, romelic
Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.
anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli preparatebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri, anu damamSvidebeli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv, tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtivobis doneebis regulacias
axdens. sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis
dros sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeqturi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodiazepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT, an qsanaqsiT,
romelic neirogadamtan gaem-is9 aqtiurobas
zrdis. vinaidan gaem Semakavebel neironebs
aregulirebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba
tvinis aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic generalizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs Seesabameba. panikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fobiebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos antidepresantebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebma jer ar ician,
Tu ra biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZvlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba, romelic
serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios,
gansakuTrebiT kargad reagirebs iseT preparatebze, rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretulad serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.
daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri
preparatebisTvis
Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic
mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvari fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad
aZleven adamianebs daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis organizaciebis kompetenciis sferoSi gadadis da vinaidan miRebuli
9
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA-GammaAminoBatterAcid
rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT

mkurnaloba
Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis medikamenturi mkurnalobis zogierTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli adamianis cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebismieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri, an fsiqologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo
seriozul gverdiT movlenebs. rogor afaseben
adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis albaTobasTan mimarTebaSi? Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT,
rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi,
magram ver gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli
paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sainteresos xdis gamokvlevebi, romlebic aCveneben,

rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs
tvinze, rogorc medikamenturi mkurnalobis
kursi.
saidan
viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad
tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone
monawileebs unda aerCiaT da gaevloT
medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidroqloridiT), an bihevioraluri Terapia
(stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa).
emisiur-pozitronuli tomografiiT gadaiRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis
Terapiis Semdeg tvinis funqcionirebaSi
erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al.,
1992; Schwartz et al., 1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze
migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur Terapiebs SeiZleba
iseTive ganmkurnebeli efeqti hqondes tvinze,
rogorc medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca,
medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad daavadebis simwvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtkicebul efeqturobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
ganurCevlad riskisa, Sizofreniis mkurnaloba
ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa
pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis mcireodeni
SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT
meTodebi, romlebsac mkvlevrebi Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad
iyeneben.
Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba
qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis
Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca, vinaidan misdami damoki-
praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcirdeba pacientTa raodenoba, romlebic fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebisTvis Terapevtebs akiTxaven;
isini fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT
_ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT anacvleben. axlaxan Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamoweris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si
1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata
fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis eqimebisTvis da sxva specialobis medikosebisTvis mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milionidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad
iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _ sxvebi. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZeldeboda, mkvlevrebi akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor
niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi
profilis oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gadaudebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs
ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur medikamentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen,
vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca, afroamerikeli
pacientebi sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni, an
ufro metad daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi
(segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs,
rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba
mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.
691
debuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi eridebian

am saxis mkurnalobas. antifsiqoturi, antidepresiuli da anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc
wesi, Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen gavlenas.
medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT,
antidepresantebis, daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad
moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.
davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT problema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva mxolod
profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. Cven mravali saxis Terapiaze
visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli
maTgani imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT
problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom romelime
maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs, romlebic miznad
isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis
Semowmebas da sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas. am kvlevebis zogadi mizania adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqturi
saSualebis gamovlena. Cven, aseve, mokled mimovixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor
unda gaakeTon fsiqologebma winaswar, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?
692
Terapiis Sedegianobis
Sefaseba
britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans
Eysenck, 1952) furori moaxdina: man ganacxada,
rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man
xelT arsebuli yvela publikacia mimoixila,
sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis
Sedegianobaze da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis
mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, rogorc im pacientebisa, romlebic fsiqoanalitur
an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadiodnen. man ganacxada, rom nevrotuli problemebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
TavisTavad gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis
gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevrebma

Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis ufro zusti
meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevrebs
saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli
rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli
procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac fsiqoTerapia
esaWiroeba, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari
profesiuli Carevis gareSe. spontanuri remisiis
efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis keTeba gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva,
vidre _ arafris keTeba.
aseve, mkvlevrebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom
maT mier gamoyenebuli mkurnaloba ufro mets
akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis
molodinis gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu
fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom umjobesdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Terapiuli situacia xels uwyobs am rwmenis ganmtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis specifikur socialur rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank,
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission effect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zogierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroeba fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe;
bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes
Terapiebis Sedegianoba.
mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am problemebis

daZlevas da depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva
tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze fokusirdebian.
mkurnalobis Sefaseba
depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare
(ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva, romelSic
sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas
axdenen, depresiuli adamianebis jgufebze
tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti
daafinansa da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma (aSS,
National Institute os Mental Health NIMH). am kvlevis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1) xanmokle fsiqoTerapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ tricikluri medikamenturi mkurnalobis da placebo
kontrolis _ Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28
profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli
mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da standartizacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti Terapiis
oTxi tipidan erT-erTSi specializirdeboda da
TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi tardeboda; (3)
SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli pacienti,
romelic klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
standartul kriteriumebs akmayofilebda; (4)
dadginda Sefasebis standartizirebuli procedurebi Terapiis procesisa (magaliTad, Terapiuli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo
Sedegebis gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis
monitoringisTvis mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi,
mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da dasrulebidan
18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli
Sefaseba romelime dawesebulebaSi, romelic
ar monawileobda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin
et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic
specialurad Seiqmna, an modificirda arasaavadplacebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri
specifikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damoukidebeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis
Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi, romelic
iZleva formalur meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.
1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo

efeqti Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawilia, mkvlevrebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis Cveneba,
rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri
forma ufro Sedegiania, vidre placebo Terapia
(neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod gankurnebis molodins qmnis) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebi Terapiul Sedegianobas statistikuri meTodis _ meta-analizis
_ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-analizi mkvlevrebs
formaluri meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic
mowodebulia mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad. bevr fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi mkvlevari
svams kiTxvas: gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis
monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cem mier nawinaswarmetyveli movlena?~ meta-analizis cdis pirebs
eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis SedegianobasTan mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas:
gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?~ am kiTxvaze
pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli diax~ (Lipsey &
Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans,
Terapiuli kursebis umravlesobas sul mciredi
dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs, romelic SesaZlo
mkurnalobis gareSe~ an placebo~ efeqtebis
farglebs scildeba.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs
naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs Tu ara fsiqoTerapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni
iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs
fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkretuli mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli
problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis pacientebisTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda
aRiniSnos, rom yovelTvis ar aris ioli im
kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli
gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa gamocdilebebs
Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba,
pirveladi diagnozis sizuste, aSlilobis tipi,
pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs
Soris gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi,
pacientis molodinebisa da SeTavazebuli Terapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdeg pacientze dakvirvebis xangrZlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia parametrTa im grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebul unda iqnes. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
693
suraTi
16.2
depresiis Terapiebi
depresiis simptomebi yvelaze metad medikamenturi

mkurnalobis Sedegad Semcirda, Tumca, simptomebi,
aseve, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda fsiqodinamikuri da
kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.
694
myofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es

ori xanmokle Terapia iyo kognitur-bihevioraluri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqoTerapia _ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia,
romelic pacientebis mimdinare cxovrebasa da
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze fokusirdeboda. ormag brma proceduraSi, (anu eqsperimentatorebma ar icodnen, romeli pacienti romel
preparats iRebda) tricikluri antidepresanti
imipramini da placebo kontrolis preparati
gamoiyenes. rogorc medikamentebis, ise placebos SemTxvevaSi TiToeul pacients kviraSi
erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic
minimalur mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis
monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia suraTze
16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli
pacientebis mkurnalobis TiToeuli forma ufro
Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, antidepresiuli medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani
aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongiturbihevioralurma Terapiebma, Sedegianobis mixedviT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba daikaves (Klein &
Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevrebi afa-
sebdnen da erTmaneTs adarebdnen mxolod fsiqoTerapiis Sedegianobasa da kombinirebul fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erTerT gamokvlevaSi kombinirebuli Terapia yvelaze warmatebuli aRmoCnda (Keller et al., 2000). 519
monawilidan, romelmac mkurnalobis kursi
gaiara, simptomebis Semsubuqebis kvlevaSi
dadgenil kriteriumebs im monawileTa 55%-is
mdgomareoba akmayofilebda, vin mxolod medikamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa
52%-is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT
mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan, vinc
iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da
medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
depresiis mkurnalobis Sesafaseblad Catarebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom orive _ biologiur da fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas mniSvnelovani wvilili Seaqvs fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaSi. garda amisa, es kvlevebi
naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im meTodebze,
romelTa gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
Tu romeli Terapia iqneba saukeTeso TiToeuli
tipis aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3 mocemulia
ganzogadebuli ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra
rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli
dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis
(rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri daavadebebis)
nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi.
is gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis sistematuri kvlevaa
saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasazRvron, Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT
klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs _
klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali procedurebis gamoyenebisas. Cveulebisamebr, mkurnalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praqtikaSi mkacri eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe
gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares Teoriis ganviTarebas xedavT. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda gaamarTlos
da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadasturdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT. es ori
saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli
_ erTiandeba da axal Terapias iZleva (Goldfried
& Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan princips SevexebiT: rogori
mkurnalobis
mimdinare
statusi
prevenciis strategiebi
pirveladi
kvleva _
Teoriuli
modeli
klinikuri
dakvirveba
gamocda
kontrolis
gareSe
klinikur
populaciaSi
sawyisi
gamokvlevebi
laboratoria
Si
axali
Terapia
moklevadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
grZelvadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda.

uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi
Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdinareSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulodnelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva
mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyalwaRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs
dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
gasZaxa: ei, sad midixar?~ mSralma megomarma upasuxa: vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris~
(Wolman, 1975, gv. 3).
am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis
prevencia, anu Tavidan acileba saukeTeso gadawyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli
Terapia iseTi adamianis Secvlazea mimarTuli,
romelsac ukve aqvs problema, an romelic araqmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSaobas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri qceva da es
gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis,
rodesac adamiani mkurnalobas gadawyvets, an
iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri
aSliloba ukve kargad aris mokalaTebuli~
da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis yoveldRiur
funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze,
samsaxursa Tu profesiul zrdaze.
suraTi
16.3
ufro Sedegiani Terapiis Seqmna

fsqiqikuri/fizikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobis ganvioTarebis afexurebi
Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba, xSirad

ukeTesia daavadebis prevencia, vidre misi
mkurnaloba.
praqtikaSi
efeqturobis
Sefaseba
695
696
fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ramdenime doneze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (Rabins,

1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimarTulia daavadebis ganviTarebamde mdgomareobis
Tavidan acilebaze. am mizniT, magaliTad, SeiZleba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom individebs gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi davaswavloT,
romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqtebisadmi, romelmac SeiZleba SfoTva, an depresia
gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla
(Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000). meoradi prevencia
cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis simwvavis, an xangrZlivobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba
programebiT, romelic aSlilobis dasawyisSive
gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. mesameuli prevencia cdilobs,
ar dauSvas recidivebi da amiT zRudavs fsiqologiuri aSlilobis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas. mesameuli prevenciuli zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom
ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili
iyos aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorcieleba im msxvilmasStabian cvlilebebze mianiSnebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis
zogadma mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma
ganicada. umniSvnelovanesi sistemuri cvlilebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba;
(2) daavadebebis mkurnalobis viwro samedicino
modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro
farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da
garemo pirobebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da
maT risk-jgufSi myofi adamianebisgan~ mijnavs;
(4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daavadebis ganviTarebas da naklebi _ predispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebis Ziebisadmi Tavad adamianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen, 1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli
adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis; sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis modeli daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da
aRkveTas gulisxmobs. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli, an

matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis saboloo
Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo
pirobebis Secvla, romelic daavadebis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba
saWiro adamianebis Secvla Zvirad Rirebuli,
eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa
tuberkulozi, yvavili da malaria, am midgomis
wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba
fsiqopaTologias, am SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia
stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqtivobis organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze
mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im adamianTa
ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne
gaxdeba. klinikuri ekologiis sfero afarTovebs
biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom
iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos: qimiuri gamxsnelebi, xmauri, sezonuri cvlilebebi
da radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaafarTova garemos cneba da masSi garegani garemos10
yvela is maxasiaTebeli CarTo, romelic normalur adaptaciaze zemoqmedebs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis,
kvebis zemoqmedeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi,
terorizmi, bunebrivi ubedurebebi da socialuri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mravalmxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi ara marto
relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba
moiazreba, aramed individualur, dawesebulebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval
gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli samecniero
kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis
xangrZlivi sargeblis demonstrirebisTvis da
fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
modelis gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba moeZebnos
amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva problemebis
winaSe, romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas
saWiroebs. prevenciuli programebis saboloo
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) fsiqologiis dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia,
garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
10
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is,
rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).
mizani sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofaa.
Sejameba
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gansazRvron, Terapiuli Carevis romeli
formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi
raodenobis gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom
mTlianobaSi fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania. farTomasStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis
mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic aSS fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis,

koordinaciiT ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs
calkeuli aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad Sedegiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamovlenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis Seqmnis procesi laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa
da klinikuri gamocdilebis Sedegebs aerTianebs.
prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicistebs, rom Seecadon individebisTvis unarCvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis ganviTareba da misi Sedegebis minimizacia.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Terapia diagnozis dasmas

da mkurnalobis kursis
daniSvnas moiTxovs.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos
samedicino, an fsiqologiuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis
o T x i Z i r i Ta d i t i p i :
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri, kognituri da
egzistencialur-humanisturi.
mravali sxvadasxva profesionali dakavebulia
fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba
uxeSi da araadamianuri
iyo.
fsiqikuri aSlilobis
daavadebad miCnevas pacientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba
mohyva.
kulturuli anTropologia gviCvenebs, rom
mraval kulturaSi arsebobs fsiqikuri aS -
lilobebis gagebisa da
nalobis meTodebi, rac
vnelovani gakveTili
leba iyos dasavluri
piuli praqtikisTvis.
mkurmniSSeiZTera-
zigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis safuZvelze Seiqmna.
froidi xazs usvamda aracnobieri konfqliqtebis rols
fsiqopaTologiis etiologiaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis mizani am konfliqtebis
gadaWraa.
am Terapiis mniSvnelovani
mdgenelebia: Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobisadmi
yuradReba, sizmrebis analizi, gadatana da kontrgadatana.
neofroidianelebi met aqcents akeTeben pacientis awmyo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebze da me-koncefciaze.
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
daswavlis da ganmtkicebis
principebs iyenebs problemuri qcevis modificirebisas, an aRkveTisas.
kontrganpirobebis meTodebiT xdeba uaryofiTi
qcevebis, rogoricaa, fobiuri reaqciebi, Canacvleba
ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
fobiebis modifikaciis
yvela teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementia stimulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva; pirobiTi ganpirobebuloba qcevis modificirebis mizniT gamoiyeneba; upiratesad iyeneben
dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialuri daswavlis
TerapiaSi qcevis modelireba da socialuri unarCvevebis gavarjiSeba gamoiyeneba, raTa individebs
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
697
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri Terapia mimarTulia uaryofiTi, an iracionaluri azrebis paternebis Secvlaze, romelic
individs sakuTari Tavisa
da socialuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
modifikacia klientisgan
moiTxovs problemis Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa ufro metad konstruqciuli paternebis daswavlas da
axali teqnikebis sxva, Terapiulisgan gansxvavebul
situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
kognituri Terapia warmatebiT gamoiyeneba depresiis mkurnalobisTvis.
racionalur-emocionaluri
Terapia exmareba klientebs
gaacnobieron sakuTari iracionaluri mosazrebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uSliT maT
warmatebul cxovrebas.
egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapia
698
698
egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi individebs

TviTaqtualizaciaSi exmareba.
Terapevtebi cdiloben
aradireqtiulni iyvnen, rodesac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SeqmnaSi, romelsac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gamklaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimarTulia erTian pirovnebaze
_ sxeulze, fsiqikasa da
sacxovrebel garemoze.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri Terapia saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs,
daakvirdnen da CaerTon
socialur urTierTobebSi,
rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqologiur problemebs.
ojaxis da ojaxuri wyvilebis Terapia wyvilis, an

ojaxis situaciur siZneleebsa da pirovnebaTSoris
dinamikaze muSaobs; aq wyvili,
an ojaxi ganixileba, rogorc
sistema, romelic gaumjobesebas saWiroebs.
sazogadoebrivi da internetis TviTdaxmarebis jgufebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs
individebs, miiRon informacia da socialuri mxardaWeris pirobebSi sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebuloba igrZnos.
fsiqikuri daavadebis fiziologiuri aspeqtebis cvlilebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri da Seuqcevadi
moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqirurgia iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze efeqturia depresiul pacientebTan, magram
is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad
rCeba.
farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis
antifsiqoturi medikamentebi
SizofreniisTvis, antidepresantebi da anqsiolizuri
saSualebebi.
tradiciulma fsiqoTerapiebma da medikamenturma
mkurnalobam SeiZleba tvinSi zogierTi erTnairi cvlileba gamoiwvios.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali
Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZleva, vidre drois tyuilad
xarjva, an placebo Terapia.
Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogoricaa depresiis Terapiebis
NIMH-is mier warmoebuli
kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Terapiis efeqturobas?
prevenciis strategiebi aucilebelia fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ganviTarebis
SesaCereblad da ukve warmoqmnili aSlilobebis
Sedegebis minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aversiuli Terapia
qcevis repeticia
qcevis modifikacia
biosamedicino Terapia
kaTarzisi
klienti
klientze centrirebuli Terapia
klinikuri ekologia
klinikuri fsiqologi
klinikuri socialuri muSaki
modifikacia
kognituri Terapia
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
fsiqolog-konsultanti
kontrganpirobeba
kontrgadatana
sizmris analizi
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
(ECR)
daZirva
Tavisuafali asociacia
geStalt-Terapia
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis
imploziuri Terapia
insaituri Terapia
meta-analizi
obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia
monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
pacienti
placebo Terapia
prefrontaluri lobotomia
fsiqiatri
fsiqoanalitikosi
fsiqofarmakologia
fsiqoqirurgia
fsiqoTerapia
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(per)
winaaRmdegoba
ritualuri mkurnaloba
Samanizmi
spontanuri remisiis efeqti
sistemuri desensitizacia
gadatana
socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
17
situaciis Zala
rolebi da wesebi
socialuri normebi
konformuloba
situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
atribuciis Teoriis
warmoSoba
atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma
sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
qcevebi, romlebic
amarTleben molodinebs
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla
da qceva
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
darwmunebis procesi
sakuTari qmedebiT
darwmuneba
daTanxmeba
mowoneba
Seyvareba
urTierTobebi da interneti
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
699
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
700
ems siciliel papa salvatores

Zalian uyvarda opera, magram
metismetad Raribi iyo imisaTvis,
rom odesme Tavis axal samSobloSi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi operis TeatrSi wasuliyo.
amis nacvlad, is yovel SabaTs usmenda patara
radioTi saopero gadacemebs metropoliten operidan, romelic Tavis fexsacmlebis SesakeTebel
saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze
rTavda radios, xolo, Tu opera italiuri iyo,
tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan
erTad TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda
imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina amerikelebi~ da isini saopero xelovnebis saswaulisTvis eziarebina, amitom Tavisi saxelosnos
karsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT
mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi
biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic mas sawyeni
epiTetebiT amkobdnen: turtliano, saidanac
mosulxar, iq waeTrie~ da uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam
veRar SeZlo Tavisi sayvareli operis _ traviatas~ mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram
pasuxad ufro daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad
agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT
aRaranairi siamovneba miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev
movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT. amjerad papa
salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: me
saTanadod ver Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT,

modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT xmamaRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans warmodgenisaTvis
25 cents gadagixdiT~. biWebmac yvirili daiwyes
da sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen
gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gadauxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi da bednierebi
gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamocxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT gamovida da
auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali,
Tanac ufro xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezoblad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram, amasTan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo
da imis saSualeba ar hqonda, rom maTTvis ise
gadaexada, rogorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRevandeli SousTvis mxolod 10 centis gaRebas
SeZlebda.
Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT,
bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sous iafad
mowyobas, Seitene Seni fuli! _ am sityvebiT
isini iqaurobas moSordnen da, Tumca, isev ilanZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari
Tqves beberi italieli mewaRis lanZRvaze, romelsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla
arxeinad SeeZlo, yovel SabaTs Tavisi operebisaTvis esmina, ise xmamaRla CaerTo, rogorc
moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT,
rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda an Seawuxebda
uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa salvatores qcevam, hkiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, ratom iyo
is ase efeqturi? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma
safasurma 25 centma ase Secvala situacia?
ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar

gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis operebs.
rogorc ki am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas SeecdebiT, socialuri fsiqologiis fsiqologiis
im dargis samyaroSi moeqceviT, romelic swav-
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _

fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis
socialuri cvladebis gavlenas individis
qcevebze, damokidebulebebze (attitudes),
aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve, Seiswavlis
jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) qcevis socialurad gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac
moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul
garemoSi an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
donidan sazogadoebrivamde gavafarTovebT. orive

TavSi abstraqtuli Teoria Semowmebul iqneba
praqtikiT da SevecdebiT, vupasuxoT kiTxvas:
asrulebs Tu ara fsiqologiuri codna raime
rols adamianebisa da sazogadoebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi?
situaciis Zala
fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ wina TavebSi
vnaxeT, rom fsiqologebi, romlebic qcevis
mizezebis axsnas cdilobdnen, pasuxebs Zalze
gansxvavebul sferoebSi eZeben. zogierTi maTgani
genetikur faqtorebs swavlobs, sxvebi _ bioqimiur faqtorebs da tvinSi mimdinare procesebs,
mesameni ki yuradRebas garemos zemoqmedebaze
amaxvileben. socialur fsiqologebs sjeraT,
rom qcevis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli mizezebi
im socialuri situaciis maxasiaTeblebia, romelSic is xorcieldeba. isini amtkiceben, rom
socialuri situacia imdenad Zlierad akontrolebs individis qcevas, rom xSirad prevalirebs pirovnebasa da mis warsul gamocdilebaze, faseulobebsa da Sexedulebebze. rogorc papa salvatores zemoT moyvanili magaliTidanac Cans, socialuri situaciis zegavlena imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom amas Cven,
SesaZloa, verc ki vacnobierebdeT. am qveTavSi
Cven im klasikur kvlevebsa da uaxles eqsperimentebs ganvixilavT, romlebic xsnian adamianis
qcevaze Znelad SesamCnev, magram Zlieri zegavlenis mqone situaciuri cvladebis moqmedebas.
rolebi da wesebi
romeli socialuri rolebia TqvenTvis misaRebi? socialuri roli aris socialurad gansazRvruli qcevis paterni, romlis ganxorcielebasac moelian pirovnebisgan mocemul situaciaSi an jgufSi funqcionirebisas. gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebuli rolebis
Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rodesac
saxlSi xarT, SesaZloa, morgebuli gqondeT
bavSvis~, dis~ an Zmis~ roli. rodesac saklaso
oTaxSi xarT, Tqven studentis~ rols iRebT.
sxva SemTxvevaSi Tqven, SesaZloa, saukeTeso
megobari~ an Seyvarebuli~ iyoT. SegiZliaT,
situaciis Zala
lobs im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac

adamianebi qmnian da marTaven socialur
situaciebs.
socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis is
dargia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis
gavlenas maT azrebze, grZnobebze, aRqmebze,
motivebsa da qcevebze.
socialuri fsiqologebi cdiloben Cawvdnen
qcevis arss misi socialuri konteqstis farglebSi. socialuri konteqsti is cocsali,
moZravi qselia, romelzec socialuri cxovelis moZraobebi, Zalisxmeva Tu mowyvladi
adgilebi aisaxeba. ufro farTod Tu ganvmartavT,
socialuri konteqsti Tavis TavSi moicavs
sxvebis realur, warmosaxul an simbolur arsebobas, aqtivobebs da urTierTqmedebebs, romlebic adamianebis Soris xorcieldeba; im socialuri garemocvis maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic
xorcieldeba qceva; aseve, im molodinebsa da
normebs, romlebic mocemul garemoSi warmarTaven qcevas (Sherif,1981).
am da momdevno TavSi Cven socialur-fsiqologiuri kvlevebis ramdenime ZiriTad Temas
ganvixilavT. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi adamianis
qcevis makontrolebel socialuri situaciebis
Zalaze visaubrebT; MmimovixilavT mravali
kvlevis masalebs, romlebiTac dasturdeba, rom
socialuri situaciis umniSvnelo maxasiaTeblebsac ki mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena
SeuZliaT imaze, Tu ras fiqrobT an rogor
moqmedebT; Semdeg im xerxebis ganxilvas SevudgebiT, romliTac konstruirdeba, yalibdeba da
icvleba socialuri realobis socialuri
damokidebulebebi; Semdeg ki mowonebisa da
siyvarulis urTierTobebs ganvixilavT. Aam TavSi giCvenebT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens fsiqologiuri kvlevebi Cvens cxovrebaze. rogorc Semdgom, me-18 TavSi naxavT, Cven analizs pirovnuli
701
erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma

eqsperimentma, e.w. stenfordis cixis eqsperimentma,
am Zalebis ganmacvifrebeli zemoqmedeba
gamoavlina (Haney & Zimbardo,1977; Zimbardo, 1975;
gameorebul iqna avstriaSi Lovibond et al.,1979).
saidan
viciT
socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi
702
Tvali miadevnoT, Tu rogor swrafad qmnian es

gansxvavebuli rolebi TqvenTvis met-naklebad
Sesatyvissa da xelmisawvdom gansxvavebuli
tipis qcevebs.
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom
adamianebi emorCilebian qcevebis warmmarTvel
wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxovnebs. zogierTi wesi eqspliciturad, TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli (magaliTad, nu moswevT~, ar
WamoT klasSi~), an eqspliciturad daiswavleba
bavSvobaSi (pativi eciT ufrosebs~, ucxos ar
daelaparako~). sxva wesebi implicituria. isini
garkveul situciebSi sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebisas daiswavleba. ramdenad xmamaRla SeiZleba
CarToT musika, ramdenad axlos SeiZleba sxva
adamianTan misvla, rodis SeiZleba, maswavlebels
an ufross saxeliT, anda rogoria misaRebi
reaqcia komplimentsa Tu saCuqarze yvela es
aqtivoba situaciazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
iaponeli ar gaxsnis saCuqars mCuqnelis TandaswrebiT imis SiSiT, rom, SesaZloa, saTanadod
ver gamoxatos madliereba, xolo ucxoelma,
romelmac ar icis am dauwereli wesis Sesaxeb,
SesaZloa, arasworad gaigos misi saqcieli da
is uxeSad da aragulisxmierad miiCnios. momavalSi liftSi Sesvlisas scadeT, gansazRvroT,
ra wesebs icnobT am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
ratom aris, rom aq adamianebi, Cveulebriv,
xmadabla laparakoben, an sulac Cumad arian?
Tqven Cveulebriv, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT
wesebisa da rolebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb, magram
wesebi (Rules) garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli
saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
kaliforniaSi zafxulis erT kvira

dilas sirenis xmam daarRvia kolejis student tomi viTlous myudroeba. policiis
manqanam mkveTrad daamuxruWaAmisi saxlis
win. sul ramdenime wuTSi toms danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi wauyenes braldeba, misces ganmarteba misi konstituciuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, gaCxrikes da borkilebi daades. amis Semdeg igi registrirebul iqna _
aiRes misi TiTis anabeWdebi da Tvalebaxveuli gadaiyvanes stenfordis sagrafos
cixeSi. aq igi gaaSiSvles, dezinfeqcia
Cautares da kombinizonis msgavsi uniforma
Caacves saidentifikacio nomriT 647 mkerdsa
da zurgze. kolejis sxva 8 studenti, aseve
iqna dakavebuli da danomrili.
tomi da misi Tanamesakneni moxaliseebi
iyvnen, romlebic gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
gancxadebas gamoexmaurnen da Tanxmoba
ganacxades orkvirian eqsperimentSi monawileobaze, romelic cixeSi yofnas iTvaliswinebda. monetis alalbedze agdebiT, moxaliseTa nawils patimris, nawils ki zedamxedvelis roli daekisra.
eqsperimentis yvela monawile didi raodenobis moxalise studentisgan SeirCa, romlebic xangrZlivi fsiqologiuri testirebisa da gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze kanonmorCil, emociurad stabilur, fizikurad janmrTel da saSualo, normalur adamianebad
iqnen miCneulni. patimrebi, eqsperimentis
mimdinareobis periodSi cixeSi imyofebodnen, zedamxedvelebi ki standartulad
8 saaTs muSaobdnen.
ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac studentebma
maTze dakisrebuli rolebi gaiTavises?
zedamxedvelebi _ is studentebi, romlebic
am dramatuli da moulodnelad Rrma emociuri da qceviTi efeqtebis gamo xuTi patimari,

romelmac stresuli reaqcia gamoavlina, droze
adre iqna ganTavisuflebuli am uCveulo cixidan
da fsiqologebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, maTze
dakvirvebis orkviriani vada eqvs dRemde SeemcirebinaT. tomi viTloum ganacxada, rom is
aRar isurvebda msgavs eqsperimentSi ganmeorebiT
monawileobis miRebas. afasebda ra miRebul
gamocdilebas, is ambobda, rom bevri ram Seityo
sakuTari Tavisa da, saerTod, adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb. sabednierod, is da sxva studentebic,
situaciis Zala
mSvidobiani da kargi biWebi~ iyvnen, agresiulad, zogjer sadisturadac ki iqceodnen. isini mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom
patimrebi usityvod, yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe damorCilebodnen wesebs. damorCilebaze uaris Tqmas privilegiebis dakargva mohyveboda. Tavdapirvelad privilegiebSi kiTxvis, weris da TanasaknelebTan
saubris ufleba Sedioda. mogvianebiT
patimrebis mxridan mcire protestic ki
iseTi privilegiebis~ dakargvas iwvevda,
rogoric iyo Wama, Zili da dabana. wesebisadmi daumorCileblobas, aseve, iseTi
damamcirebeli da uazro samuSaoebis Sesruleba sdevda Tan, rogoric iyo tualetis
xeliT recxva, azidvebi zurgze zedamxedvelis fexiT da karcerSi Casma. zedamxedvelebi mudmivad cdilobdnen iseTi axali
sasjelebis mofiqrebas, rom patimrebs Tavi
ufro metad damcirebulad egrZnoT.
patimris rolSi myofma, manamde fsiqologiurad stabilurma studentebma sul male
gamoavlines paTologiuri qcevebi, pasiur
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen damcirebas da beds
Seeguen. 36 saaTic ar iyo gasuli, rom
patimarma 8412-ma, diliT CaxSobili buntis
erT-erTma liderma, TavSeukavebeli yvirili
daiwyo. mas aReniSneboda mZvinvarebis Setevebi, azrovnebis dezorganizacia da Rrma
depresia. Mmomdevno dReebSi kidev sam patimars ganuviTarda stresuli simptomebi.
mexuTe patimars ki mTel sxeulze fsiqosomaturi warmoSobis gamonayari gauCnda
mas Semdeg, rac uaryofil iqna misi Txovna
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb.
703
suraTi
17.1
mcvelisa da patimris qceva
704
stenfordis cixeSi eqsperimentis dros mcvelebisTvis da patimrebisTvis darigebulma rolebma radikalurad Secvales monawileTa qceva. 6-dRiani urTierTqmedebis profilSi Cawerili gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom dakvirvebis 25 periodis ganmavlobaSi
patimrebi miT nakleb winaaRmdegobas wevdnen, rac
ufro met dominanturobas, mkacr kontrols da
mtrul damokidebulebas iCendnen mcvelebi.
ZiriTadad, janmrTelni iyvnen da advilad

gamovidnen am mZime situaciidan. momdevno
periodSic maTze mravalwlianma dakvirvebebma
ar gamoavlina raime xangrZlivi negatiuri efeqti.
monawileebma xeli Seuwyes Zalze mniSvnelovani
daskvnebis gakeTebas: fiqtiur cixeSi Seqmnili
situaciis Zalam patimrebisa da zedamxedvelebis
gonebaSi axali socialuri realoba namdvili
cixis realoba Seqmna.
stenfordis cixis eqsperimentis Sedegebis
mixedviT, patimrebisa~ da zedamxedvelebis~
qcevebi praqtikulad yvela dakvirvebad
situaciaSi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan (ix.
sur. 17.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom rolebi alalbedze ganawilda, nakisrma rolebma Seqmnes
gansxvavebebi eqsperimentSi monawile studen-
tebis statusebsa da uflebebs Soris, rasac

Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda sapatimros
situaciaSi. monawileTaTvis aravis uswavlebia,
rogor unda moqceuliyvnen da isini arc realuri
cixis situaciaSi yofilan odesme, miuxedavad
amisa, TiToeulma maTganma daiswavla gansxvaveba
Zalauflebis qonasa da arqonas Soris (Banuazizi
& Movahedi 1975).
zedamxedveli aris is, vinc zRudavs patimris
Tavisuflebas, marTavs mis qcevas da mas garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas aiZulebs. es
davaleba iZulebiTi wesebis (coercive rules) gamoyenebiT warimarTeboda, rac daumorCileblobisaTvis sasjelis gamoyenebas gulisxmobda.
patimrebs mxolod im socialur struqturaze
SeeZloT reagireba, romelic zedamxedvelebis
Zalauflebidan gamomdinare sapatimros garemos
qmnida. ajanyeba, an damorCileba patimrebis
erTaderTi arCevania. pirvelis Sedegi dasjaa,
meorisa ki _ damoukideblobisa da Rirsebis
dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi
gansxvavebuli situaciuri Zalebis zegavlena
ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul socialur urTierTobebSi: mSobeli _ Svili, maswavlebeli _ moswavle, eqimi _ pacienti, ufrosi _ muSa, kaci _ qali. am axal konkretul
situaciaSi maT ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares
TavianTi adreuli qcevis paternebi. nebismier
students nebismieri roli SeiZleboda rgeboda.
zedamxedvelebis rolSi myofi studentebi
gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen, Tu ramdenad
advilad aiTvises da miiRes sxva adamianebis
makontroleblis roli. uniformis Cacmac ki
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis
pasiuri studentebi cixis agresiul zedamxedvelebad qceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT,
rodesac ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba
Tqveni pirovnuli me~ da sad iwyeba Tqveni
socialuri identoba?
socialuri normebi
garda imisa, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis
roluri qcevebis mimarT garkveuli molodinebi
aqvs, mas imasTan dakavSirebiTac aqvs molodinebi,
Tu rogor unda moiqcnen jgufis wevrebi. jgufis
wevrebis mimarT socialurad misaRebi ganwyobebisa da qcevebis specifikur moTxovnebs, rom-
socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,

romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis tendencia, moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wevrebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
uxeSi gadaxra iqneboda msgavs ceremoniaze

sacurao kostumiT gamoCena.
jgufis wevrebs, yovel konkretul situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT gansazRvron is, Tu
ramdenad SeiZleba socialuri normebidan
gadaxra, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa
jgufuri iZulebis sami iseTi mtkivneuli Zalis
moqmedeba iwvnion, rogoricaa: dacinva, uaryofa
da xelaxali aRzrda.
konformuloba
rodesac socialur rols iRebT, an socialur
normas emorCilebiT, maSin socialuri molodinebis mimarT, garkveulwilad, konformulobas
iCenT. konformuloba adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciaa, daeTanxmon jgufis
wevrebis qcevebsa da Sexedulebebs. ratom xarT
konformulebi? arsebobs pirobebi, romelTa
gavleniTac socialuri moTxovnebis ignorirebas
axdenT da damoukideblad iqceviT? socialuri
fsiqologebi ganixilaven ori tipis Zalas,
romelsac konformulobamde mivyavarT.
situaciis Zala
lebic jgufis mier Camoyalibebuli manifestirebuli, an faruli saxiT arseboben, socialuri

normebi ewodeba. socialuri normebi, SesaZloa,
qcevebis Zalze farTo speqtrs exebodes. Tu
Tqven demokratiuli partiis wevri mosalodnelia, rom liberaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi
gaiziaroT, xolo Tu xarT axalgazrda respublikelTa ricxvs ekuTvniT, maSin mosalodnelia,
rom ufro konservatul Sexedulebebs dauWerT
mxars. socialuri normebi, agreTve, qcevis garkveuli standartebis dacvasac gulisxmoben. magaliTad, Tu mimtani xarT, maSin Tqven momxmarebels Tavazianad unda moeqceT, ganurCevlad
imisa, ramdenad arasasiamovno da momTxovnia is
Tqven mimarT.
romelime jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, Cveulebriv, mTeli rigi iseTi normebis dacvas
niSnavs, romlebic jgufis SigniT sasurveli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas aregulireben. es ori
gziT xdeba: Tqven amCnevT jgufis yvela wevris,
an maTi umravlesobis qcevebis erTgvarobas, an
im negatiur Sedegebs akvirdebiT, romlebsac
jgufis wevrebi socialuri normebis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi iReben.
normebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan funqcias
asruleben. mocemul jgufur situaciaSi moqmedi
normebi wevrebis orientirebas da maT Soris
socialuri interaqciebis regulirebas emsaxurebian. urTierTobis TiToeul monawiles SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor Semova meore
monawile mocemul situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams,
ras ityvis da, aseve, isic, Tu rogori qcevebia
misgan mosalodneli, raTa jgufis sxva wevrebis
mowoneba daimsaxuros. xSirad swored imitom
grZnobT Tavs uxerxulad axal situaciaSi, rom
ar iciT, Tu rogor unda moiqceT. normidan
gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli Semwynareblobis diapazonic normis nawilia is zogjer
sakmaod farToa, zogjer ki _ Zalze viwro.
magaliTad, mokle Sarvali da maisuri Zalze
Seuferebeli Cacmuloba iqneboda religiuri
ceremoniisaTvis. aseve, socialuri normebidan
705
informaciuli gavlenis procesebi _ mocemul situaciaSi koreqtulad, sworad da situaciis Sesabamisad moqcevis survili;
normatiuli gavlenis procesebi gareSemyofTagan mowonebis, aRiarebisa da miRebis
survili.
qvemoT aRvwerT klasikur eqsperimentebs,
romlebic gavlenis orive tipis sailustraciod
gamodgeba.
informaciuli gavlena: m. Serifis

avtokinetikuri efeqti
mravali cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelSic

qcevebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba
gixdebaT, sakmaod gaurkvevelia. MmagaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom adamianebis did jgufTan erTad
elegantur restoranSi sadilobT. magida TvalismomWreli sizustiTaa gawyobili vercxlis
dana-CangliT. saidan iciT, romeli Cangali unda
ixmaroT, rodesac pirvel kerZs Semoitanen? Tqven,
albaT, wveulebis sxva wevrebs SexedavT, raTa
saTanado arCevani gaakeToT. es aris informaciuli zegavlena.
muzafer Serifis (Muzafer Sherif, 1935) klasikuri
eqsperimenti naTlad aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia
informaciul zegavlenas normis kristalizacia,
anu misi formireba da gamyareba.
706
saidan
Sefasebebi sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis

mimarTulebisa da odenobis Taobaze
erTmaneTs emsgavseboda. yvelaze saintereso
ki is iyo, rom, rodesac igive monawileni
marto darCnen da kvlav sTxoves Sefasebebis
gakeTeba, maTi iseTive Sefasebebi gaakeTes,
rogoric jgufuri Sefasebis pirobebSi.
Tuki jgufSi normebi erTxel Camoyalibda,

maT ganmeorebis tendencia gaaCniaT. mogvianebiT
Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom avtokinetikuri
efeqtis es normebi droSi mdgradi iyo erTi
wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac monawilis gverdiT
aRar iyvnen Zveli jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic
xmamaRla gamoTqvamdnen TavianT Sefasebebs (Rohrer
et al., 1954). Nnormebi jgufis wevrebis erTi
Taobidan meores gadaecema da adamianebis qcevaze
maSinac ki axdenen gavlenas, rodesac ukve aRar
arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava (Insco et
al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs SeiZleba
aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT?
avtokinetikuri efeqtis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali
wevrebiT manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli
ganaxleba. Sefasebis norma ki igive rCeboda
maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba
mTlianad Secvlili iyo, e.i. norma gadaecemoda
axal Taobas (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am
eqsperimentis Sedegebi ramdenad emsgavseba
realur cxovrebaSi momaval Taobaze normebis
gadacemis process?
viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs
normebs
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis moZraoba, romelic realurad ar moZraobda,
magram moZravad aRiqmeboda sruliad bnel
oTaxSi, vinaidan ar Canda aTvlis sxva
wertilebi. es aRqmis iluziaa, romelic
avtokinetikuri efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili. individebis mier mocemuli Sefasebebi
Zalze gansxvavebuli iyo. rodesac cdis
pirebi erT jgufad SeaerTes, romelTa
Soris ucnobebic iyvnen, romlebic xmamaRla msjelobdnen, Sefasebebi TandaTan
erTmaneTs Tanxvdeboda, anu individebis
normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti

rogor SeiZleba imis saukeTesod demonstrireba, rom zogjer adamianebi konformulebi
arian normatuli gavlenis gamo maTi survilis
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence)
jgufis efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis
survilis safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori
da icodes, rogor unda moiqces
mocemul
situaciaSi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli, miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) jgufis wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erToblivi msjelobis, an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
suraTi
rom isini martivi vizualuri aRqmis kvlevaSi

iRebdnen monawileobas. maT aCvenes muyaos baraTebi, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo sami gansxvavebuli sigrZis xazi da sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT,
am samidan romeli xazi iyo standartuli xazis
sigrZis (ix. sur. 17.2). xazebis sigrZe sakmaod
gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan, ase rom, Secdomebs naklebad hqonda adgili, amasTan, maTi
SefardebiTi zoma yoveli axali seansis dros
icvleboda.
17.2
konformuloba s. aSis eqsperimentebSi

aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo monawile #6 gaocebulia umravlesobis
mier gakeTebuli mcdari SefasebiT. eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli tipuri stimulebis wyeba mocemulia
marcxena naxazze, xolo marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi gamoxatavenkonformulobas 12 kritikuli
cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac Cans martoxela monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba winaswarSeTanxmebuli
monawileebis SedegebTan iseve, rogorc maTi damoukidebloba winaswarSeTanxmebul monawileebTan
SedarebiT. swori Sefasebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis mimarT
individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs.
situaciis Zala
gamo, sxvebisgan iyvnen mowonebulni, miRebulni

an aRiarebulni? socialuri fsiqologiis erTerTma pirvelma Zalze mniSvnelovanma warmomadgenelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch, 1940, 1956)
Seqmna situacia, romelSic eqsperimentis monawileebi daskvnas absoluturad gansazRvruli,
naTeli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone pirobebSi akeTebdnen, Tumca, jgufis wevrebis umetesoba aRniSnavda, rom realobas gansxvavebulad
xedavda. kolejis studenti vaJebi daarwmunes,
707
saidan
viciT
xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma
708
eqsperimentis monawileni dasves naxevarwreSi, eqvsidan rvamde sxva adamianTan

erTad. monawileTaTvis es sruliad ucnobi
adamianebi eqsperimentis Tanamonawileebi
iyvnen da eqsperimentatoris mier winaswar
SemuSavebuli scenaris Sesabamisad moqmedebdnen. eqsperimentis pirveli sami cdis
ganmavlobaSi wreSi msxdomTagan yvela
eTanxmeboda TiToeul gamoTqmul swor
Sedarebas. Semdeg, meoTxe seansis dros,
pirvelma Tanamonawilem ori xazi erTmaneTis tolad gamoacxada, Tumca, sruliad
cxadi iyo maT Soris gansxvaveba. aseve
moiqca jgufis yvela sxva wevric cdis
piris garda. am students unda gadaewyvita,
daTanxmeboda jgufis danarCeni wevrebis
azrs da konformuli iqneboda, Tu darCeniliyo damoukidebeli da mtkiced daecva
is, rasac xedavda. 18 cdidan 12-Si es
gulubryvilo studenti aseTi dilemis
winaSe idga. cdis pirebi gamoxatavdnen
undoblobis niSnebsa da aSkara diskomforts, rodesac upirispirdebodnen umravlesobas, romelic ase gansxvavebulad aRiqvamda samyaros. ra unda eqnaT?
monawileTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi darCa
sruliad damoukidebeli maT arasdros
gamouvleniaT konformizmi. MmonawileTa
50-80% (kvlevis programis sxvadasxva
stadiebze) erTxel mainc daeTanxma umravlesobis yalb Sefasebebs maSin, rodesac
monawileTa mesamedi umravlesobis araswor
Sefasebebs daeTanxma kritikul cdaTa
naxevar, an met SemTxvevaSi.
s. aSi im monawileebs, romlebic umetes SemTxvevebSi eTanxmebodnen umravlesobas, dezorientirebulebs~ da eWviT marTulebs~ uwodebs. is gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianTa
es kategoria ganicdida Zalze mZlavr impulss,
rom ar gamoCeniliyo umravlesobisgan gansxvavebulad~ (1952, gv. 396). isini, vinc daTmobaze
wavidnen, xazs usvamdnen socialur zewolas
da TavianT konformulobas, zogierTebi ki imasac
amtkicebdnen, rom, xazebis sigrZeSi gansxvavebis

miuxedavad, maT tolebad aRiqvamdnen.
sxva kvlevebSi aSi Semdegi sami faqtoris
varirebas axdenda: erTsulovani umravlesobis
zoma, iseTi monawilis daswreba, romelic ar
eTanxmeboda umravlesobas da fizikuri stimulebis Sedarebasa da umravlesobis pozicias
Soris gansvlis sidide. man aRmoaCina, rom
mdgradi konformulobis efeqti maSin miiRweva,
rodesac erTsulovani umravlesoba mxolod 35 adamianisagan Sedgeba. MmaSin ki, rodesac gulubryvilo cdis pirs erTi mokavSire misces,
romelic win aRudga umravlesobis Tvalsazriss,
konformulobis efeqti mkveTrad Semcirda,
rogorc es 17.2 suraTidan Cans. TanamoazresTan
erTad gulubryvilo cdis pirs, rogorc wesi,
Seswevda unari, winaaRmdegoba gaewia zewolisTvis da ar dahyoloda umravlesobas. rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, umravlesobisgan damoukidebloba im SemTxvevaSic izrdeboda, rac ufro
didi iyo winaaRmdegoba jgufis romelime erT
wevrsa da jgufis sxva wevrebs Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom individebis garkveuli raodenoba
agrZelebs jgufisadmi damorCilebas maSinac
ki, rodesac xazebis sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba
maqsimalurad izrdeboda (Ash, 1955,1956).
rogor unda gavigoT es Sedegebi? s. aSi Tavadac gakvirvebuli darCa im xarisxiT, romliTac
adamianebi ar iCendnen konformulobas (Friend et
al., 1990). is Tavis kvlevebs ganixilavda, rogorc
damoukideblobis~ kvlevebs. faqtobrivad, monawileTa pasuxebis ori mesamedi swori da arakonformuli iyo. Tumca, s. aSis eqsperimentebis
aRwerebis umravlesobaSi xazgasma swored konformul erT mesamedze keTdeba. am eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli angariSebi xSirad
mcdaria da ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti,
rom eqsperimentis monawileebi gansxvavebulni
iyvnen. im adamianTa ricxvi (daaxloebiT 25%),
romlebic arasdros iqceodnen konformulad,
im adamianTa raodenobas utoldeboda, romlebic
yovelTvis an TiTqmis yovelTvis axorcielebdnen konformul qcevas.
amdenad, s. aSis eqsperimentebi or damatebiT
gakveTils iZleva: erTi mxriv, vxedavT, rom
adamianebi srulad ar eqcevian normatuli gavlenis qveS da umravles SemTxvevaSi (zogierTebi
ki _ yovelTvis) icaven TavianT damoukideblobas;
Mmeore mxriv, vnaxeT, rom adamianebi zogjer
konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konformulobis
mravali SemTxveva normatuli da informaciuli
zegavlenis kombinaciebs warmoadgens: miRebis,
mowonebisa da aRiarebis survili ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom saTanado ganwyobebisa da swori
qcevis Sesaxeb informaciis mosaZieblad konkretul referentul jgufs mimarTon. ganvixiloT
erTi eqsperimentuli magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
konformulobis mcdeloba
texasis A&M universitetis studentebs
maTi Tanatolebis umravlesobis damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb miewodaT informacia. magaliTad, maT uTxres, rom studentebi sruliad ar eTanxmebian debulebas: ar gavamarTlebdi megobars, romelmac akrZaluli nivTierebebi miiRo~
(sinamdvileSi, studentebis umravlesoba
sruliad eTanxmeboda am debulebas).
eqsperimentis monawileebs am debulebis
interpretireba sTxoves. ras niSnavda me
ar gavamarTlebdi~. es niSnavda, rom isini
ar Seurigdebian narkotikis gamoyenebas~
Tu isini Sewyveten masTan megobrobas?~
amis Semdeg eqsperimentis monawileebs
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi
damokidebuleba debulebis mimarT. studentebis pasuxebis paternebi, umeteswilad,
damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad
Zlierad aigivebdnen isini Tavs xsenebuli
universitetis studentobasTan. Zlieri
identifikaciis~ jgufis wevrebma am debulebisTvis iseTi interpretaciis gakeTeba
scades, romelic maT saSualebas miscemda,
ar eRalataT universitetis studentTa
normebisaTvis, anu maTi interpretacia
megobrobis Sewyvetis~ mimarTulebiT iyo

da amiT TavianTi mkacri damokidebulebebi
gamoxates. im studentebma ki, romlebic
A&M-is studentebTan nakleb identifikacias avlendnen, ar gamoamJRavnes aseTi
dramatuli damokidebuleba im mosazrebis
mimarT, romelsac, maTi azriT, A&M-is
yoveli saSualo studenti iziarebda (Wood
et al.,1996).
am situaciaSi studentebma, romlebisTvisac

mniSvnelovani iyo sxva studentebis msgavsad
yofna, miiRes informacia, romelic maT ar moiyvanda amxanagebTan winaaRmdegobaSi. normatiulma
procesebma maT sakiTxis interpretaciis imgvarad
rekonstruqciisken ubiZges, rom mocemuli informacia maTi mxoflmxedvelobis Sesatyvisic yofiliyo. am kvlevidan Cans, rom Cven im SemTxvevaSi ganvicdiT ufro Zlier informaciul
zemoqmedebas, rodesac informaciis wyaro
CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania.
umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi

vinaidan cnobilia, rom umravlesobas
miniWebuli aqvs resursebisa da informaciis
kontrolis SesaZlebloba, gasakviri araa, rom
adamianebi regularulad konformulebi arian
maT mimarT. amasTan, isic cnobilia, rom zogjer
adamianebi mtkiced icaven sakuTar Sexedulebebs.
rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi
Tavs aRweven jgufis gavlenas da, saerTod,
rogor aris SesaZlebeli raime siaxle
(aranormatiuli)? arsebobs raime pirobebi, sadac
umciresobas SeuZlia umravlesobis Semobruneba
da axali normebis Seqmna? rodesac amerikeli
mkvlevrebi koncentrirebulni iyvnen
konformulobis kvlevebze, es nawilobriv, imis
gamo iyo, rom konformizmi demokratiul
procesebs ukavSirdeba. zogierTi evropeli
socialuri fsiqologi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobda umciresobis mier
umravlesobis Secvlis unars. frangi mkvlevari
serJ moskoviCi (Serge Moscovici) pirveli iyo maT
Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvleva
daiwyo.
situaciis Zala
konformulebic arian, umravles SemTxvevaSi _

araorazrovan situaciebSic ki. konformulad
yofnis potencia adamianis bunebis mniSvnelovani
elementia.
709
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze

Tu Tqven, rogorc jgufis
wevrs, odesme gicdiaT gadawyvetilebis miReba, maSin gecodinebaT, rom es sakmaod Sromatevadi saqmea. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom axlaxan megobrebTan
erTad naxeT filmi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tqven is mogewonaT,
garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom
azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT
azrs, rom filmi warmoudgenlad sustia~. tipuria Tu ara
azris aseTi cvlileba jgufuri
garCevis Semdeg? nuTu jgufis
Sefasebebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia individebis Sefasebebisagan? socialurma fsiqologebma aCvenes, rom arsebobs
ori Zala, romelic MmaSin moqmedebs, rodesac jgufi iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, esenia: jgufuri polarizacia da jgufuri
azrovneba.
zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva

jgufuri polarizaciis magaliTia: jgufma gamoavlina iseTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis tendencia, romelic ufro metad ukiduresia, vidre jgufis wevrebis
mier cal-calke, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi iqneboda. davuSvaT,
jgufis TiToeul wevrs sTxoveT
filmisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoTqma. amis Semdeg, jgufis msgavsad, Tqvenc
eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Sefasebas, romelic mTeli jgufis
damokidebulebas asaxavs. Tu
jgufis Sefaseba ufro ukiduresia, vidre calkeuli wevrebis Sefasebebis saSualo, maSin
es polarizaciis SemTxveva iqneba.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria
jgufis wevrebis sawyisi tendencia _ gamoTqvan frTxili Tu
saidan
710
viciT
umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena
erT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic monawileebs daurigdaT feradi baraTebi TxovniT, daesaxelebinaT miwodebuli baraTis
feri, umetesobam sworad gansazRvra is,
Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori Tanamonawile
mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rom es cisferi iyo.
uryevi umciresobis poziciam dasawyisSi
zegavlena ar moaxdina umravlesobaze,
magram Semdgom, eqsperimentis zogierTma
monawilem mwvane feris Sefasebisas TandaTan cisferisken gadainacvla (Moscovici,
1976; Moscovici & Faucheux,1972).
amdenad, umciresobis uryevma Sexedulebebma,

bolos da bolos, SesaZloa safuZveli gamoacalos umravlesobis siZlieres (Moscovici, 1980,
1985).
riskiani Sefasebebi jgufuri

polarizaciis procesi maT
meti sifrTxilis, an meti
riskis demonstrirebis mimarTulebiT waiyvans. mkvlevrebma
gamoTqves mosazreba, rom
jgufur polarizacias safuZvlad ori tipis procesi udevs:
informacia-gavlenis modeli
da socialuri Sedarebis
modeli (Liu & Lataane, 1998).
informacia-gavlenis modelis mixedviT, jgufis wevrebs sxvadasxva informacia
SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu
Tqven da Tqvens megobrebs
mcire, magram gansxvavebuli
mizezebi gagaCniaT, rom daiwunoT filmi, maSin am mizezebis erTad Tavmoyra gamoiwvevs imas, rom saboloo jamSi yvelani erTad Zalian daiwunebT mas.
mokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis

mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebisa,
romelmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba jgufis wevrebis damorCileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi.
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic
Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasiaTdebian, emijnebian ra eqspertebs da lideris uSualo miTiTebebiT operireben, jgufuri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
gadawyvetilebebs miiReben. sxva
mkvlevrebma jenisis ideebis
Semowmeba scades rogorc Semdgomi istoriuli movlenebis
analizis, ise laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebis saSualebiT
(Esser, 1998). am kvlevebma aCvena,
rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladni arian jgufuri
azris mimarT maSin, rodesac
koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
jgufisTavis misaRebi dadebiTi
mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ realizebas axdenen (Turner & Praatkanis, 1998). jgufis wevrebs unda
esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSirad aumjobesebs jgufur ga-
es efeqtebi SegiZliaT normatiul da informaciul zegavlenas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaiazroT, romelzec
ukve zemoT visaubreT (Wood et al.,1994). umciresobis jgufebs SedarebiT naklebi normatiuli
gavlena aqvT, radgan umravlesobis wevrebs,
Cveulebriv, naklebad awuxebT, iqnebian Tu ara
mowonebulni an miRebulni umciresobis wevrebis
mier. meore mxriv, umciresobis jgufebs mainc
gaaCniaT informaciuli zegavlena umravlesobaze. kerZod, maT ZaluZT, ubiZgon umravjgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgufis tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba,
romelic aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke miiRebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) gadawyvetilebis mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros
arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes
konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
dawyvetilebas, Tumca, SesaZloa, amcirebdes jgufis

pozitiur TviTSefasebas maSinac ki, rodesac is, erTi
SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis pozitiuri SegrZnebisgan. momavalSi, rodesac jgufur
RonisZiebaSi CaerTvebiT, yuradReba gaamaxvileT, rom aRniSnuli procesebis SemCneva SeZloT.
socialuri Sedarebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis
wevrebi Tanatolebis mizidvas
imiT cdiloben, rom jgufis
idealebs realurze metad eqstremalurad warmoadgenen.
amrigad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
es filmi aravis moewona, SegiZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi gansakuTrebiT gamWriax pirovnebad warmoaCinoT da ukiduresad uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
gamoTqvaT. Tu jgufis yvela
wevri Seecdeba am gziT jgufis
saerTo Sefasebis dafiqsirebas,
Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT
polarizacias.
lesobas sadao sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT

ganxilvisken (Peterson& Nemeth, 1996). samwuxarod,
informaciuli zegavlenis es unari umciresobas
iSviaTad aZlevs SesaZleblobas, daZlios
umravlesobis warmomadgenelTa survili _ ar
gaiTvaliswinon normisagan gadaxrili da SeuTanxmebeli Sexedulebebi (Wood, 2000).
sazogadoebaSi adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, warmoCndes, rogorc status quo-s damcveli.
Cveulebriv, siaxleebis da cvlilebebis moTxovna
umciresobis wevrebisa da im pirebisgan modis,
romlebsac imedi gaucruvdaT arsebuli sistemis
mimarT, an sakiTxis axleburad gaazrebisa da
mimdinare problemis gadaWris alternatiuli
gzebis mofiqrebis unari SeswevT. konfliqti
myarad dafuZnebuli umravlesobis Sexedulebebsa
da disidenturi umciresobis xedvas Soris
umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa im inovaciebisaTvis, romlebsac dadebiTi socialuri Zvrebi
mohyveba.
situaciis Zala
jgufis polarizacia azrovnebis zogadi paternis _

jgufuri azrovnebis _ erTerTi Sedegia. irvin jenisma (Irving Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, rogorc
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi myofi jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli _ konsensusis
misaRwevad arasasurveli informaciis gacxrilvis _ tendencia, romelic gansakuTrebiT tipuria im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac is lideris mosazrebas Tanxvdeba.
i. jenisis jgufuri azrovnebis Teoria maSin aRmocenda,
rodesac is iseTi istoriuli
movlenis gaanalizebas cdilobda, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960
wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba prezidentma kenedim mas Semdeg
misca, rac kabinetis sxdoma
Caatara, romelzec SeWris momxre mrCevlebma minimumamde
daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. am movlenis analizidan jenisma ga-
711
situaciis Zala: mxilebani

faruli kameriT
712
socialurma fsiqologebma socialuri normebisa da socialuri situaciebis Zalis demonstrireba iseTi eqsperimentebiT scades, romlebic
aaSkaraveben, Tu ramdenad iolad SeiZleba sazriani, damoukidebeli, racionaluri da sasiamovno
adamianebis iseTi qcevis ganxorcielebamde miyvana, romelic Zalian Sors iqneba optimalurisagan. Cven ukve vnaxeT socialuri situaciis
gavlenis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa socialuri roli,
rogor aqcevs is Cveulebriv students cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelad. imave principis demonstrireba ubrali xumrobis _ faruli kameris
scenarebis _ saSualebiTac SeiZleba, romelic
kargi intuiciis mqone socialurma fsiqologma
alan fantma Seqmna da ukve TiTqmis 50 welia,
rac warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. fantma aCvena, Tu
rogor zustad mihyveba adamianis buneba socialur
scenars. misi gadacemebisas milionobiT telemayurebeli gulianad icinis, rodesac uyurebs,
rom adamiani, romelic hamburgers miirTmevs,
rogor wyvets Wamas, rogorc ki ainTeba abra
warweriT: ar WamoT!~; rodesac adamianebi SuqniSnis wiTel ferze Cerdebian, romelic fexiT
mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnil quCaze inTeba;
rodesac avtomagistralze moZraobisas mZRolebi
abruneben manqanebs sagzao niSnis _ delaveri
daketilia~ danaxvisas da, rodesac momxmareblebi
mxolod TeTr filebze dadian administraciis
gancxadebis Sesabamisad, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sav
filebze siaruli akrZalulia. faruli kameris
efeqtis erT-erT saukeTeso ilustraciad iTvleba
situaciuri qcevis makontrolebeli Zalze
daxvewili wesi, e.w. oinebi liftSi~. rodesac
adamiani liftiT mgzavrobs, is Tavdapirvelad
im dauwerel kanons emorCileba, rom saxiT
karisaken unda idges, magram rodesac danarCeni
mgzavrebi karisken zurgiT dgebian, sacodavi
msxverplic mihyveba axlad aRmocenebul normas
da isic zurgs aqcevs Semosasvlels.
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, minimaluri socialuri pirobebic ki sakmarisia, raTa Cveulebrivi adamianebis uCveulo qcevebi gamovlindes. Tqven geRimebaT imaze, Tu Tqvenive msgavsi
adamianebi maTTvis Cveuli situaciebis mcire
modifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki Zalze sulelurad
iqcevian. varaudobT ra, rom Tqven ase ar
moiqceodiT, impliciturad emijnebiT maT, magram

amgvari socialur-fsiqologiuri kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom, analogiur SemTxvevebSi, savaraudod, Tqvenc iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi.
poeti jon doni werda: aravin aris kunZuli,
TiToeuli adamiani erTi mTliani kontinentis
nawilia~. adamianebi urTierTdakavSirebulni
arian saziaro situaciebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT.
SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor moiqceodiT iseT situaciaSi, sadac adamianebi cudad, sulelurad an
iracionalurad iqcevian, brZnuli pasuxi, albaT,
aseTi iqneba: ar vici, es damokidebuli iqneba
imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iqneba situacia~.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom
situaciebi arsebiT rols asruleben adamianis
qcevis determinaciaSi. albaT, Tqvenc SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, romelSic
gaacnobiereT, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari ar
eTanxmebiT erTmaneTs momxdari movlenis raobis
Taobaze. momdevno TavSi ganvixilavT mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi erTi da
imave situaciis interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad
axdenen.
Sejameba
socialuri situaciebi xSirad eqceva socialuri fsiqologebis yuradRebis centrSi, rogorc
qcevis mniSvnelovani determinantebi. stenfordis
cixis eqsperimentma aCvena, Tu rogori dramatuli
zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia socialur rolebs
adamianis qcevaze. socialuri normebi gansazRvravs sasurvel damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs.
jgufuri gavlenis ori tipi aiZulebs adamianebs,
iyvnen konformulebi, esenia: informaciuli
gavlena da normatuli gavlena. rogorc Cans,
umciresoba umravlesobis Sexedulebebze gavlenas
ufro informaciuli gavlenis gziT axdens.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
warmoidgineT, rom studenturi qalaqis teritoria unda gadakveToT megobarTan erTad, romelic ar icnobs fsiqologiis Sesaval kurss.
Tqven xvdebiT policiels, romelic uyviris
students. Tqveni megobari ambobs: es policieli
saidan
viciT
SegviZlia ki rodisme vTqvaT, Tu ra
moxda sinamdvileSi?~
studentur gazeTebSi mocemuli SefasebebiT dainteresebulma socialuri fsiqologebis jgufma studentebs matCis Canaweri aCvena da orive gundis mier ganxorcielebuli darRvevebis raodenobis Sefaseba sTxova. TiTqmis yvela prinstonelma
TamaSi Seafasa, rogorc uxeSi da binZuri~.
aravis Seufasebia is sufTa da patiosan~
TamaSad da umetesoba darwmunebuli iyo,
rom es dartmuTeli moTamaSeebis brali
iyo. amis sapirispirod, dartmuTeli studentebis umravlesobam CaTvala, rom uxeS
TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo damnaSave
da rom TamaSi uxeSi, sufTa da lamazi~
iyo. metic, Canaweris naxvisas prinsto-
nelma studentebma dainaxes~, rom mowinaaRmdegem orjer meti jarima miiRo, vidre
maTma gundma, xolo dartmuTelma studentebma igive Canaweris naxvisas dainaxes~,
rom jarimebis raodenoba Tanabari iyo
(Hastorf &Cantril, 1954).
gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom SeuZlebelia fexburTis matCisnairi rTuli socialuri movlenis

obieqturad da moukerZoeblad ganxilva. socialuri situaciebi mniSvnelobas maSin iZenen,
rodesac mayurebeli seleqciurad aRiqvams imas,
Tu ra moxda, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ris danaxvas
eloda an surda. fexburTis matCis SemTxvevaSi
adamianebi erTi da igive aqtivobas uyurebdnen,
magram or gansxvavebul TamaSs xedavdnen.
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor mividnen prinstoneli da dartmuTeli gulSematkivrebi
esoden gansxvavebul interpretaciebamde, mivubrundeT aRqmis sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me-5 Tavi,
romelSic orazrovani perceptuli obieqtebis
interpretaciisas xSirad ukve arsebuli codnisTvis unda migemarTaT. fexburTis matCis ganxilvis drosac igive principi moqmedebs:
adamianebi warsulSi SeZenil codnas mimdinare
movlenebis interpretirebisTvis iyeneben, Tumca
perceptuli procesebis obieqtebad adamianebi
da situaciebi gvevlinebian. socialuri percepcia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi sxvaTa
qcevebis gagebasa da kategorizebas axdenen. am
socialuri realobis konstruireba
ar unda iyos aseTi uxeSi~, Tqven ki TqvenTvis

fiqrobT: amgvarad moqcevas mas misi roli
aiZulebs~. amrigad, Tqven da Tqveni megobari
erTi da igive movlenas uyurebT, magram sruliad
sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias aZlevT. ai,
swored amas vuwodebT socialuri realobis
konstruirebas. Tqven gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna
da gamocdileba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT agexsnaT
situacia. Tqven aageT socialuri realoba imiT,
rom moaxdineT movlenis kogniturad da
emociurad reprezentireba.
modiT, socialuri fsiqologiis klasikuri
magaliTi davixmaroT, romelSic Sexedulebebi
ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom erTi da igive situacia
sxvadasxva momgebiani poziciidan dainaxon da
urTierTsapirispiro daskvnebi gaakeTon imis
Taobaze, Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi~. kvleva
exeboda ramdenime wlis win Catarebul amerikuli
fexburTis matCs ligis or gunds Soris. prinstonis daumarcxebeli gundi sezonis ukanasknel
matCs atarebda dartmuTis gundTan. TamaSi,
romelSic prinstonis gundma gaimarjva, ormxrivad uxeSi iyo, mravali sajarimoebiTa da
seriozuli travmebiT. TamaSis Semdeg orive
skolis gazeTma mkiTxvels matCis msvlelobis
Sesaxeb Zalze gansxvavebuli versiebi SesTavaza.
713
yvela socialuri aRmqmelis winaSe mdgomi

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocana socialuri
movlenebis mizezebis dadgenaa. Tqven gsurT
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mizezebis codna:
ratom Sewyvita Tqvenma megobarma TqvenTan
urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao sxvam da ara
_ Tqven? ratom ganqorwindnen Tqveni nacnobis
mSoblebi mravalwliani Tanacxovrebis Semdeg?
TiToeul aseT kiTxvas garkveuli moqmedebis,
movlenisa Tu Sedegis SesaZlo mizezobrivi
determinantebis analizamde mivyavarT. atribuciis Teoria warmoadgens zogad midgomas, romelic socialuri aRmqmelis mier mizezobrivi
axsnisas informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs aRwers.
atribuciis Teoria fric haideris (Fritz Heider)
Sromebidan (1958) iRebs sawyiss. haideri amtkicebda, rom socialur cxovrebaSi gasarkvevad
adamianebi ganuwyvetlad axorcieleben socialuri movlenebis mizezobriv analizs. is Tvlida, rom yvela adamiani intuituri fsiqologia,
romelic, profesionali fsiqologis msgavsad,
adamianis bunebasa da sakuTari qcevebis mizezebSi garkvevas cdilobs. haideri Tvlida, rom
atribuciuli analizis ZiriTadi sakiTxi qcevis
mizezebis lokalizaciis garkvevaa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qcevis mizezebi pirovnebaSi
(Sinagani, anu dispoziciuri kauzaloba) unda
veZeboT Tu situaciaSi (garegani, anu situaciuri
kauzaloba) da vin aris mis Sedegebze pasuxismgebeli. rogor msjeloben adamianebi da rogor
midian aseT Sefasebebamde?
harold kelim (Harold Kelley, 1967) haideris
mosazrebebis formalizeba moaxdina _ gamoyo
cvladebi, romlebsac adamianebi atribuciuli
daskvnebis gakeTebisas iyeneben. kelis ekuTvnis
mniSvnelovani dakvirveba, rom adamianebi gaurkvevel, bundovan pirobebSi ufro xSirad axdenen
kauzalur atribucias. Tqven iSviaTad gaqvT
sakmarisi informacia imis Taobaze, Tu ratom
moiqca adamiani ase da ara sxvagvarad. kelis
azriT, adamianebi gaurkvevlobas mravali movlenidan informaciis dagrovebiTa da kovariaciis principis gamoyenebiT ewinaaRmdegebian.
kovariaciis principis Tanaxmad, adamianebi
garkveul mizezobriv faqtors ukavSireben qcevas,
Tu es faqtori yovelTvis mocemulia qcevasTan
erTad, magram arasodes _ am qcevis gareSe.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom quCaSi seirnobT
da xedavT megobars, romelic yviriliT migiTiTebT cxenze. ris safuZvelze daaskvnidiT,
rom is gagiJda (dispoziciuri atribucia) an
realuri safrTze gemuqrebaT (situaciuri atribucia)?
h. kelis miaCnia, rom adamianebi aseT daskvnebs
kovariaciis Sefasebebis safuZvelze akeTeben,
im adamianis Sesaxeb informaciis sami ganzomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis qcevis axsnasac
isini cdiloben. es ganzomilebebia: gansxvavebuloba, konsistenturoba da konsensusi.
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception)

procesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi
igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
gansxvavebuloba gulisxmobs imas, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia qceva mocemuli situaciisaTvis Tqveni megobari yovelTvis yviris
cxenebis danaxvaze?
qveTavSi vrclad mimovixilavT socialuri

percepciis or sakiTxs: pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi im Zalebs,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen sxva adamianebis
qcevebze, anu maT kauzalur atribuciebs; Semdeg
ki ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom zogjer
socialuri percepcia Tanxvdeba Cvens molodinebs.
atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba
714
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) socialur-kognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs
socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa
da misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT:
Tu arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac
da, piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar
iarsebebs qcevac.
konsistenturoba gulisxmobs imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad meordeba qceva mocemul situaciaSi _ Tqvens megobars adrec uyviria Tu ara
cxenis danaxvaze?
konsensusi gviCvenebs, sxva adamianebic
analogiurad iqcevian am situaciaSi Tu ara _
cxenis danaxvaze yvela adamiani iSvers xels
misken da yvirils iwyebs?
Secdoma
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars SeuTanxmdiT, rom
7 saaTze SexvdebodiT. axla ukve rvis naxevaria
da Tqveni megobari jer ar mosula. rogor axsnidiT am faqts?
darwmunebuli var, rom raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani moxda, ris gamoc man ver SeZlo droze
mosvla.
ra nelia. ar SeuZlia cota auCqaros?
Cven kvlav warmogidgineT dispoziciur da
situaciur atribuciebs Soris arCevani. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi, saSualod, ufro
meore tipis _ dispoziciuri atribuciisken arian
midrekilni (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). es tendencia,
faqtobrivad, imdenad Zlieria, rom socialurma
fsiqologma li rosma (Lee Ross, 1977) mas atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma uwoda.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (afS)
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ormagi tendenciaa,
romelic konkretuli qcevis Sedegis an mizezis
Ziebisas dispoziciuri faqtorebis (adamianebis
dadanaSauleba an ndoba) gadafasebasa da situaciuri faqtorebis saTanadod verSefasebas (garemos dadanaSauleba an ndoba) gulisxmobs.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental
attribution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli
da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
ganvixiloT afS-is laboratoriuli kvlevis

magaliTi. l. rosma da misma kolegebma (1977)
saxumaro TamaSis Collage Bowl~-is eqsperimentuli
versia Seqmnes, romelSic eqsperimentis monawileni, monetis agdebis safuZvelze, Sejibris
monawileTa da kiTxvebis damsmelTa jgufebSi
nawildebodnen.
saidan
viciT
monetis agdeba qmnis~
codnisunarianobas
kiTxvis damsmels gamomwvevi kiTxvebis
dasmis instruqcia eZleoda. am kiTxvebze
pasuxi man winaswar icoda. Sejibris monawile konkurenti kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas cdilobda, Tumca, xSirad _ uSedegod. TamaSis bolos kiTxvis damsmelebma,
Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma
(sxva monawileebi, romlebic uyurebdnen
TamaSs) Seafases TamaSis monawileTa orive
mxaris codna. kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia
17.3 suraTze. rogorc xedavT, kiTxvis
damsmelebs eCvenebaT, rom maT da Sejibris
monawileebma codnis saSualo done gamoavlines maSin, roca Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma kiTxvebis damsmelebis codna saSualoze metad Seafases,
vidre Sejibris monawileebisa. TviT monawileni sakuTar codnas xSirad saSualoze
ufro naklebadac ki afasebdnen.
rogor mogwonT? TavisTavad naTelia, rom

situacia kiTxvis damsmels upiratesobas aniWebda
(gana Tqvenc ar isurvebdiT kiTxvebis damsmeli
yofiliyaviT?) da xels uwyobda maT, rom gonebamaxvilad gamoCeniliyvnen, rasac ugulebelyofdnen Sejibris monawileni da damkvirveblebi
TavianT SefasebebSi. swored es aris atribuciis
fundamenturi Secdoma.
SesaZloa, Tqven TviTon ipovoT afS-is
magaliTebi, magram es arc ise iolia. qcevis
situaciuri safuZvlebis aRmoCena yovelTvis
garkveuli mokvlevis~ ganxorcielebas moiTxovs. situaciuri Zalebis gavlena qcevaze xSirad SeumCnevelia. magaliTad, Tqven ver xedavT
informaciis es samive ganzomileba garkveul

rols asrulebs Tqven mier gakeTebul dakvnebSi.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni megobari
erTaderTi iyo, vinc yviroda. savaraudod, rogor
atribuciul daskvnas gaakeTebdiT, dispoziciurs
Tu situaciurs?
f. haiderisa da h. kelis soliduri fundamenturi kvlevebis daxvewisa da gafarToebis mizniT
aTasobiT kvleva Catarda (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). maTi
umravlesoba im pirobebis Seswavlas exeba,
romlebSic arsebuli informaciis sistematuri
gadasinjvis Sedegad atribuciebi formirdeba.
qvemoT oTxi tipis situacias aRvwerT, rodesac
Tqveni atribucia SeiZleba mikerZoebuli, tendenciuri aRmoCndes.
715
suraTi
17.3
kiTxvis damsmelis da Sejibris

monawilis zogadi ganaTlebis
reitingebi
716
situaciur normebs. Tqven xedavT mxolod

qcevebs, romelTac es normebi ganapirobebs.
rogor unda aviciloT Tavidan afS? magaliTad,
negatiuri dispoziciuri atribuciis SemTxvevaSi
(ra nelia~), ukan unda daixioT da sakuTar
Tavs hkiTxoT, xom ar arsebobda am qcevis
gamomwvevi xelisSemSleli situaciuri faqtorebi? aseT varjiSs, pirobiTad, atribuciuli
qvelmoqmedeba~ SegiZliaT uwodoT. xvdebiT
ratom?
es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos maTTvis, vinc dasavluri tipis sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, radganac monacemebi adasturebs, rom afS-s, nawilobriv, kulturuli
wyaroebic aqvs (Miller, 1984). gaixseneT me-14 TavSi
ganxiluli diskusia me~-s (Self) konstruirebaSi
kulturaTSorisi gansxvavebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc iq avxseniT, dasavlur kulturaTa
umetesoba iseT maxasiaTeblebs vxvdebiT, romlebic damoukidebel me~-s ayalibeben, aRmosavluri kulturebis umravlesoba ki _ iseT
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic
urTierTdamokidebulebis me~-s ayalibeben (Markus & Kitaiama,
1991). kvlevebma cxadyo, rom, rogorc urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturis Sedegi, aradasavluri kulturebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad
fokusirdebian situaciaSi moqmed calkeul
individebze. modiT, vnaxoT, ra gavlenas axdens
es kulturuli gansxvavebebi axali ambebis mowodebaze.
saidan
viciT
atribuciebi finansuri skandalis
Sesaxeb
mkvlevrebma SearCies statiebi amerikuli
(The New York Times) da iaponuri (Asahi Shimbun)
gazeTebidan, sadac 1995 wlis iseT finansur
skandalze iuwyebodnen, rogoric inglisis
uZvelesi bankis _ beringsis gakotreba iyo.
mkvlevris asistentma, romelmac ar icoda
kvlevis mizani, waikiTxa yvela statia da
SearCia is statiebi, romelSic mocemuli
iyo momxdaris mizezobrivi axsna. amis Semdeg
saqmeSi Cauxedav or asistents TiToeul
statiaze daskvnis gakeTeba sTxoves, kerZod,
Tu ra tipis iyos axsna dispoziciuri,
anu iseTi, sadac brali pirovnebebs miuZRvodaT, Tu situaciuri, anu iseTi, sadac brali
organizacias edeboda. am or gazeTSi
gamoqveynebul statiebSi sakiTxisadmi midgoma mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. amerikeli korespondenti mkacrad dispoziciuri atribuciis gakeTebas cdilobda
maSin, rodesac iaponeli korespondenti
situaciur atribucias usvamda xazs (Menon
et all., 1999).
saidan
viciT
megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, rom
kreatulobis gasazom cdaSi megobarTan
an ucnobTan erTad CarTuliyvnen. davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg TiToeul monawiles miawodes misi jgufisa da didi
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebis Sesaxeb
SedarebiTi informacia. miuxedavad maTi
realuri Sedegebisa, monawileTa naxevars
miawodes warmatebis Sesaxeb informacia
(rom maTi Sesruleba 93-e procentili iyo),
meore naxevars ki _ warumateblobis Sesaxeb
informacia (rom maTi Sesruleba 31-e procentili iyo). amis Semdeg TiToeul monawiles sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegze misi da jgufis meore
wevris pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi 10-safexurian skalaze, romlis erTi ukiduresi
pozicia iyo 1 (partnioris pasuxismgeblobas), meore ki _ 10 gamoxatavda (sakuTar
pasuxismgeblobas). rogorc 17.4 suraTidan
Cans, eqsperimentis is monawileni, romlebic ucxo pirTan erTad monawileobdnen
cdaSi, warmatebas ufro metad miawerdnen
sakuTar Tavs, vidre warumateblobas (Campbell et al.,2000). monawileTa atribuciebi rogorc warmatebis, ise warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi ufro adekvaturi iyo, rodesac
isini cdaSi megobrebTan erTad monawileobdnen.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias)
_ atribuciul mikerZoebaTa erToblioba,
rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad CaTvalon warmateba, xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs daakisron.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba

monetis agdebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
eqsperimentis erT-erTi yvelaze ganmacvifrebeli
Sedegi konkurentTa mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba iyo. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianebi afS-s sakuTari Tavis
xarjzec ki uSveben (faqtobrivad, Tqven unda
gaixsenoT me-15 TavSi aRwerili erTi Teoria
depresiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,
depresiuli adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT
ufro met uaryofiT atribucias axdenen, vidre
situaciuri faqtorebis mimarT). Tumca, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi piriqiT iqcevian da
mikerZoebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT iCenen. sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba aiZulebs maT, rom
yovelgvari warmateba sakuTar Tavs miaweron da
aicilon pasuxismgebloba warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi mid-
suraTi
17.4
megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT

atribuciis modelebi
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, moexdinaT ranJireba, vin iyo pasuxismgebeli maTi jgufis warmatebaSi,
an warumateblobaSi. ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas eqsperimentis monawileebma gamoavlines sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba: jgufis warmatebaSi TavianT rols
ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, xolo warumateblobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba ufro zusti
iyo, rodesac partniori maTi megobari iyo.
am cdis STambeWdavi maxasiaTebeli is iyo,

rom dafiqsirda kulturuli atribuciis gansxvavebuli stilebi, romlebic sagazeTo statiebis Seqmnisas vlindeboda. am kvleviT isic
dadasturda, rom atribuciis kulturuli stilebi gadaecema da narCundeba yvelaSi, vinc
Sesabamisi kulturis mediis gavlenis qveS eqceva.
717
718
rekilni arian, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dispoziciuri atribucia moaxdinon, xolo warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi _ situaciuri (Gilovich,1991):
jildo Cemi unarebis gamo miviRe~; Sejibri
usamarTlo msajobis gamo wavage~.
sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebis SemTxvevebi sxva cxovrebiseul situaciebSic _ sakuTari
qcevebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas _ SegiZliaT naxoT.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor msjelobT swavlasTan
dakavSirebiT. ras ityodiT maRali Sefasebis
miiRebisas da rogor imsjelebdiT dabali
Sefasebis miRebisas? gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
studentebs axasiaTebT tendencia, sakuTar
Zalisxmevas miaweron maRali, xolo gareSe faqtorebs _ dabali Sefaseba (McAllister,1996). faqtobrivad, igive models iyeneben maswavleblebic:
studentis warmatebas isini sakuTar Tavs
miaweren, warumateblobas ki _ ara. kidev erTxel
SexedeT, ra gavlenas SeiZleba axdendes atribuciis es paternebi Tqvens miRwevebze? Tu
warmatebebisas Tqven ar ifiqrebT garegan
mizezebze (magaliTad, pirveli gamocda advili
iyo~), SesaZloa, SecdeT da naklebi Zalisxmeva
daxarjoT Semdeg jerze; Tu warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofT dispoziciuri mizezebis rols (magaliTad, amden xans ar unda
davrCeniliyavi wveulebaze~), maSin SesaZloa,
aseve naklebi ZalisxmeviT moekidoT Semdeg
gamocdas. zemoT isic aRvniSneT, rom Tqven unda
ecadoT afS-is Tavidan acileba maSin, rodesac
sxvebis qcevebis mizezebze fiqrobT. aseve, SegiZliaT SeamowmoT xolme Tqven mier gakeTebuli
atribuciebi da ecadoT, Tavidan aiciloT yovelgvari mikerZoeba sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
adamianebi jgufis wevrobis SemTxvevaSic
aseTive mikerZoebulobas iCenen. isini ufro
xSirad cdiloben jgufis warmatebebis sakuTar
Tavze miweras, xolo warumateblobebSi _ jgufis
sxva wevrebis dadanaSaulebas. albaT, kmayofili
darCebiT, rodesac gaigebT, rom es efeqti iq
sruldeba, sadac megobroba iwyeba.
momavalSi, rodesac jgufTan erTad raime
saqmianobaSi CaerTvebiT, SeecadeT naxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba am eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqven
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy) _ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis
Sesaxeb winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevandel urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad
cvlis.
mier jgufis sxvadasxva wevrebis pasuxismgeblobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebul atribuciebs.

ratom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba Tqven mier
gakeTebul atribucias? gaixseneT paemanze dagvianebuli megobris magaliTi. davuSvaT, imis gamo,
rom Tqven ar moiZieT situaciasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, daaskveniT, rom is aRar aris
dainteresebuli TqvenTan megobrobiT. SeuZlia
Tu ara am arasworma mosazrebam marTlac ubiZgos
mas, rom momavalSi aramegobruli iyos Tqven
mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad im rolis
ganxilvaze gadavdivarT, romelsac socialuri
realobis konstruirebaSi rwmenebi da molodinebi asruleben.
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Sexedulebebma da
molodinebma gamocdilebis interpretaciis garda, socialuri realobac gansazRvron? mravali
kvleva gvarwmunebs, rom situaciis buneba SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos im rwmenebisa
da molodinebis zemoqmedebiT, romlebic adamianebs gaaCniaT am situaciebis mimarT. TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling prophercies,
Merton, 1957) zogierT SesaZlo qcevebTan da movlenebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli winaswarmetyvelebebia, romlebic imgvarad cvlian qceviT
urTierTobebs, rom isini iseT saxes iReben,
rogorsac adamianebi erTmaneTisgan elodnen.
warmoidgineT, rom wveulebaze midixarT da
mxiarul saRamos eliT, Tqveni megobari ki amave
wveulebaze mxolod mowyenilobis molodinSia.
am molodinebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegiZliaTF
warmoidginoT, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebulad
moiqceviT Tqven da Tqveni megobari? qcevis es
gansxvavebuli formebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba
imis Sesabamisadac Seicvalos, Tu rogor mogeqcevian sxvebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, romel
Tqvengans aqvs saRmos ufro mxiarulad gatarebis
Sansi?
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis erT-erTi
saukeTeso magaliTi bernard Sous piesidan _
pigmalionidan~ _ aris nasesxebi, romelSic
quCis gogona profesor hari higinsis xelmZRvanelobiT varjiSis Sedegad aristokrat qalbatonad iqca. socialuri molodinebis, anu pigmalionis efeqti gamoyenebul iqna fsiqolog
saidan
viciT
molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ
bostonis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs mkvlevrebma miawodes informacia,
rom rogorc testirebebma aCvena, maTi
zogierTi moswavle warmatebulia akademiuri moswrebis~ TvalsazrisiT. maswavleblebi daarwmunes, rom es moswavleebi
saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlaSi
gansakuTrebul Sedegebs miaRwevdnen~. sinamdvileSi aseTi prognozisaTvis realuri
safuZveli ar arsebobda da moswavleTa
gvarebic SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli. miuxedavad amisa, saswavlo wlis bolos im
bavSvebis 30%-ma, romlebic momavali varskvlavebis siaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni, saSualod 22 erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi
IQ maCvenebeli! TiTqmis yvelam ki, sul
mcire, 10 erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi
maCvenebeli. inteleqtis standartuli
testiT gazomili inteleqtualuri zrdis
es maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali iyo, vidre imave skolis sxva moswavleebisa, romlebic sakontrolo jgufs
Seadgendnen da kvlevis dasawyisisaTvis
IQ-is standartuli saSualo maCvenebeli
hqondaT (Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).
rogor aisaxa maswavleblebis mcdari molodinebi moswavleTa aseT warmatebaSi? rozentali

(1974), sul mcire, oTx procesze miuTiTebs,
romelic maswavleblebis molodinma gaaaqtiura
(ix. agreTve, .Jussim,1986).Ppirveli, maswavleblebi
ufro Tbilad da megobrulad eqceodnen momaval varskvlavebs~, maTTvis socialuri aRiarebisa da miRebis klimats qmnidnen; Mmeore,
isini ufro mets iTxovdnen, Sesaswavli masalis
sirTulisa da masalis xarisxis CaTvliT, maTgan, viszec esoden did imedebs amyarebdnen;
mesame, isini ufro swraf da konkretul reaq-
ciebs iZleodnen (rogorc Seqebis, aseve kritikis

TvalsazrisiT) gamorCeuli moswavleebis saqmianobaze; dabolos, maswavleblebi gamorCeul
moswavleebs Tavis gamoCenis met SesaZleblobebs
aZlevdnen, riTac maT sakuTari Tavis rwmena
umtkicdebodaT da Tvlidnen, rom isini marTlac
iseTi kargebi iyvnen, rogorc es maswavleblebs
miaCndaT.
cxadia, am situaciaSi uCveulo iyo, rom
maswavleblebs mizanmimarTulad Seuqmnes mcdari
molodinebi. am meTodologiam rozentalsa da
jeikobsons TviTqmnadobis (Self-fulfilling) sruli
potencialis Cvenebis saSualeba misca. Tumca,
realur cxovrebaSi, mraval situaciaSi, molodinebi zust socialur aRqmebs efuZneba (Jussim,
1991). maswavleblebi, magaliTad, zogierTi moswavlisgan maRal akademiur moswrebas imitom
elian, rom isini skolaSi ukeT momzadebulebi
modian da, rogorc wesi, es moswavleebi ukeTes
Sedegebsac aCveneben. gamokvleva, faqtobrivad,
gvafiqrebinebs, rom TviTqmnad, winaswarmetyveleba gansakuTrebiT did efeqts dabali akademiuri miRwevebis mqone moswavleebis cxovrebaze axdens (Madon et al.,1997). rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan dabal maCveneblebs moelian,
isini ufro sustad swavloben, xolo, rodesac
maswavleblebi maTgan ukeTes maCveneblebs moelian, isini marTlac aumjobeseben maT.
realur saswavlo situaciebSi maswavleblebsa da profesorebs konkretuli mtkicebulebebi gaaCniaT _ gamocdebisa da weriTi naSromebis saxiT _ moswavleTa miRwevebis Sesafaseblad. TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis efeqti
yvelaze didia iseT situaciebSi, romlebic
daskvnisTvis saWiro minimalur informacias
iZlevian. modiT, es mosazreba sqesobrivi stereotipebis konteqstSi SevamowmoT.
saidan
viciT
rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs
eqsperimentatorma socialuri fsiqologiis studentTa jgufSi 9 Tvis bavSvi
miiyvana. damswre studentebis naxevari
daarwmunes, rom bavSvs keiti erqva, meore
naxevard ki uTxres, rom mas kareni erqva.
robert rozentalis (Robert Rossenthal) klasikur

eqsperimentSic, romelic skolis direqtor leonora jeikobsonTan (Leonore Jacobson) TanamSromlobiT Catarda.
719
studentebs sTxoves bavSvis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis, klasSi ganxorcielebuli

qcevisa da pirovnebis Sefaseba. keitis~
da karenis~ jgufis mier dasaxelebuli
maxasiaTeblebi ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, rodesac isini bavSvis fizikuri
monacemebisa da qcevebis Sefasebas iZleodnen, vinaidan situaciaSi TvalsaCinod
iyo mocemuli aRqmadi maxasiaTeblebi _
fizikuri niSnebi da ganxorcielebuli
qceva. gansxvavebam mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
iCina Tavi, rodesac maxasiaTeblebi ar
iyo TvalsaCinod mocemuli da Sefasebebi
sqesobriv stereotipebs efuZneboda. keiti~
daaxasiaTes, rogorc ufro aTleturi,
xmauriani, aqtiuri da uxeSi bavSvi, vidre
kareni~ (Jusssim, 1993).
720
rodesac garemo Tavad iZleoda konkretul

monacemebs, molodinebma ar imoqmedes Sefasebebze: _ studentebs ubralod SeeZloT daenaxaT, rogori iyo bavSvi da rogor iqceoda is.
mxolod pirovnuli Taviseburebebis Sefasebisas
anu maSin, rodesac aseTi pirdapiri maxasiaTeblebi aRar arsebobda, stereotipebma gavlena
moaxdines Sefasebebze. amrigad, molodinebis
gavlena ufro Zlieria da, savaraudoa, rom ufro
metad eqneba adgili sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoebas, rodesac individs ar aqvs uSualo dakvirvebis safuZvelze Sefasebis gakeTebis SesaZ-
lebloba. cxadia, socialur urTierTobebSi,

Sefasebebi~ xSirad Sesatyvisi qcevebis ganxorcielebasac ganapirobeben. Eaxla vnaxoT, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens socialuri realobis konstruirebaze adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva.
qcevebi, romlebic adastureben

molodinebs
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT bostonis skolis
magaliTi. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom maswavleblebma ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi qcevebisa,
romelmac maT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
TavianTi molodinebis dadasturebis SesaZlebloba misca. mark snaiderma (Mark Snyder, 1984)
Semoitana termini qceviTi dadastureba im
procesis aRsaniSnad, romlis meSveobiTac erTi
pirovnebis molodinebi meoris mimarT realurad
zemoqmedebs am ukanasknelis qcevaze imgvarad,
rom dasturdeba misi sawyisi hipoTeza. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven viRacisgan iRebT
intervius da am adamianze giTxres, rom is morcxvi an introvertia. am kiTxvebidan romels
SearCevdiT interviusTvis (Snyder &Swann, 1978):
ras moimoqmedebdiT wveulebis gasaxaliseblad?
rogor situaciebSi isurvebdiT, rom metad
komunikabelurni yofiliyaviT?
ra giSliT xels, rom realurad gaixsnaT
sxva adamianebTan?
ra situaciebSi laparakobT bevrs?
davuSvaT, meore SekiTxva SearCieT, rogorc
amas umetesoba akeTebs, rodesac maT sjeraT,
rom introverts esaubrebian. gana metad albaTuri ar aris, rom am SekiTxvaze ukiduresad
eqstraverti pirovnebac ki adekvaturad gipasuxebdaT? amrigad, molodini me unda vesaubro
introverts~, ganapirobebs qceviT arCevans unda
davsva kiTxvebi, romlebsac, Cveulebisamebr,
introvert adamianebs usvamen~; am ukanasknels
ki molodinis potenciur dadasturebamde mivqceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian
sxvebis specifikurad mosalodneli reaqciebis
Sesabamisad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben
TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
saidan
viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac
studenti gogonebis erT jgufs _ aRmqmelebs~ Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi gogonaTa meore jgufis _ samizneebis~ eqstravertuloba-introvertulobis mimarT.
faqtobrivad, samizneebis~ yoveli wevri
uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT, romelic
eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an
introvertad aRqmis saSualebas aZlevda.
Tumca, Tavad am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi
am niSnis mixedviT gansxvavebuli iyo _
zogierT maTgans myari (mZlavri) mosazreba
gaaCnda sakuTari introvertuloba-eqstravertulobis Sesaxeb, zogierTs ki _ ufro
myife (susti). ra moxda, rodesac aRmqmelebi~ samizneebi~ erTmaneTs daekontaqtnen? rodesac samizneebs~ ar hqondaT
myari TviTSefaseba, adgili hqonda qceviT
dadasturebas. aRmqmelebi~ aRwevdnen imas,
rom samizneebs~ iseTi qcevebi ganexorcielebinaT, romlebic daadasturebdnen
maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac samizneebs~ SedarebiT myari me-koncefcia hqondaT, isini aRmqmelebis~ molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann &
Fly, 1984).
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi imazecaa

damokidebuli, Tu ra motivaciiT urTierTqmedebs
samizne. sxva gamokvlevaSi mamakacTa _ aRmqmelebis
_ erT jgufs fotoebi aCvenes da daarwmunes,
rom maTTan telefonze mosaubre qalebi _ samizneebi _ saSualo wonisani iyvnen, meore jgufis
wevrebi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom Warbwonian
qalebs esaubrebodnen. zogierT qals (romelTa
faqtobrivi wona ar Seesabameboda fotoze
gamosaxuls) satelefono saubarSi monawileobis
miReba da maTTan mosaubre mamakacis pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis amocnoba sTxoves. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki qalebis mizani partnior mamakacebTan
mSvidi da sasiamovno saubris gabma iyo. zogadad,
es meore situacia qceviT dadasturebas qmnida:
samizneebis qceva mamakacebis mier fasdeboda,
rogorc simsuqnis damadasturebeli (magaliTad,
qalebi fasdebodnen, rogorc naklebad gulRiebi
da ubedurebi). Tumca, rodesac samizneebi
informaciis moZiebas cdilobdnen, qceviT dadastureba aRar xdeboda (Snyder & Haugen,1995). es
eqsperimenti gvafiqrebinebs, rom normaluri socialuri interaqciis impulsi adamianebs ufro
met SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rom samyaro TavianTi
rwmenebis, damokidebulebebisa da stereotipebis
Sesabamisad gadaastruqturon.
am qveTavSi aRweril eqsperimentebs bunebrivad
mivyavarT kiTxvamde, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba
damokidebulebebi da molodinebi? Cven mier
ganxilul eqsperimentebSi monawileebs xelovnurad uqmnidnen molodinebs, magram ra xdeba
realur cxovrebaSi, rodesac Tqveni sakuTari
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqmedebT? Semdeg
qveTavSi ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs, maT
Camoyalibebasa da Secvlas da vnaxavT, Tu ra
kavSiria rwmenebs, damokidebulebebsa da moqmedebebs Soris.
Sejameba
kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molodinebi yvelaze efeqturi maSinaa, rodesac
garemos realuri, mimdinare mdgomareoba samiznis realuroba~ _ orazrovani an bundovania.
am pirobebSi Yyvelaze metadaa mosalodneli,
rom adamiani daeyrdnoba ara monacemebs~, aramed
daskvnebs Sinagani faqtorebidan gamomdinare
gaakeTebs.
socialuri realobis konstruirebis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani situaciis interpretaciisas iyenebs da eyrdnoba sakuTar codnasa da
gamocdilebas. Aatribuciis Teoria cdilobs
axsnas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi aqtivobebis,
movlenebisa da qcevebis Sedegebis mizezebs.
adamianebi xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben qcevis
situaciur mizezebs da axdenen dispoziciuri
yavarT: Tu is mipasuxebs am SekiTxvaze, mivxvdebi,

rom is marTlac introverti yofila~.
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis
Zala? am kiTxvaze pasuxi TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi mocemuli pasuxis msgavsia. is damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi arsebuli zusti informacia.
721
722
faqtorebis gadafasebas, rac cnobilia atribuciis fundamenturi Secdomis saxeliT. kvlevebi

mowmobs, rom araindividualisturi kulturebis
warmomadgenlebs naklebad axasiaTebT aseTi
Secdoma. adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebas eqvemdebarebian, rodesac warmatebebs
dispoziciur faqtorebs miaweren, xolo warumateblobebs _ situaciur faqtorebs. TviTqmnad
winaswarmetyvelebebs maSin aqvT adgili, rodesac
molodinebi emTxveva cvlilebebs realur samyaroSi. amisMmsgavsad, qceviT dadasturebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebis molodinebi
realurad cvlis sxva adamianebis qcevas. es
orive efeqti mcirdeba garemoSi arsebuli da
adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi obieqturi informaciiT.
boda. ra udevs safuZvlad Tqvens damokidebulebebs da ra gavlenas axdenen isini Tqvens

qcevebze?
damokidebulebebi, maTi
Secvla da qceva
davuSvaT, SemoxazeT cifri 3", e.i. garkveulwilad ar eTanxmebiT mocemul debulebas. ram
gamoiwvia es Sefaseba? Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT
informaciis sam tipze, romelic safuZvlad udevs
Tqvens damokidebulebas.
dRes ukve gqondaT Tqveni damokidebulebis

gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba? vinmem ukve gkiTxaT:
ras fiqrob Cems maisurze~, an mogewonaT Tu
ara es kerZi~? damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, obieqtebis an ideebis dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi Sefasebaa. Tqven, SesaZloa, dadebiTi
damokidebulebebi gqondeT muSebis, sportuli
manqanebis an sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT,
xolo uaryofiTi damokidebuleba _ telemarketebis, Tanamedrove xelovnebis an astrologiis
mimarT. aseTi gansazRvreba uSvebs, rom Tqveni
damokidebulebis umravlesoba ar aris TvalsaCino. Tqven, SesaZloa, verc ki acnobierebdeT,
rom garkveuli damokidebulebebis matarebeli
xarT. damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovania, radgan
isini gavlenas axdenen Tqvens qcevasa da imaze,
Tu rogor axdenT socialuri realobis konstruirebas. GgaixseneT prinston-dartmuTis matCi.
prinstonis gundis gulSematkivrebi TamaSs
dartmuTis gundis gulSematkivrebisagan gansxvavebulad xedavdnen~; atribuciebi movlenebis
Sesaxeb damokidebulebebis Sesabamisad keTdedamokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, sagnebisa
da movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis
daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
damokidebulebebi ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
pozitiuri, an negatiuri Sefasebebi. am qveTavSi
SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, rom TviTon gaakeToT
aseTi Sefaseba. ramdenad eTanxmebiT qvemoT
mocemul debulebas (SemoxazeT Sesabamisi
cifri)?
momwons filmebi jim keris monawileobiT.
1___2___3___4___5___6___7___8___9
sruliad
ar
veTanxmebi
neitraluri
sruliad
veTanxmebi
kognituri _ ra azrebi giCndebaT jim keris

saxelis gagonebisas?
afeqturi _ ra grZnobebs aRZravs TqvenSi
jim keris saxelis xseneba?
qceviTi _ rogor iqceviT, rodesac, davuSvaT,
SesaZlebloba gaqvT, naxoT erT-erTi filmi
misi monawileobiT?
savaraudoa, rom am sami tipis informaciis
saidan
viciT
damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomobis
safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba
mkvlevrebma torontos raionSi (ontario,
kanada) 1990 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebis
win da Semdeg satelefono gamokiTxva
Caatares. maT arCevnebis win amomrCevlebs
ori kiTxviT mimarTes: rogor fiqrobT,
romel partias miscemT xmas?~ da SegiZliaT

TqvaT, rom Tqveni arCevani sabolooa, Tu
fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT
azri?~.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT sTxovdnen,
daesaxelebinaT ganxorcielebuli arCevani.
winasaarCevno damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomobis sazomad gamoyenebul iqna pasuxis gacemis siswrafe kiTxvaze: _ vis miscemT
xmas?~. PpasuxebisTvis saWiro drois gamosaTvlelad kompiuteri gamoiyenes (monacemis
koreqtirebas respondentis metyvelebis
individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT akeTebdnen). ra mimarTeba iyo damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomobasa da qcevas
Soris? is individebi, romelTac xelmisawvdomi damokidebulebebi gamoavlines, anu
SedarebiT swrafad pasuxobdnen kiTxvaze,
ufro metad axorcielebdnen gamokiTxvisas
dafiqsirebul saarCevno qcevas (Bassili, 1995).
am SedegSi mniSvnelovani isaa, rom, rogorc

maRali xelmisawvdomobis~, ise dabali xelmisawvdomobis~ respondentebi, arCevnebamde aRniSnavdnen, rom ar Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad,
realuri saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomoba ufro
sando maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT amomrCevelTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi!
rogor iZens damokidebuleba maRal xelmisawvdomobas (Fazio,1995)?Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom
damokidebulebebi ufro xelmisawvdomia, rodesac
isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva
kombinaciam gibiZgaT, rom 3" (an nebismieri sxva

cifri) SemogexazaT. Tqveni damokidebulebebi,
aseve, moicaven am sami kategoriis Sesabamis
reaqciebs. Tu Tqveni damokidebuleba jim keris
mimarT uaryofiTia, es niSnavs, rom SegiZliaT
TqvaT: misi iumori vulgarulia~ (kognituri),
ar momwons misi saxis yureba~ (afeqturi), an
ar vapireb fuli gadavixado imis yurebaSi, Tu
rogor vardeba viRac~ (qceviTi).
rTulia ara damokidebulebis gazomva, aramed
imis dadgena, damokidebulebebi yovelTvis zustad
aisaxebian qcevaSi Tu ara. sakuTari gamocdilebidanac iciT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
adamianebma, SesaZloa, ganacxadon, rom ar uyvarT
jim keri, magram mainc didi fuli daxarjon misi
filmebis sanaxavad. Tumca, xSirad adamianebis
qcevebi Seesabameba maT damokidebulebebs. isini
amboben, rom fuls ar daxarjaven jim keris
filmebis sanaxavad da asec iqcevian. rogor
SeiZleba gavarkvioT, rodis gansazRvravs damokidebuleba qcevas da rodis _ ara? mkvlevrebma
Zalze bevri imuSaves am sakiTxze, kerZod, im
pirobebis dasadgenad, romelSic yvelaze Zlieria
kavSiri adamianebis damokidebulebebsa da maT
qcevebs Soris (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999; Fazio & TowlesSchwen, 1999).
damokidebulebis erT-erTi Tviseba, romelic
qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas iZleva,
xelmisawvdomoba (accessibility), anu damokidebulebis
obieqtsa da adamianis mier am obieqtis Sefasebas
Soris kavSiris siZlierea (Fazio, 1995). rodesac
jim keris Sesaxeb gisvamT kiTxvas, Tqven gonebaSi
eZebT pasuxs, Tu is ucbad mogdiT TavSi? Kkvlevebma
aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro metad Seesabamebian
damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad xelmisawvdomni
arian es ukanasknelni.
723
cxrili
17.1
specifikuroba aumjobesebs
damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris
korelacias
gazomili atitudebi
damokidebuleba Sobadobis
kontrolis mimarT.
korelacia Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdegoabebis
gamoyenebasTan
.08
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
mimarT.
.32
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
gamoyenebis mimarT.
.52
damikidebuleba Semdegi
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT
.57
SeniSvna: mkvlevrebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis

mier ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. rac ufro specifikur
kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro maRali iyo
damokidebulebebis aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.
724
jim keris filmebisadmi ufro xelmisawvdomi

damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu misi monawileobiT
ramdenime filmi naxeT manam, sanam mis Sesaxeb
raimes moismendiT an waikiTxavdiT. aseve, damokidebulebebi ufro xelmisawvdomia maSin, rodesac isini sakmaod xSirad meordebian, anu
rac ufro xSirad gixdebaT maTi verbalurad
formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis
winaswarmetyveleba, rodesac maT specifikurobis
erTsa da imave doneze vzomavT. ganvixiloT
cxrilSi 17.1 warmodgenili monacemebi. am kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen, ewinaswarmetyvelaT 18-38 wlis 270 qalisgan Semdgari SerCevis
mier Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis
albaToba. cxrilidan Cans, rom, rac ufro specifikuri iyo abebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dasmuli
kiTxva, miT ufro maRali iyo korelacia maT
mier realurad ganxorcielebul specifikur
qcevasTan (Davidson & Jaccard, 1979) (gaixseneT, rom
korelaciis koeficienti rac ufro axlosaa 1Tan an 1-Tan, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri). termini specifikuri im specifikur egzemplarebsac
exeba, romlebic maT mimarT damokidebulebis
gamoxatvisas gvaxsendeba (Sia et al,. 1997). magaliTad,

davuSvaT, rom gekiTxebian, eTanxmebiT Tu ara
debulebas: vendobi politikosebs~. Tqveni
Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu romeli
politikosi gagaxsendebaT am dros: -jorj
vaSingtoni, uinston CerCili, bil klintoni
Tu jorjGbuSi. Tu Cven igive kiTxvas erTi
kviris Semdeg dagisvamT, Tqveni Sefaseba rac
Tqvens zogad damokidebulebas gamoxatavs _
SesaZloa Seicvalos, vinaidan im momentSi,
SesaZloa, sxva politikosebi gagaxsendeT.
rodesac Tqveni damokidebulebebi informaciis sxvadasxva qvejgufebs efuZneba, isini
SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. rodesac jim kerisadmi damokidebulebas gamoTqvamT, mis romel filmze fiqrobT?
mxolod maSin SeiZleba velodoT myar urTierTdamokidebulebas Tqvens Sefasebebsa (goneba)
da qcevebs (qmedebas) Soris, rodesac Tqvens
damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi~
droTa ganmavlobaSi stabiluri gaxdeba.
darwmunebis procesi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom saTanado pirobebSi
damokidebulebebs ZaluZT qcevis gansazRvra. es
kargi siaxlea maTTvis, vinc drosa da fuls
xarjavs Tqvens damokidebulebebze gavlenis
mosaxdenad, magram sakmaod xSirad, didi survilisda miuxedavad, sxvebs ar SeuZliaT Tqvens
damokidebulebebze gavlenis moxdena. Tqven
teleekranze elvarekbilebian msaxiobis, romelic
kbilis saxexi axali saSualebis reklamirebas
axdens, yoveli xilvis Semdeg ver SeicvliT
kbilis pastas. yovelTvis ver SeicvliT politikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc ki morigi kandidati
kameris win mTeli gulwrfelobiT ganacxadebs,
rom arCevnebSi swored mas unda dauWiroT mxari.
Tqven garSemo mravali adamiani Tavs uflebas
aZlevs da raRacaSi Tqvens darwmunebas, anu Tqveni
damokidebulebebis winaswarganzraxulad Secvlas
cdilobs. darwmunebis gansaxorcieleblad garkveuli pirobebis Tanxvedraa saWiro. ganvixiloT
zogierTi maTgani.
Tavdapirvelad warmogidgenT gadamuSavebis
albaTobis models1 _ darwmunebis Teorias, romelic aRwers, Tu ramdenad albaTuria, anu
1
elaboration likelihood model.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) damokidebulebebis Secvlis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.

gadamuSavebis albaTobis modeli (Elaboration likelihood model) darwmunebis Teoria, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom
adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fokusirebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad
da, Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis centralur an periferiul procesebs.
ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom adamianebi TavianT

kognitur procesebs damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis detalurad gadamuSavebisken warmarTaven
(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). es
modeli kritikulad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan
darwmunebis centralur da periferiul procesebs. centraluri procesi gulisxmobs pirobebs,
romelSic adamianebi guldasmiT, zedmiwevniT
gaiazreben damarwmunebeli komunikaciis procesSi miwodebul informacias imgvarad, rom
damokidebulebebis cvlileba miwodebuli
argumentebis siZlierezea damokidebuli. rodesac vinme cdilobs Tqvens darwmunebas, rom
erTi baloni benzini 5 dolari unda Rirdes,
Tqven am informacias, albaT, yuradRebiT moekidebiT. periferiuli procesi iseT pirobebs gulisxmobs, romelSic adamianebi seriozulad
ar ekidebian Setyobinebas da situaciis zedapirul maniSneblebze reagireben. rodesac gamyidvelis mier SemoTavazebuli ama Tu im produqtis
win seqsualuri garegnobis modeli dgas, is

(gamyidveli) imedovnebs, rom Tqven bevr fiqrs
ar daiwyebT am produqtis xarisxze da SeiZenT
mas. adamianis mier gamoyenebuli centraluri
da periferiuli procesebi, garkveulwilad, maT
motivaciazea damokidebuli, kerZod, imaze, surs
da SeuZlia Tu ara adamians miRebuli damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis guldasmiT gadamuSaveba.
Tu kargad daukvirdebiT Tqven irgvliv
arsebul Setyobinebebs, swrafad daaskvniT, rom
reklamis specialistebs xSirad swored imis
imedi aqvT, rom Tqven zedapirulad miudgebiT
reklamas. ratom uxdian cnobil adamianebs did
fuls reklamis specialistebi maTi produqtis
gayidvisaTvis? marTla gjeraT, rom holivudis
varskvlavebs Zalian adardebT saqalaqTaSoriso
satelefono kavSiris fasis cvlileba? savaraudoa, reklamis specialistebi imedovneben, rom
Tqven Rrmad ar gaaanalizebT argumentebs da
gasaqans miscemT Tqvens gulTbil grZnobebs
msaxiobis mimarT, romelic xotbas asxams
warmodgenil produqcias.
axla sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: _ rodis xarT
motivirebulni darwmunebis centraluri procesebis gamoyenebisTvis? pasuxi mniSvnelovania
rogorc maTTvis, vinc isurvebda, rom Tqven ase
moiqceT (vinaidan isini fiqroben, rom Zlieri
argumentebi gaaCniaT), aseve, maTTvis, visac es
ar surs (radganac Tqvens darwmunebas zedapiruli maniSneblebiT imedovneben). moviyvanoT
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis magaliTi, romelic
gaazrebis centraluri procesis arCevisken da
argumentebis guldasmiT Sefasebisken gibiZgebT,
vinaidan mas TqvenTvis pirovnuli mniSvneloba
aqvs da Tqvenc iZulebuli xdebiT, ufro
siRrmiseulad ganixiloT argumentebi (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993). warmoidgineT, rom TanmimdevrobiT
moismineT ori moxseneba. pirveli momxsenebeli
amtkicebda, rom holivudma ufro meti samganzomilebiani filmebi unda awarmoos, meore ki
ambobda, rom kolejSi swavlis safasuri 50%iT unda gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro
gamoiwvevs gadamuSavebis centralur process?
axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic ganxilulia miwodebuli informaciis pirovnuli
Rirebulebis mniSvneloba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.
725
saidan
viciT
warmosaxul samyaros Sesaxeb

informaciis pirovnuli
mniSvnelovneba
726
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is

informaciebi, romlebsac iseTi gamogonili
samyaroebis aRwerisas xvdebiT, rogoricaa
mxatvruli literatura da filmebi? mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoTqva varaudi, rom
darwmunebisadmi Tqveni damyolobis xarisxi
damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad
axlos dgas aRwerili situacia Tqvens pirovnebasTan. kvlevaSi ielisa da prinstonis
universitetebis studentebi monawileobdnen. orive universitetis studentebisagan
Semdgar erT jgufs waukiTxes moTxroba,
romlis moqmedebac prinstonSi viTardebida.
igive moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac,
magram am SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi iyo
gadatanili. moTxrobis gmirebi iseT
realur Temebze saubrobdnen, rogoricaa:
ramdenad sasargebloa kanisTvis mzis sxivebi; gadamdebia Tu ara fsiqikuri daavadebebi
da a.S. mkvlevrebma ivaraudes, rom eqsperimentis monawileni ufro Sesatyvisad
CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar
saswavlebels Seexeboda. magaliTad, prinstoneli studentebi, romlebic prinstonis
Sesaxeb kiTxulobdnen teqsts, ufro
motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen, rom
guldasmiT waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad
Cawvdomodnen gmirebis argumentebs. rogorc
17.5 suraTidan Cans, Sedegebma daadastura
es hipoTeza. studentebma gamoavlines damokidebulebebis cvlileba im argumentebis
mimarT, romlebic gadmocemuli iyo sxva
saswalebelTan dakavSirebul moTxrobaSi
(magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis studentebisaTvis). es niSnavs, rom, rodesac
informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevanturi, studentebma ar gamoiyenes informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebi
argumentebis gasaazreblad da maTi zegavlenis qveS moeqcnen (Prentice et al., 1997).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moTxrobis orive

versia identuri iyo da mxolod moqmedebis
adgili iyo gansxvavebuli. amrigad, informaciis
damarwmunebloba mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
Tu ramdenad motivirebulni arian studentebi
gadamuSavebis centraluri procesebis arCevisa
da informaciis guldasmiT SefasebisTvis
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). momavalSi, rodesac axali
Sous sanaxavad CarTavT televizors, Tqven
SeZlebT gaarkvioT, Tu ra saxis damarwmunebelma
informaciam SeiZleba gaiaros periferiuli
suraTi
17.5
darwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba

studentebi kiTxulobdnen moTxrobebs, romlebSic
moqmedeba xdeboda an maT `mSobliur~ saswavlebelSi
da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an `sxva~
saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli
Sesabamisoba gamoiwvevda informaciis gaazrebis
centraluri procesesbis CarTvas da, amdenad,
darwmunebas naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtobrivad, darwmunebis process adgili hqonda mxolod
maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen `sxva~
saswavlebelTan dakavSirebul moTxroba (magaliTad, ielis universitetis studentebi kiTxulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtkiceben varauds, rom pirovnulad Sesabamisi `mSobliuri~ saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda
gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da
moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli argumentebis uaryofas
maSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo `sxva~ saswavleblis versia iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul
procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli argumentebisadmi daTanxmebas.
gziT, Tu gadacemis Sinaarsi Tavisi wyobiT,

monawileebiT da a.S, ar aris TqvenTvis pirovnulad Rirebuli.
damokidebulebis tipisa da argumentis tipis
Tanxvedra kidev erTi faqtoria, romelic gavlenas axdens informaciis gadamuSavebis gzis
arCevaze (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999). Aadre aRvniSneT,
rom damokidebulebas gansazRvravs rogorc
kognituri, ise _ emociuri gamocdileba. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom damokidebulebebi maSin ufro
icvleba, rodesac reklamis specialistebi kognituri safuZvlis mqone arguments kognituri
safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas ukavSireben,
emociuri safuZvlis mqone arguments ki _
emociuri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas.
Tu vinmesTvis damokidebulebebis Secvalas
cdilobT, es Sedegebic unda gaiTvaliswinoT.
rogori safuZveli sWarbobs damokidebulebaSi
_ Zlieri kognituri Tu Zlieri emociuri? amis
Sesabamisad, rogor unda SesZinoT Tqven mier
mofiqrebul Setyobinebas meti damajerebloba?
Tu rogori pirovneba xarT. mas SeuZlia

uCveulo, gansxvavebuli gemo gagrZnobinoT~. cdis monawileebs reklamis TiToeuli seriis wakiTxvis Semdeg am produqtebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebis
dafiqsireba moeTxovebodaT. rogorc 17.6
suraTidan Cans, dadasturda zemoT aRniSnuli Zlieri kavSiris arseboba. monawileni maSin ufro met dadebiT arCevans
afiqsirebdnen, rodesac Setyobinebis tipi
(magaliTad, kognituri safuZvlis mqoneni)
damokidebulebebis tips (magaliTad,
kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebebs) Seesabameboda (Shavitt, 1990).
sakuTari qmedebiT darwmuneba

bolo qveTavSi im faqtorebs aRvwerT,
romlebic adamianebis mier sxvebis damokidebulebebis Secvlis unarze axdenen gavlenas.
Tumca, moqmedeben iseTi Zalebic, romlebic,
saidan
viciT
ra ganapirobebs Tqvens damokidebulebas

yavis markis mimarT? savaraudod, Tqveni
Sefaseba efuZneba mis gemosTan da fasTan
dakavSirebul kognitur mosazrebebs. axla
misaloci baraTebi gavixsenoT. savaraudoa,
rom maT mimarT Tqvens damokidebulebas
ufro afeqturi reaqciebi gansazRvravs.
ramdenad Rimilis momgvrelni arian isini
da ramdenad miuTiTeben TqvenTvis sasurvel urTierTobebze? erT-erT eqsperimentSi
monawileebs sxvadasxva produqtis _ yavisa
da misaloci baraTebis _ kognitur da
emociur safuZvelze damyarebuli reklamebi aCvenes. kognitur safuZvelze Seqmnili
reklamebi ase ikiTxeboda: namdvili yavis
saucxoo, mZlavri gemo da surneli, romelic damzadebulia umaRlesi xarisxis
marcvlebisagan~. emociur safuZvelze
Seqmnili reklamidan ki albaT SeityobdiT,
rom yava, romelsac Tqven svamT, mianiSnebs,
suraTi
17.6
emociur da kognitur safuZvelze

agebuli reklama da produqtebi
rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri
safuZvlis mqone) dakavSirebulia im ganzomilebasTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis arss: emociuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis
mimarT, adamianebi ufro keTilganwyobiT reagireben
produqtis mimaRt (skalaze, sasurveloba izomeba
-3-dan +3-mde).
reklamisa da damokidebulebis
Tanxvedra
727
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, imis mizezic xdebian,

rom adamianma sakuTari damokidebulebebic
Secvalos. vTqvaT, daificeT, rom ar miiRebdiT
zedmet kaloriebs. midixarT samsaxurSi da iq
Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis dResTan dakavSirebiT
namcxvari gxvdebaT. Tqven erT naWers miirTmevT.
gatexeT amiT Tqveni fici Tu ara? niSnavs es
imas Tu ara, rom Tqven uaryofiTi damokidebuleba unda gqondeT sakuTari qcevisadmi? xom
ar fiqrobT, rom mainc swored moiqeciT? ratom?
Cven aRvwerT TviTdarwmunebis or models,
disonansis Teorias da TviTaRqmis Teorias.
728
megobris rCevis sawinaaRmdegod, sayidlad

SearCieT garkveuli tipis manqana. ratom unda
gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis sisworis Taobaze?
miiCneven, rom, rodesac adamianma icis, rom misi
damokidebuleba da qceva ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs
(sxva sityvebiT, disonansSia erTmaneTTan), anu
qceva ar Seesabameba damokidebulebas, Cndeba
uaryofis, Tavis aridebis mdgomareoba da adamiani
mis Semsubuqebas, Semcirebas cdilobs. disonansis
Semcirebis tendencia am mdgomareobis usiamovnebis gancdiT aqtivirdeba. manqanis markis SerCevis SemTxvevaSi, TavdacviTi pozicia anu
Tqveni arCevanisaTvis gadaWarbebuli Rirebulebis
miniWeba _ saSualebas gaZlevT, airidoT es
usiamovno gancda da Tavi ufro Tavdajerebulad
igrZnoT (disonansma, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT, rom
megobarze cudadac ki ifiqroT).
disonanss motivaciuri Zala gaaCnia. is usiamovno grZnobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedebis
ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT (Wood, 2000). disonansis Semcirebis motivacia kognituri SeusabamobiT Seqmnili disonansis zomis Sesabamisad
izrdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro
Zlieria disonansi, miT ufro didia misi reducirebis, anu Semcirebis motivacia. disonansis
klasikur eqsperimentSi kolejis studentebma
moatyues sxva studentebi da Semdeg im SemTxvevaSi
ufro metad daijeres sakuTari tyuili, rodesac
am qcevisaTvis sakmaod umniSvnelo jildos
iRebdnen.
disonansis Teoria
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi
fundamenturi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs droTa
ganmavlobaSi maTi damokidebulebebis ucvlelobis sjeraT (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsistenturobis es tendencia gamoyenebul iqna socialur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris
(Leon Festinger, 1957) mier Camoyalibebul kognituri
disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi konfliqtis mdgomareobaa, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis, qcevis ganxorcielebis an misi rwmenebis, grZnobebis da Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis
Semdeg. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven,
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri
elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon
aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.
saidan
viciT
disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs
stenfordis universitetis studentebma
monawileoba miiRes Zalze mosawyeni davalebis SesrulebaSi. amis Semdeg eqsperimentatorma (misi pativiscemis niSnad) maT
sTxova, rom tyuili eTqvaT _ sxva monawileebisTvis davaleba saxalisod da sainteresod daexasiaTebinaT. amis safasurad
monawileTa nawils 20 dolari gadauxades,
meore nawils ki _ 1. 20 dolari sakmarisi
aRmoCnda tyuilis gasamarTleblad, magram
1 dolari gamarTlebis araadekvaturi iyo.
maT kognituri disonansi gamoavlines.
rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, Zlieri

disonansis pirobebSi momxdari faqtis Semdeg
individi sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da TviTdarwmunebas iwyebs. es
analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom damokidebulebebis Secvlis erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi,
qcevis Secvlaa. bibliuri drois brZenebma
icodnen es principi. isini ravinebs avalebdnen,
rom adamianebisgan ar moeTxovaT rwmenis dadastureba manam, sanam isini ar ilocebdnen.
mxolod locvis Semdeg iTxovdnen maTgan rwmenis
aRiarebas. gavixsenoT winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi xsenebuli papa salvatore, romelmac ostaturad Seuqmna Tavxed biWebs disonansi.MmaT konfliqturi kogniciiT upasuxes: Cven yvirilSi
25 centi unda migveRo~, Semdeg ki: is ki CvenTvis
mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs~. maT
Secvales Tavisi qceva _ uari Tqves yvirilze.
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebebma aCvena kognituri disonansis Zala: mas SeuZlia
damokidebulebebisa da qcevebis Secvla (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993; Wicklund & Brehm, 1976). Tumca, bolo
dros mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imis garkveviT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis sxva
kulturebze ganzogadeba. kidev erTxel gaixseneT, rom cneba me~ gansxvavebulad esmiT sxvadasxva kulturaSi. adrec aRvniSneT, rom Crdiloamerikelebi, Cveulebriv, damoukideblad
aRiqvamen Tavs da es maTTvis socialur garemosgan damoukideblobas niSnavs. aziuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebic, Cveulebriv, damoukideblebad Tvlian Tavs, magram amave dros
isini socialur garemosTan fundamenturad arian

dakavSirebulni. axdens Tu ara gavlenas kognitur disonansze me~-s gagebis aseTi kulturuli gansxvavebebi?
saidan
viciT
kultura da kognituri disonansi
eqsperimentis kanadel da iaponel
monawileebs sTxoves, rom 40 SemoTavazebulidan 10 maTTvis yvelaze sasurveli
kompaqt-diski aerCiaT. Semdeg maT sTxoves,
rom arCeuli 10 kompaqt-diski Zalian sasurvelidan nakleb sasurvelamde daelagebinaT da isini _ sruliad ar momwons~,
Zalian momwons~ _ skalaze SeefasebinaT.
Semdeg eqsperimentatorma maT SesTavaza,
rom erTi maTgani saxlSi wasaRebad aerCiaT,
rogorc eqsperimentSi monawileobis
safasuri. amave dros, maTi arCevani rigis
Sua nawiliT SezRudes. monawileebs SeeZloT, aerCiaT mexuTe an meeqvse kompaqtdiski. am arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg maT
kvlav sTxoves aTive diskis ranJireba. rogor Seicvala ranJireba meore SemTxvevaSi,
pirvelTan SedarebiT? disonansis Teoriis
mixedviT, rodesac gaazrebul arCevans
akeTebT, vTqvaT, mexuTesa da meeqvses Soris
Tqven damokidebulebebi arCevanis Sedegs
unda SeusabamoT, raTa ar gagiCndeT
usiamovnebis gancda: me janet jeqsonis
diski (#5) avirCie, vinaidan is marTla
ufro momwons, vidre REM (#6)~. faqtobrivad, kanadelma monawileebma damokidebulebebSi cvlilebebi gamoavlines: arCeuli
diskebis Sefasebebi umjobesdeboda danarCenebTan SedarebiT. amis sawinaaRmdegod,
iaponelma monawileebma ar gamoavlines
disonansis efeqti _ maTi arCevani ar cvlida mTlian ranJirebas (Heine & Lehman, 1997).
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom adamianebi kognitur

disonanss ganicdian anu, Sinagani me~-s wonasworobis miRwevas mxolod maSin cdiloben, rodesac isini Tavs socialuri garemosgan damoukideblad Tvlian. Tu aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi,
davaleba mosawyeni iyo~, me varCevdi,

rom tyuili yovelgvari safasuris gareSe
meTqva,~ _ ambobdnen isini.
disonansis Sesamcireblad monawileebma,
romelTac 1 dolari gadauxades, Secvales
davalebis maTeuli Sefaseba. maT mogvianebiT aRniSnes, rom davaleba marTlac
saintereso iyo da kidev erTxel siamovnebiT Seasrulebdnen mas. SedarebisaTvis,
im monawileebs, romlebmac 20 dolari
miiRes tyuilis TqmaSi, ar SeucvliaT
TavianTi Sefasebebi. maTTvis davaleba Zalze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod fulis
gamo~ Tqves tyuili (Festinger &Cdarlsmith,
1959).
729
sadac sxva kulturebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad

unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba, unda gaxsovdeT
im gavlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac kultura axdens
gadawyvetilebis Semdgom azrebsa da qcevebze.
TviTaRqmis Teoria
730
disonansis Teoria aRwers erT-erT meTods,

romliTac, sul mcire, dasavluri kulturebis
warmomadgenlebi TavianT qcevebs (me avirCie
es diski~) damokidebulebebze (me es ufro metad
unda momwondes, vidre sxva~) gavlenis moxdenis
saSualebas aZleven. deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972)
mier SemoTavazebuli TviTaRqmis Teoria sxva
pirobebze miuTiTebs, romlebSic qcevebi axali
informaciiT avseben damokidebulebebs. TviTaRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven askvniT Tqveni
Sinagani mdgomareobebis (rwmenebis, damokidebulebebis, motivebisa da grZnobebis), an imis
Sesaxeb, rogori unda iyos es mdgomareobebi
imaze dakvirvebis Sedegad, Tu rogor iqceviT
axla, an imis gaxsenebiT, Tu rogor iqceodiT
warsulSi msgavs situaciebSi. Tqveni Tavis
Sesaxeb codnas warsulSi CaRrmavebisa da sakuTari qcevis SesaZlo mizezebis saZieblad iyenebT. vTqvaT, kiTxvaze: mogwonT fsiqologia?~
TviTaRmqmeli gpasuxobT: ra Tqma unda, me
vswavlob ZiriTad kurss da miuxedavad imisa,
rom ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob
fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebiT, vismen leqciebs
da karg niSnebsac viReb~. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, Tqvens pirovnuli prioritetebis Sesaxeb
SekiTxvas situaciasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebisa
da faqtorebis aRweriT pasuxobT, sakuTar grZnobebsa da azrebSi yuradRebiT garkvevis nacvlad.
TviTaRqmis Teorias motivaciuri komponentebi
aklia, romlebic disonansis TeoriaSia mocemuli. vinaidan TviTaRqma avsebs Tqvens damokidebuTviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi
qcevebis mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze
dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros
pirdapiri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis
Secvla.
lebebs Tqven akvirdebiT Tqvens qcevebs da

swavlobT imas, Tu ras unda grZnobdeT Sesabamis
situaciaSi, masTan umTavresad maSin gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac gaurkvevel situaciaSi xarT da ucnob
movlenebTan giwevT gamklaveba (Fazio,1987). am
situaciebSi imis garkveva gWirdebaT, Tu ra
grZnobebi da damokidebulebebi unda gqondeT
axali obieqtis mimarT. magaliTad, Tu gagaxsendebaT, rom icinodiT filmze jim keris monawileobiT, savaraudoa, rom am dadebiT damokidebulebas maszec gadaitanT. TviTaRqmis gziT
sakuTar Tavze codnis mopovebis erT-erTi nakli
isaa, rom adamianebi ver amCneven, Tu ramdenad
zemoqmedeben situaciuri Zalebi maT qcevebze.
amas naTlad davinaxavT, Tu monetis agdebis
zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis finalur nawils
gavixsenebT. gaixseneT, rom Sejibris monawile~
warumatebeli cdis pirebi TavianT codnas
zogadad ufro naklebad afasebdnen. warmoidgineT, ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen isini. Tqven
sul ufro da ufro metad gaiZuleben, rom dasmul
kiTxvaze uaryofiTad upasuxoT da kidev da kidev
moisminoT sakuTari Tavisgan sityvebi: ar vici,
ar maqvs am kiTxvaze pasuxi.~ xedavT, rogoraa
SesaZlebeli, rom uaryofiT TviTSefasebas am
qcevaze dakvirveba _ TviTaRqmis procesi iwvevdes.
axla davubrundeT im SemTxvevas, rodesac
namcxvris naWeri miirTviT Tqveni ufrosis
dabadebis dRis wveulebaze da amis gamo uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SegeqmnaT sakuTari Tavis
mimarT. disonansis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqvens
cnobierebaSi Seiqmna winaaRmdegoba Tqven mier
dadebul pirobasa (me ar minda zedmeti
kaloriebis miReba~) da Tqvens qcevas (namcxvris
naWris SeWma) Soris. am usiamovno gancdis mocilebis mravali gza arsebobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
imsjeloT ase: me ver vawyeninebdi ufross
namcxvarze uaris TqmiT~. analogiurad, TviTaRqmis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sakuTari qcevis aRqmiT,
Tqven aucileblad ar unda SegcvlodaT damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavis mimarT, vinaidan SegeZloT ase gemsjelaT: vinaidan namcxvris naWeri
SevWame, Cemi ufrosis dabadebis dRe CemTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo~, riTac,
aseve, aicilebdiT uaryofiT TviTSefasebas.
TviTdarwmuneba xandaxan sasargebloc SeiZleba
iyos!
daTanxmeba
am qveTavSi damokidebulebebsa da maTi
Secvlis SesaZleblobebze vmsjelobT. Tumca,
TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom adamianebs
yvelaze xSirad surT is, rom Tqven qceva
SecvaloT. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon
miaRwion Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom
isini maTi moTxovnebis Sesabamisi iyos. rodesac
reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs satelevizio reklamaSi, mas mxolod sakuTari nawarmis kargad warmoCena ki ar surs, aramed misi
mizani Tqveni maRaziaSi miyvana da produqciis
SeZenaa. analogiurad, eqimebs surT, rom Tqven
daujeroT maT da SeasruloT janmrTelobis
dacvisTvis saWiro rCevebi. socialurma fsiqologebma intensiurad ikvlies, Tu rogor aRweven adamianebi Tanxmobas sxvebisgan (Gialdini,
2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven
SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad xSirad axorcielebT iseT
qcevebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
cxvirwin mijaxunebis~ meTods uwodeben: rodesac

adamianebi ara~-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini
xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri Txovnis
Sesrulebaze.
saidan
viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs
sTxoves, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi
ori saaTi, rogorc konsultantebs, arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis daeTmoT.
yvela studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis Semdeg maT sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseirnebinaT isini. didi daTmobis saxiT studentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba ganacxada am
SedarebiT mcire Txovnis Sesrulebaze.
rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves
igive ise, rom maTTvis didi~ TxovniT ar
miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod
17% daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebaze
(Cialdini at al,.1975).
erT-erTi wesi, romelic adamianis cxovrebaSi

dominirebs, isaa, rom rodesac vinme rames gikeTebT, Tqvenc, aseve, rame unda gaukeToT mas. am
wess migebis norma ewodeba. laboratoriulma
kvlevam cxadyo, rom erTi adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki xSirad meore
mxridan sapasuxod ufro didi sikeTis migeba
mohyveba (Regan, 1971). gamyidvelebi migebas ise
iyeneben Tqvens winaaRmdeg, rom TiTqmos isini
Tqven samsaxurs giweven: ras getyviT iciT, 5
dolariT naklebs gamogarTmevT~ an ufasod
inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
aRsaniSnad~. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri
distresis mdgomareobaSi gayenebT, Tu ar gamoiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar SeiZenT
rames.
daTanxmebis kidev erT meTods, romelic, aseve,
migebis normidan gamomdinareobs, xSirad karis
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime
unda gaukeTos sapasuxod.
rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis

normis amoqmedebas? rodesac adamianebi didi
Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT
TqvenTvis raRacas akeTeben; sanacvlod Tqvenc
unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da daeTanxmoT,
an arada daarRvevT migebis normasDda Tqvenc
TanxmdebiT!
valdebuleba
karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulisxmobs dididan mcire Txovnaze gadasvlas. gamyidvelebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi
davaldebulebiT, SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis
Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac gagakeTebinon.
eqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic mcire
valdebulebis aRebaze (magaliTad, peticiaze
xelis mowera) Tanxmdebodnen, Sesabamisad, metad
ganwyobilni iyvnen ufro did valdebulebaze
daTanxmebisTvisac (magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi maniSnebeli dafa). Aam xerxs
xSirad karSi fexis Cadgmis meTods uwodeben.
migeba
731
erTxel Tu Semodges fexi Tqvens karSi, Semdeg

gamoiyeneben ra Tqveni valdebulebis grZnobas,
metsac moiTxoven. gamyidvelebi Tqven winaaRmdeg
am meTods maSin iyeneben, rodesac gadawyvetilebis miRebas gaiZuleben da Semdeg ki nelnela cvlian Temas da geubnebian: me vici, rom
Tqven am manqanis yidva gindaT, magram Cemi ufrosi
mxolod 200 dolaris daklebaze Tanxmdeba~, an
me vici, rom Tqven is adamiani xarT, romelic
mxolod xarisxian saqonels yidulobs, amitom
darwmunebuli var, rom cota metsac gadaixdiT~.
am situaciaSi Tqven Tavs araTanmimdevrulad, an
sulelad igrZnobT, Tu ar SeiZenT SemoTavazebul
saqonels.
deficiti
732
adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT

ar aqvT raime (an meore mxridan Tu SevxedavT,
moswonT imis floba, rasac ar floben sxvebi).
MmagaliTad, eqsperimentis monawileebi maRal
Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic
qilaSi ori cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads,
romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo (Worchel et
al., 1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi
bazarze? gamyidvelebma ician, rom maT SeuZliaT
meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom
esa Tu is nivTi deficituria: esRa darCa, ase
rom, jobia axlave iyidoT~, me ukve myavs
myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos~.
es strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom Tqven xelidan
gauSvebT sasurvel moments, Tu axlave ar SeiZenT
ama Tu im nivTs.
modelireba
Tanxmobis miRwevis bolo magaliTisTvis konformulobis ideas davubrundeT. rodesac adamianebi konformulobas avlenen, isini referentuli jgufis qcevas imeoreben. amrigad, Tu
gsurT, rom adamianebi konformulebi ganxdnen,
anu ise moiqcnen, rogorc Tqven gsurT, isini
iseT pirobebSi unda CaayenoT, sadac maTze informacia imoqmedebs: qcevaSi cvlilebebis gamowveva
TvalsaCino nimuSis, modelis qcevis demonstrirebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
saidan
viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis
universitetis administracias surda, rom
sauniversiteto qalaqSi mcxovreb studentebs ufro ekonimiurad exarjaT eleqtroenergia da wyali. vinaidan studentebi
amtkicebdenen, rom bunebis damcvelebi
iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da
saSxapeebSi dabanis procedurasTan dakavSirebuli instruqcia gamoakra, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda studentTa qcevis
Secvlas da wylis xarjis mniSvnelovnad
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli
instruqcia mimarTuli iyo imaze, rom gasapnis periodSi studentebs wyali gadaeketaT.
kerZod, mas aseTi saxe hqonda: (1) dasveldiT,
(2) gadaketeT wyali, (3) gaisapneT, (4)
gadaivleT~. xuTi dRis Semdeg studentTa
mxolod 6%-ma Secvala qceva instruqciis
Sesabamisad. rodesac instruqcias adgili
Seucvales da ufro gamosaCen adgilze
dakides, aRmoCnda, rom mas studentTa 19%
daemorCila. miuxedaval amisa, aRmoCnda,
rom saerTo efeqturoba Zalian dabali
iyo, vinaidan zogierTi studenti Zalze
didxans iRebda Sxaps.
bolos yvela instruqcia Camoxsnes da
erTma studentma aCvena, Tu rogor unda
esargeblaT SxapiT. eqsperimentatoris
asistenti Sedioda saSxapeSi, rodesac iq
aravin iyo, uSvebda wyals da Sesasvlelisken zurgiT dgeboda. rogorc ki vinmes
xmas gaigonebda, instruqciis Sesabamisad
iwyebda dabanas _ maSinve ketavda wyals,
isapneboda, ivlebda da gadioda. Sedegad,
administraciisTvis sasurveli instruqciis
Sesrulebis maCvenebelma 49%-s miaRwia.
rodesac igive qcevis demonstrirebisTvis
ori modeli gamoiyenes, damswreTa 67%-ma
gaimeora qceva. sawyisi instruqciis Sesrulebis 6%-Tan SedarebiT es didi mateba
iyo (Aronson,1990).
gamovlenas; yovelTvis daitoveT dro mofiqrebisaTvis. socialuri fsiqologiis codnam,

SesaZloa, Tqven yovelmxriv gonier momxmareblad
gaqcioT.
am TavSi xSirad gTxovdiT megobrebis warmodgenasa da warmosaxul situaciebSi maT CarTvas.
rogor da ratom xdeba zogierTi adamiani Tqveni
megobari? Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom
socialuri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani sferoa
socialuri urTierTobebis adamianebsa da
adamianTa jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis _
Seswavla. axla ki pirovnebaTaSorisi mizidulobis im Zalebs gavecnoT, romlebic adamianebs
erTmaneTTan aaxloebs.
Sejameba
damokidebuleba obieqtebis, movlenebisa Tu
ideebis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebaa.
damokidebulebebi rac ufro aSkarad gamoxatulia
an specifikuria, miT ufro myaria maTi kavSiri
Sesabamis qcevebTan. gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis procesis efeqturoba damokidebulia imaze, informaciis gadamuSavebis centralur process gamoiyeneben adamianebi Tu periferiuls. centraluri procesi
gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac adamianebs argumentebis guldasmiT Sefasebis motivacia aqvT.
damokidebulebis safuZvlis tipsa da argumentis
tips Soris kavSiric iwvevs argumentis efeqturobis zrdas. disonansisa da TviTaRqmis Teoriebi migviTiTeben, rom adamianebi xSirad icvlianNTavianT damokidebulebebs, TavianTi
qcevebidan gamomdinare. migeba, davaldebuleba,
deficiti da modelireba is Zalebia, romelTac
daTanxmebamde mivyavarT.
rogor irCevT maT, visTan erTadac mTel
cxovrebas gaatarebT? ratom eltviT megobrebis
kompanias? ratom aRmoCndebian xolme iseTi
adamianebi, romelTa mimarT grZnoba scildeba
megobrobis sazRvrebs da romantikul siyvarulSi
gadadis? socialur fsiqologebs socialur
maSinac ki, rodesac mibaZvis TvalsaCino magaliTi ar aris situaciaSi, gamyidvelebi xSirad
cdiloben normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis moxdenas imis aRniSvniT, Tu TqvenTvis
sasurveli wridan (anu im wridan, romelsac
gsurT, rom miekuTvnebodeT) gamosulma ramdenma
adamianma SeiZina esa Tu is produqti: am markis
avtomanqanebs mxolod gamWriax da sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebul xalxze vyidi~, am models yvelaze
xSirad is adamianebi yiduloben, romelTac
umaRlesi xarisxis stereodinamikebi sWirdebaT~.
SesaZlebelia, daTanxmebis teqnikebis axsnisas
warmodgenili ramdenime magaliTis gameorebis
survili gagiCndeT. SeiZleba mogindeT, rom
keTili miznebis ganxorcielebas dauTmoT dro,
an Tqveni wvlili SeitanoT bunebrivi resursebis dazogvaSi. asea Tu ise, Tqven naxeT, rom
drois did nawils adamianebi erTmaneTis qcevebis Secvlis mcdelobebs uTmoben. aRwerili
meTodebis gamoyenebiT isini imis gakeTebas
gaiZuleben, ris gakeTebasac, albaT, ar isurvebdiT. rogor davicvaT Tavi moxerxebuli gamyidvelebisa da msgavsi tipis saqmianobiT
dakavebuli adamianebis xrikebisagan? Tqven unda
SeecadoT, rom gamoiWiroT isini am teqnikebis
gamoyenebis momentebSi da amiT win aRudgeT
maT mcdelobebs.EecadeT, yuradReba ar miaqcioT
umniSvnelo Tavazianobebs; nu gamoiCenT azrs
moklebul, gaumarTlebel simtkices; ecadeT,
SemoTavazebuli produqtis iSviaTobisa da
deficiturobis Sesaxeb mtkicebebis siyalbis
733
mizidulobasTan dakavSirebul am kiTxvebze

mTeli rigi pasuxebi gaaCniaT (magram nu wuxxarT,
siyvarulis saidumlo srulad jer aravis
amouxsnia!).
mowoneba
734
rodesme gicdiaT garkveuliyaviT, Tu rogor

da ratom SeiZineT esa Tu is megobari? am kiTxvis
pirvel nawilze pasuxi martivia: adamianebs izidaven isini, vinc maTTan axlos aRmoCndnen
Tqven imitom xedavT da xvdebiT maT, rom isini
cxovroben an muSaoben Tqven gverdiT. es faqtori, albaT, naklebad saWiroebs ganmartebas,
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianebs saerTod
axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom adamianebi da
sagnebi mxolod imitom moswondeT, rom isini
xSirad xvdebian maTi mxedvelobis velSi. rac
ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an vinmesTan erTad,
miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi
urTierTobebis es efeqti niSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi Tqven sul ufro da ufro metad mogewonebaT is adamianebi, romlebic Tqven irgvliv
arian, magram, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg davinaxavT,
kompiuterebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs
siaxlovis ideas. dRes mravali adamiani inarCunebs urTierTobas kompiuteruli qselis meSveobiT. SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTisagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram ekranze gamoCenili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqologiurad Zalze aaxloebs maT. axla ki yuradReba
sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac
mowonebisa da mizidvis gamowveva SeuZliaT.
fizikuri mimzidveloba
kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad
aRvivebs megobrobas. dasavlur kulturaSi arsebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad
mimzidveli adamiani yvelaferSi kargi iqneba.
70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva adasturebs,
rom fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides
zegavlenas axdens adamianis socialuri kompetenturobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. adamianebs sjeraT,
rom mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad sociabilurebi da eqstravertulebi arian, vidre naklebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad
amisa, fizikuri mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb
efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi war-
matebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereotipebis socialur safuZvelze msjelobisas

TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom
fizikur mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs
mowonebaSi.
saidan
viciT
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis
kvaldakval
erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevrebma
minesotis universitetis axlad miRebul,
SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves,
erTmaneTisTvis sacekvao moedanze daeniSnaT paemani. mkvlevrebma am studentebis
bevri informacia Seagroves, maTi zomebidan
dawyebuli, inteleqtiTa da pirovnuli
TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis
saRamos da am saRamos Semdegac studentebs
SemTxveviT SerCeuli partniorebis Sefasebasa da imis miTiTebas sTxovdnen, Tu
ramdenad iyo mosalodneli maTi ganmeorebiTi Sexvedra. qalebis da kacebis Sedegebi naTeli da Zalze msgavsi iyo.
silamaze ufro mniSvnelovan faqtorad
Sefasda, vidre inteleqtis koeficientis
zoma, kargi socialuri Cvevebi an dadebiTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi. mxolod maT gamoTqves urTierTobis gagrZelebis survili,
vinc silamazis mixedviT moaxdina Sefaseba
(Walxster et al., 1966).
msgavseba
msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza ambobs:
feri fersa, madli RmerTsa~. marTalia es?
kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi
pasuxia: diax~. msgavseba iseTi parametrebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa rwmenebi, damokidebulebebi
da faseulobebi, xels uwyobs damegobrebas.
ratom unda xdebodes ase? adamianebs, romlebic
Tqveni msgavsni arian, SeuZliaT Tqveni pirovnuli TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebis uzrunvelyofa, radganac Tqveni msgavsi pirovneba gagrZnobinebT, rom, magaliTad, Tqveni damokidebulebebi,
faqtobrivad, swori damokidebulebebia (Byrne &
Clore, 1970). metic, msgavsebis ararsebobas Zlier
antipaTiamde mivyavarT (Rosenbaum, 1980). rodesac
aRmoaCenT, rom viRacis Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba
Tqveni Sexedulebebisagan, Tqven, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT warsulSi sxva adamianebTan gadatanili
konfliqtebis magaliTebi. aman ki SeiZleba am
adamianebTan daSorebisken gibiZgoT da samegobrod mxolod Tqveni msgavsi adamianebi dagrCeT.
Tu swavlis periodSi saerTo sacxovrebelSi
cxovrobT, SegiZliaT irgvliv mimoixedoT da
naxoT, rogor muSaobs~ msgavseba. hgvanan erTmaneTs is adamianebi, romlebic erT oTaxSi
cxovroben? hgvanan erTmaneTs is TanaoTaxelebi,
romlebsac kargi urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan?
mkvlevrebma es sakiTxi sxvadasxva parametris
mixedviT Seiswavles. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi TanaoTaxelTa wyvilebis komunikaciuri
unarebi fasdeboda. ramdenadDmsgavsi iyo maTi
komunikacia iseTi parametris mixedviT, rogoricaa urTierTobis dawyebis survili? aRmoCnda,
rom is wyvilebi, romlebic hgavdnen erTmaneTs
am parametris mixedviT, ufro megobrulebi iyvnen,
vidre urTierTsapirispiro maxasiaTeblebis mqone
wyvilebi (Martin & Andersen, 1995). Tu Tqven saerTo

sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, SegiZliaT es modeli
praqtikaSi SeamowmoT.
ormxrivoba
dabolos, Tqven xasiaTdebiT im adamianebis
mowonebis tendenciiT, romelTac Tqven moswonxarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari gamyidvelebze,
romlebic migebas iyenebdnen? wesi, romlis
mixedviTac miRebulis nacvlod raRac unda
gasceT, am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs. adamianebi
mowonebiT~ pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT,
isini moswonT~ (Backman & Secord, 1959; Kenny & La
Voie, 1982). metic, rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes
moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT, SesaZloa, ise
imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven Tavadac
SeuwyoT xeli msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas (Curtis & Miller, 1986). Tqven SegiZliaT
winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT?
warmoidgineT, rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT Tqvens
grZnobebSi rogor SeiZleba Caerios sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba? rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT Cven irgvliv arsebul socialur samyaros,
aRmovaCenT, rom is urTierTobebi, romlebsac
SeiZleba mowoneba~ vuwodoT, mniSvnelovnad
aris dakavSirebuli ormxrivobasTan. amitom, Tu
viciT, rom pirovneba A-s gansakuTrebiT moswons
pirovneba B, Cven vaskvniT, rom pirovneba B-sac
igive grZnobebi eqneba pirovneba A-s mimarT
(Kenny at al., 1996).
es faqti, romelic axla mimovixileT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom Tqveni megobrebis
umravlesoba is xalxi iqneba, romelsac Tqven
ufro xSirad xvdebiT da visTanac dakavSirebulni xarT msgavsebiTa da ormxrivi urTierTobebiT, magram, risi Tqma SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs iseT ufro intensiur urTierTobebze, rogoric Seyvarebaa~?
Seyvareba
igive Zalebi, romlebsac adamianebi mowonebamde mihyavT, Semdeg maT siyvarulisaken ubiZgeben. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi Tqven jer mowonebas
grZnobT da Semdeg _ siyvaruls (Tumca, aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom
fizikuri mimzidveloba sxva kulturebSic

ganapirobebs mowonebas. magaliTad, Cineli XXII klaseli moswavleebi adasturebdnen, rom
fizikurad mimzidvel Tanaklaselebs ufro
maRali statusi hqondaT (Dong et al., 1996); Tumca,
rogorc me-12 TavSi aRvniSneT, kulturebi gansxvavdebian fizikuri silamazis standartebis
mixedviT. magaliTad, afro-amerikelebs naklebad
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT Warb wonasTan,
vidre anglo-amerikelebs (Helb & Heatherton, 1998;
Jackson & McGill, 1996).
735
maT uyvarT zogierTi naTesavi, Tumca, ar moswonT

isini). ra specifikur faqtorebze laparakoben
socialuri fsiqologebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis SemTxvevaSi?
siyvaruli, rogorc gancda

ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda
gamonaxoT dro, raTa ifiqroT am mniSvnelovan
cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba
Seesabameba Tqveni megobrebis gansazRvrebebs?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva
gziT Seecadnen da raRac saerTo midgomac gamoinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis gaazreba
sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay,
1996):
vneba seqsualuri ltolva da survili;
intimuroba gulwrfeloba da urTierTgageba;
ndoba erTguleba da Tavganwirva.

SegiZliaT, Tqveni sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi
samive am niSniT daaxasiaToT? Tqven, albaT,
fiqrobT: ara~, ara yvela maTgani~. rogorc
Cans, erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT vinmes
siyvaruli2 da vinmesTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi3 (Miers & Bersheid, 1997). adamianebis umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom siyvarulis kategoria
ufro didi raodenobiT adamians moicavs, vidre
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi. albaT, bevrisTvis
utkenia guli sityvebs: miyvarxar, magram SenTan
ver davamyareb sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs~.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi raRac ufro intensiuri da gansakuTrebuli igulisxmeba; am tipis
urTierTobebi seqsualur ltolvas moicavs.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia
zogadi niSnebiT daxasiaTdes. samyaros Sesaxeb
Tqvenma codnam SesaZloa migiyvanaT im daskvnamde,
rom adamianebi gansxvavebulad ganicdian siyvaruls. mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni arian drois xangrZliv periodSi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis SenarCunebaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis SeswavliT. ukanasknel
wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda yuradReba
zrdasrulTa mijaWvulobis stilis kvlevebze
2
736
loving.
being in love.
(Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT

me-11 Tavidan, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda
bavSvis adekvaturi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis
mSoblebTan mijaWvulobas. mkvlevrebma daiwyes
imis garkveva, Tu ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes mijaWvulobis am adreul gamocdilebas
Semdgom cxovrebaSi, rodesac bavSvebi izrdebian
da sakuTari savaldebulo urTierTobebi da
sakuTari Svilebi uCndebaT (Hazan & Shaver, 1987;
Main et al., 1985).
ra aris mijaWvulobis stili? cxrilSi 17.2
mocemulia debulebebi axlo urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994).
gamoZebneT dro da miuTiTeT, Tu romel debulebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac igive kiTxviT sxva
adamianebs mimarTes, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT
aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%-ma) pirveli
debuleba airCia. es aris myari mijaWvulobis
stili. sagrZnobma umciresobam airCia meore
debuleba (25% _ ganridebadi stili), xolo
mesame ki _ 20%-ma (SfoTviT-ambivalenturi
stili). aRmoCnda, rom mijaWvulobis es stilebi
zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs
(Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996). im adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac meore da
mesame stili airCies, myari stilis mijaWvulobis mqone adamianebs xangrZlivi da romantikuli urTierTobebi aqvT (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick,
cxrili
17.2
axlo urTierTobebisas mozrdilTa

mijaWvulobis stilebi
debuleba 1:
SedarebiT advilad vuaxlovdebi sxvebs da Tavs komfortulad vgrZnob, rodesac maTze var damokidebuli.
me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom vinmesgan mitovebuli
var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.
debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad arakomfortulad vgrZnob Tavs,
rodesac sxvebTan axlo urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs
maTze srulad mindoba; miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me
vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan.
xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar surT, CemTan ise axlos yofna,
rogorc es me momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob,
ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar surs
CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian
axlos viyo, rac xSirad afrTxobs mas.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels

urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas
albaT naTelia, rom yvelas, vinc am wigns
kiTxulobs da imasac, vinc dawera is, hqonia
iseTi urTierTobebi, romlebic didxans ar
gagrZelebula da Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive
kiTxvas ufro pozitiurad Tu davsvamT _ risi
Tqma SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs im situaciebze da
mas myof adamianebze, romlebsac xangrZliv
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde mivyavarT?
erT-erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs
gaiazrebs, rogorc sxvis~ CarTvas Cvens sakuTar
m e ~ - S i (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994).
ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze mocemuli diagramebi.
TiToeuli maTgani asaxavs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
axlo urTierTobebis gaazreba. Tu Tqven gaqvT
romantikuli urTierToba, SegiZliaT TqvaT,
romeli diagrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqvensa da
Tqvens partniors Soris urTierTobas? kvlevam
aCvena, rom is adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi
urTierTobebis gamosaxatad im diagramas irCeven,
romelzec me~-s da sxvis~ yvelaze meti
1997). magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic SfoTviTi

stiliT xasiaTdebian, ufro xSirad da intensiurad eWvianobden, vidre myari mijaWvulobis
mqone adamianebi.
dabolos, kidev erTi gansxvaveba: xSir SemTxvevaSi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi Zlieri
ltolviTa da gatacebis periodiT iwyeba, romelsac vnebiani siyvaruli SeiZleba vuwodoT.
droTa ganmavlobaSi ltolvis intensivoba iklebs da intimuroba imatebs. amas megobruli
siyvaruli SegviZlia vuwodoT (Berscheid &Walster,
1978). rodesac Seyvarebuli iqnebiT, Tqven TviTon
SeamCnevT aseT cvlilebas; ase rom, ar ifiqroT,
rom siyvaruls kargavT~, es bunebrivi procesiaDda Tundac ase ar iyos, vnebiani siyvarulidan
gamosvla arc ise dramatulia, rogorc es erTi
SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mkvlevrebma am saxis
siyvaruli 30 wlis asakiT SemosazRvres (Aron &
Aron, 1994). rodesac Tqven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs amyarebT, SesaZloa, imedi gqondeT, rom
es mudmivad gagrZeldeba, magram Semdeg sxva
moTxovnilebebic Cndeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom siyvarulis gancdac ganicdis
kulturis gavlenas. am TavSi ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs kulturuli sxvaoba damoukidebloba-urTierTdamokidebulebis ganzomilebaze. arseboben damoukideblobis kulturebi, romlebic pirovnebis me~-s maxasiaTeblebs
koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebze maRla ayeneben da
urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturebi, romlebic gaziarebul kulturul Rirebulebebs
adamianis individualobaze maRla ayeneben. ra
gavlenas moaxdens es faqti Tqvens sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebze? Tu partniors Tqvens pirad
grZnobebze dayrdnobiT irCevT, maSin upiratesobas Tqvens pirad Sexedulebebs aniWebT, xolo,
Tu partniors imis mixedviT irCevT, Tu rogor
gamoCndebiT sxvebis TvalSi da ras ifiqreben
isini Tqvens ojaxze, Tqven ufro koleqtivistur
Sexedulebebze yofilxarT orientirebulni.
kros-kulturuli gamokvlevebi mowmoben, rom
arsebobs myari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom damoukideblobaze orientirebuli kulturebi ufro
met mniSvnelobas aniWeben siyvaruls (Dion &
Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al., 1995).
aseT kiTxvas dagisvamT: Tu qals (kacs) yvela
is Tviseba aqvs, romelic Tqven mogwonT, SeirTavdiT Tu ara mas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
Tqven ar giyvarT?~ am kiTxvaze amerikeli
studentebis mxolod 3.5%-ma, xolo indoeli
studentebis _ 49%-ma upasuxa diax~ (Levine,
1995). urTierTdamokidebulebebze orientirebuli kulturebis warmomadgenlebi ufro momTxovnebi arian partniorebis mimarT. es imitom xdeba,
rom am kulturebSi ufro Zlieria urTierTobebiT pirovnuli winsvlis idea da isini meuRlisagan ufro mets moelian.
737
urTierTobebi da interneti
738
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is

faqti, rom internetis gamoCenam udidesi impulsi misca
adamianebis urTierTobas da
maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi niuiorkidan,
saxelad denieli, romlis
axali megobari gogona~, aseve,
13 wlis, reiCeli samxreT
karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla
internetiT. rodesac dedam
dens aSS-is fostiT suraTis
gagzavna urCia, man upasuxa:
deda, is ar apirebs CemTvis
Tavisi misamarTis mocemas~
(Gardner, 2000, gv. 40). cxadia, XXI
saukunis bolo wlebamde
biWebis umravlesobas azradac
ki ar mouvidodaT axal
megobar gogonebTan~ am gziT
urTierTobis damyareba. modiT,
vnaxoT, ra wvlili Seitana
internetma urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom internetis momxmarebelTa yvelaze
aqtiur saqmianobas socialuri
urTierTobebi warmoadgens.
internetis daaxloebiT 4100
momxmareblis gamokiTxvam
cxadyo, rom maTi 90% internets eleqtronuli fostisTvis iyenebda, 24% ki e.w.
CatSi~ monawileobda (Nie &
Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva aCvenebs, rom urTierTobaTa
didma raodenobam kibersivrcidan fizikur sivrceSi gadainacvla. ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic 568 individi monawileobda (59% qali da 41%
kaci). maT sTxoves, rom erTmaneTisTvis internetiT axa-
li ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena

et al., 2001). am jgufis wevrebis
63% internetiT gacnobis Semdeg satelefono urTierTobebze gadavida, 54% ki internetiT gacnobil pirovnebas
Sexvda. ori wlis Semdeg Catarebulma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom
internetiT damyarebuli urTierTobebi isev myari iyo.
faqtobrivad, SerCevis 15%
daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _ ukve
daqorwinebuli internet-partniorze.
adre aRvniSneT, rom siaxlove mowonebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mdgenelia. aucilebelia, rom adamians SexvdeT,
vidre Tqven Soris mowoneba
an romantikuli urTierTobebi
Camoyalibdeba. zemoT ganxiluli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
geografiuli daSorebulobis
miuxedavad, interneti fsiqologiuri daaxloebis karg
saSualebas iZleva. arsebobs
monacemebi, rom internetis
saSualebiT urTierTobebi
ukeT iwyeba, vidre pirispir
(Bargh et al., 2001). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic kolejis
studentebi monawileobdnen,
monawileebma gansxvavebul pirobebSi daamyares urTierToba
erTsa da imave partniorTan.
orive interaqciisas wyvilebis
naxevars pirispir urTierTobebis SesaZlebloba mieca,
meore naxevars ki pirispir
Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis saSualeba hqonda.
urTierTobis meore etapis
Semdeg partniorebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT erTmaneTi 15safexurian skalaze -7-dan

(Zalian ar momwons~) +7-mde
(Zalian momwons~). im monawileebma, romelTac pirispir Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis SesaZlebloba hqondaT, bevrad
meti urTierTsimpaTia gamoavlines (saSualod 4.70),
vidre im monawileebma, romelTac aseTi SesaZlebloba
ar hqondaT (saSualod 2.45).
ratom unda momxdariyo ase?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
internetiT dawyebuli urTierToba monawileebs saSualebas aZlevs, naklebad
moeqcnen garegnobis gavlenis
qveS. ufro metic, internetis
droebiTi anonimuroba, rogorc Cans, amxnevebs adamianebs, ufro metad gaxsnis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT,
rac ufro metad aZlierebs
mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im adamianebis cxovrebam,
romelTa mier internetis
gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs
maT aqtivobas realur cxovrebaSi (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT
mocemuli magaliTebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom interneti,
SesaZloa, adamianTa didi
nawilis socialur da romantikul cxovrebaSi dadebiT mamoZravebel Zalad
CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, male
denielmac miiRos Tavisi
megobari gogonas misamarTi.
suraTi
17.7
sxvebis me-Si
CarTulobis skala
(IOS-Inclusion of Others in
the Self)
gadafarvaa, sxvas sakuTar me~-Si CarTulad

ganixilaven da TiTqmis yovelTvis grZnoben
xangrZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis did
valdebulebas (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).
kidev ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas? damokidebulebis modeli
varaudobs, rom erTguleba garkveul msjelobebs
efuZneba (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, gv.65):
TiToeuli CamoTvlili moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi individisTvis mocemul
urTierTobaSi. mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia:
intimuroba, seqsi, emociuri CarTuloba, megobruli damokidebuleba da inteleqtualuri
CarTuloba;
TiToeuli am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis xarisxi mocemul urTierTobaSi;
TiToeuli moTxovnilebisTvis, arsebuli
partnioris garda, arsebobs Tu ara vinme, visTanac pirovnebas mniSvnelovani urTierToba aqvs;
am moTxovnilebebis alternatiuli urTierTobiT dakmayofilebis done.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, es modeli amtkicebs, rom adamianebi miT ufro metad inarCuneben
myar sasiyvarulo urTierTobas, rac ufro metad
ikmayofileben im mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs,
romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs. amdenad,
Tu megobruli urTierTobebi TqvenTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania giyvarT Tavisufali drois
gatareba sxva adamianebTan erTad da, amave dros,
arsebobs viRac, vinc Tqvens mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, maSin savaraudoa,

rom Tqven am urTierTobebis mimarT met valdebulebas igrZnobT. es marTebulia maSinac,
Tu Tqveni partniori ar aris Tqveni pirveli
arCevani. damokidebulebis modeli im SemTxvevis
axsnasac gvTavazobs, Tu ratom inarCuneben adamianebi urTierTobebs maSinac ki, rodesac isini
fizikuri Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (Choice
& Lamke, 1999). nacem qalTa TavSesafris 100
qalidan isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom maT arc ise
didi arCevani hqondaT, ZiriTadad, materialuri
mizezebis gamo, Tavs valdebulad Tvlidnen,
rom dabrunebodnen Zvel urTierTobebs (Russbult
& Martz, 1995). amrigad, adamianebi SeiZleba Zalze
ubedurebi iyvnen urTierTobebSi, magram mainc
damokidebulni iyvnen am urTierTobebze da maT
gareSe ar SeeZloT arseboba.
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu rogor moqmedeben
socialuri Zalebi adamianebze. magaliTad,
vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens situacia qcevaze,
rogor yalibdeba Tqveni damokidebulebebi
socialur urTierTobebSi. Cven girCevT, SeiswavloT Tqveni qcevebi, raTa dainaxoT is gzebi,
romliTac socialuri garemocva gexmarebaT
Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis axsnaSi.
momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warmarTaven
igive Zalebi socialur qcevas pirovnul doneze
_ iwveven agresias da altruizms _ da kulturul doneze _ iwveven omsa da mSvidobas.
Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sasiyvarulo urTierToba, romeli

diagrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni
da Tqveni partnioris urTierTdamokidebulebas? skaliT Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCveneben,
739
Sejameba
adamianebis umetesobas uyvars is adamianebi,
romlebic maTTan fizikurad axlos imyofebian,
fizikurad mimzidvelni, maTi msgavsni arian da
visganac igive impulsebs iReben. adamianebi
TavianT sasiyvarulo gamocdilebas axasiaTeben,
rogorc vnebas, intimurobas da valdebulebas.
siyvarulSi individualuri gansxvavebebi, SesaZ-
loa, nawinaswarmetyveleb iqnes mijaWvulobis

stilisa da kulturuli molodinebis safuZvelze. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi miT ufro
myaria, rac ufro metadaa CarTuli partniori
Cvens me~-Si. damokidebulebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi ufro metad inarCuneben
urTierTobas, rac ufro metad akmayofilebs es
urTierToba iseT specifikur moTxovnilebebs,
romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
740
740
adamianis azrebi da aqtivobebi ganicdis situaciis zemoqmedebas.

individebi TavianTi rwmenebis, faseulobebisa da
midrekilebebis sawinaaRmdegid iqcevian, Tu maT
evalebaT garkveuli socialuri rolis Sesruleba, Tundac xelovnurad
Seqmnil garemoSi.
socialuri normebi ayalibeben jgufis wevrebis
damokidebulebebsa da
qcevebs.
Serifisa da aSis klasikuri gamokvlevebi warmoaCens im informaciul
da normatiul Zalebs,
romlebic konformizms
iwveven.
umciresobis zegavlena,
SesaZloa, informaciuli
zegavlenis Sedegad aRiZras.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
yoveli adamiani TviTon
agebs Tavis socialur
realobas.
socialuri percefcia determinirebulia SexedulebebiTa da molodinebiT.

atribuciis Teoria aRwers
im Sefasebebs, romlebsac
adamianebi qcevebis mizezebis
Taobaze akeTeben.
zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma, sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba,
SesaZloa CaerTos atribuciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa da
qcevebSi.
magram mainc, molodinebis
gavlena Semofarglulia im
informaciis sizustiT, romelic Tqven gare samyaros
Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.
damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da

qceva
damokidebulebebi aris obieqtebis, movlenebisa Tu ideebis pozitiuri, an negatiuri
Sefaseba.
yvela damokidebuleba ar
iZleva qcevis zustad winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas; is Zalze xelmisawvdomi an Zalze specifikuri
unda iyos.
gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis centraluri procesebi gulisxmobs argumentebis zedmiwevniT analizs
maSin, roca periferiuli
procesebi darwmunebis procesis garegnul maniSneblebs exeba.
damokidebulebebis safuZvlebis tipsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri, aseve, axdens gavlenas
argumentis efeqturobaze.
disonansisa da TviTaRqmis
Teoriebi exeba damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebasa
da Secvlas, rac qcevis
ganxorcielebas mohyveba.
daTanxmebisaTvis adamianebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon
migebis, davaldebulebis,
deficitis Seqmnis da modelirebis meTodebs.
interpersonaluri mimzidveloba determinirebulia
nawilobriv fizikuri siaxloviT, fizikuri mimzidvelobiT, msgavsebiTa da ormxrivobiT.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
atribuciis Teoria
qceviTi dadastureba
kognituri disonansi
daTanxmeba
konformuloba
kovariaciis principi
gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modeli
Secdoma
jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba
informaciuli gavlena
normatiuli gavlena
normebis kristalizacia
darwmuneba
migebis norma
wesebi
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
TviTaRqmis Teoria
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
socialuri norma
socialuri aRqma
socialuri fsiqologia
socialuri roli
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi
ganisazRvreba ltolvis,
intimurobis da valdebulebis parametrebiT.
mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis
stili gavlenas axdens
urTierTobebis xarisxze.
adamianis valdebulebebi
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dros dakavSirebulia
siaxlovisa da damokidebulebis doneze.
741
741
socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba da

kultura
18
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
altruizmis fesvebi
prosocialuri qcevis
motivebi
situaciis gavlenebi
prosocialur qcevaze
agresia
evoluciuri midgoma
individualuri
gansxvavebebi
situaciuri gavlenebi
kulturuli SezRudvebi
crurwmenebi
crurwmenis sawyisebi
stereotipebis efeqtebi
crurwmenebis daZleva
samyaro pataravdeba
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
avtoritetisadmi
daqvemdebareba
genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
mSvidobis fsiqologia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom
eziarebian adamianebi
kults
avtoris bolosityvaoba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
742
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ilosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah

Arendt) 1963 wels gamoaqveyna wigni
aihmani ierusalimSi~, romelSic
ganxiluli iyo nacist adolf aihmanis danaSaulebebi, riTac man xeli Seuwyo milionobiT
ebraelis mkvlelobas. aihmani iseve amarTlebda
Tavis qmedebebs, rogorc sxva nacistebi:
mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da megobrebis

mimarT iyo ara mxolod normaluri, aramed
Zalze sasurvelic ki~ (gv. 25-26).
aihmanis pirovnebisAanalizis gziT arendti
cnobil daskvnamde midis:
fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc

normalurs~: _ ufro normaluri iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad, vidre me viyavi
misi gamokvlevis Semdeg~, _ ganacxada erTerTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina, rom
misi saerTo fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba,
damokidebuleba meuRlisa da Svilebis,
aihmanis ubedureba is iyo, rom uamravi

adamiani hgavda mas, isini arc gaukuRmarTebulebi iyvnen da arc sadistebi, isini
iyvnen da jerac arian SemaSfoTeblad normalurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi instituciebis da Sefasebis moraluri standartebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro
SemaSfoTebelia, vidre yvela simxece erTad
aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo, rom danaSaulis
es axali saxe mis danaSaulebebs iseTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS aqcevs, rom
misTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari qcevis
aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276).
rogorc Cans, (aihmanis cxovrebis) ukanasknel wuTebSi man Seajama is gakveTilebi, romlebsac adamianis codvilobis mTeli
nairferovneba iZleva saSiSi gakveTilebi,
romlebsac SeiZleba codvis banaluroba
vuwodoT (gv. 252).
hana arendtis fraza codvis banaluroba~

XXIOsaukunis movlenebsac exmaureba. nacisturi
holokostidan 60 wlis Semdegac ki terorizmis
talRebma moicva msoflio. dResac ki, roca am
sityvebs vwerT 2000 wlis bolos axlo
aRmosavleTi isev moicva Zaladobam, rac gamoixateba israelisa da palestinelebis SejaxebiT
mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiroze. iugoslaviaSi xalxis ajanyebas daundobeli diqtatoris slobodan miloSeviCis _ damxoba mohyva,
magram, rogorc Cans, is da misi reJimis sxva

wevrebi gadaurCebian samxedro danaSaulebebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas. nigeriaSi hausas da
iorubas tomebis wevrebs Soris konfliqtis
Sedegad gasul wels aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa.
Cndeba cduneba, rom es movlenebi rogorc sigiJis
gamovlena ise ganvixiloT. yvelaferi codvil
xasiaTs mivaweroT, rogorc, vTqvaT, adolf hitleris SemTxvevaSi, magram arendtis analizi
uaryofs amas. is gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad advilad
(aihmans) kargad axsovda, rom cud xasiaTze iyo xolme, Tuki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba, rac misi mowodeba iyo milionobiT kacis, qalisa da bavSvis mkvleloba,
didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT
(gv.25).
miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad gasaocaric ar unda
iyos, arendti aihmans axasiaTebs, rogorc absoluturad Cveulebriv adamians:
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
743
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
744
SeuZliaT socialur Zalebs, aiZulon normaluri

adamiani, rom man sazareli qceva ganaxorcielos.
fsiqologia da cxovreba~-Si im adgilamde
mivediT, sadac adamianis qcevaze socialuri
Zalebis zemoqmedebis ukiduresi SemTxvevebi unda
ganvixiloT. am Tavis zogierTi nawili sakmaod
SemaSfoTebeli iqneba, vinaidan adamianSi destruqciuli da arahumanuri aqtebis ganxorcielebis potencials naTelyofs. Cven ganvixilavT
agresiul qcevas, crurwmenebs da im pirobebs,
romlebmac, SesaZloa, genocidis aqtebamde
migviyvanos. amave dros, aRvwerT adamianuri
arsebis Tandayolil ltolvas, iyos prosocialuri ganaxorcielos didsulovani altruistuli aqtebi, yovelgvari jildos molodinis
gareSe. dabolos, imedi gvaqvs, es Tavi mkiTxvelSi
aRZravs optimistur azrs, rom socialuri
mecnierebebis aRmoCenebs msoflioSi mSvidobis
damyarebaSi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT.
xSirad am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs studentebi provokaciulad da saCoTirod Tvlian.
imedi gvaqvs, rom SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, isini,
maswavlebelTan erTad, srulad ganixiloT da
debatebic moawyoT. Tqven am Tavis Seswavla
imis gagebiT unda daamTavroT, Tu rogor moqmedeben socialur-fsiqologiuri Zalebi calkeul individebze, rogor erTiandebian individebi jgufebSi da ra gavlenas axdenen isini
msoflio istoriis yvelaze SemaSfoTebel momentebze.
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
altruizms iseT prosocialur qcevebs, romlebsac adamianebi TavianTi sakuTari usafrTxoebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
axorcieleben. is, rasac Cven kulturas an
sazogadoebas vuwodebT, mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs erTmaneTis daxmarebis survils. rogorc
kulturis an sazogadoebis wevrebi, adamianebi
TanamSromloben da msxverpladac ki ewirebian
sxvebis keTildReobas. am Tavs imis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, Tu ratom surT adamianebs altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcieleba.
altruizmis fesvebi
TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg xedavT
suraTs, rom adamianebi TavianTi sicocxlis
riskis fasad cdiloben sxva adamianebis sicocxlis dacvas. magaliTad, gavixsenoT oklahoma
sitis dabombviT gamowveuli saSineleba. alfred
a. murahis dangreuli saxli da mTeli qveynidan
Camosuli adamianebis gaweuli erTiani Zalisxmeva
im imediT, rom aRmoaCendnen da daexmarebodnen
gadarCenil adamianebs. aseTi tragediebi aaSkaraveben adamianis, rogorc saxeobis, potencials,
ganaxorcielos prosocialuri qcevebi, anu iseTi
qcevebi, romelTa mizani sxva adamianebis daxmarebaa. metic, es tragediebi xSirad aaSkaraveben
daviwyoT amerikul yoveldRiur gazeTSi

gamoqveynebuli altruizmis konkretuli magaliTiT (Porstner, 1997):
sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma samSabaTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo gzatkecilze,
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qcevebi, romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis
mizniT sruldeba.
altruizmi (Altruizm) prosocialuri qcevebi,
romlebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
asrulebs.
ra reaqcia gqondaT am ambavze? SegiZliaT,

warmoidginoT Tqveni sicocxlis an, Tundac,
Tqveni manqanis gariskva vinmes sicocxlis dasacavad, ragorc am SemTxvevaSia aRwerili? ras
fiqrobda sakuTar Tavze sanapiro dacvis mZRoli?
gjeraT, rom qcevis ganxorcielebamde man gamoTvala mogeba da wageba?
rodesac am mamaci mZRolis qcevis msgavs
magaliTebs naxavT, sruliad bunebrivia, daaskvnaT, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis
bazisuri, wminda adamianuri motivacia. faqtobrivad, altruizmis arseboba zogjer winaaRmdegobrivia. imis gasagebad, Tu ratomaa ase, me-3 da
me-12 TavebSi evolociuri Zalebis Sesaxeb
dawyebul diskusias unda davubrundeT. evoluciuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mTavari
mizani sakuTari Tavis reproduqciaa, rac erTi
arsebis mier meoresTvis sakuTari genebis gadacemas gulisxmobs. ras niSnavs altruizmi am
SemTxvevaSi? ratom unda daayenoT Tqveni sicocxle sxvebis daxmarebis gamo safrTxis qveS?
am kiTxvaze ori pasuxi arsebobs imisda mixedviT,
Tu ras vigulisxmebT sxvebSi~ _ ojaxis wevrebs
Tu ucnobebs.
ojaxis wevrebisTvis altruistuli qcevis
ganxorcieleba ar aris azrs moklebuli, vinaidan, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sicocxle
18.1
naTesaobis daxmarebis
tendenciebi
saidan
viciT
altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT
aSS-is da iaponiis kolejebis studentebs sTxoves, ganexilaT SeTavazebuli
scenarebi, romlebSic samidan erTi adamianis gadasarCenad sicocxles gariskavdnen. magaliTad, erT-erT scenarSi am sam
individs almokidebul saxlSi eZina. TiToeul scenarSi individebi gansxvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisgan kvlevis monawileebTan warmosaxuli naTesaobis xarisxiT. zogierTi
iseTi Zalian axlo naTesavi iyo, rogorica
da-Zma (0.5-iani genetikuri Tanxvedra), sxvebi
SedarebiT Soreuli naTesavebi _ biZaSvilebi iyvnen (0.125 Tanxvedra). studentebs
ekiTxebodnen, am samidan romlis gadarCenas
isurvebdnen yvelaze metad. suraTi 18.1
gviCvenebs, rom, rac ufro axlo naTesavia
individi, miT ufro metad gamoxataven
adamianebi misi gadarCenis~ survils. suraTze mocemulia im SemTxvevis Sedegebic,
rodesac ar idga sikvdil-sicocxlis
sakiTxi: studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogor
moiqceodnen yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, rodesac
yoveldRe
daxmarebis tendenciebi
suraTi
safrTxis qveS dgeba, misi mizani, zogadad, Tavisi

genetikuri memkvidreobis gadarCenaa. faqtobrivad, rodesac adamianebs ekiTxebian, Tu vis
gadaarCenen sikvdil-sicocxlis situaciaSi,
maSin adamianebi gacilebiT mZafrad SeigrZnoben
sakuTar genetikur memkvidreobasTan siaxloves.
sicocxle an sikvdili
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.50 (Zma)
0.25 (biZa)
0.125
(biZaSvili)
naTesaoba
0.00
(nacnoboba)
lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena

da amiT gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci,
romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia. me
win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine
manqana, raTa amiT SemeCerebina is~, _
ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma: _ es erTaderTi saSualeba iyo, riTac me misi SeCereba
SemeZlo~.
745
vinmes davalebis Sesrulebaa saWiro. SedegebSi aqac aisaxa naTesaobis efeqti, Tumca
damokidebuleba ar iyo iseTi Zlieri,
rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. sikvdil-sicocxlis~ scenarisas naTesaobis Sefaseba
gacilebiT ukiduresia, vidre yoveldRiuri~ scenarisas~. erTnairi Sedegebi
miiRes rogorc iaponeli, ise _ amerikeli
studentebis SemTxvevaSi (Burnstein et al.,1994).
746
am gamokvlevaSi studentebs realurad ar

moeTxovebodaT cecxlmokidebuli saxlidan
vinmes gadarCena, magram, miuxedavad amisa, SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda naTesaoba
maT arCevanze. Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
romelime maTgani cnobierad fiqrobda: me unda
davicva genetikuri memkvidreoba~, magram Tu
adamianebi 18.1 suraTze warmodgenili nimuSis
mixedviT moqmedeben, es niSnavs, rom genetikuri
memkvidreobas daculi iqneba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme ar gvaqvs
naTesaobasTan? magaliTad, ratom riskavs mZRoli
sicocxles sxva adamianebis genebis gadasarCenad?
sxva nacnobebisa Tu ucnobebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli altruistuli qcevebis asaxsnelad
Teoretikosebi ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmis cnebas iyeneben (Trivers, 1971). es cneba
miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi altruistul qcevebs
axorcieleben imitom, rom, garkveuli azriT,
sxva adamianebis mxridanac moelian, rom isinic
maT mimarT, aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul
qcevebs: Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen im imediT,
rom Senc igives gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me
damemuqreba daxrCobis saSiSroeba. amdenad,
ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas
aniWebs. am cnebas sxva formiT Tqven adre ukve
SexvdiT. Mme-17 TavSi, magaliTad, SemovitaneT
migebis (reciprokulobis) normis cneba im gzis
asaxsnelad, romliTac adamianebi Tanxmobamde
midian. rodesac vinme Tqvendami keTilganwobas
avlens, Tqven fsiqologiur distresSi iqnebiT
manam, sanam ar SegeZlebaT sapasuxo keTilganwyobis gamovlena. naTelia, rom aseT distress evoluciuri safuZvlebi aqvs, vinaidan is
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal
altruizm) idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom,
rom sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
Seguebis SesaZleblobas zrdis. am evoluciuri

safuZvlis gamo altruizmi ar aris adamianuri
arsebis unikaluri niSani. antropologebma ormxrivi altruizmis nimuSebis identificireba
mraval saxeobaSi moaxdines, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, jgufurad mcxovrebi vampiri Ramurebi
da Simpanzeebi (Nielsen, 1994).
unda aRiniSnos, rom ormxrivi altruizmis
cneba ver xsnis socialur cxovelebSi kooperaciis yvela aspeqts. mkvlevrebma moipoves monacemebi, romlebic mowmoben, rom mraval situaciaSi, adamianebic da cxovelebic, reciprokulobis molodinis gareSe axdenen kooperirebasa
da resursebis ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein,
2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
magaliTad, Crdilo-dasavleT bocvanaSi da namibiis mosazRvre raionebSi mcxovrebi kangis
tomis warmatebuli monadireebi nanadirevis
xorcs TavianTi tomis sxva, nadirobaSi naklebad
gawaful, wevrebs unawileben, Tumca, SeuZlebelia,
rom maTgan sapasuxod saTanado resursis miRebas
elodnen (Hawkes, 1993). am tipis dakvirvebebis
safuZvelze mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom altruizmis asaxsnelad ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli
ipovon.
Tu davuSvebT, rom altruizms evoluciuri
safuZveli aqvs, MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: ramdenad
SeuZlia altruistuli qcevis ganxorcielebaSi
arsebul individualur gansxvavebebs Tanamedrove
adamianis memkvidreobaze zemoqmedeba? gavixsenoT
me-12 TavSi ganxiluli zogierTi faqtori, romelic evoluciuri fsiqologiis specialistebis
Tanaxmad, adamianebis mier mewyvilis SerCevis
process warmarTavs. altruizmis Cveneuli ganxilva faqtorTa am CamonaTvalisTvis kidev erTi
faqtoris mimatebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
saidan
viciT
qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro
moswonT
student gogonebs eqsperimentatoris da
cdis minawile mamakacis saubris videoCanawers aCvenebdnen, sadac es ukanaskneli
altruistuli qcevebis mimarT Tavis
damokidebulebas avlenda. Zalze altruistul situaciaSi is sxvebisTvis dax-
evoluciuri Teoriis terminebiT, am kvlevis

Sedegebi mowmobs, rom qalebi iseT mamakacebs
aniWeben upiratesobas, romlebsac TavianTi
resursebis STamomavlobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis aqtiurad gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.
am TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvaqvs axali safuZveli
imisaTvis, rom altruizmi adamianis memkvidreobis nawilad CavTvaloT. kerZod, qalebi
Tvlian, rom kacebi, romlebic axorcieleben
altruistul qcevebs, ukeTesi mamebi iqnebian.
prosocialuri qcevis motivebi

wina qveTavSi vnaxeT, rom altruizms
sxvebisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivs _ Sinagani
safuZveli aqvs. axla altruizms prosocialuri
qcevis sxva motivebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT.
mkvlevari deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994)
miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs oTxi Zala, romelic
adamians sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo saqmis
keTebisken ubiZgebs:
altruizmi _ sxvebisaTvis sargeblobis
motanis motivis safuZvelze moqmedeba, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, mZRolis qceva, romelmac sxva
adamianis sicocxle gadaarCina.
egoizmi _ prosocialuri qcevebis mxolod
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare ganxor-
cieleba. SesaZloa, vinmem ganaxorcielos daxmarebis qceva, magram mxolod im mizniT, rom raime
saCuqari miiRos sapasuxod (vTqvaT, fuli an
prizi, an, magaliTad, Txovnis Sesruleba).
koleqtivizmi _ prosocialuri qcevebis
ganxorcieleba garkveuli jgufis warmatebebis
misaRwevad. adamianebma, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielon
prosocialuri qcevebi, raTa gaaumjobeson
TavianTi ojaxis, saZmos an politikuri partiis
saarsebo pirobebi da a.S.
principizmi _ prosocialuri qcevis ganxorcieleba moraluri principebidan gamomdinare.
SesaZloa, vinme prosocialur qcevebs religiuri an sazogadoebrivi principebidan gamomdinare axorcielebdes.
Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT, rogor moqmedeben es
motivebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos sxva adamianebis
momsaxurebis qcevas. isini zogjer, SesaZloa,
winaaRmdegobaSic movidnen erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom unda gadawyvitoT, rogor
gaunawiloT raime deficituri resursi ramdenime
adamians. Tqven SeiZleba ase imsjeloT: me yovel
individs Tanabarad unda mivce~, vinaidan, samarTlianobis principis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians
Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqmeSi sxva motivebi CaerTo da
Tqven romelime individs upiratesobas aniWebT
sxvebTan SedarebiT.
marebis gawevaze saubrobda da Semdeg sxvebze metad gariskvisTvis mzaobas gamoTqvamda.

naklebad altruistul; pirobebSi is saubrobda sakuTar interesebze da fiqrobda,
rom mosawyeni davalebis Sesruleba sxvisTvis daeTmo. am saubrebis Canaweris naxvis
Semdeg student gogonebs videoCanawerSi
nanaxi mamakacis sxvadasxva parametris _
fizikuri da seqsualuri mimzidvelobis,
socialuri misaRebobis da paemanze Sexvedris sasurvelobis _ mixedviT Sefasebas
sTxovdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
saxis CanawerSi Zalze msgavsi mamakacebi
monawileobdnen, qalebi ufro mimzidvelad
da sasurvelad im mamakacs miiCnevdnen,
romelic altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcielebaze Tanxmobas gamoxatavda (JensenCampbell et al.,1995).
747
saidan
viciT
empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba

migviyvanos
748
eqsperimentis monawileebs mTeli jgufisaTvis an jgufis ramdenime wevrisTvis

latariis bileTebis ganawilebas sTxovdnen. Tu bileTebi mTel jgufs daurigdeboda, TiToeul wevrs bileTebis Tanabari
raodenoba unda mieRo, anu gadawyveta
samarTliani unda yofiliyo.
eqsperimentis erT-erT variantSi monawileebi jgufis erT-erT wevris avtobiografias kiTxulobdnen, romelSic aRwerili iyo, Tu rogor miatova partniorma
misi avtori xangrZlivi romantikuli urTierTobebis Semdeg. ra gavlenas moaxdenda
es informacia bileTebis ganawilebaze?
rodesac eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, warmoedginaT, Tu ras ganicdida es
adamiani, maT damatebiTi bileTebi misces
mitovebul individs. empaTia adamianTan
emociuri identifikacia samarTlianobis
principze maRla dadga (Batson et al., 1999).
deniel batsonma da misma kolegebma empaTiaaltruizmis hipoTezis saCveneblad kidev

ramdenime cda Caatares: rodesac Tqven TanaugrZnobT sxva adamians, es grZnoba altruistul
motivs aRviZebs da misi daxmarebisaken gibiZgebT.
zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi uaxloesi altruistuli motivi ufro damajerebeli aRmoCnda,
vidre _ abstraqtuli samarTlianoba. amgvarad,
empaTiam, SesaZloa, iseTi altruistuli qcevebi
aRZras, rom individis keTildReoba jgufis
keTildReobaze maRla dadges (Batson et al.,1995).
Tqven SegiZliaT, dainaxoT, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeuli qceva mTliani
situaciis konteqstSi iqnas ganxiluli: is, rac,
erTi SexedviT, antisocialur qcevas hgavs,
magaliTad, samarTlianobis principis darRveva,
sxva, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
SesaZloa, prosocialur qcevad ganixilebodes.
Mme-17 TavSi socialuri fsiqologiis gavlili
gakveTilebidan ukve viciT, Tu ramdenad Zlieradaa determinirebuli adamianebis qcevebi situaciuri faqtorebiT. iq Cven mxolod zedapi-
rulad SevexeT prosocialuri qcevis iZulebiT

xasiaTs. axla aRvwerT kvlevis klasikur programas, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
aris damokidebuli adamianebis mzadyofna
daxmarebisaTvis maTi unari, imoqmedon prosocialuri qcevis motivebis Sesabamisad arsebuli situaciis maxasiaTeblebze.
prosocialur qcevaze
situaciis gavlenebi
kvlevis es programa tragediiT daiwyo.
qvinsSi, niuiorkSi, sakuTari binebis fanjrebidan,
usafrTxod myofi 38 respeqtabeluri da
kanonmorCili moqalaqe naxevar saaTze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi Tval-yurs adevnebda mkvlels,
romelic quCaSi samjer daesxa Tavs qals da
sasikvdilo Wrilobebi miayena mas. pirvelad
mkvleli xmaurma da binebSi uecrad anTebulma
sinaTlem daafrTxo, magram, amis miuxedavad,
igi mainc dabrunda da ganagrZo msxverplisTvis
Wrilobebis miyeneba. am Tavdasxmis ganmavlobaSiYprqtikulad arc erT adamians ar daurekavs
policiaSi; mxolod erTma maTganma dareka da
isic mxolod mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari
iyo (Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis
sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri, romelsac
ar surda daejerebina, rom adamianebma msgavsi
apaTia da gulqvaoba gamoiCines.
magram iqneba ki samarTliani, rom am adamianebs

apaTiurebi da gulqvebi vuwodoT? iqneb, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi qcevis axsna situaciuri
Zalebis zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bib leiteinma da jon darleim (Bibb
Latane and John Darley, 1970) klasikuri kvlevebis
seria Caatares. MmaTi mizani imis Cvenebaa, rom
TviTmxilvelTa Careva _ sxvisTvis gaWirvebaSi
daxmarebis gawevisTvis mzaoba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad sensitiurebi arian isini
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. maT laboratoriaSi Seqmnes TviTmxilvelTa Carevis eqsperimentuli situacia.
suraTi
viciT
rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs
eqsperimentSi kolejis studenti vaJebi
monawileobdnen. TiToeuli maTgani moaTavses satelefono kavSiriT aRWurvil
oTaxSi da daarwmunes, rom is telefoniT
esaubreboda mezobel oTaxSi myof sxva
(erT an met) students. pirad problemebze
saubris dros cdis pirebs telefonSi
esmodaT xmauri, romelic miuTiTebda
imaze, rom partniors epilefsiis Seteva
daewyo da moguduli xmiT iTxovda Svelas.
am Setevis~ dros cdis piri moklebuli
iyo sxva studentebTan dalaparakebis
SesaZleblobas da ar SeeZlo gaego, Tu
ra xdeboda da keTdeboda am sagangebo
mdgomareobaSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad.
eqsperimentSi damokidebuli cvladi iyo
is dro, romelic dasWirdeboda cdis pirs
eqsperimentatorisTvis sagangebo situaciis Sesatyobineblad.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damokidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa im nagulisxmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis
azriT, gaiges Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb.
rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas
varaudobda cdis piri, miT ufro gvian
atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an sulac
gaCumebas arCevda. rogorc 18.2 suraTze
18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo

situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul
situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom
romelime maTgani Caereva masSi. yvelaze swrafad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben ormonawilian
jgufebSi.
Cans, TiToeul orkacian situaciaSi Careva

saSualod 160 wamis ganmavlobaSi xorcieldeboda, magram 40%-ma imaTgan, visac
sjeroda, rom didi jgufis nawils warmoadgenda, Tavi ar Seiwuxa Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb eqsperimentatorisTvis
informaciis miwodebiT (Darley & Latane, 1968).
es pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Sedegia. rodesac erTze met adamians SeuZlia sagangebo

mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisTvis daxmarebis gaweva,
isini xSirad varaudoben, rom sxva daexmareba,
an unda daexmaros, TviTon ki ganze dgeba da ar
erTveba situaciaSi.
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention)

mzadyofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility) _ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia
TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia
TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis
aRmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
saidan
749
TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros

situaciis sagangebooba
zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi situacia iseTi
iyo, rom cdis pirebma araferi icodnen mimdinare
movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, mraval cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, rodesac adamianebi TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni midian
samsaxurSi an Sexvedraze SesaZloa, verc ki
amCnevdnen, rom maT winaSe iseTi situaciaa, romelSic maT sxvebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZliaT.
erT-erT dramatul eqsperimentSi prinstonis
Teologiuri seminariis studentebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom msmenelebi saTanadod Seafasebdnen maT qadagebas, romlis erT-erTi Tema
keTili samaritelis igavi iyo. SegaxsenebT, rom
igavi axali aRTqmis erT-erT personaJzea, romelmac gamonaxa dro gzaze dagdebuli daWrili
adamianis dasaxmareblad.
saidan
viciT
750
vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias

seminaristebs qadagebani sxvadasxva
SenobebSi unda waekiTxaT, romelTagan erTerTSi maT mokle instruqtaJi CautardaT.
SemTxveviTi SerCevis Sedegad, seminaristebis erT jgufs momzadebisTvis, faqtobrivad, araviTari dro ar hqonda da metic,
maT unda eCqaraT kidec, rom ar daegvianaT
qadagebis dawyeba. meore jgufs sakmao dro
hqondaT momzadebisTvis. mesame jgufis
wevrebma ki davaleba bevrad adre miiRes.
rodesac TiToeuli maTgani midioda daniSnulebis adgilisaken, xeivanSi, or Senobas Soris isini awydebodnen mamakacs,
romelic maT Tvalwin, mowyvetiT, xvelebiTa da kvnesiT ecemoda miwaze. amrigad,
seminaristebs, eZleodaT Sansi, realurad
ganexorcielebinaT is, ris Sesaxebac unda
eqadagaT. aRasrules ki maT es? imaTgan,
vinc Cqarobda, mxolod 10%-ma aRmouCina
daxmareba dacemuls. visac zustad sakmao
dro hqonda _ 45%-ma, xolo imaTgan, visac
saWiroze bevrad meti dro hqonda _ 63%-ma
ganaxorciela keTili samaritelis qcevis
analogiuri qceva (Darley & Batson, 1973).
ra Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT dagvianebul~

seminaristebs? SesaZloa, isini imdenad iyvnen
sakuTari sazrunaviT dakavebulni, rom verc ki
SeZles sagangebo situaciis SemCneva. SesaZloa,
SeamCnies kidec, magram ver SeZles misi sagangeboobis Sefaseba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
xedavT, rom daxmarebis qcevis ganxorcieleba
damokidebulia im droze, romelic situaciis
Sesafaseblad gaqvT.
TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda

Seafason, rogorc sagangebo
cxovrebaSi mravali situacia sakmaod bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven sulac ar gindaT,
rom Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CaigdoT da
xelovnuri sunTqva piridan-pirSi~ CautaroT
adamians, romelsac ubralod sZinavs. imis
gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara esa Tu is situacia
sagangebo, Tqven, Cveulebriv, uyurebT sxva adamianebs da maT reaqciebs (Latane & Darley, 1970).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT,
gaixsenoT msjeloba informaciuli zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, romelzec me-17 TavSi visaubreT. CaufiqrdiT TviTmxilvelis mier moyolil ambavs,
romelic aRwers, Tu rogor eswreboda igi
leqcias, romelzec oratori waqcevis piras
iyo misuli:
oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi metyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi sityvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas
kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma sWirdeba,
magram rogor SevTavazo mas es ise, rom
sityva ar Sevawyvetino? vaiTu, situacias
arasworad vafaseb da mere yvelam sulelad
CamTvalos? magram iqneb marTali var, is
gonebas kargavs da sityvis damTavrebamde
scenidan rom Camovardes? parteris skamebze
dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vicodi, rom es unda ameridebina, magram me
es ver SevZeli.
Tqven xedavT, Tu ramdenad Znelia imisTvisac
ki, vinc mtkiced flobs fsiqologiur codnas,
aiZulos sakuTari Tavi, imoqmedos iseT situaciaSi, romelsac, rogorc Cans, sxva aravin
afasebs sagangebo situaciad. da ai, rogor damTavrda es ambavi:
rogorc xedavT, gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb

garkveul windaxedulebas moiTxovs. asea Tu ise,
am mokle ambidanac naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad
Znelia erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba
da gansazRvra imisa, rom situacia sagangeboa.
TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda

grZnobdes
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Caurevlobis erTerT mniSvnelovan faqtors pasuxismgeblobis
difuzia warmoadgens. Tu Tqven daxmarebas
saWiroebT, yvelanairad unda ecadoT, garSemomyofebs daaZlevinoT winaaRmdegoba da sakuTar
Tavze aaRebinoT pasuxismgebloba. Tqven SegiZliaT pirdapir miuTiToT vinmeze da uTxraT _
me Tqveni daxmareba mWirdeba~. ganvixiloT ori
kvleva, romelic mkafiod gamoxatul danaSauls
exeba. pirvel kvlevaSi niuiorkelebi swrafi
kvebis restoranSi uyurebdnen, Tu rogor gamostaca mZarcvelma qals CanTa, rodesac is magididan dgeboda. meore kvlevaSi plaJze myofi
xalxi uyurebda qurds, romelmac pirsaxocze
dadebuli portatuli radio moipara, rogorc
ki patronma ramdenime wamiT yuradReba moaduna.
saidan
viciT
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra
TiToeul am eqsperimentSi msxverpli~
(eqsperimentatoris asistenti) danaSaulis
TviTmxilvelebs ekiTxeboda: gaqvT dro?~
an Tu SeiZleba, Cem dabrunebamde, cota
xniT yuradReba miaqcieT Cems CanTas (radios)~. pirveli interaqcia ar gulisxmobs
personalur pasuxismgeblobas da TviTmxilvelebic uazrod Sehyureben danaSauls, xolo isini, vinc daTanxmda msxverplis~ qonebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevas,
TiTqmis yvela CaerTo situaciaSi. isini
iTxovdnen Svelas, zogierTma gaqceuli
qurdic ki daiWira (Moriarty, 1975).
es eqsperimentebi migviTiTeben, rom daxmarebis

Txovnis aqti exmianeba adamianebis grZnobebs,
rac sxva adamianebsac rTavs situaciaSi da
safuZvlianad cvlis maT, xolo sul sxva movlenaa (da Secdoma iqneboda es apaTiurobad
CagveTvala) is, rom adamianebi xels ver uSlian
qurdobas. Mmcire davalebac ki _ xom ver mixedavdiT amas~ socialur-fsiqologiuri Zalebis gavleniT, maT situaciaSi rTavs da aqcevs
adamianad, romelsac uSualod moeTxoveba daxmarebis aRmoCena.
am qveTavSi Cven vsaubrobdiT prosocialur
qcevaze _ im garemoebebze, romlebSic adamianebi
erTmaneTs exmarebian. Cven vvaraudobT, rom
daxmarebis motivacia, SesaZloa, adamianis
genetikuri memkvidreobis nawilia. asea Tu ise,
adamianis buneba prosocialuri da antisocialuri impulsebis nazavs warmoadgens. momdevno
qveTavSi qcevis gansxvavebul saxes _ agresias _
SevexebiT, rac, SesaZloa, aseve adamianis genomSia
kodirebuli.
Sejameba
adamianebi axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, raTa sxva adamianebs daxmareba aRmouCinon.
isini altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben maSinac
ki, rodesac es maT pirad interesebs ar Tanxvdeba. evoluciuri Tvalsazrisi uSvebs, rom
adamianebi ojaxis wevrebis mimarT altruistulad genofondis SenarCunebis mizniT iqcevian;
altruizmi sxvaTa mimarT ki im daSvebiT aixsneba,
rom mis safuZvlad ormxrivobis molodini devs.
prosocialuri qcevebis sxva motivebia: egoizmi,
koleqtivizmi da principuloba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi am motivebs Soris, SesaZloa, arsebobdes
konfliqti. ramdenime situaciuri Zala moqmedebs
maSin, rodesac adamiani prosocialur qcevas
gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi axorcielebs. ada-
me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken

mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad gaognebuli
damcqeroda zemodan. warmovidgine, ras
fiqrobdnen Cemi studentebi da kolegebi,
romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems
eqscentrul qcevas, imis molodinSi, Tu
rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs pativcemul
stumars, vidre is leqcias daamTavrebda.
swored am dros oratori sabolood modunda
da grZnobadakarguli dameca. Cven xmauriT
davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze.
751
mianebi maSin ufro exmarebian sxvebs, rodesac

ar ganicdian pasuxismgeblobis difuzias, amCneven
sagangebo situaciis arsebobas, gansazRvraven
mas, rogorc aseTs da grZnoben am situaciaSi
sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas.
agresia
altruizmis cnebis Semosatanad, gagacaniT
amonaridebi sagazeTo statiebidan, romlebic
sxvadasxva gmirul aqtebs Seexeboda. samwuxarod,
gazeTebi, albaT, ufro met informacias gvawvdian
agresiis gamovlinebis Sesaxeb; adamianebis iseTi
qcevebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sxva adamianebisaTvis
fizikuri an fsiqologiuri zianis miyeneba sdevs
Tan. ai, mxolod ramdenime saTauri New York
Times~-is 2000 wlis 13 oqtombris nomridan:
iemenSi afeTqebam amerikeli mezRvaurebi
imsxverpla;
brbom israelis ori jariskaci mokla; vertmfrenebi Camogdebulia;
752
CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi 12-ze meti adamiani

yumbaram imsxverpla;
kolumbielma ajanyebulebma xelSi Caigdes
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis aTi ucxoeli
TanamSromeli.
am mokle CamonaTvalidanac kargad Cans, Tu
ramdenad mravalferovania adamianebis mier
erTmaneTis mimarT gamovlenili agresia. amdenad,
TqvenTvis isic gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom
aqvs mniSvneloba fsiqologebisaTvis agresiis
mizezebis gagebas, ris saboloo mizans, cxadia,
sazogadoebaSi agresiis gamovlinebebis Semcireba
warmoadgens.
evoluciuri midgoma
prosocialuri qcevisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi
Cven warmovaCineT evoluciis erT-erTi Tavsatexi:
ratom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs swiraven sxva
adamianebis keTildReobisaTvis? agresiuli
qcevis arseboba ki, ra Tqma unda, aseT kiTxvas
ar aRZravs. evoluciis Teoriis mixedviT,
cxovelebi agresiul qcevebs axorcieleben, raTa
sakuTari Tavi uzrunvelyon sawinaaRmdego sqesis

partnioriT da moipovon da daicvan is bunebrivi
resursebi, romlebic maTi da maTi STamomavlobis sicocxlis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs.
karl lorencis (Karl Lorenz, 1966) klasikur
naSromSi agresiis Sesaxeb~, dokumenturad aris
naCvenebi cxovelTa samyaroSi arsebuli agresiuli qcevebis mTeli mravalferovneba. lorenci, aseve, dokumenturad aRwers im meqanizmebs,
romlebic amcireben agresias: erT yorans
niskartis erTi dartymiT SeuZlia Tvali amougdos meores; mgels erTi kbeniT SeuZlia meores
sauRle venebi gadauRrRnas, magram aRar iarsebebda arc erTi yorani da arc erTi mgeli,
rom ar arsebobdes saimedo muxruWebi aseTi qcevebis asarideblad~ (gv. 240). lorencis TvalsazrisiT, swored es niSania, rac adamians mTeli
danarCeni cocxali samyarosagan ganasxvavebs. igi
amtkicebs, rom adamians msgavsi meqanizmebi
saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli. lorenci
fiqrobs, rom adamianSi aseTi amridebeli meqanizmebi imitom ar ganviTarda, rom adamianebs,
xelovnuri iaraRis gamoyenebamde, erTmaneTisTvis
didi zianis miyeneba ar SeeZloT. mas Semdeg, rac
gamoCnda iaraRi, lorencis mixedviT, adamiani,
rogorc saxeoba, iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda
rogorc mtredi, romelsac, bunebis ironiiT,
yornis niskarti gamoeba~ (gv. 241).
agresiis Taobaze lorencis mosazrebebis sapasuxod Catarebuli kvlevebi am mosazrebebs
ori TvalsazrisiT ewinaaRmdegeba (Lore & Schultz,
1993). jer erTi, cxovelebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis
bunebriv pirobebSi warmoebuli kvlevebi cxadyofen, rom bevri maTgani iseTive saxiT axorcielebs agresias, rogorc adamiani. magaliTad,
iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari cxovelebic ki,
rogorebic Simpanzeebi arian, brbosaviT ikvrebian da ise klaven Tvistoms (Goodall, 1986). agresiis sxva biologiur saxeobebSi gamovlenac
ver aris sanugeSo adamianisaTvis Cven ubralod
gveCveneba, rom ukeTesebi varT, sinamdvileSi ki
evoluciuri wyvetebis arsebobaze Zalze cota
ram Tu miuTiTebs. meorec, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom adamians sakuTari agresiis Semakavebeli
ufro meti meqanizmi gaaCnia, vidre amas lorenci
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva
individis fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas
iwvevs.
individualuri gansxvavebebi
ratom aris zogierTi individi ufro
agresiuli, vidre sxvebi? lorencis debulebaTa
konteqstSi TqvenTvis gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom
aviTareben mkvlevrebi HhipoTezas, romlis
Tanaxmadac, agresiis individualur gamovlenaSi
mniSvnelovan rols genetikuri komponenti
asrulebs. cxadia, Tqvenc SegimCneviaT, rom
zogierTi adamiani naklebad agresiuli Cans,
vidre sxvebi. Cveulebriv, gavrcelebulia azri,
rom agresiuloba Tu Zaladobisaken midrekileba,
ojaxidan iwyeba. Tumca, verafers vityviT imis
Taobaze, agresia genetikis Sedegia Tu garemosi,
sanam specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs ar

ganvixilavT.
saidan
viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis
roli agresiaSi
mravali im meTodis gamoyenebiT, romelic wina TavebSi aRvwereT, mkvlevrebma
miagnes pasuxs agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis rolis Taobaze. magaliTad, maT
Seadares identuri (monozigoturi) da
fraternaluri (dizigoturi) tyupebis
pirovnebebis agresiulobisadmi midrekileba; sxva SemTxvevaSi, maT Seafases bunebrivi da aRzrdis faqtorebis roli
ayvanil bavSvebSi. erT kvlevaSi gamoyenebul iqna statistikuri meTodi, romelsac
meta-analizi ewodeba, raTa moexdinaT
yvela im bunebrivi Tu aRzrdis faqtoris
rolis Sefaseba, romelic Seswavlil iqna
adre Catarebul 24 gamokvlevaSi (Miles &
Carey, 1997). (meta-analizi ufro srulad
me-16 TavSi aRvwereT). meta-analizma gamoavlina agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis
mdgradi da mniSvnelovani gadafarva, rogorc tyupebs, aseve, ayvanil bavSvebsa da
maT biologiur mSoblebs Soris. magaliTad, monozigoturi tyupebi myarad
aCveneben maRal korelacias agresiulo-
agresia
varaudobda. faqtobrivad, adamiani, Tavisi

socialuri garemoTi ganpirobebulobiT, agresiis gamovlenisas arCevans akeTebs. rogorc am
qveTavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, kulturebSi
calkec ki aris gamoyofili is garemoebebi,
romlebSic agresia ara Tu dasaSvebia, aramed _
zogjer aucilebelic ki. Cven vityodiT, rom es
kulturebi Tavad asruleben kritikul rols
imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra zomiT unda gamoavlinos adamianma agresiis Sekavebis~ unari.
evoluciuri analizi adasturebs, rom gadarCenis tendencia saxeobebis umravlesobaSi Zaladobisadmi Tandayolil tendenciaSi gamovlindeba. Tumca, adamianisTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis,
ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad metad Tu naklebad
avlenen sxva saxeobebi agresiis tendencias.
Semdeg agresiis gamovlenaSi arsebul individualur gansxvavebebs ganvixilavT.
753
basTan, dizigotur tyupebTan SedarebiT.

garemo ki agresiaze, Cveulebriv, axdens
mcire, magram gazomvad gavlenas.M
754
meta-analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davuSvaT,

rom sxvebTan SedarebiT, zogierT individs
agresiisadmi ufro meti midrekileba aqvs. M
mkvlevrebma, aseve, gaamaxviles yuradReba
tvinsa da hormonalur gansxvavebebze, romlebic,
SesaZloa, aseve, qmnidnen agresiuli qcevebisadmi
garkveul predispoziciebs. rogorc me-13 TavSi
vnaxeT, tvinis garkveuli struqturebi, rogoricaa amigdala da qerqis garkveuli ubnebi,
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben emociebis gamoxatvasa da regulirebaSi. rac Seexeba agresias,
aq mniSvnelovania, rom tvinis gamtari gzebi
efeqturad funqcionirebdnen da individs negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvaze kontrolis saSualebas aZlevdnen. Tuki, magaliTad, adamianebi
saTanado doneze ver axdenen amigdalas aqtivacias, maT, SesaZloa, ver aicilon negatiuri
emociebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT agresiul qcevebamde miiyvans (Davidson et al., 2000). yuradReba
gamaxvilda, agreTve, neirogadamcem serotoninze;
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom serotononis arasaTanado donem, SesaZloa, gaauaresos tvinis SesaZleblobebi negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvisa da
impulsuri qcevis regulirebaSi (Enserink, 2000).
dabolos, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom agresiaSi
zogierTi individualuri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa,
stresze farul reaqciebs asaxavdes. magaliTad,
erT-erTi proeqti exeboda 7-dan 12 wlamde
bavSvebSi agresiul qcevebsa da stresul hormons
_ kortisols Soris kavSiris dadgenas: yvelaze
agresiul biWebs yvelaze metad faruli reaqciebi
hqondaT stresze (McBurnett et al., 2000). es Sedegebi
gviCvenebs, rom zogierTi individi, SesaZloa,
ar ganicdides fiziologiur stresul reaqciebs,
rac adamianebis umravlesobas dramatuli agresiuli qcevebis ganxorcielebisagan icavs: maTi
sxeuli, ubralod, ar reagirebs negatiuri qcevebisa da emociebis Sedegebze.
pirovnebis agresiis fsiqologiurma kvlevebma
agresiuli qcevebis kategoriebis diferenciaciis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa: gansxvavebuli
pirovnuli profilis mqone adamianebi gansxvavebuli saxis agresias avlenen. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani midgoma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs im-
pulsur agresias da instrumentul agresias

(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996). impulsuri agresia
situaciaze reaqciaa da emociiT aRiZvreba: adamianebi agresiuli aqtebiT reagireben emociurad
datvirTul momentSi. Tu Tqven avtokatastrofis
Semdeg gamarTul xelCarTul brZolas xedavT,
es impulsuri agresiis magaliTia. instrumentuli agresia mizanmimarTuli da kogniturad
gaazrebulia. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi gegmaven
da fiqroben masze, raTa miaRwion garkveul
mizans. Tu xedavT, rom viRac asakovan qals
daesxa Tavs safulis wasarTmevad, es ukve instrumentuli agresiaa. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
adamianebi, romlebic agresiis gamovlenis am
ori tipiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, pirovnuli Taviseburebebis gansxvavebuli klasterebiT xasiaTdebian (Caprara et al.,1996). magaliTad, individebi, romlebsac impulsuri agresiisadmi midrekileba daudasturdaT, zogadad,
SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc maRali emociuri
mgrZnobelobis mqoneni. es niSnavs, rom isini
Zlier emociur reaqciebs iZlevian mTel rig
situaciebSi. amis sawinaaRmdegod, individebi,
romlebic instrumentuli agresiisken midrekiimpulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiqrebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
ratom gamoiwvia Tqveni agresia konkretulad

am situaciam? Tqvens konfliqts am pirovnebasTan
didi xnis istoria aqvs, Tu es erTjeradi
urTierToba iyo? Tqven Zalian agresiulad iyaviT
ganwyobili raime konkretuli mizezis gamo,
Tu ubralod im momentSi iyaviT gaRizianebuli?
es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im kiTxvebisa,
romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen agresiasa da
situacias Soris kavSiris kvlevisas. rodesac
studentebs vkiTxeT, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini
sakuTar agresiul qcevebze, maT mravalgvari
pasuxebi mogvawodes, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT.
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo
registracia unda gamevlo kursze. verc
veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac
meaTased miTxres: Tqven sxva kancelarias
unda mimarToT~, _ ise gavgiJdi, rom faqtobrivad kari gavamtvrie~.
lebiT gamoirCevian, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen,
rogorc Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis faqtoris mixedviT maRali maCveneblis mqoneni. am
individebs sjeraT, rom Zaladobis mravali
forma gamarTlebulia da ar ganicdian moralur
pasuxismgeblobas agresiuli qcevebis gamo. am
analizidan SegiZliaT iswavloT, rom yvela
tipis agresia ar aRiZvreba mis safuZvlad mdebare
msgavsi pirovnuli faqtorebiT.
adamianebis umravlesoba ar avlens midrekilebas agresiis erTi romelime tipis mimarT:
isini ar icvlebian mcire darRvevebis an Zaladobis mizandasaxuli aqtebis Semdeg. miuxedavad
amisa, zogierT situaciaSi Zalze damTmobma
adamianebmac ki SeiZleba ganaxorcielon agresiuli aqtebi. axla situaciis im tipebs ganvixilavT, romlebic xSirad qmnian agresiis
aRmZvrel pirobebs.
es ambavi erTi konkretuli magaliTia imisa,

rasac frustracia-agresiis hipoTezas uwodeben
(Dollard etal., 1939). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac adamianebs
xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
frustraciis zrdis pirobebSi ki Zalze didia
agresiis gamovlenis albaToba. kavSiri frustraciasa da agresias Soris mravali empiriuli
cdiTaa dadasturebuli (Berkovitz, 1993,1998). magaliTad, bavSvebma, romelTa imedic ar gamarTlda
_ maT ar miecaT gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli
saTamaSoebiT TamaSis ufleba, agresia gamoavlines am saTamaSoebis mimarT, rogorc ki maTi
xelSi Cagdebis SesaZlebloba miecaT (Barker et
al., 1941). mecnierebma es hipoTeza gamoiyenes agresiis asaxsnelad rogorc pirovnul, ise _ socialur doneze.
saidan
SeecadeT, gamoZebnoT dro da gaixsenoT,

bolos rodis ganaxorcieleT agresiuli qceva.
SesaZloa, es ar iyo fizikuri agresia: Tqven,
SesaZloa, ubralod sityvierad SeuracxyaviT
vinme imisaTvis, rom masSi fsiqologiuri
distresi gamogewviaT. rogor SegiZliaT axsnaT,
viciT
agresia da ekonomika
Tqven, albaT, icnobT am istorias. kaci
samsaxuridan daiTxoves da is brundeba
ufrosis, romelmac daiTxova, da kidev
ramdenime TanamSromlis mosaklavad. ra-
agresia
situaciuri gavlenebi
755
saSualo raodenoba
suraTi
18.3
8
7
temperatura da agresia
suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo

raodenoba (sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi),
rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois
imave periodSi (temperatura mocemulia
farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniSvnelovnad izrdeba 75 gradusidan (24C).
5
4
3
2
-5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
99+
temperatura
756
tom unda CaiTvalos samsaxuridan daTxovna

mafrustrirebel garemoebad (arsebobis
wyaros dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli imedgacrueba), romelic agresiuli qcevis ganxorcielebamde migviyvans? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mecnierTa jgufma Seiswavla urTierTmimarTeba san-franciskos
umuSevrebsa da im adamianebs Soris, romlebic fasdebodnen, rogorc sxvebisaTvis
saSiSni~. analizma mkvlevrebs saSualeba
misca, gaeerTianebinaT maCveneblebi da
ganesazRvraT, ra kavSiria umuSevrobis
maCveneblis zrdasa da Zaladobis zrdis
maCvenebels Soris. aRmoCnda, rom Zaladobis ricxvi umuSevrobis zrdis Sesabamisad izrdeboda, magram mxolod garkveul
donemde. Zaladobis raodenoba matulobs
maSin, rodesac umuSevrobis maCvenebeli
Zalze maRal zRvars aRwevs. ratom unda
xdebodes aseTi ram? mecnierebi Tvlian,
rom umuSevrad darCenis SiSi xels uwyobs
adamianebSi Zaladobis, frustraciiT determinirebuli tendenciis warmoqmnas
(Catalano et al., 1997).
es gamokvleva miuTiTebs, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben individualuri da socialuri Zalebi,

ris Sedegadac Zaladobis jamur dones viRebT.
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration-aggression hipothesis) am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs
saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs; frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul frustraciaze dafuZnebuli

agrsesiis garkveuli done, Tumca, rodesac adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier gamoxatulma
agresiam, SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas,
Zaladoba maSinve muxruWdeba. es, albaT, gamocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. albaT,
Zalze bevria iseTi situacia, romelSic Tavs
sakmaod frustrirebulad grZnobT, rac sakmarisi
pirobaa agresiis gamosavlenad, magram Tavs
ikavebT, vinaidan acnobierebT, rom es xels
SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.
frustracias yovelTvis ar mohyveba agresia.
magaliTad, rodesac frustracia SemTxveviT aris
gamowveuli, vTqvaT, bavSvma dedas kabaze
SemTxveviT gadaasxa wveni adamianebi naklebad
avlenen agresias, vidre maSin, rodesac frustraciis gamomwvevi raime moqmedeba winaswarganzraxulia (Burnstein & Worchel, 1962). amave dros,
situaciebi, romlebic ar iwveven frustracias,
SesaZloa, iseT negatiur emociebs iwvevdnen,
rom safuZvlad daedon agresul qcevas. aseTi
situaciaa asaxuli qvemoT motanil kidev erT
studentur ambavSi.
temperatura da agresia
cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki
kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma gza
gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vecade gamesrisa~.
arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias
Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3 suraTze asaxuli
monacemebi. es monacemebi im eqsperimentis Sedegebia, romelSic gamokvleuli iyo tempe-
Tu gavixsenebT, rom ase cudad sicxis gamo

vgrZnobdi Tavs~ da ar davaskvniT, rom imitom
viyavi cudad, rom im tipma lamis SemSala~ da
Tu es Cveni msjeloba WeSmaritia, maSin ratom
aCvenebs suraTi 18.3 TavdasxmaTa raodenobis
Semcirebas Zalian maRali temperaturis pirobebSi? adamianebi imdenad diskomfortulad
grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben uxerxuli situaciebidan ganridebas, vidre CxubSi
CarTvas (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). qvemoT aRwerili
mesame studenturi ambavi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
vlindeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zlierdeba is.
pirdapiri provokacia da eskalacia

biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi,
rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori qali
Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac garSemomyofebs awuxebda. me vTxove maT, rom
cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yuradReba ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev
vTxove maT, rom xmadabla esaubraT, magram
maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari, rom
isini tutucebi da gonebaClungebi iyvnen
da Tu axlave ar moketaven, biblioTekidan
movisvridi. aman imoqmeda~.
TqvenTvis aRmoCena ar iqneba, rom pirdapiri
provokacia agresiasA iwvevs, anu rodesac vinmes
qceva gabrazebT, an wonasworobas gakargvinebT
da Tanac, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom es ganzrax
xdeba, mosalodnelia, rom mas Tqven fizikuri,
an verbaluri agresiiT upasuxoT (Johnson & Rule,
1986). pirdapiri provikaciis efeqti Seesabameba
zogad mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom situaciebs,
romlebic uaryofiT Sedegebs iwveven, SeuZliaT
agresiis gamovlenamde migviyvanon. aq winaswarganzraxulobas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan adamianebi naklebad arian
midrekilni ganzraxvis gareSe Sesrulebuli
moqmedebebis uaryofiTad Sefasebisken (gaixseneT,
Cven igive daskvna gavakeTeT frustraciis
Sesaxebac, rom is naklebad iwvevs agresias, Tu
ar aris winaswarganzraxuli qmedebis Sedegi).
Aam ambis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSani,
provokaciis garda, eskalaciaa: vinaidan provokaciaze reaqciam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, studentis
Semdgomi reaqciac ufro agresiuli gaxda.
agresia
raturis gavlena bolo ori wlis manZilze

mineapolisSi (minesotis Stati) momxdar Tavdasxmebze. diagramas 36617 aRricxuli Tavdasxmis
analizi udevs safuZvlad (Cohn & Rotton, 1997).
rogorc xedavT, arsebobs Zlieri kavSiri temperaturasa da Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas
Soris. Tumca, faqtobrivad, diagrama srulad
ar asaxavs arsebul suraTs: realurad agresia
ufro maRalia gvian saRamosa da adre diliT
(saRamos 9 saaTidan dilis 3 saaTamde).
riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es garemoeba? am monacemebis axsna rogorc socialur,
ise _ fsiqologiur ZalebSi unda veZioT. socialur doneze, Tqven ukve mixvdiT, axsna efuZneba
im faqts, rom Tavdasxmebi ufro metad xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi saxlis gareT
arian. Tbil amindSi adamianebi ufro metad
arian gareT da, Sesabamisad, ufro xSiradac
xdebian Tavdasxmis msxverplni. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom saRamos 9-dan dilis 3 saaTamde
adamianebi naklebad arian datvirTulni samuSaoTi Tu sxva sapasuxismgeblo saqmeebiT. da ufro
metic, am periodSi maT, SesaZloa, miiRon
alkoholuri sasmeli an raime sxva saSualeba,
rac Seasustebs TavdamsxmelisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars (Ito et al., 1996).
aseTi socialuri axsnebis Semdeg, aris ki
saWiro, rom fsiqologiac CavrToT saqmeSi? pasuxi dadebiTia. meore, Zalze mniSvnelovani
komponenti, romelsac SeuZlia axsnas 18.3 suraTze gamosaxuli monacemebi, imis garkvevaa,
Tu rogor axerxeben adamianebi sicxis daZlevas
da rogor axdenen sicxiT gamowveuli diskomfortis interpretirebas. gaixseneT me-13 TavSi
mocemuli msjeloba Sefasebebisa da emociebis
Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom farengeitis skalaze
75 gradusian (24C) sicxeSi Tqven viRacas
esaubrebiT da grZnobT, rom gcxelaT da
diskomforts ganicdiT. vis an ras daukavSirebdiT Tqvens diskomforts, sicxes Tu Tanamosaubres? zustad im xarisxiT gamoxatavT mis
mimarT agresias, ra xarisxiTac gaakeTebT mcdar
daskvnas da diskomforts Tanamosaubres daukavSirebT, (Tqven, agreTve, SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
me-17 TavSi ganxiluli msjeloba atribuciis
fundamentaluri Secdomis Taobaze). ratom unda
hqondes mniSvneloba sicxes swored gvian saRamos
da adre diliT? dRis bolos, albaT, Znelad
757
saidan
viciT
eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis

sapasuxod
758
erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs unda

gaenawilebinaT eqsperimentatoris mier
gamoyofili, davalebis SesrulebisTvis
saWiro saxsrebi, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTma jgufma, romelic
eqsperimentatorTan winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli, faqtobrivad, uari Tqva TanamSromlobaze. eqsperimentatorma Caiwera
namdvil cdis pirTa mcdelobebi, mieRwiaT
SeTanxmebisaTvis (molaparakeba ori oTaxis
damakavSirebeli satelefono xazis meSveobiT mimdinareobda). mcdeloba sityvieri
gancxadebiT (Cven es gvWirdeba!) daiwyo,
Semdeg gabrazebul moTxovnaSi (Zalian
maRizianebT!) gadaizarda, Tan mTel saubars
salanZRavi mimarTvebi (magaliTad, gonebaClungebi xarT, biWebo!) gasdevda. praqtikulad, jgufis winaaRmdegobis Sesabamisad
xdeboda agresiis eskalacia. eqsperimentatorebi Tvlian, rom adamianebma daiswavles eskalaciis scenari. mexsierebis
struqturaSi aisaxeba provokaciis gagrZelebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturaSi
kodirebuli normebi, romelTa Sesabamisadac adamianebi agresiulad reagireben
provokaciis gagrZelebaze (Mikolic et al., 1997).
iyeneben danaSaulis Casadenad. am tipis agresia

ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc ufro farTo
kriminologiuri Teoriis komponenti.
Cven, metwilad, im garemoebebs SevexeT, romlebSic Cveulebrivi individebi, sakuTari TavisTvis moulodnelad, impulsur agresiul
aqtebs axorcieleben. momdevno qveTavSi davinaxavT, rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi zRudaven
rogorc individualur, ise _ kriminalur agresias.
kulturuli SezRudvebi
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom agresiuli qceva adamianis evoluciuri memkvidreobis
nawils warmoadgens da rom garkveul situaciur
faqtorebs SeuZliaT am agresiuli midrekilebebis aRZvra. aseT viTarebaSic ki, sxvadasxva
tipis monacemebi mowmobs, rom individis mxridan
agresiulobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia kulturuli normebiTa da faseulobebiT (Segal et al., 1997). am mosazrebis dasadastureblad Cven Sors wasvla ar dagvWirdeba,
vinaidan ubralod SevadarebT SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi Cadenil mkvlelobis
faqtebs. amerikaSi 7-10-jer meti mkvleloba xdeba,
vidre evropis umetes qveynebSi (Lore & Schultz,
1993). ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs aseT did
gansxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobebs Soris?
Tu Tqven amerikis moqalaqe xarT, namdvilad
unda gainteresebdeT am kiTxvaze pasuxi.
me~-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva

amCnevT, rom eskalaciis scenari frustraciasa
da agresias Soris urTierTmimarTebebsac exeba?
situaciis Secvlis uSedego sawyis mcdelobas,
rogorc Cans, frustraciis SegrZnebamde mivyavarT, rac kidev ufro zrdis intensiuri agresiis
gamovlenis albaTobas.
axla ki ganvixiloT sxva situaciuri Zalebi,
romlebmac, aseve, SeiZleba migviyvanos fizikuri
da verbaluri agresiis gamovlenamde. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom Cven mier moyvanili
yvela magaliTi ufro metad exeba impulsur da
ara _ instrumentul agresias. rogorc zemoT
ukve ganvmarteT, es ukanaskneli iseT garemoebebs
ufro exeba, rodesac adamianebi agresias dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisTvis iyeneben. magaliTad, rodesac mZarcvelebi fizikur Zalas
vidre agresiasa da kulturas Soris urTierTmimarTebebs SevexebodeT, kidev erTxel ganvixiloT pirovnebis me~-s kulturuli konstruqtebis nairsaxeobebi fsiqologia da cxovrebis~
furclebze. rogorc adre ganvmarteT, dasavluri
kulturebis umetesoba asaxavs me~-s damoukidebel konstruqtebs maSin, roca aRmosavluri
kulturebis umravlesoba _ me~-s urTierTdamokidebul (erTmaneTze damokidebul) konstruqtebs (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). ra Sedegebi aqvs am
gansxvavebebs agresiul qcevebTan mimarTebiT?
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom, Tu adamiani Tavs
sakuTari kulturis sxva wevrebTan fundamenturad dakavSirebulad Tvlis, misgan naklebad
aris mosalodneli agresiuli reaqciebi
bolos da bolos, es xom sakuTari me~-s winaaRmdeg iqneba mimarTuli.
saidan
viciT
agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi
am eqsperimentma daadastura, rom iaponel

bavSvebs ukve gaSinagnebuli hqondaT urTierTdamokidebulebis (erTmaneTze damokidebuli)
kulturuli normebi: maT ukve gaSinagnebuli
hqondaT is sanqciebi, romelic sxva adamianebisaTvis zianis miyenebas mohyveba. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli bavSvebis qcevam daadastura
maTSi damoukidebeli me~-s arseboba, romelic
dacul unda iqnes sxvebis Tavdasxmisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvsazRvreT
mTavari kulturuli gansxvaveba damoukideblobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas Soris, am
sferoSi ufro daxvewili gansxvavebebis gamoZebnac SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, riCard nisbetma
da misma kolegebma (Nisbett & Cohes, 1996) farTod
Seiswavles agresiasTan dakavSirebuli damokidebulebebi da qcevebi SeerTebuli Statebis
sxvadasxva regionebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba, romelic aRmoCenil iqna am kvlevebis

Sedegad, isaa, rom samxreTelebis qceva e.w.
Rirsebis kulturiT regulirdeboda, romelSic
umciresi kamaTic ki reputaciisa da socialuri
statusis gamocdad iqceva~ (Cohen et al., 1996, gv.945).
Rirsebis kultura ar axdens yvela saxis agresiis
sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod
is saxeebi, romlebic sakuTrebis an pirovnuli
Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan arian dakavSirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
saidan
viciT
CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa
reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze
kolejis student biWebs Crdiloelebs da samxreTelebs zomieri Seuracxyofis amtanobaze Cautares cda. vidre
cdis piri derefanSi midioda, mas eqsperimentatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri ejaxeboda da Tan virisTavs~ uwodebda.
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom mxris
gakvrasa da sityvier Seuracxyofaze
agresia
kulturis zegavlenis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia is, Tu rogor swavloben

erT da imave situaciebze reagirebas sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi.
skolamdeli asakis (saSualod 4.5 wlis)
iaponel da amerikel bavSvebs mokle moTxrobebi waukiTxes, romlebic Seicavda
konfliqtur dilemebs da Semdeg sTxoves,
TojinebiT gaeTamaSebinaT situaciebi da
eCvenebinaT, rogor damTavrdeboda es
wakiTxuli ambebi. magaliTad, bavSvebs unda
eCvenebinaT, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg, rac
ori bavSvi iwyebda kamaTs da xels hkravdnen
erTmaneTs. amerikelma bavSvebma agresiulobis ufro maRali xarisxi aCvenes orive
sazomis mixedviT: rogorc verbalur agresiaSi _ isini ufro xSirad ambobdnen:
mZulxar~, ise _ agresiul qcevebSic, rac
Tojinebis mier erTmaneTis xelis kvriTa
da cemiT gamoixateboda (Zahn-Wacsler et al.,
1996).
759
manZili, rodesac dcis pirebi

gzas uTmobdnen
Crdiloeli studentebi
samxreTeli studentebi
suraTi
18.4
110
100
Seuracxyofis efeqti
Crdiloelebsa da
samxreTelebSi
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
kontroli
Seuracxhyofa
eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli

da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies
mcire Seuracxyofis situaciaSi. marTalia, Seuracxyofis gareSe samxreTelebi ufro Tavazianebi iyvnen, magram Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi isini
ufro naklebad uTmobdnen gzas
`yvinCilebis~ TamaSSi.
eqsperimentuli piroba
760
samxreTelebs ufro mZafri reaqciebi unda

hqonodaT, vidre Crdiloelebs. erT-erTi
sazomi, romelic mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes,
iyo TamaSi yvinCilebi~, romlis arsic
isaa, rom ori adamiani pirdapir uaxlovdeba
erTmaneTs, sanam erT-erTi ar gadauxvevs
gzidan. am SemTxvevaSi ndobiT aRWurvili
piri jiqur midioda cdis pirTan da
gazomil iqna is manZilebi, rodesac es
ukanasknelni uxvevdnen gzidan. rogorc
es 18.4 suraTidanac Cans, zomierma Seuracxyofam marTlac dramatuli zegavlena
moaxdina samxreTelTa qcevaze. Seuracxyofis gareSe isini, praqtikulad, ufro
Tavazianebi iyvnen, vidre Crdiloelebi
da Tavazianad uTmobdnen gzas, magram
rodesac maT mxars gahkravdnen, gacilebiT
gvian gadadiodnen gzidan (Cohen et al., 1996).
mravali adamiani aSS-Si iziarebs azrs, rom

samxreTuli kultura ufro Tavaziania, vidre
CrdiloeTis riCmondels ufro Tavisuflad
hkiTxavT gzas, vidre niu iorkels. am eqsperimentis Sedegebic aseTi Sexedulebebis gamoZaxilia im azriT, rom Seuracxyofis gareSe (sakontrolo jgufi) samxreTelebi ufro adre uTmobdnen gzas, vidre Crdiloelebi, magram
Tavazianoba gaqra Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi da
saqmeSi Rirsebis grZnoba CaerTo. ase rom,
damoukidebeli me~-s iseT dasavlur kulturaSic
ki, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia,
samxreTeli mamakacebi ufro mwvaved reagireben,

rodesac saqme Rirsebas exeba, vidre Crdiloelebi (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).
agresiuli qcevis normebi

aqamde migvaCnda, rom kulturebi, romlebic
damoukidebeli me~-s konstruqtebiT xasiaTdebian, ufro metad uwyoben xels agresiul
qcevas, magram es dakvirveba mainc ar xsnis im
gamsxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobaSi, razec
zemoT gvqonda saubari. evropuli kulturebi,
romlebSic mkvlelobebis raodenobebi bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian damoukidebeli me~-s mqone kulturebis gafarToebul wreSi. maS, ra damatebiTi kulturuli
faqtorebi erTveba am procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-isTvis SeiZleba dadgindes, garemoSi arsebuli agresiuli
qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7 TavSi
visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze
swrafad iTviseben agresiul qcevebs ufrosebisagan. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi ufrosebis
mier saTamaSo plastikuri Tojinebis cemis,
xelis kvris da fexiT Sedgomis magaliTebs
xedavdnen, Semdgom, Zalze didi sixSiriT,
TviTonac imeorebdnen maT, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis bavSvebi, romlebic ar eswrebodnen ufrosebis aseT agresiul gamovlinebebs (Bandura
et al., 1963). imave TavSi Cven, aseve, mivuTiTeT, rom
aSS-is televizia uzarmazari odenobiT pirdapir
saxlSi awvdis bavSvebs agresiuli qcevis mode-
sikis oaxakas Statis ori mimdebare soflis

magaliTi (Scott, 1992). erTi sofeli Zaladobrivia,
meore ki _ araZaladobrivi: pirvelSi mkvlelobebis raodenoba meoreze xuTjer metia.
soflebi erTmaneTisgan 1500 metriT arian
daSorebulni da Zalze gvanan erTmaneTs religiuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ZaladobaSi
gansxvavebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi axsna isaa,
rom gansxvavebulia maTi kulturebis stabilurobis maxasiaTeblebi. ama Tu im gziT orive
kulturam miaRwia Zaladobis garkveul dones
da is stabiluri rCeba drois garkveul periodSi. es aris me-17 TavSi aRwerili normebis transmisiis (gadatanis) da prezervaciis (dacvis)
realur cxovrebaSi asaxuli magaliTi. analogiurad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tavisi
sakomunikacio saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did
soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am qveTavSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi
Zalebi dawyebuli genetikuridan da kulturuliT damTavrebuli, magram rCeba kidev erTi
mosazreba, romelsac jer ar SevxebivarT da
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi zogjer agresiul
qcevas winaswarSeqmnili crurwmenebis gamo axorcieleben. isini, mxolod imitom, rom gansxvavebul eTnikur Tu rasobriv jgufebs ekuTvnian (anu iseT jgufebs, romlebsac uwodeben
sxvebs~), SesaZloa, agresiis msxverplni gaxdnen.
axla crurwmenebis Temas mivubrundebiT da
vaCvenebT, Tu saidan iReben isini saTaves da ra
unda gakeTdes maT Sesamcireblad, an aRmosafxvrelad.
Sejameba
evoluciuri analizi mowmobs, rom agresiuli
qcevisadmi adamianis midrekileba aRmocendeba
iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT unda daicvan
sakuTri Tavi da sakuTari STamomavloba. eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom agresiulobasTan
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri da
pirovnuli gansxvavebebi. rodesac adamianebi
ganicdian frustracias sakuTar miznebTan
dakavSirebiT, agresiis gamovlenis meti albaToba
Cndeba. garemos garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad, temperaturas, agreTve, SeuZlia Secvalos
agresiulobis gamovlenis albaToba. adamianebi
agresia
lebs, riTac xels uwyobs Zaladobis imitacias

(Comestock & Sharrer, 1999). SesaZloa, swored aSSSia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio Zaladoba. erT-erTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom
amerikeli bavSvebi gacilebiT proteleviziurebi~ an televiziaze damokidebulni~ arian,
vidre germaneli bavSvebi (Smith & Schutte, 1982).
amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT
gzad bavSvebis mkacri SezRudva da maTTvis
agresiis am modelebis rogorc televiziiT,
ise _ kinoSi xelmiuwvdomloba gvesaxeba.
ra Tqma unda, mravali bavSvisTvis agresiis
modeli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic arsebobs.
bavSvebi, SesaZloa, agresiul qcevebs TavianT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xedavdnen. me-7 TavSi
aRvniSneT, rom bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad
isjebian fizikurad, TviTonac xSirad iyeneben
agresias sxvebis qcevebis kontrolis mizniT.
bavSvebi, aseve, SesaZloa, xSirad xedavdnen
agresiul qcevebs sakuTar socialur wreSic.
magaliTad, erT-erTi eqsperimentis mizani iyo,
im bavSvebis monaTxrobebis Seswavla, romlebic
Seeswrnen los-anJelesis amboxebas, romelic
1992 wels rodnei kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas
mohyva (Farver & frosch, 1996). es bavSvebi (gansxvavebiT imaTgan, romlebic ar Seswrebian aRniSnul
movlenebs) Txrobisas iyenebdnen personaJebis
ufro mtrul aRwerebs, ufro agresiul sityvebs,
fizikurad gamoxatul agresiul xasiaTebs da
met moqmed pirebs, romlebic situaciis samarTavad, aseve, agresias mimarTavdnen.
aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom bavSvebi sasiamovno eqsperimentatorebis garemocvaSi ubralod
TamaSobdnen saTamaSoebiT, amboxebasTan dakavSirebuli agresiuli xatebi ki maT warmosaxvaSi
arsebobda. los-anJelesis amboxebas Zaladobis
niSnebi hqonda, magram is droSi SemosazRvruli
iyo. samwuxarod, SeerTebul StatebSi mravali
qalaqeli bavSvi izrdeba iseT garemoSi, romlisTvisac Zaladoba yoveldRiuri da qronikuli
movlenaa (Osofsky, 1997; Schwartz & Proctor, 2000).
mkvlevrebi jer mxolod iwyeben im Sedegebis
garkvevas bavSvebis fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da
agresiuli qcevebis gamovlenaze, rac maTTvis
Zaladobis scenebis Cvenebas moaqvs.
agresiuli qcevis kulturuli determinaciisadmi miZRvnil am qveTavs davamTavrebT
SeniSvniT, rom kulturuli normebi Zalze
adgilobrivi da stabiluria. ganvixiloT meq-
761
agresiiT pasuxoben maTze mimarTul pirdapir

agresias da maTi agresiuloba matulobs, rac
ufro nakleb efeqturia wina agresiuli qceva.
kulturaSi agresiuli qcevebis prevalireba
dakavSirebulia me~-s damoukidebel, an interdamokidebulebiT maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierTi
kultura, agreTve, iZleva agresiulobis misaRebi
formebis modelebs.
crurwmenebi
762
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela sisustidan arc erTs ar gaaCnia iseTi damangreveli

Zala, rogoric adamianis Rirsebasa da socialur
urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul winaswar- Seqmnil
crurwmenebs. crurwmenis arseboba imis maniSnebelia, rom damaxinjebulia socialuri realoba adamianebis gonebaSi Seqmnilia situacia, romelsac SeuZlia daamciros da gaanadguros sxva adamianebis cxovreba. crurwmena winaswardaswavlili damokidebulebaa samizne
obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur
grZnobebs (armowoneba, an SiSi) da negatiur
Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT
ganzraxvebs _ acilebul, gakontrolebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnen isini, romlebic
mocemul samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian. magaliTad, nacisti liderebi kanonebsac ki qmnidnen,
raTa ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi crurwmenebi, rom
ebraelebi dabali donis adamianebi iyvnen da
rom isini ariuli kulturis daRupvamde miyvanas
cdilobdnen. mcdari Sexeduleba kvalificirdeba, rogorc crurwmena, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba
cvlilebas, misi simcdaris naTeli mtkicebulebebis arsebobis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
adamianebi avlenen crurwmenebs, rodesac amtkiceben, rom afro-amerikelebi yvelani zarmacrurwmena (Prejudice) winaswar daswavlili
damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs
(armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs
(stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben arsebul
damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs,
acilebul, kontrolirebul, dominirebul an
ganadgurebul iqnen isini, romlebic mocemul
samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian.
cebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi afroamerikeli kolegebi dauRalavad Sromoben.
crurwmenebi garkveuli filtris rols asruleben, romelic yovelTvis mijnavs adamianebs
sxva adamianebisagan da maT samizne jgufSi
aTavsebs erTxel ganxorcielebuli kategorizaciis Sesabamisad.
socialuri fsiqologia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs crurwmenebis Seswavlas,
vinaidan cdilobs, gaigos maTi sirTule, simyaris mizezebi da SeimuSaos maTi Secvlisa da
daZlevis strategiebi (Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992;
Jones, 1997). gaixseneT pirveli Tavi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1954 wlis
gadawyvetileba sazogado saswavleblebSi segregaciis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic,
nawilobriv, eyrdnoboda socialuri fsiqolog
kenet klarkis (Kenneth Clark) mier sasamarTlosTvis wardgenil sakuTari kvlevebis Sedegebs
da romelic Savkanian bavSvebze gancalkevebuli
da araTanaswori swavlebis negatiur Sedegebs
asaxavda (Clark & Clark, 1947). am qveTavSi aRvwerT
im progress, romelsac socialurma fsiqologebma miaRwies crurwmenebis warmoSobisa da
maTi efeqtebis gagebaSi; aseve, SevexebiT maTi
Secvlis praqtikul mcdelobebs.
crurwmenis sawyisebi
erT-erTi samwuxaro WeSmariteba, romelic
crurwmenebis Seswavlam gamovlina, is simartivea,
romliTac adamianebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs
jgufis solidarobas
holandiaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis
seriaSi cdis pirebi SemTxveviTad dayves
or jgufad: mwvaneebad da lurjebad. cdis
pirebs imis mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs
miakuTvnes, dauriges mwvane an lurji
kalmebi da sTxoves, eweraT, Sesabamisad,
mwvane an lurj qaRaldebze. eqsperimentatorebi jgufebis wevrebs mimarTavdnen
maTi jgufis feris Sesabamisi feris
saxeliT da miuxedavad imisa, rom feris
mixedviT gansazRvrul kategoriebs araviTari faruli fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba
ar gaaCndaT da jgufis wevrebis SerCevac
sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, isini sakuTar
jgufs ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, vidre
meores. metic, mxolod da mxolod ferTa
gansxvavebaze dafuZnebuli es Sidajgufuri
mikerZoeba manamdec ki gamovlinda, sanam

cdis pirebi eqsperimentuli davalebis
Sesrulebas daiwyebdnen (Rabbie, 1981).
is, ramac Tavi iCina Tundac ferebis~ am
eqsperimentSi, socialuri kategorizaciis swraf
gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
mravali eqsperimenti Catarda im Sedegebis
Sesaswavlad, romelic iseT minimalur jgufebs
hqondaT, rogoric mwvaneebis~ da lurjebis~
SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974).
gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi Zalian xSirad
urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi, magram
TiTqmis maSinve avlenen gasaocar erTsulovnebas swamT, rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi
yvelaze sasiamovno da kargad momuSave xalxia.
rodesac resursebis ganawilebis dro dgeba,
adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa araferi
uwiladon gare jgufis wevrebs. aseTi Sedegebi
Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad, rom gare jgufi
riskis qveS dgeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom Sida
da gare jgufebis zogierT wevrs, SesaZloa,
kargi urTierTobac hqondes erTmaneTTan (Park &
Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).
Tu yvela am Zalas gamoviyenebT xelovnurad
Seqmnil jgufebSi, Tqven SegeZlebaT, daakvirdeT,
Tu rogor xorcieldeba crurwmenebi ase
daundobel realur cxovrebaSi. crurwmenebma
advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos rasizmamde
adamianis diskriminaciis formamde, romelic
dafuZnebulia kanis ferze an eTnikur warmoSobaze da seqsizmamde adamianis diskriminaciis
formamde, romelic dafuZnebulia sqesobriv
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization)
_ procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa
jgufebs.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
rasizmi (Racism) adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi kanis feridan an eTnikuri warmomavlobidan gamomdinare
seqsizmi (Sexism) adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi sqesis gamo
crurwmenebi
ganawyon ucxo adamianebisadmi. socialuri kategorizacia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi

sakuTari socialuri garemos organizebas
axdenen, miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da
sxvaTa jgufebs. kategorizaciis yvelaze martivi
da yovlismomcveli formaa individis mier imis
gansazRvra, Tu vin aris misi msgavsi da vin _
ara. kategorizaciis es forma saTaves iRebs
dapirispirebidan, me ara me-s winaaRmdeg~ orientaciamde Cven isini-s winaaRmdeg~. adamianebi
socialur samyaros orad yofen: Sida jgufebad
jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
identificirebas axdens da gare jgufebad
jgufebad, romlebTanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen. am kognituri gansxvavebebis
Sedegia Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT (Jones,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganixilebian, rogorc
garejgufis wevrebi, ufro xSirad xdebian mtruli grZnobebisa da usamarTlo damokidebulebis
obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia, rom gamowveul iqnes tendenciuroba da
crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, romlebic
garejgufs miekuTvnebian.
763
mkvlevrebs hqondaT hipoTeza, rom crurwmenebis mqone adamianebi ufro gulmodgined moekidebodnen swori~ rasobrivi
Sefasebebis gakeTebas. mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom crurwmenebis mqone
studentebi ufro met dros dauTmobdnen
orazrovani saxeebis klasificirebas.
faqtobrivad, crurwmenebis mqone studentebma TiToeuli orazrovani suraTis
amocnobaze erTi wamiT meti dro daxarjes,
vidre maT, visac ar gaaCnda rasobrivi
crurwmenebi (Blascovich et al., 1997).
764
niSanze. Cven~ da isini~-s gansxvavebebis sawyisi

tendenciebi xSirad maSin Zlierdeba, rodesac
Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom resursebi SezRudulia
da is, SesaZloa, mxolod erT jgufs ergos.
faqtobrivad, adamiani, romelsac axasiaTebs
crurwmenebisadmi daqvemdebarebulobis maRali
xarisxi, ufro metad msjelobs imis Sesaxeb,
adamianebidan vin romel kategorias ekuTvnis.
saidan
viciT
crurwmena da rasobrivi xasiaTis
msjeloba
studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces
skala, romelic zomavda maT damokidebulebas afro-amerikelebis mimarT. maT
Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT, erTi jgufi klasificirda, rogorc crurwmenebis mqone,
meore ki _ rogorc crurwmenebis armqone.
Semdeg orive jgufis studentebs sTxoves,
daeTvalierebinaT fotoebis seria, romlebzec saxeebi iyo gamosaxuli da xmamaRla
daexarisxebinaT isini, rogorc TeTri~
an Savi~. zogierTi saxis klasificireba
Zalian advili iyo maSin, roca zogierTi
saxe Zalze gaurkvevlad gamoiyureboda.
es eqsperimenti aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania crurwmenebis mqone adamianebisaTvis

sxva adamianebis klasificireba Cvenebad~ da
sxvebad~. bolo dros mkvlevrebma SeZles ufro
zustad aRenusxaT crurwmenebis arqona, rac
gamoixata imiT, rom aseTi adamianebi nakleb
yuradRebas aqceven adamianebs Soris gansxvavebebs (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). adamianebs, romlebsac
maRali qulebi aqvT universaluri orientaciis
skalaze, iseTi tipis debulebebze daTanxmebis
tendencia axasiaTebT, rogoricaa: rodesac
vinmes vxvdebi, vcdilob, ganvsazRvro msgavseba
Cemsa da mas Soris~ da uaryofen iseT debulebebs,
rogoricaa: _ bevri ramis Tqma SemiZlia adamianze, Tu vici, ra sqesisaa is~. amgvarad, zogierT adamians SeuZlia samyaros Sida da gare
jgufebad dayofis tendenciis daZleva.
Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivyavarT
crurwmenebs adamianebis Cven~ da isini~ jgufebad dayofamde. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor erTvebian stereotipebi crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi.
stereotipebis efeqtebi
Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri
kategorizaciis Zala mravali saxis crurwmenis
sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze crurwmenebis gavlena,
Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod,
ki _ stereotipebi. stereotipebi warmoadgenen
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi,
romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren
mTel jgufs.
agdeben sxvebis, maTi stereotipebisTvis Seusabamo mosazrebebs.
saidan
viciT
arapopularuli stereotipi
Seusabamo informacia
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac Tqven iRebT
informacias, romlis nawilic amyarebs
Tqvens Sexedulebebs, meore nawili ki ewinaaRmdegeba mas? erT-erT kvlevaSi eqsperimentatorebma studentebi dayves or
_ homoseqsualizmis mimarT Zlieri da
susti crurwmenebis mqone _ jgufad. amis
Semdeg TiToeuli studenti TanmimdevrobiT kiTxulobda or mecnierul naSroms
homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb. erT naSromSi
mocemuli iyo stereotipis Sesabamisi
daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi unda Sefasdes
sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi, meoreSi
ki stereotipis sawinaaRmdego daskvna,
rom homoseqsualizmi ar unda iqnes Sefasebuli sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi.
rodesac orive jgufis studentebi afasebdnen orive naSromis mecnierul dones,
maT maRali Sefaseba misces im naSroms,
romelic, Sesabamisad, emTxveoda maT Sexedulebas. magaliTad, Zlieri crurwmenebis
crurwmenebi
adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebul

ganzogadebebs, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel jgufs. ueWvelia, rom Tqven
stereotipebis farTo speqtrs icnobT. ra Sexedulebebi gaqvT kacebsa da qalebze, ebraelebze,
musulmanebsa da qristianebze, azielebze, afroamerikelebze, amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobaze,
laTinoamerikelebsa da kavkasielebze? ra gavlenas axdenen es Sexedulebebi am adamianebTan
Tqvens urTierTobebze? Tqveni Sexedulebebis
gamo Tavs aridebT xolme maTTan urTierTobas?
vinaidan stereotipebi ase Zlierad erTvebian
molodinebSi, isini xSirad uwyoben xels im
situaciebis warmoqmnas, romlebic me-17 TavSi
aRvwereT, rodesac adamianebi TviTon ageben
sakuTar socialur realobas. gaiTvaliswineT,
ra rols asruleben stereotipebi im SefasebiT
msjelobebSi, romlebic socialur garemoSi
raimes arsebobas~ exeba. adamianebi monacemebis
naklebobis~ sakuTari stereotipebidan gamomdinare, informaciiT Sevsebis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian: me ar vapireb hiroSisTan erTad manqanaSi
Cajdomas azielebi saSineli mZRolebi arian~.
aseve, adamianebs SeuZliaT (ara aqvs mniSneloba,
ician Tu ara) stereotipuli informaciis qceviTi dadasturebisaTvis gamoyeneba. magaliTad,
Tu Tqven asabuTebT, rom ebraelebi cudi
megobrebi arian, Tqven arasodes miscemT maT
SesaZleblobas, rom sawinaaRmdego dagimtkicon.Eamaze uaresi isaa, rom gaimyareben Tu ara
sakuTar mosazrebebs, adamianebi aRarafrad
765
mqone cdis pirebma meti mecnieruli Rirseba miaweres im naSroms, romelic ganamtkicebda sqesTaSoris stereotips. metic,
am ori naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg, romlebic Ffaqtobrivad, mxolod abalansebdnen erTmaneTs, studentebma daadastures, rom maT ganumtkicdaT sakuTari
azris sisworis rwmena (Munro & Ditto, 1997).
766
es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, rom mxolod

informacia ar amcirebs crurwmenebs: adamianebs
gaaCniaT midrekileba, mniSvneloba ar mianiWon
im informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT
mTavar stereotipebs (Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT
crurwmenebis Semcirebis ufro qmediT meTodebs).
neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT stereotipebis sxva
efeqti, romelsac inteleqtis testirebis
ganxilvis dros SevexeT. gavixsenoT me-10 Tavi,
sadac inteleqtis koeficientebSi (IQ) rasobriv
gansxvavebebze vsaubrobdiT. aRniSnul TavSi Cven
mimovixileT faqtebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom
stereotipul jgufebs axasiaTebT safrTxe,
romelsac klod stilma (Claude Steel) da misma
kolegebma stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel,
1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). stereotipuli
safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi iseT
situaciebSi aRmoCndebian, romlebTanac dakavSirebulia stereotipis negatiuri aspeqtebi.
magaliTad, me-10 TavSi Cven davadastureT, rom
afro-amerikelebis mier unarebis testebis Sesruleba uaresdeba, rogorc ki uCndebaT eWvi, rom
testis Sedegebi Seesabameba Savkanianebis swavlis dabalunarianobis stereotipebs. es monacemebi imitom SegaxseneT, rom xazi gagvesva im
faqtorebisTvis, romlebic aZliereben uaryofiT
stereotipebs da im xerxebisTvis, romlebic
stereotipulad ganwyobili adamianebis cxovrebis deformacias iwveven.
darwmunebulic rom iyoT, rom Tqven ar
gagaCniaT crurwmenebi, mainc savaraudoa, rom
Tqvenc gaqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi. am stereotipebis codnam,
SesaZloa, aracnobier doneze maTi gamoyenebisaken gibiZgoT (Devine & Monteith, 1999). im
adamianebmac ki, romelTa Sexedulebebic Tavisufalia crurwmenebisgan, SesaZloa, mainc ganaxorcielon avtomaturi aqtebi, romlebic warsuli
da awmyo garemocvis mravali wyarodan miRebul
gaucnobierebel crurwmenebs gulisxmoben. SexedeT Tqvens megobrebs, isini xom igive eTnikur
jgufs ekuTvnian, romelsac Tqven? Tu asea, ratom?
Cven mivediT im savalalo daskvnamde, rom
crurwmenis Seqmna advilia, magram daZleva
Zneli. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri fsiqologiis
Camoyalibebis pirveli dReebidanve mecnierebi
ebrZvian MmaT.
axla mivubrundeT am mcdelobebis saukeTeso
magaliTebs.
crurwmenebis daZleva
socialur fsiqologiaSi erT-erTma klasikurma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cven~ jgufis
dapirispirebam isini~ jgufTan, SesaZloa,
seriozul mtrobamde migviyvanos. 1954 wlis
zafxulSi muzafer Serifma da misma kolegebma
(Muzafer Sheerif, 1961/1988) or jgufad dayofili
biWebi oklahomis Statis saxelmwifo parkSi
waiyvanes. jgufebs, pirobiTad, arwivebi~ da
Cxakunebi~ uwodes. TiToeuli jgufi TviTon
uvlida Tavis Tavs _ isini daexetebodnen, curavdnen, saWmels amzadebdnen da erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi araferi icodnen meore jgufis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. jgufebma erTmaneTi beisbolSi, fexburTsa da bagiris gadawevaSi Sejibrebis dros
gaicnes. aseT dasawyiss or jgufs Soris gamZvinvarebuli metoqeoba mohyva. dawves erTmaneTis
almebi, daarbies da gaZarcves sacxovrebeli
kotejebi da sakvebis gamo namdvili brZola
gaaCaRes. rogor unda Semcirebuliyo aseTi
mtroba?
saidan
viciT
erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis
aucilebloba
eqsperimentatorebma scades propagandistuli xerxi erT jgufs uqebdnen
meores. aman ar gaWra. amis Semdeg Seecadnen
jgufebisTvis iseTi garemo SeeqmnaT, romelic gamoricxavda Sejibrs. arc aman
imoqmeda. mtroba maSinac grZeldeboda,
rodesac jgufebi erTad uyurebdnen films.
bolos mkvlevrebma erTi ram moifiqres.
maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi problemebi,
am eqsperimentma daadastura kontaqtis

hipoTeza, rom mtrul jgufebs Soris pirdapiri
kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs (Allport, 1954).
biWebs erTad yofnis garda sxva aRaraferi surdaT
da, piriqiT, eqsperimentma isic aCvena, rom
crurwmenebis dasaZlevad waxalisebul unda
iqnes adamianebis erTmaneTze damokidebuleba
da saerTo miznebi. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT,
rogor SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT es codna im
situaciebSi, romlebSic CarTulni xarT. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven dapirispirebuli TanamSromlebis xelmZRvaneli xarT. ras
moimoqmedebdiT am dapirispirebis aRmosafxvrelad?
mogvianebiT, socialurma fsiqologma eliot
aronsonma (Elliot Aronson) da misma kolegebma (1978)
Seadgines programa, romelic emyareboda aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebs da miznad
isaxavda texassa da kaliforniaSi axlad desegrerirebul skolebSi crurwmenebis aRmofxvras.
maT Seqmnes iseTi saswavlo programebi, romlis
pirobebSi mexuTe klasis moswavleebi swavlis
procesSi erTmaneTze iyvnen damokidebulni da
naklebad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs saswavlo
masalis aTvisebaSi.
strategiaSi, romelic asawyobi suraTebis~
meTodis1 saxeliTaa cnobili, TiToeul bavSvs
mosamzadeblad eZleva mTeli masalis nawili,
romelic Semdeg man jgufis danarCen wevrebs
unda gaacnos. warmateba fasdeba mTeli jgufis
mier warmodgenili prezentaciis xarisxze
dayrdnobiT. amdenad, mniSvnelovani da faseulia
jgufis TiToeuli wevris wvlili.
aseTi asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT momuSave
klasebSi rasobrivi konfliqtebi Semcirda,
vinaidan manamde urTierTdapirispirebuli
TeTrkaniani, laTinosi da zangi studentebi
erTad iyvnen saerTo miznebiT gaerTianebul
1
Jigsaw technique.
jgufebSi (Aronson & Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983).

ganvixiloT erTi axalgazrda ymawvilis, karlosis SemTxveva. karloss ignorirebas ukeTebdnen imis gamo, rom misi mSobliuri ena ar iyo
inglisuri; mas daevala jgufSi, romelic jozef
pulitceris premiis mopovebas cdilobda, gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba. gundis sxva
wevrebs unda moefiqrebinaT, rogor miewodebinaT
misTvis informacia, romlis prezentaciac unda
crurwmenebi
romelTa gadawyvetac SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTo miznebis dasaxviTa da TanamSromlobiTi aqtivobiT. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seqmnes iseTi situacia, rom biWebs
xramidan tvirTi amoeTriaT. saerTo amocanis wyalobiT mtroba gaqra da, faqtobrivad, isini saukeTeso megobrebad iqcnen
jgufebis sazRvrebis~ darRvevis gareSe.
767
768
moexdina mas Semdgom. Tanagundelebis moTminebisa da gamamxnevebeli SeniSvnebis sapasuxod,

karloss maT mimarT Tbili grZnobebi gauCnda
da isic gaarkvia, rom premiis mopovebis ambavi
namdvili ar iyo. man saTanadod Seafasa rogorc
sakuTari Tavi, ise _ Tanagundelebi (Cven sixaruliT unda aRvniSnoT, rom karlosma texasSi
kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla harvardis
iuridiul skolaSi gaagrZela).
miuxedavad imisa, rom crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli, Cven mier moyvanili magaliTebis umravlesoba aSS-is farglebSia mopovebuli, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoeba ganasxvavebs Sida da
gare jgufebs. dabolos, am qveTavis sisrulisaTvis, crurwmenebis daZlevis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, Cven ganvixilavT eqsperiments, romelic sakiTxis internacionalur aspeqtebs exeba
da RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi SedegebiT. Tomas
petigium (Thomas Pettigrew, 1997) Seiswavla daaxloebiT 4000 adamianis monacemi safrangeTSi,
niderlandebSi, inglissa da yofil dasavleT
germaniaSi, raTa Seemowmebina Serifis da misi
kolegebis mier aRweril kvlevaSi miRebuli
Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ kontaqtis hipoTeza,
romelsac crurwmenebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.
saidan
viciT
megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs
yvela am qveyanaSi cdis pirebs sTxoves,
ganesazRvraT TavianTi damokidebuleba
garkveuli erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT
(magaliTad, ingliselebs ekiTxebodnen
indoelebis, xolo germanelebs _ Turqebis
Sesaxeb). maT, agreTve, sTxovdnen, miewodebinaT informacia im adamianebTan kontaqtebis tipis Sesaxeb, romlebic sxva
erebs, rasebs, religiebs, kulturebs an
socialur klasebs ekuTvnodnen; hyavdaT
Tu ara maT Soris megobrebi, mezoblebi
an TanamSromlebi. kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli iyo. rodesac adamianebi am gare
jgufebis wevrebs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
megobrebs, isini crurwmenebis SedarebiT
dabal dones avlendnen.
kulturaTaSorisi (kros-kulturuli) monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am kvlevidan Zalze calsaxa daskvna gamomdinareobs: gare jgufis wevrTan
megobrobas crurwmenebis gaqrobamde mivyavarT.
ratomaa megobroba ase efeqturi? megobroba
adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, meti gaigon
gare jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb, maTTan identifikaciac ki SeiZleba moaxdinon. megobrobam,
aseve, SesaZloa, deprovincializaciamdec migviyvanos: es niSnavs, rom, rodesac adamianebi mets
igeben gare jgufis normebis da Cveulebebis
Sesaxeb, isini nakleb provinciulebi~ xdebian
sakuTar Sida jgufSi mimdinare procesebis
koreqtulobasTan mimarTebaSic.
socialuri fsiqologia ar Tvlis, rom crurwmenebi xelis erTi mosmiT SeiZleba moispos,
magram is Tanmimdevrulad dgams nabijebs maTi
yvelaze mZime Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvrisaTvis TiToeul mcire SemTxvevaSic ki.
namdvilad Rirs, gamoZebnoT dro da daakvirdeT,
rogor SeZlebT Tqveni im crurwmenebis gamovlinebebis daregulirebas Tqven irgvliv, romlebsac an Tqven axvevT Tavze sxvebs, an, piriqiT,
sxvebisgan gixdebaT amis atana.
Sejameba
crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli savalalo realoba isaa, rom Zalze minimaluri maniSnebelic
ki sakmarisia mavne tendenciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom socialuri kategorizacia
swrafad kravs ucxo adamianebs mWidrod
SekavSirebul jgufebad, romlebic Sida jgufebis
wevrebs ufro pozitiurad aRiqvamen, vidre _ gare
jgufebis wevrebs. stereotipebi zRudaven adamianis
mier realobis~ gancdas. Serifis eqsperimentma
dagvanaxa, rom crurwmenebi SeiZleba Semcirdes
im programebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben saerTo
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) idea,
rom mtrul jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti
amcirebs crurwmenebs.
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms)
saswavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi
suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic
yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli
masalis mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgufis sxva wevrebs gadaecema.
internetis zedapiruli mimoxilvac sakmarisia, rom

davrwmundeT _ samyaro dapataravda. axla ukve bevri Cvengani amyarebs urTierTobas
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtronuli fostisa da Catis~ meSveobiT. aseTi urTierTobebi kidev ufro gafarTovdeba imis
Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio
qselis teqnologiebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi arasportuli
Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo
2000 wlis msoflio olimpiadaze, interneti iyo. olimpiuri sofeli, sadac sportsmenebi cxovrobdnen, kargad
iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi aparaturiT, raTa msoflios yvela
kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs
msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi
iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma sportsmenebma, romelTac manamde ar
hqondaT internetTan urTierTobis gamocdileba, erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes
160-ze meti veb-gverdi (Jordan,
2000). erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac XXI saukune namdvilad
svams fsiqologiis winaSe, isaa,
Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi
kulturebi msoflio qsels da,
piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena
adgilobrivma kulturebma
masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena
moaxdina internetma kuveitis
cxovrebaze (Wheeler, 1998). rogorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi,
kuveitSic interneti Tavdapirvelad akademiuri wreebisTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, ker-
Zod, kuveitis universitetis

TanamSromlebisTvis, Tumca,
Zalian mokle droSi is sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda.
umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuveitelebic iseve iyeneben internets, rogorc mTel msoflioSi _ CatisTvis~: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, salaybod~
mimarTaven da kuveitelebic
aRniSnaven, rom urTierTobebi
da romanebi kibersivrceSi aqvT.
da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan
ganasxvavebs: bevri daZvreba
internetSi, magram cota Tu
aqveynebs raimes~. kuveitSi internetiT sakuTar Tavze informaciis gavrceleba potenciuri safrTxis Semcveli aqti
ufroa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis
warmoCenis saSualeba. is aris
iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg
da instrumenti, raTa SenarCunebul iqnes dogmebisadmi
konformuloba da gaadvildes
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
marTva~ (Wheeler, 1998. gv. 365-366).
aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis
pirobebSi Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom kuveitSi interneti sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis saSualebad iqces, rogorc es mraval
sxva qveyanaSi moxda.
mkvlevrebma internetis gamoyenebis sxva mravali kulturuli gansxvavebac Seiswavles, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis
is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebsac
ama Tu im kulturebis warmomadgenlebi aniWeben upiratesobas. erTi da igive vebgverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli msof-
liosTvis misaRebi iyos,

magram kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc
arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad
gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu
is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000).
magaliTad, bevr veb gverdze
informacia mocemulia marcxnidan marjvniv da zevidan
qveviT _ ise, rogorc kiTxuloben inglisur enaze, magram
Cinelebi an ebraelebi, SesaZloa, sirTuleebs waawydnen,
vinaidan maTi enebi informaciis sivrciTi ganlagebis
gansxvavebul wess iyeneben
(ODonnell,1994). sazogadod,
veb-gverdebis dizainerebma,
SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon, rom
maT sakuTari produqciis
internacionalizaciisaTvis~
socialuri mecnierebebis
daxmareba sWirdebaT. vebgverdi, romelic erTi
jgufis mowonebas imsaxurebs,
SesaZloa, uaryofil iqnes
meore jgufis mier, vTqvaT,
im moWarbebuli agresiulobis an sirTulis gamo, romelic adgilobriv normebs
ewinaaRmdegeba (Sears et al., 2000).
WeSmaritad kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb-gverdebis Sesaqmnelad, veb-dizainerebma informacia iseT
wignSi unda moiZion, rogoricaa fsiqologia da
cxovreba~. rogorc XXI saukunis moqalaqe, Tqven msoflios dapataravebis mowme
xarT. ra daskvnebs gaakeTebdiT amis Taobaze? ra
kiTxvebs dausvamdiT fsiqologebs?
crurwmenebi
samyaro pataravdeba
769
miznebis miRwevas. asawyobi suraTebis meTodi

amas saklaso oTaxebSi akeTebs. kvlevebi aCveneben,
rom gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrTa damegobreba
crurwmenebis Semcirebas iwvevs.
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
770
bolo or qveTavSi vnaxeT, rom adamianis

cxovrebaSi agresiasa da crurwmenebs sakmaod
didi adgili ukavia, magram yvelaze momakvdinebeli maTi urTierTgadakveTaa. XXI saukuneSi
jer kidev arsebobs iseTi katastrofuli siZulvili, romelic religiuri, rasobrivi Tu
kulturuli crurwmenebis safuZvelze Cndeba.
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am siZulvilis dasaZlevad?
fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ SesavalSi Cven fsiqologebi davaxasiaTeT, rogorc adamianebis
sakmaod optimisturi jgufi~, vinaidan maT swamT,
rom maTi Teoriebi da fsiqologiuri kvlevebis
Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes adamianis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am wignis daskvniT
qveTavebSi gvsurs am optimisturi ganwyobilebis
SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom im fsiqologiur
Zalebs SevexebiT, romlebsac damangreveli qceva
mosdevs, naTeli iqneba isic, rom arseboben iseTi
Zalebic, romlebsac xelewifebaT konstruqciuli
cvlilebebis safuZvlis Seqmna. Cveni saboloo
mizania, mivideT mSvidobis fsiqologiis ganxilvamde. es aris mravalmxrivi cda imisa, rom socialuri mecnierebebis mier dagrovili codna
gamoyenebul iqnes msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. swored es gaxlavT
optimizmis is pirveli nota, romliTac gvsurs
damTavrdes fsiqologiasTan Tqveni pirveli Sexeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven viwyebT socialur
fsiqologiaSi yvelaze klasikuri kvlevis
ganxilvas, romelic stenli milgremma (Stanley
Milgram) Caatara, raTa Rrmad Cawvdomoda meore
msoflio omis saSinelebebis safuZvlebs.
avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCilebodnen hitleris brZanebebs da milionobiT
ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi? gaaCndaT
maT moraluri normebi Tu ara? rogor unda

avxsnaT sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa mzadyofna, ara marto sakuTari sicocxle xelyon,
aramed sxvebic Tan gaiyolon (Tema, romelic
Semdeg rubrikaSi fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~
iqneba ganxiluli)? ra SeiZleba iTqvas piradad
Tqvenze? arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa gavleniTac Tqven SeZlebdiT, damorCilebodiT sulier
liders, mogewamlaT adamianebi da Semdeg Tavi
mogeklaT? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tavi im
asobiT udanaSaulo adamianis amoxocvis monawiled, rac amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa
brZanebiT, vietnamis sofel mai-laiSi ganaxorcieles (Hersh,1971; Opton, 1970, 1973)? Tqveni pasuxi,
Cveni pasuxis msgavsad, iqneba: ara! Tqven me vin
ggonivarT?!~ am qveTavis wakiTxvis Semdeg vimedovnebT, rom Tqven eWvi SegeparebaT da ityviT:
SesaZloa, danamdvilebiT ar vici~. moqmedi
socialuri Zalebis gavleniT, Tqvenc, SesaZloa,
igive gaakeToT, rasac sxva adamianebi akeTebdnen
igive situaciaSi, rac ar unda warmoudgenlad
da sazarlad geCvenebodeT maTi qceva Tqvenc
da im adamianebsac, romlebic im situaciaSi
uSualod ar imyofebian.
individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavlenis gansakuTrebiT damarwmunebeli demonstrireba solomon aSis mowafem, stenli milgremma
ganaxorciela. milgremis kvlevam (1965, 1974) cxadyo, rom meore msoflio omis dros nacistebis
brma morCileba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri
maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli
xasiaTis) moqmedebis Sedegi ar iyo, ramdenadac
iseTi situaciuri Zalebis moqmedebisa, romelTac
nebismieri adamianis STanTqma SeeZlo. rogor
SeZlo man imis Cveneba, rasac arendtma borotebis banaluroba~ uwoda rodesac boroti
qmedebebi SeiZleba Cveulebrivma adamianebma
Caidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian ulmobelni
da ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis
gareSe asruleben sxvebis brZanebebs (Arendt,
1963,1971). morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli
programa erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo programaa,
vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi arsebiTad
ukavSirdeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa
da eTikur problemebs (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett,
1991).
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri

maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mizniT,
milgremma laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis mTeli
seria avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 laboratoriuli eqsperimenti Caatara, romelSic 1000ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis
pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis universitetSi tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb
mamakacebze, romelTac eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis anazRaureba eZleodaT. mogvianebiT man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria
universitetidan brijportSi, koneqtikutis
StatSi gadaitana, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis
saSualebiT agrovebda eqsperimentSi monawileobis msurvelebs, mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive
sqesis, asakiT, saqmianobiTa da ganaTlebis doniT
gansxvavebul adamianebs.
milgremis ZiriTadi eqsperimentuli paradigma
is iyo, rom cdis pirebi CarTulni iyvnen iseT
saqmianobaSi, romelic _ rogorc amaSi TviT
cdis pirebi iyvnen darwmunebulebi sxva adamianze sxvadasxva diapazonis eleqtroSokiT
zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. es nebayoflobiT
SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom monawileobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis
mecnierul kvlevaSi. isini daarwmunes, rom
kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu
rogor moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor
gaumjobesdeboda daswavlis procesi Seqebisa da
dasjis saTanado TanafardobiT gamoyenebiT. cdis
pirebs, romelTac maswavleblis socialuri
roli mieniWaT, daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis unda
daesajaT isini, romelTac moswavlis roli

hqondaT dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT ZiriTadi
wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis
mixedviT yoveli Secdomis Semdeg eleqtroSoki
unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar miaRwevdnen
dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas. TeTr
xalaTSi gamowyobili eqsperimentatori sruli
kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piriviT
moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs acnobda wesebs, awesrigebda rolebis ganawilebas (mTeli seriozulobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs
miTiTebebs aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT
dakisrebuli davaleba, rogorc ki maT yoymans
an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas
amCnevda. damokidebuli cvladis _ eleqtroSokis
maqsimaluri maCvenebeli aparatze 450 volti iyo,
romlis miRwevac mcire, 1.5-voltiani bijebiT
xdeboda da romelsac maswavlebeli moswavlis
yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod umatebda, vidre is
ar Sewyvetda avtoritetis~ (e.i. eqsperimentatoris mimarT) damorCilebas da uars ar ityoda
davalebis Sesrulebaze.
cdis situacia
eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis
piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom igi
asrulebda ra brZanebebs tkivils ayenebda,
stanjavda da, SesaZloa, moekla kidec udanaSaulo
adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels 45 voltis Zabvis
eleqtrodartyma miayenes, raTa mas warmodgena
hqonoda, Tu ra intensivobis tkivils iwvevda
igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis,
gawonasworebuli manerebis mqone, ormoc-
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
morCilebis paradigma
771
772
daaTiode wlis mamakaci iyo, romelic, sxvaTa

Soris, ambobda, rom guli awuxebda, magram fulis
gamo mzad iyo am proceduris gasavlelad. mas
gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen eleqtroskamze~ da
maswavlebelTan Sida sakomunikacio qselis
meSveobiT urTierTobda. moswavles evaleboda
dawyvilebuli sityvebis damaxsovreba da
wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba, rogorc
ki gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem,
winaswar dadgenili ganrigis Sesabamisad, maleve
daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac
ar daayovna eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis
protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis voltaJis
matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man Civili da
buzRuni daiwyo. 150-ze eqsperimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba
moiTxova. 180 voltze is yviroda, rom veRar
gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze gahyviroda,
rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT laparakobda
Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli
yoymanobda, an uars acxadebda ufro maRali
eleqtroSokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda: eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven
gaagrZeloT,~ an Tqven ar gaqvT arCevani, unda
gaagrZeloT~.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisTvis Zalze stresuli iyo. cdis pirTa umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv
aRniSnavda, rom amis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo.
is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis
pirebSi Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad
Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac:
180-voltiani Sokis Semdeg: amdens ver
gauZlebs! me ar vapireb am kacis mokvlas. gesmiT,
yviris! is ver gauZlebs amas. rame rom daemarTos?... am kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin agebs
pasuxs?~ (eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze) maS, kargi~.
195-voltiani Sokis Semdeg: xom gesmiT
rogor yviris? magaria ra, ar vici~ (eqsperimentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagrZeleba)
diax, me vici, ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar
aris, raSi gaeba. ukve 195 voltia~ (Milgram, 1965.
gv.67).
maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi siCume
isadgurebda, maswavlebeli brZanebebs iZleoda,
ufro moematebinaT eleqtroSokis voltaJi da

daeWiraT TiTi Rilakze, romelsac ewera: saxifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX (450 volti)~.
eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara
eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsiqiatrs mimarTa TxovniT, raTa ewinaswarmetyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis
ganmavlobaSi. maT (eqsperimentis aRweraze
dayrdnobiT) iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis
pirebis umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150 volts,
4%-ze naklebi morCilebas gamoxatavda 300 voltamde da mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda zemoqmedebas
450 voltamde. prognozirebisas fsiqiatrebi
eyrdnobodnen mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtroSoks
gamoiyenebdnen mxolod garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti adamianebi,
romlebsac siamovnebT sxvebisTvis tkivilis
miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen
Sexedulebaze, rom aseTi aranormaluri qcevebis
ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca,
maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT situaciis is
gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac cdis pirTa
umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze gavlenis
moxdena SeeZlo, vinaidan isini amoglejilni~
iqnen maTTvis Cveuli situaciidan. RirsSesaniSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli daskvna ki isaa, rom
es eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa umravlesoba
srulad daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis
piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb Zabvaze.
moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri
eleqtroSoki 450 volti. miaqcieT yuradReba,
rom maTi umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda
winaaRmdegobas, magram qceviT emorCileboda
avtoritets. msxverplis TvalsazrisiT, es
kritikuli sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofiliyaviT msxverplis adgilze, raime mniSvneloba
eqneboda imas, rom adamians ar undoda TqvenTvis
tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda brZanebas, Tuki is, bolos da bolos,
daemorCileboda brZanebas da mogayenebdaT
eleqtroSokis ganmeorebad dartymebs?
milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad
moulodneli iyo, rom mkvlevrebs didi Sroma
dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi alternati-
saidan
viciT
morCileba realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi
mkvlevrebis jgufma, saavadmyofos situaciaSi damorCilebis Seswavlis mizniT,
Caatara Semdegi savele kvleva. meddas (cdis
piri) telefoniT daureka eqimma, romelsac
arasodes Sexvedria. eqimma mas davaleba misca
_ pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali mieca
ise, rom am wamals eqimis mosvlamde emoqmeda.
eqimma daniSna 20 mg wamali, romelsac

astroteni erqva. wamlis yuTze gakeTebuli
warwera ityobineboda, rom astrotenis Cveulebrivi doza _ 5 mg, xolo maqsimaluri
doza 10 mg iyo.
SeeZlo Tu ara meddas pacientisTvis
wamlis gadaWarbebuli doza ucnobi piris
satelefono zaris Sedegad mieca maSin,
roca es dadgenil samedicino praqtikas
ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac es dilema 12
meddas aRuweres, 10-ma ganacxada, rom isini
ar daemorCilebodnen ucnobis zars. xolo
is, Tu rogor moiqcnen meddebi realurad,
sxva, axla ukve kargad cnobili ambavia.
rodesac meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda
analogiur situaciaSi, TiTqmis yvela
maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma meddam
daiwyo pacientisTvis wamlis (sinamdvileSi, sruliad uvnebeli nivTierebis)
micema, vidre mkvlevarma eqimma ar SeaCera
isini (Hofling et al., 1966).
es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Mmilgremis mier

miRebuli Sedegi ar SeiZleba mieweros eqsperimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis moTxovnebze
cdis pirTa reagirebas.
ratom emorCilebian adamianebi

avtoritets
milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis
gasarkvevad, Tu ratom emorCilebian adamianebi
avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad ganvixiloT garkveul situaciebSi moqmedi fsiqologiuri Zalebi. me-17 TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad zRudavs qcevas situaciuri Zalebi da
swored milgremis kvlevam warmoaCina am ZiriTadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da
sxva mkvlevrebi eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli
rigi aspeqtebiT manipulirebas axdendnen, raTa
gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis efeqti ganpirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed situaciuri faqtorebiT. 18.5 suraTze asaxulia morCilebis doneebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magamoTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _ eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi,
romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
uli interpretaciis SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi

gamosavali is iyo, rom daeSvaT, TiTqos cdis
pirebma realurad ar daijeres eqsperimentis
legenda~. SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar daijeres,
rom msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils.
amis gamosaricxad Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti,
romelSic damorCilebis efeqti realuri, swrafi
da uSualo iyo. kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen,
rom wvrTnidnen lekvs, romelzec yoveli Secdomis
Semdeg eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen. isini
realurad xedavdnen, rogor xteboda lekvi da
esmodaT misi wkmutuni yovelTvis, rodesac
Rilakze aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens
cxaurSi, romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni adamiani
isurvebda lekvze eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebisa
da misi wvalebis gagrZelebas? am realur situaciaSic ki studentebis samma meoTxedma eleqtroSokis maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena (Sheridan &
King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul
axsnas warmoadgens is, rom eqsperimentis Sedegebze
gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis moTxovniTma
maxasiaTeblebma. es moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebia, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen cdis pirebze da aniSnebdnen,
Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, milgremis cdis
pirebi mixvdnen, rom misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi
bevrad ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu isini ar
Sewyvetdnen eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebas da
amitomac, agrZelebdnen TamaSs. Semdgomma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba sulac
ar ganicdis uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis
gavlenas. is, SesaZloa, nebismier cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi moxdes.
773
liTad, morCileba sakmaod maRalia, rodesac

jer mewyvile iZleva morCilebis magaliTs, rodesac cdis piri moqmedebs, rogorc Sualeduri
rgoli im adamianebis damxmare, vinc uSualod
zemoqmedebs msxverplze, an rodesac msxverpli
(moswavle) fizikurad daSorebulia maswavleblisagan. morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac
TviTon Mmoswavle iTxovs masze zemoqmedebas,
rodesac ori avtoritetiani piri iZleva urTierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avtoritetia msxverpli. es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom
qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da ara cdis
pirebs Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi.
ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen
morCilebas am situaciebSi, normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde migviyvans, romelzec saubari iyo me-17 TavSi: _ adamianebs surT,
rom mowonebul iqnen (normatuli gavlena) da
iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena).
isini midrekilni arian moiqcnen ise, rogorc
sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen ise, rom iyvnen
socialurad misaRebni da mosawonni. amasTan,
gaurkvevel, axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am
774
eqsperimentis msgavs situaciebSi, adamianebi

endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis Taobaze, Tu
ra saxis qcevebia adekvaturi da swori. ufro
xSirad isini eqspertebs da sando pirebs endobian, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu rogor unda
moiqcnen. milgremis paradigmis mesame faqtori
isaa, rom, rogorc Cans, cdis pirebi ibneodnen,
vinaidan ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT daumorCilebloba; arafers ambobdnen, radgan ujerebdnen avtoritets. maT rom hqonodaT situaciidan
pirdapiri, martivi gamosavali, magaliTad,
daeWiraT xeli Rilakze Sewyveta~, maSin, SesaZloa, naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba (Ross,
1988). dabolos, am eqsperimentul situaciaSi
avtoritetisadmi damorCileba im gaSinagnebuli
Tvisebis nawilia, rasac bavSvebi gansxvavebul
situaciebSi swavloben usityvod daemorCilon avtoritets (Brown, 1986). es movlena maSin
emsaxureba sazogadoebas, rodesac avtoritetebi
legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni da
imsaxureben morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom
am wesma sakuTari Tavi amowura. avtoritetisadmi
brma morCileba niSnavs yvelanairi avtori-
suraTi
18.5
damorCileba
milgremis
eqsperimentebSi
grafiki asaxavs sustidan
Zlier damorCilebamde profilebs, milgremis eqsperimentebis gansxvavebul situaciebSi
eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi

informaciam kultebis Sesaxeb
daipyro Cveni cnobiereba
sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im
eqstremaluri, auxsneli qcevebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac
vkiTxulobT, an romelTac vuyurebT masmediis saSualebiT.
1997 wlis martSi SeerTebul
StatebSi, sakuTari lideris
mier provocirebulma heiven
geits~-is 39 wevrma ritualuri
wesebis dacviT moikla Tavi;
daaxloebiT oci wliT adre,
gaianas junglebis dasaxlebaSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma
moqalaqem Caatara masobrivi
TviTmkvlelobis aqti maTi
qarizmatuli lideris Rirsi
jim jonsis daJinebuli moTxovniT. safrangeTSi, kanadasa
da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ritualuri wesiT moiswrafes
sicocxle. iaponiaSi ki seqta
aum Sin rikios~ wevrebma
tokios metroSi gazis gamoyenebiT mowamles mgzavrebi da,
aseve, dagegmili hqondaT masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva aqciebi
maTi lideris miTiTebebis

Tanaxmad. am WeSmaritad tragikuli faqtebis miRma dgas
aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kvalificirdeba, rogorc kulti
da romlis wevrebic totalur
morCilebas ucxadeben am jgufebs da maT liderebs. wevrebi
emorCilebian nebismier brZanebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
ucnob partniorze daqorwineba
masobrivi qorwinebis ceremoniebis dros, maTxovroba, rekrutireba, xangrZlivi Sroma anazRaurebis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis jgufis sargeblobaSi
gadacema, an dauqorwineblobis
aRTqmis dadeba.
SegiZliaT aseTi ramis gakeTebis warmodgena? arsebobs
ki iseTi garemoebebi, romelTa
zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT
kults da iqceodiT im komformizmis, daTmobis da totaluri
morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs?
cxadia, umravlesoba ityvis:
ara, araviTar SemTxvevaSi~, magram Cveni, rogorc fsiqologebis, amocanaa gavigoT, Tu
tetuli figurisadmi morCilebas ubralod

imitom, rom maT miewerebaT raime statusi, ganurCevlad imisa, marTebulia Tu ara maTi
moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.
milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven

ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes TqvenTvis
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis am kvlevebs?
rogor moiqceviT Tqven, rodesac cxovrebis
manZilze msgavsi moraluri dilemebis winaSe
aRmoCndebiT? gamoZebneT dro da dafiqrdiT
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis im situaciebze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, warmoiqmnas Tqvens yovel-
rogor axerxeben es jgufebi

da maTi liderebi aseT iZulebas da CavwvdeT im pirobebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
adamianebi mowyvladni xdebian da ujereben maTgan miRebul damarwmunebel informacias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens
kulti? sakulto jgufebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struqturiT, sididiT da ideologiiT, magram praqtikulad
yvela warmoadgens aratradiciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtoritaruli lideris mier da romelic aris jgufis ideologiis, doqtrinis erTaderTi sulieri wyaro da ZiriTadi mcveli (Kramer & Alsted,
1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo &
Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, qarizmatuli lideria, energiiTa
da TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da
xSirad pretenziasac acxadebs
RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleobaze, yovlismcodneobasa da
dRiur cxovrebaSi. moatyuebdiT myidvels, Tqvens

ufross xeli rom Seewyo TqvenTvis? an warmoidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xarT, miscemdiT
imas xmas, viszec partia migiTiTebdaT, Tu sakuTar sindiss mousmendiT?
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis kvlevebi angrevs miTs imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamianebis codvis wyaro maT codvil
bunebaSia. romlebic gansxvavdebian kargi amiT
sulac ar gvinda adamianis bunebis damcireba,
magram gvinda, naTeli movfinoT imas, rom
normaluri, kargad moazrovne individic ki,
SesaZloa, potenciurad susti aRmoCndes Zlieri
situaciuri da socialuri Zalebis winaSe.
ratom eziarebian adamianebi lults
775
776
ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad

calkeuli kultebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gansxvavebebisa, saerTo maT Soris axlad miRebuli wevrebisTvis micemuli uxvi dapirebebi, maTze zemoqmedebis
wesi da jgufis iZulebiTi
Zalaa, romelic yoveli wevrisagan sakuTari nebisa da
kritikuli azrovnebis daTmobas iTxovs (Hassan, 1988; Langone, 1993).
maS, ratom surT adamianebs kultTan SeerTeba?
upirveles yovlisa, aravin
uerTdeba kults, rogorc
aseTs. adamianebi uerTdebian
saintereso jgufs, romelic
maT sakuTari moTxovni lebebis dakmayofilebas pirdeba. isini mxolod mogvianebiT aRiqmebian sakulto
jgufebad, mxolod maSin, rodesac cnobierdeba, rom es
aris cru, naklovani, saSiSi
gaerTianeba, an sulac is, rom
is ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin
xdeba mimzidveli, rodesac
adamianis individualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis dapirebas iZleva, ramdenadac es SeiZleba exebodes
saxeldaxelo megobrobas,
identurobas an cxovrebis mowyobas. socialuri marcxis

SemTxvevaSi kulti adamianebs
kompensaciasac hpirdeba izolirebulobisa da marcxis
SegrZnebis acilebiT. sakulto jgufi ufrTxildeba sakuTar samyaros, Tavis usafrTxoebas, wevrebis janmrTelobas, maT movla-patronobas
yvelaferi winaswar aris
gaTvlili da gakontrolebuli. sul ufro da ufro
garTulebad samyaroSi kultis liderebi wevrebs martiv
gadawyvetilebebs, bednierebisken, warmatebisaken da
xsnisaken mimavali gzis gakvalvas sTavazoben.
adamianebi kultis damarwmunebeli Zalis mimarT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni
arian maSin, rodesac sacxovreblad gadadian axal qveyanaSi an qalaqSi, kargaven
samuSaos, amTavreben saswavleblebs, an idevnebian tradiciuli religiidan, rogorc Seuferebelni. kulti
mimzidvelia maTTvisac, vinc
Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad da
erTferovnad miiCnevs, visac
gafantuli da uSinaarso socialuri cxovreba aqvs da
visac rwmena aqvs dakarguli
dasasrul gvinda ramdenime sityva vTqvaT

gmirobaze. davuSvaT, Tqveni msgavsi adamianebis
umetesoba daemorCila raRac Zlier jgufur
Zalas. Cveni azriT, Tu Tqven SegwevT unari,
win aRudgeT amas, Tqveni qceva SeiZleba Sefasdes,
rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare
moqmedeba maSin, roca danarCenebi konformizms
avlenen, an visac SeuZlia arCevani gaakeTos
maRalzneobrivi qcevis sasargeblod, rodesac
danarCenebi mdumared gadgebian ganze, raTa
borotebam Tavisuflad iboginos. SesaZloa, im
faqtma, rom Tqven iciT iseTi situaciuri Zalebis
sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis

mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom masmedia masobrivi mkvlelobebisa da TviTmkvlelobebis
Sesaxeb avrcelebs cnobebs,
kultebis umravlesoba wynarad moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad. Tuki isini TavianT danapirebs asruleben,
maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli
samsaxuri gauwion calkeul
adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis
cxovrebiseuli vakuumis Sevseba, magram, rodesac isini
motyuebiT, iZulebiT da
ZaliT moqmedeben da amaxinjeben Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis da kritikuli
azrovnebis ZiriTad faseulobebs, isini saSiSni xdebian rogorc sakuTari wevrebisaTvis, ise _
sazogadoebisTvisac. aqve marTebuli
iqneba erTi kiTxvis dasma: _
nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia adamianebi uzrunvelyos
yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi
hpirdebian, raTa es kultebi
ar warmoCndnen saintereso,
gansakuTrebuli stiliT
cxovrebad, romelsac ase eswrafvian adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi?
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian

borotebis banalurobas~, gibiZgoT kidec gmiruli qcevisken.
genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
jerjerobiT Cven mxolod is gavarkvieT, rom
adamians, rogorc saxeobas, gaaCnia garkveuli
midrekileba, daemorCilos avtoritets, magram
adamianis bunebis am damaxasiaTebeli niSnis
Sefasebis garda, albaT, axsnas saWiroebs isic,
Tu ratom xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul
rolSi gamoyvana kulturuli Tu politikuri

ideologiis nawils warmoadgenda, romelsac
erTnairad iziarebdnen rogorc eris liderebi,
ise _ rigiTi moqalaqeebic.
jgufi, romelsac bralad daedo sazogadoebis sirTuleebis gamowveva, gamodis gantevebis vacis rolSi da xdeba mis mimarT Zaladobis
gamarTleba. Zaladobis calkeul incidentebs
msoflio samarTlianobaze fiqramde (Lerner, 1980),
anu im mosazrebamde mivyavarT, rom, vinaidan
Cven samarTlian samyaroSi vcxovrobT, daCagrulma xalxma raRac unda moimoqmedos, rom
Zaladobas Tavi daaRwios. ase magaliTad, nacisturi epoqis germanelebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom ebraelebi imsaxurebdnen Tavis
xvedrs im zianis gamo, rac maT germaniis saxelmwifos miayenes.
sawyisi wertili xSirad sazogadoebis wevrebis mZime cxovrebis pirobebSi, cud ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi, politikur daRmavlobasa da sxva
msgavs faqtorebSi unda veZioT.
rogorc Cans, am mZime pirobebSi adamianebs
uZlierdebaT Sida da gare jgufebis gamijvnis
tendencia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gare jgufi gamodis
gantevebis vacis rolSi da brali edeba sazogadoebaSi arsebul sirTuleebSi. arsebobs
mravali magaliTi imisa (Tundac nacisturi
germania), sadac sxva erebis gantevebis vacis
genocidi (Genocide) _ adamianebis erTi jgufis,
xSir SemTxvevaSi rasobrivis an eTnikuris,
sistemuri ganadgureba meoris mier
Zaladobas, agreTve, safuZvlad edeba sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebis survili misi

SeCereba niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom misi wamowyeba, TavisTavad, mcdari iyo. metic, rodesac
esa Tu is reJimi Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa
dumili Tanxmobad, misi qmedebebis samarTlianobis aRiarebad aRiqmeba. aseT SemTxvevasTan gvqonda saqme im eTnikuri wmendiT~
gamowveul xocva-Jletisas, romelsac adgili
hqonda 1991 wels iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg,
rodesac, miuxedavad masmediaSi farTo gaSuqebisa,
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tanamegobroba araviTar zomebs ar iRebda.
ganvixiloT kambojis magaliTi (Hinton 1996).
situacia cxovrebis mZime pirobebma Seqmna: XX
saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qveyanaSi Seiqmna
mZime ekonomikuri viTareba, rasac daerTo dabombvebi, romlebsac aSS vietnamis winaaRmdeg
axorcielebda da mis mezobel kambojazec
aisaxeboda. axalma reJimma gantevebis vacis Zieba
daiwyo da isini iqcnen kidec ukiduresi Zaladobis samizned. komunistebma, romlebmac 1975
wels daipyres dedaqalaqi pnom peni, ipoves
ideologiuri mtrebi, romelTa ganadgurebac aucilebeli iyo, raTa aSenebuliyo axali sazogadoeba. yofili samxedro da politikuri liderebi
daapatimres da daxvrites. Semdgom, nel-nela
gafarTovda klasobrivi mtris~ cneba da moicva
maswavleblebi, studentebi, Cinovnikebi, profesionalebi, romlebic potenciur moRalateebad
adgilas adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs adamianTa

meore jgufis sistematur ganadgurebas _
genocids. ratom aris, rom Zalze xSirad erTi
jgufi iwyebs oms, an axorcielebs naklebad
formalur agresias meore jgufis mimarT. am
qveTavSi Cven gavaanalizebT zogierT istoriul
da fsiqologiur Zalas, romelmac adamianis
modgma uaRresad organizebuli agresiis gziT
waiyvana.
fsiqologma irvin staubma (Ervin Staub, 1989,2000)
istoriidan cnobili genocidis SemTxvevebi
Seiswavla da SemogvTavaza im kulturuli da
fsiqologiuri Zalebis mimoxilva, romlebic
SesaZlebels xdian terors:
777
778
gamocxaddnen. imata mkvlelobaTa ricxvma, vinaidan

es emsaxureboda~ ideologiis ganmtkicebas da
mkafiod gansazRvruli miznis miRwevas qveyana
unda ganTavisuflebuliyo Sinauri mtrebisgan.
rogorc sxva mraval SemTxvevaSi, msoflio
Tanamegobroba arc am saqmeSi Careula.
mtris~ cneba da xati

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom genocidis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani momentia gantevebis vacis~ moZebna. igive moments SegviZlia genocidis
ganxorcielebis procesSic mivadevnoT Tvali,
suraTi
maSinac ki, rodesac mizad ar aris dasaxuli

jgufis totaluri ganadgureba. ganvixiloT
socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Semdeg yofil
aRmosavleT germaniaSi, nacionalur gamokiTxvebSi asaxuli, 15-dan 20 wlamde germaneli
axalgazrdebis sakmaod negatiuri ganwyobebi
polonelebisa da Turqebis mimarT. am ganwyobebis safuZveli, rogorc aRmoCnda, kulturuli
da ekonomikuri konkurenciis SiSi iyo (Watts,
1996), anu gaCnda eWvi, rom polonelebi da
Turqebi ikaveben samuSao adgilebs, riTac xels
uwyoben komunizmidan demokratiaze gadasvlis
process da Semosavlis gareSe toveben germanel
axalgazrdebs. ekonomikuri safrTxis aseTi aRqma
esadageba im models, romelic zemoT aRvwereT:
crurwmenebi da diskriminaciis ganxorcielebisadmi mzadyofna spontanurad ar xorcieldeba; is moiTxovs iseT socialur garemos,
romelic xels uwyobs rwmenas, rom mteri~
iTvisebs isedac mwir resursebs, es ki warmoSobs
safuZvels ZaladobisaTvis.
rodesac reJimi mters~ gantevebis vacis rols
moargebs, iwyeba misi dehumanizacia~. igi cdilobs, xalxi miiyvanos im azramde, rom mtris
arahumanuri jgufi saZulvelia da unda ganadgurdes. dehumanizaciis es procesi gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia omis warmoebis dros. kulturebis
umravlesoba individualur agresias ganixilavs,
rogorc danaSauls, saxelmwifoebi milionobiT
jariskacs avarjiSeben mkvlelobis CadenaSi.
saxelmwifo liderebis amocanaa aseTi saxis
mkvlelobebs saxe ucvalos da patriotul
18.6
ratom midian adamianebi omSi

rodesac saxelmwifos liderebi omis dawyebas
apireben, isini acnobiereben, rom amas, SesaZloa,
negatiuri Sedegebi mohyves. Tanamedrove omi,
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, aRar iTvaliswinebs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dandobas.
es xdeba im mizniT, rom gatexon xalxis neba~.
maSinac ki, rodesac omi dasaxlebuli punqtebidan moSorebiT warmoebs, ise, rogorc es
sparseTis yuris omis dros xdeboda, mas mainc
mohyveba msxverpli orive mxridan. rogor unda
moaxdinos mTavrobam an sxva jgufebma imis
dasabuTeba, rom oms imdenad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, rom gamarTlebulia aseTi msxverpli?
umetes SemTxvevaSi aseT kiTxvebze pasuxs istoriis gakveTilebze viRebT: qveynebi imitom
ibrZvian, rom (Cven ase viswavleT) daicvan Tavisi
teritoria, sakuTaro xalxi an Tavisi ekonomikuri
interesebi. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT im mniS-
vnelovan fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romlebsac

individi mihyavs gadawyvetilebamde miiRos
omSi monawileoba.
Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: ratom swiraven
adamianebi Tavs samSoblos? SesaZloa, es
altruizmis ukiduresi gamovlineba iyos. gavixsenoT zemoT aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri midgoma ojaxis wevrebis dacvas (anu genebis dacvas)
altruizmis mniSvnelovan safuZvelad miiCnevs.
zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom adamianebs
ojaxsa~ da ers~ Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan
aqvT gaSinagnebuli (Stern, 1995). Cven vlaparakobT
Cvens deda-samSobloze~ an mama-samSobloze~
da varT misi Svilebi~. nuTu es kavSiri sakmarisia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs samSoblos? nuTu adamianebi, romlebic omSi midian, ise axdenen socialuri
realobis konstruirebas~, rom sjeraT, samSoblos dacviT isini TavianT ojaxebs icaven? Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT, ratom aris es kiTxvebi mniSvnelovani fsiqologebisaTvis.
omis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis miReba im garemoebebis
SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli, romlebmac 1992 wels
serbebi agresiuli aqtebis ganxorcielebisken
da bosniaSi omis dawyebisken waaqeza (White,1996).
rogorc Cans, serbebi SiSobdnen, rom 1991 wels,
iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg, isini bosniaSi
devnil umciresobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. Cven ukve
vnaxeT, rom ganxeTqilebis dros umciresobis
aseT SiSs sakmao safuZveli aqvs. ai, britaneli
Jurnalistis mier Cawerili sityvebi, romelic
erT-erT bosniel serb policiels ekuTvnis
(Glenny, 1994; citirebulia, White, 1996, gv.111):
man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic
me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela erovnebis adgilobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar
iyo boroti adamiani. piriqiT, man ganmarta
kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore
mxares, sadac yvela iqaur mcxovrebs
icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad daatydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva Tavisi
saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da dabneuli
iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is mwvane
beretebs (musulmanebi) da ustaSebs (xorvatebi) sakuTari ojaxisTvis realur
safrTxed aRiqvamda.
qmedebad aqcios (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). es masobrivi

socialuri zegavlena nawilobriv moicavs mowinaaRmdegis jariskacebis dehumanizaciasa daa
maT mtrad~ gadaqcevas. am dehumanizacias, mtris
cocxal ferebSi warmosaxviT, politikuri
ritorika da masmedia agvirgvinebs. rogorc veteranebi aRniSnaven, omSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
iaraRi ki ara, aramed _ sazizRari mtris~ gaSinagnebuli xatia. amgvarad, omis dros axalgazrda
jariskacebi fsiqologiurad programirdebian
mkvlelebad swored im damaxinjebuli saxeebiT,
romelTac mTavroba mtris iarliys miawebebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi es warmodgenebi ubralod
xelovnuri xatebi ki ar aris, aramed Rrma
mentaluri xatebia, romlebsac politikosebi
aRviveben masebSi maT dasarazmad da saomrad
gasaSvebad.
amis cocxali magaliTia is procesi, romelsac aSS ganuwyvetliv axorcielebda, rodesac
sadam huseins hitlers adarebda 1990 wlis sparseTis yureSi gaCaRebuli omis konteqstSi (Voss
et al., 1992). am kavSiris sazogadoebis gonebaSi
CabeWdviT prezident jorj buSs da sxva politikur liderebs saSualeba eZleodaT, brZolisaken moewodebinaT amerikelTa didi masebisaTvis. rodesac huseini~ hitlerad~ iqca, ufro
ioli gaxda msjeloba aqtiuri samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.
779
Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq

musulmanuri saxelmwifo Seqmnan~, _ gulwrfelad ganacxada man. Tqven gesmiT, ra
undaT maT?~ _ vkiTxe me mas. ra Tqma
unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs ki, rogor
ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo religias
vebrZviT evropis gamo~.
780
am mosalodneli devnisTvis daswrebis gamo

serbebs eadvilebodaT sakuTri Tavis ucodvelebad warmodgena maSinac ki, rodesac agresiuli
moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes. maTi fsiqologiuri Tvalsawieridan isini iyvnen ara
agresorebi, aramed _ msxverplebi. konfliqtis
gamwvavebasTan erTad, serbi liderebi, iseTebi,
rogoric slobodan miloSeviCi iyo, serb xalxSi
devnis manias~ aRvivebdnen, raTa ganemtkicebinaT
rwmena, rom maT samarTlianad wamoiwyes omi,
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ubralo
mkvlelebad iqcnen, xeli mihyves eTnikur
wmendas~, raTa moeSorebinaT mdevrebi~. Cven
vnaxeT, rogori didi surviliT midiodnen
adamianebi omSi, raTa daecvaT sakuTari Tavi
realuri Tu warmosaxuli mtrebisgan, an im
mtrebisgan, romlebsac maTi liderebi qmnidnen.
daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT am
analizidan, sul mcire, dRevandeli dRisTvis,
isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad erTvebian
omSi gabatonebis an dapyrobis mizniT. rogorc
Cans, isini darwmunebulebi arian _ maSinac ki,
rodesac danarCeni msoflio maT agresorebs
uwodebs _ rom im mniSvnelovan interesebs
icaven, romlebic aucilebelia maTi gadarCenisa
da individualobis SenarCunebisaTvis. ra Tqma
unda, qveynebi milionobiT individebisagan
Sedgebian da maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma
sakmarisad unda gaiSinagnos im safrTxis safasuri, romelsac warmoadgens survili samSoblos Seswiros sakuTari sicocxle. rac ar
unda obieqturad~ CaiTvalos omis dawyebis
mizezebi, nebismieri istoriuli analizis mixedviT, es mxolod individualuri Zalebis
urTierTqmedebaa, romelic ubiZgebs adamianebs,
medgrad daudgnen omis gansacdels.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT ramdenime
gza, romlis meSveobiTac fsiqologiuri Zalebi
qmnian saTanado konteqsts omisaTvis da im saSinelebebisaTvis, romlebic amave konteqstSi
savsebiT mizanSewonilad gveCveneba. fsiqologia
da cxovrebis~ bolo qveTavSi mivubrundebiT

mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebis mcdelobas _ gamoiyenon fsiqologiuri Zalebi
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis xelSewyobisaTvis.
zemoT Catarebul analizs axla meore mxridan
SevxedoT da vnaxoT, rogor SegviZlia socialuri
fsiqologiis gamoyenebiT mSvidobis SenarCuneba.
fsiqologias unikaluri saSualebebi gaaCnia
im sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor unda
gadaiWras nacionaluri Tu internacionaluri
disharmoniis problemebi. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociacias gaaCnia mSvidobis fsiqologiis ganyofileba. es ganyofileba muSaobs erebs, Temebsa
da ojaxebs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebis
problemebze; is xels uwyobs kvlevebsa da ganaTlebas am sferoSi, saTanado gamocemebiT, romlebic Zaladobis mizezebs, damangreveli konfliqtebis Sedegebsa da maTTvis Tavis aridebis
gzebs exeba. Cven ganvixilavT or magaliTs, Tu
rogor SeuZlia fsiqologias am miznebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva.
liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis

analizi
zogierTi adreuli mecnieruli kvleva, romelsac axla mSvidobis fsiqologiis sferos
mivakuTvnebT, ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli
movlenebiT, romelTa kulminacias meore msoflio omi warmoadgenda. socialuri fsiqologebi
cdilobdnen, Cawvdomodnen im kanonzomierebebs,
Tu rogor xdeboda zogierTi liderisa Tu
mmarTvelis amotivtiveba, romlebic esoden did
gavlenas axdendnen jgufebis qcevebze. ra
fsiqologiuri iZulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas germaniaSi adolf hitleris an italiaSi benito
musolinis gamoCena? es liderebi calkeul individebs faSisturi ideologiisadmi usityvo
erTgulebiT ganmsWvalul, morCil masad aqcevdnen. maTi avtoritaruli reJimebi safrTxes
uqmnida demokratiasa da mSvidobas. Tanamedrove
socialuri fsiqologia SiSis umZimesi gancdis,
crurwmenebisa da omis wlebSi ganviTarda.
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) atomuri omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri

procesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian individebis funqcionirebas.
jgufis aqtivobebSi. demokratiuli liderebis

rolSi isini xels uwyobdnen jgufis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da jgufTan erTad gegmavdnen davalebebs. anarqiuli lideris rolSi
ki jgufs srul Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da,
faqtobrivad, ar erTvebodnen mis aqtivobaSi.
saidan
viciT
liderobis stilis efeqtebi
eqsperimentis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli
gaxada mTeli rigi ganzogadebebis gakeTeba.
pirveli, avtokratulma liderebma gamoavlines jgufis wevrebze gavlenis Sereuli
efeqti, nawilobriv dadebiTi, nawilobriv
ki _ uaryofiTi. biWebi drodadro kargad
muSaobdnen mxolod maSin, rodesac lideri maT Tvalyurs adevnebda _ ise iqceodnen, rogorc namdvili bosebi~. maT
gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebdaT agresiulobis
maRali done. es biWebi 30-jer ufro met
mtrulobas avlendnen, vidre sxva stilis
liderobis SemTxvevaSi. isini iTxovdnen
met yuradRebas, metad anadgurebdnen qonebas da metad iyenebdnen sxvebs gantevebis vacad frustraciisa da gabrazebis dros.
ukeTesi Sedegebi arc anarqiuli liderebis jgufSi iyo. maTi Sedegebi arcTu
ise kargi aRmoCnda. maTi saqmianoba ar
iyo warmatebuli, produqtiuloba ki Zalze
dabali da uxarisxo iyo. vinaidan jgufs
araviTari struqtura ar hqonda, isini
ubralod uazrod moqmedebdnen, magram,
rodesac igive cdis pirebi demokratiuli
lideris gavlenis qveS eqceodnen, isini
Zalze stabilurad da maRali warmadobiT
Sromobdnen. biWebi avlendnen Zalze did
interess, motivacias da SemoqmedebiT
unars. rodesac wamoiWreboda ukmayofileba,
SesaZlebeli iyo misi Riad gamoxatva.
TiTqmis yvela biWma upiratesoba liderobis demokratiul stils mianiWa. am
stilma xeli Seuwyo jgufisadmi loialobas da megobrobis aRmocenebas. aseT
jgufebSi ufro meti iyo urTierTSeqeba,
megobruli SeniSvnebi, urTierTgaziareba
da mxiaruleba (Lewin,et al., 1939).
adreuli socialuri fsiqologia yuradRebas

amaxvilebda faSisturi mentalitetis miRma
mdgomi avtoritaruli pirovnebis bunebaze (Adorno et al., 1950), propagandisa da damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis efeqtebze (Hovland et al., 1949) da
jgufis wevrebze, jgufuri atmosferosa da
liderobis stilebis gavlenebze (Levin et al., 1939).
socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi pioneri
kurt levini (Kurt Lewin) iyo, germaneli ltolvili fsiqologi, romelic nacisturi reJimis
mier ganxorcielebul devnas gamoeqca. levins
ar SeeZlo daxmareba, magram mas ainteresebda,
Tu ratom daemorCila misi eri ase totalurad
faSisturi diqtaturis avtoritarul tiranias.
is TviTon eswreboda aTiaTasian Sekrebebs, sadac
adamianebi fiurers RrialiT eficebodnen erTgulebas. es iyo SemaZrwunebeli nimuSi jgufis
im dinamikuri Zalebisa, romelic gardaqmnis
rogorc individis gonebasa da qcevebs, ise _
mis unars, gavlena miaxdinos masebze. levini
ikvlevda jgufis dinamikas saSualebebs, romlebiTac liderebi uSualod zemoqmedeben TavianT mimdevrebze da im meqanizmebsac, romlebiTac jgufuri procesebi cvlian individis
qcevas.
1939 wels levinma da misma kolegebma moifiqres da Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa SeeswavlaT
gansxvavebuli stilis liderebis gavlena jgufis funqcionirebaze. maT surdaT, gaerkviaT,
rodis arian adamianebi ufro bednierni da
produqtulni _ avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli
liderobis pirobebSi. am miznis misaRwevad,
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes sami eqsperimentuli jgufi,
dauniSnes maT gansxvavebuli tipis liderebi
da akvirdebodnen am jgufebis aqtivobebs.
eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi 10 wlis biWebi (romlebic oTx patara jgufad gaaerTianes) iyvnen,
romlebic erTmaneTs skolis Semdeg xvdebodnen.
jgufis liderebis rolSi iyvnen mamakacebi,
romlebmac winaswar gaiares treiningi liderobis samive stilis Sesabamisi rolis SesrulebaSi, jgufebSi ki maTi rotacia xdeboda.
rodesac iqceodnen, rogorc avtokratuli
liderebi, isini sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen yvela
gadawyvetilebis miRebas da davalebebis ganawilebas ise, rom TviTon ar monawileobdnen
781
totalitaruli democidi
saerTaSoriso omi
demokratiuli
avtoritaruli
totalitaruli
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
XX saukuneSi daxocilTa raodenoba milionobiT
suraTi
18.7
reJimebis tipebi da democidi
totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da masobrivi

mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa Sedareba aCvenebs,
rom mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad ufro meti adamiani iRupeba,
vidre omis dros.
782
marTvis demokratiulma stilma, jgufuri

atmosferos sxva formebTan SedarebiT, Tavisi
fsiqologiuri upiratesoba da bevrad maRali
produqtiuloba aCvena. demokratiuli stilis
liderebi jgufis wevrebSi ufro jansaR reaqciebs aRvivebdnen maSin, rodesac avtokratuli
liderebi ufro destruqciul individualur
reaqciebs iwvevdnen.
levinis mier sacdel klasebSi miRebuli
Sedegebi, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba realur cxovrebaSi arsebul viTarebas. ar unda dagvaviwydes
is daskvna, rom avtokratuli liderobis stils
mohyveba mtruli urTierTobebis zrda. msgavsi
magaliTebi Cven realur cxovrebaSic SegviZlia
vnaxoT. Sesabamisi tipis mTavrobebi iwveven
democids genocids da masobrivi mkvlelobebis
sxva formebs (Rummel,1994). Tu SexedavT 18.6
suraTs, dainaxavT, rom totalitaruli reJimebi,
rogoricaa komunisturi ruseTi da CineTi, pasuxismgeblebi arian uzarmazari raodenobiT
adamianebis ganadgurebaze. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi, rogoricaa aidi aminis reJimi ugandaSi,
naklebad sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom demokratiul mTavrobebsac ver
vuwodebT mTlad ucodvelebs, mmarTvelobis es
forma mainc yvelaze nakleb sisxlismRvrelad

unda CaiTvalos. suraTi 18.6, aseve, gviCvenebs
omebSi daRupul adamianTa raodenobebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom avtoritarul da totalitarul reJimebSi mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli
sikvdilis aseTi raodenoba modis ara saomar
moqmedebebze, aramed masobrivi mkvlelobebis
sxva kampaniebze.
ideologiuri mosazrebebis miRma, rodesac
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemebi Tavis
adgilzea, msoflios naklebi safiqrali aqvs,
rom mcirericxovani elitis mier ar iqnes gamoyenebuli Zala, rasac momakvdinebeli Sedegebi
SeiZleba mohyves.
Tumca, imasac unda mieqces yuradReba, rom
amiT sulac ar igulisxmeba, TiTqos demokratiuli reJimebi sxvebze iSviaTad erTvebian
omSi. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom erTi demokratia
iSviaTad eomeba meores (Maoz & Abdolali, 1989). kvlevebma daadastura, rom demokratiuli gamgeblobis
qveS myofi qveynebis moqalaqeni naklebad iwoneben Zalis gamoyenebas meore demokratiis
winaaRmdeg, mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan SedarebiT.
viciT
(mTeli qveyana). es codna Tqvenc unda miusadagoT

Tqvens cxovrebaSi arsebul mcire da did jgufebs.
sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso

krizisebis gadawyvetaSi
wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli

konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi
cdis pirebma waikiTxes saerTaSoriso

krizisis aRwera, romelic modelirebul
iqna im krizisis mixedviT, romlis Sedegadac daiwyo omi sparseTis yureSi. erTi
eri SeiWra meore eris saxelmwifoSi, raTa
gadaeWra uranis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqti. aRweris erTi versia
(arapirdapiri, qveynis dasaxelebis gareSe)
Tavdamsxmel qveyanas demokratiul qveynad
axasiaTebda: SeWra Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc
`demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi,
romelic parlamentis wevrTa umravlesobam
(opoziciis CaTvliT) miiRo~. aseve, arapirdapiri meore versia Tavdamsxmel qveyanas
arademokratiuli reJimis mqoned axasiaTebda: `Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba
miRebul iqna policiuri qveynis samxedro
diqtatoris mier, xalxis nebis gauTvaliswineblad~. cdis pirebs ori demokratiuli qveynidan aSS-dan da israelidan
sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad
iwonebdnen Zalis gamoyenebas~ sazRvao
SeWras. vinaidan scenarebi, sxva danarCeni
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT erTnairi iyo,
cdis pirebi Zalze uxalisod daeTanxmnen
Zalis gamoyenebis sanqcionirebas (aSS-is
an israelis mier) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
is demokratiuli qveynis winaaRmdeg unda
yofiliyo mimarTuli (Mintz & Geva, 1993).
dapirispirebis mravali saxeoba, romelic

konfliqtebsa da Zaladobas aZlevs dasabams,
sakmaod Zvelia. magaliTad, serbebs, romlebmac
omi awarmoes bosniaSi, gandevnis SiSi jer kidev
1389 wels kosovos velze Catarebuli brZolidan
mohyvebodaT. ra unda gakeTdes aseT SemTxvevaSi?
am problemisadmi mSvidobis fsiqologebis midgoma iseTivea, rogoric crurwmenebis sxva formebisadmi, romelic zemoT aRvwereT: adamianebi
unda gaerTiandnen, rac xels Seuwyobs urTierTndobis zrdas da saerTo miznebis dasaxvas.
magaliTad, aseTi midgoma dRes CrdiloeT
irlandiaSi gamoiyeneba. kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris urTierTobebis daTbobis
mizniT, 1989 wlidan didma britaneTma daiwyo
Temebis daaxloebis programis dafinanseba,
romlis mizania TemTaSorisi urTierTobebisa
da kooperaciis ganviTareba; ormxrivi urTierTgagebisa da gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciebisadmi pativiscemis zrda~ (Knox, 1994, gv. 600).
yvela Crdilo-irlandiur politikur gaerTianebas ar ukisria am programis Sesruleba, ramac
mkvlevrebs Sedarebis safuZvelze programis
efeqturobis Sefasebis saSualeba misca. es
Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire progresi.
oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad unda CaiTvalos
im pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic
kaTolikebis mimarT gamoxatavdnen crurwmenebs
(Knox, 1994). CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mdgomareobis
gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba skolis
moswavleebs exeba (Cairns et al., 1995). am dazaralebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba
dadis skolebSi, sadac umkacresi segregacia
xdeba religiuri mrwamsis mixedviT. asea Tu
ise, bolo oci wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi,
sadac protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi
erTad swavloben. am siaxlem ukve uzrunvelyo
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romelTa gamoc
TemTaSorisi daaxloebis process ukve SeuZlia
politikuri Rirebulebebis Canacvleba. amdenad,
seriozuli daskvna _ rogorc TemTaSoris, aseve
calkeuli skolebis doneze romlis gakeTebac
SeiZleba, isaa, rom mTavrobebs SeuZliaT (da
rodesac demokratiul sazogadoebaSi cxovrobT, garkveulwilad, sxva demokratiuli sazogadoebebis imedi gaqvT da amdenad ufro giZneldebaT maT winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze fiqri.
politikosebsac, aseve, uZneldebaT Zalis gamoyenebaze fiqri, vinaidan sakuTari moqalaqeebis
saxiT ar Seiqmnan opozicia.
saerTo daskvna, romelic liderobis formebTan dakavSirebuli cdebidan SegviZlia gamovitanoT, isaa, rom demokratia yvelaze kargad
muSaobs~. am daskvnamde im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT
mivediT, romlebic Caatares patara jgufebzec
(patara bavSvebis jgufi) da Zalian didzec
saidan
783
784
unda gaakeTon kidec es) TavianTi SesaZleblobebis FfarTod gamoyeneba saerTo miznebis
miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi kontaqtebisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
axla mivubrundeT msoflios erT-erT mTavar
satkivars axlo aRmosavleTs raTa aRvweroT
israel-palestinis erToblivi samuSao Sexvedrebis is programa, romelic, SemoTavazebul iqna
fsiqolog herbert kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
1999) da misi kolegebis mier. ukve ramdenime
weliwadia, rac kelmani samuSao Sexvedrebze
iwvevs palestinelebsa da ebraelebs, sadac isini
regionSi arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis
interaqtiul procesSi iyvnen CarTulni, iseTi
konfliqturi problemis CaTvliT, rogoricaa
okupirebul teritoriebze ebrauli dasaxlebebis
mSeneblobis sakiTxi. am procesSi monawileobis
aucilebeli piroba monawileTa xelSeuxeblobis
dacva da konfidencialoba da, aseve, Ria da
analitikuri diskusiebis Catarebis aucilebloba
iyo. garda amisa,Mmonawileebi darwmunebulebi
iyvnen, rom maTze araviTari zewola ar ganxorcieldeboda ama Tu im SeTanxmebis misaRwevad.
mesame mxaris warmomadgenlebi SexvedrebSi monawileobdnen, rogorc saubris fasilitatorebi,
magram ar Suamavlobdnen mxareebs Soris.
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo,
rodesac saerTod laparakic ki ar iyo israelpalestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi
garemo iyo Seqmnili, rom mxareebs uSualod,
pirispir Sexvedrebis saSualeba hqondaT, rac
urTierTgagebas uwyobda xels. metic, Sexvedrebis
dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs saSualeba
hqondaT, SemuSavebuli Sexedulebebi ufro
farTod gamoeyenebinaT realur politikur
arenaze. faqtobrivad, kelmanma (1997) ganaxorciela is, rac oslos 1993 wlis samSvidobo
molaparakebebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Sexvedrebis ramdenime monawile uSualod CaerTo mSvidobis damyarebis procesSi.
jerjerobiT arc CrdiloeT irlandiasa da
arc axlo aRmosavleTSi ar Sewyvetila Zaladoba. orive regionSi arsebobs saomari suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli jgufebi TavianTi politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu religiuri gegmebiT,
rac xels uwyobs Zaladobasa da segregacias; es
ki, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba integraciasa da
mSvidobis damyarebis process, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad mopove-
buli daskvnebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba xels

uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebis impulsebis gaZlierebas. es Sedegebi imdenad STambeWdavia, rom
fsiqologebi es Zalzed optimisturi jgufi~
_ kvlavac agrZeleben Tavis Zalisxmevas.
Sejameba
crurwmenebisa da marTvis resursebis kombinacias gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi moaqvs. morCilebis Seswavlis milgremiseul kvlevebs meore
msoflio omTan dakavSirebulma movlenebma misca
biZgi. am kvlevebma daamtkica, rom socialuri
Zalebi ufro metad iwveven avtoritetisadmi
morCilebas, vidre _ dispoziciuri Zalebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom milgremis cdis pirebis umetesoba sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda avtoritets,
qceviT isini mainc avlendnen misdami morCilebas. ekonomikuri krizisebis dros adamianebi
eZeben da pouloben jgufebs, romlebic gamodian
gantevebis vacis~ rolSi da romlebic, sabolood, masobrivi mkvlelobebis samizneebi
xdebian. liderebi xSirad cdiloben mtris
dehumanizacias. adamianebi, romlebic omSi
midian, xSirad amas realuri an warmosaxuli
safrTxis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelze akeTeben. mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebi dainteresebulni arian im
individualuri da kulturuli Zalebis SeswavliT, romlebic aRviveben oms, an xels uwyoben
mSvidobis damyarebas. liderobis stilebisa da
marTvis formebis Seswavlam daadastura mosazreba, rom demokratiis gafarToeba msoflio
sazogadoebas sargeblobas moutans. farTo
nabijebi mSvidobisken gadadgmul unda iqnes im
programebis meSveobiT, romlebic xels uwyoben
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dapirispirebul mxareTa
Soris urTierTobebsa da problemis gadaWras.
avtoris bolosityvaoba
Cven davasruleT mogzauroba, romelSic fsiqologia da cxovreba~ gvexmareboda. Tu dafiqrdebiT, imedi gvaqvs, naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu
ramdeni ram iswavleT am mogzaurobisas; da
mainc, Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT im
rTul problemebs, romlebic fsiqologiiT

dainteresebul students elis win. vimedovnebT,
rom gayvebiT Tqvens interess da, metic, SesaZloa,
Tqveni wvlilic ki SeitanoT fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi, rogorc mecnierma mkvlevarma an praqtikosma klinicistma, an kidev fsiqologiuri
codnis gamoyenebiT gadawyvitoT socialuri
da pirovnuli problemebi.
dramaturgi tom stopardi Segvaxsenebs, rom
saidanme gasvla sadme Sesvlasac niSnavs~. gvinda
virwmunoT, rom Tqveni cxovrebis momdevno
fazaSi Sesvlas yovelive isic gagiadvilebT,
rac am wignidan iswavleT. am axali mogzaurobis

dros, SesaZloa, Tqvenc STaberoT axali
sicocxle adamianebis miswrafebaTa fsiqologias
Tundac imiT, rom xeli SeuwyoT adamianebs
Soris urTierTobebisa da kavSirebis gaZlierebas.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
mkvlevrebma scades aexsnaT, Tu ratom axorcieleben adamianebi prosocialur, kerZod, altruistul qcevebs maSinac
ki, rodesac es maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
evoluciuri midgoma xazs
usvams memkvidreobas da
ormxrivobas.
adamianebi, aseve, imitom
axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, rom ikmayofileben sakuTar interess _ emsaxuron sazogadoebas da daicvan socialuri principebi.
mowmis Carevis kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom situacia
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCenili iqneba
Tu ara daxmareba.
agresia
evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, agresiuli qcevebi
crurwmenebi
xSirad uneburma minimalurma maCveneblebmac ki
SeiZleba biZgi miscen crurwmenebs da sazogadoeba
daiyos Sida~ da gare~
jgufebad.
stereotipebi gavlenas axdenen adamianebis mier qcevebisa da, saerTod, informaciis Sefasebebze.
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines
crurwmenebis Secvlis faqtorebi iseTi situaciebis
SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi TanamSromlobdnen saerTo miznebis misaRwevad.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebi,
aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megobroba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs crurwmenebis
daZlevaSi.
konfliqtisa da
milgremis morCilebasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebi
imis mniSvnelovan sabuTs
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
imitom xorcieldeba, rom

adamianebs surT gazardon
sakuTari genebis dacvis SesaZlebloba.
agresiaSi individualuri
gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia
rogorc genetikur memkvidreobasTan, tvinis Hhormonalur funqcionirebasTan.
gansxvavebuli pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas
gvaZlevs, viwinaswarmetyveloT impulsuri an instrumentuli agresiisadmi midrekilebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs agresiuli qcevebis
Semakavebeli faqtorebi, situacia gansazRvravs adamianebis swraf agresiul reagirebas.
frustracias SeuZlia agresiamde migviyvanos; uSualo
gaRizianebam, SesaZloa, moaxdinos agresiis donis eskalacia.
gansxvavebul kulturebSi
agresiuli qcevis gansxvavebuli normebia fiqsirebuli, romlebic, nawilobriv, warmoadgenen me~-s kulturul Semadgenlebs.
785
785
iZleva, rom situaciuri

faqtorebis gavleniT Cveulebrivi adamianebi SeiZleba mividnen agresiis aqtebis sanqcionirebasa da
masSi monawileobamde.
crurwmenebis moqmedebis
msgavsma xangrZlivma procesebma SeiZleba migviyvanos masobriv mkvlelobebamde da genocidamde.
liderebi qmnian mtris
humanurobisgan daclil,
dehumanizirebul xatebs.
adamianebi Tavs swiraven
samSoblos TavianTi ojaxebisa da jgufebisaTvis,
saSiSroebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.
mSvidobis fsiqologebi eZeben gzebs, raTa Sewyviton
786
786
erebs Soris dapirispireba

da mtroba.
demokratiuli sazogadoebebi, sul mcire, ar amarTleben masobriv mkvlelobebs.
tradiciul mtrebs~ Soris
urTierTobebis xelSemwyobma
programebma, SesaZloa, mSvidobis miRwevis safuZvlebi
Seamzadon.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
agresia
altruizmi
mowmis Careva
kontaqtis hipoTeza
moTxovnadi maxasiaTeblebi
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia
frustracia agresiis
hipoTeza
genocidi
crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi
rasizmi
ormxrivi altruizmi
jgufuri dinamika
impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
Sida jgufi
instrumentuli agresia
asawyobi suraTebis~
klasebi
gare jgufi
seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia
stereotipebi
absoluturi zRurbli (Absolute threshold) _ fizikuri

energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzedac xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSi,
saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino
iyos.
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva individis
fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)
mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur komponentebs Seiswavlis.
adgilis Teoria (Place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums
ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis
Sedegad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqtivaciac moxda.
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) qceviTi Terapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, maTi
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis
paralelurad.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic nervous system - ANS) periferiuli nervuli sistemis
nawili, romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul
sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul
pasuxebs.
aiv (AIV) _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur
sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
akomodacia (Accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis
brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
akomodacia (Accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modificirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimilaciasTan erTad.

algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis problemis gadasaWrelad.
altruizmi (Altruizm) prosocialuri qcevebi, romlebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis
an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe asrulebs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimers disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqveiTebiT inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da
pirovnebis gasadavebiT.
amgznebi Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _ fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs
sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi
wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping)_ potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli
mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani
gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa da xelT
arsebul resursebs Soris.
aracnobieri (Nonconscious) _ informacia, romelic,
Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis
an mexsierebisaTvis.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero, sadac
inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, represirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmholcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa
Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili, primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (Ageism) _ crurwmena
asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb. rasizmisa da
leqsikoni
leqsikoni
787
leqsikoni
788
seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi asakovani adamianebis mimarT.

asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) saswavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic yovel
moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis
mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgufis sxva
wevrebs gadaecema.
asimilacia (Assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi,
romlis drosac axali kognituri elementebi
ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia
xorcieldeba akomodaciasTan erTad.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) qerqis nawili,
sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi xorcieldeba.
aqsoni (Axon) neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba
somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) socialurkognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers informaciis
gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri
aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental attribution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia,
daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli da
gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena,
amotana mexsierebidan.
aRzrdis stili (Parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac
mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqturad
iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad
moiazrebs momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemoSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze dafuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi
aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
aRmoCenis etapi (Context of discovery) _ kvlevis sawyisi
faza, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis
axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
aRmZvrelebi (Incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi
an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis
mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am imformaciis,
rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _ statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs maTi
centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _

moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa fenomeni
badura (Retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic
Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (Child-directed speech)
_ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT
gamokveTili da maRali intonaciiT, romelsac
mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas
iyeneben.
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceftuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa ganicdeba
rogorc xmadabali.
bgeris tonis simaRle (Pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic
ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis
sixSiriT.
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, romelic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an
fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba, qirurgia an eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis teqnika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axorcielebs.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial model) _
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli, romlis
mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri sistemis,
qceviTi stilis, kognituri procesebisa da garemo
faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma SeiZleba adamiani
avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis): _ fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod gazomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective)
_ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva,
romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da dakvirvebadi
qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
blokireba (Blocking) fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experience-sampling method) _ eqsperimentuli meTodi, romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis tipuri
Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT
signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron TavianTi
azrebi da grZnobebi.
ganviTarebis asaki (Developmental age) qronologiuri
asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba
amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi ganviTarebis
garkveul dones.
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs fizikuri
da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas
da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan.
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) SeiZleba iyos nebismieri
stimuli, romelic zrdis mocemuli reaqciis sixSiris albaTobas.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia _ (Conditioned response): reaqcia,
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli
Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSisa an daswavlis gareSe
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus): stimuli, klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic
iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganpirobebuloba (Conditioning) gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba erTmaneTTan.
garemos cvladebi (Environmental variables) garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi
sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
genderi (Gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan
dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
genderuli identoba (Gender identity) _ individis mier
sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (Gender roles) _ qcevaTa da ganwyobaTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac
Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
leqsikoni
brokas are (Brocas area) Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic

azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi.
brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight response) _
Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan
organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (Nature-nurture controversy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) darvinis Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.
gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modeli (Elaboration likelihood model) darwmunebis Teoria, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fokusirebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad da,
Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis centralur
an periferiul procesebs.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _
mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing
theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma
doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro
ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate
processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac
mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri
kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis
damTxveva xdeba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) (Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan Tavis
aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis
albaToba.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
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790
genetika (Genetics) mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
geni (Genes) memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli;
qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized
anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac
individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs
specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieqtis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sul mcire, eqvsi
Tvis manZilze.
genotipi (Genotype) organizmis genetikuri struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT
iRebs.
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) Terapia, romelic
mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis mizniT
gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqologiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
glia (Glia) ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs
da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs dazianebul da daRupul neironebs, da xels uSlis
sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs, SeaRwion tvinSi.
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis etalonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtivoba gamoxatulia im
saSualo asakiT, romelSic normaluri bavSvebi
aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ rodesac
individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs 70-75-mde
intervalSi an masze naklebia; aseve, rodesac
SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _
guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa Rrma,
depresia an maniasTan adgilmonacvle depresia.
daboloebis efeqti (Recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) qcevas
mohyveba sasargeblo stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis
sixSiris albaTobas.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) qcevas mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas.
dazianeba (Damage) tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros pirdapiri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.
damatebiTi cvladi (Confounding variable) _ cvladi,

romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli
cvladis garda.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (Observer bias) _ realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan momdinareobs.
damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, sagnebisa da
movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
damokidebuli cvladi (Dependent variable) _ nebismieri
cvladi, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis Sedegia.
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals of
self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc individisa,
romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa, organizebulia adamianis sakuTar da ara sxvebis, azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
damoukidebeli cvladi (Independent variable) _ stimulis piroba, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romelic
sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad
icvleba.
damsjeli (Punisher) nebismieri stimuli, romelic
amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) damokidebulebebis Secvlis
mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
dasabuTebis etapi (Context of justification) _ kvlevis is
fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis faqtebia saWiro.
dasawyisis efeqti (Primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba
arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis da Teoriis
safuZvelze.
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _ statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adasturebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod SemTxveviTaa miRebuli.
daswavla (Learning) _ gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance
distinction) _ gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _ zianis
momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi reaqciis
ar qonis zogadi paterni, romelic xSirad Tan
erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac individi ganicdis
araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis
zemoqmedebas.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints
on learning) nebismieri limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (Dispozitional variables) _

organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamosaxulebisagan gansxvavebiT,
aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) - eqsperimentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audialuri
stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA deoxyribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gadacemis
fizikuri baza.
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis darRvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi Civili.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawileobs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms) _
fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an aracnobieri),
romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis normaluri
mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan
TavdacvisaTvis.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciul stadiaze patar bavSvis mier sxva
adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris
arqona.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective) _
fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams qceviTi da mentaluri adapaturobis mniSvnelovnebas im varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri
unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
`praqtikuli meTodi~, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis
gadasaWrelad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram EEG) tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive
therapy ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli Sokis
gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad samkurnalod.
emocia (Emotion) cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agzne-
leqsikoni
daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis

uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo arasrulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ perceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend response)
_ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT, tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs, daicvas Svilebi da SeuerTdes
socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamcireblad.
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic aRiqmeba,
rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an
dauZleveli.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa
dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze.
dendritebi (Dendrites) neironis datotvili morCebi,
romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs,
rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri da
qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT,
romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze maRal da
yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba, variabilobis martivi sazomi.
didi tvini tvinis nawili, romelic umaRles
kognitur da emociur funqciebs aregulirebs.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment)
stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtkicebuli.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gaxsenebis
unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis
arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis
darRveva.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissociative identity disorder DID) _ disociaciuri fsiqikuri
aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili
iyo, rogorc Sedgenili (multiple) pirovnuli
aSliloba.
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bisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs.

kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor
moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani Sinagani
mdgomareobis ètiketireba~.
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) jirkvlebis
qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _ Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebsac bavSvebis iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis
Sesrulebisas.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi
mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac es movlenebi
xdeba.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ ares kanis zedapiris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
estrogeni (Estrogen) qalTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis
reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da
meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) aris daswavlis ZiriTadi
kanoni, romelis mixedviTac stimulis Zala,
gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas
ar mohyveba jildo.
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvladiT
manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes misi
efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) is,
rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; am
Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity) _
xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli
kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi
Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kriteriums.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an standartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
veberis kanoni (Webers law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis

sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensivobis proporciulia.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili,
romelSic xdeba vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im sixSires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaRlis
Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adaptation syndrome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba
TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) Terapiuli
meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad, gaazrebis
gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze, survilebze,
fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
Talamusi (Thalamus) Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
sensorul informacias gadascems didi tvinis
qerqs.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic
individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba
suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli
maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement REM)
_ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis drosac
mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv aqtivobas
axorcielebs.
TvalsaCino validoba (face validity) _ xarisxi, Tu
ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis realizaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
TviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar Tavs
akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar
Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu
rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis

qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis
miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) _ indeqsi, romelic
miRebulia inteleqtis standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis
gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT
da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir
gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili
qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiqrebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
internalizacia (Internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT,
bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnis
Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva inter- an motorul
neironebs gadascems.
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkretul movlenaze.
intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad
_ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad _
mindobis unari.
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori da icodes,
rogor unda moiqces mocemul situaciaSi.
ionuri arxebi
(Ion channels) nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi,
gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
kanis SegrZnebebi (Cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTeloba,
romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtualur,
emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxvadasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri funqcionirebis unars.
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (Gate-control theory) _
tkivilis Semcireba, romelic xdeba maSin, roca
zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi moqmedebs
rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis gavrcelebas
leqsikoni
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) mzadyofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac daxmareba

sWirdeba.
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis
molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi reaqciebisa
da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis procesi, romlebic
minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc
warumateblobis SesaZlebel mizezs.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosazrebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy)
_ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis Sesaxeb
winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevandel urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzogadebuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
ise qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis
avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
Txemis wili tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da
lateraluri napralis zemoT; Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition) _
perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri nawili, romelic iracionalurad funqcionirebs
da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis misaRwevad.
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ korelacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis optimalur dones Soris.
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganicdian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Semcirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi SemaSinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
imprintingi (Imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT
gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT
mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) azrovnebis
forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da
warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli
albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) teqnika, romliTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kavSiris
danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken, romelic
awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
793
leqsikoni
794
da misi zogierTi signalis blokirebas axdens;

zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory on
emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli
iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da
emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben.
kefis wili (Parietal lobe) tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana
nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs.
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari
maqsimalur informacias miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an
damorcxvebuli ar aris.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (Kinesthetic sense) _ informacia Cveni sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)
daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli
stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia
biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).
klienti (Client) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs `cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy)
mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur
zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela adamiani
xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis umTavresi tendenciiT.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive
disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) fsiqologiis
dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa
SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic adamianTa
problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) pirovneba,
romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris xarisxi
fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive behavior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, romelic
aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da
ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognitur aqcents da,
meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semecnebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic moicavs

warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis
gadawyvetas.
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi
efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon aseTi
daZabulobis Semcireba.
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdiloben
problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi
klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis
interdisciplinaruli sfero.
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsiqologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents akeTebs
adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis procesebze, rogoricaa; yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fantazia
da cnobiereba.
kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) iseTi
umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma,
mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) fizikuri sivrcis
gonebrivi reprezentacia.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur procesebs yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emociebTan
mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul garemoebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili.
agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa
dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi daZlevis
strategiebi.
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis
raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis
procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) Teoria,
romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa da
misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT: Tu
arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da,
piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar iarsebebs
qcevac.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _
individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da
saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) _

inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis pirovnebis
ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyenebagazrdis unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents
qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kulturul
sxvaobaze akeTebs.
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic mimarTavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi, gansakuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) Tavis tvinis regioni,
romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad
motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas, aseve
mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
lokokina (Cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili, romelic
moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imaive cdis
pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) tvinis
suraTebis Seqmnis meTodi, romelic magnitur
velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli
aSlilobis komponenti, romelic xasiaTdeba
ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis
periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da
azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da realuri pirovnuli
SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma,
romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa
da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate) _ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im
individTa mixedviT, romlebic icvlebian maTi
genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
menarqe (Menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da
atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri modeli.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli
statiskituri meTodi, romelic iZleva formaluri
meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis
monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
leqsikoni
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze meti

aSliloba.
komforti kontaqtisas (Contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.
konvergencia (Convergence) _ saganze fiqsaciisas Tvalebi, SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
konservacia (Conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba
imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an araferi akldeba,
sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki,
rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi
ar aris konsistenturi.
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) idea, rom mtrul
jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs
crurwmenebs.
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (Contextual distinctiveness) _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma
gamocdilebam.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia, rodesac
fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba
pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad
aRiqvams.
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) Terapiuli
teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli axali
reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _
procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _ meTodebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimentatori cdilobs
mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda
ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis tendencia,
moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wevrebis
qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation) _
realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierTmiRebaa.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (Correlation coefficient) _
statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kavSiris
xarisxs aCvenebs.
korelaciis meTodi (Correlational method) _ gansazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
ori cvladi.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) nervul boWkoTa
erToblioba, romelic tvinis or hemisferos akavSirebs.
kreatuloba (Creativity) garemosTvis adekvaturi da
axali ideebisa da produqtebis generirebis unari.
795
leqsikoni
796
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb. mexsierebis Semecneba.

mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
miRebuli.
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of
memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of
memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena.
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani
meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime unda
gaukeTos sapasuxod.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis mizezis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian
garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas, magram
garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias, raTa
gamovlindes.
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven
Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis
miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n Ach) _
savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _
miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba,
romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi
iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba SeZlos,
mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs
tolerantobasa da damokidebuleba.
mijaWvuloba (Attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba
bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel mozrdils Soris.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an
saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben faqtebis
grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles da guliscemas.
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli informaciis reproduqcia.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an
garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmarebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi.
modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant

modeling) Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Terapevti
uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients mxardamWeri
waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben
maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba miaRwio momdevno dones. es
moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad
mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis
maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
momwifeba (Maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi
memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva
da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.
moraluroba (Morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa
sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom individi
Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uflebebTan da
interesebTan.
mosvenebis potenciali neironis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis polarizacia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da
mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, romelic
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, rodesac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri

aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur
azrovnebas an ar arRvevs qcevis ZiriTad normebs,
Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria
gadmotanilia DSM-III-dan.
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) moZRvreba nervuli
sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
neiromodulatori
(Neuromodulator) substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas.
neironi (Neuron) nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis stimulacias iwvevs.
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli mrudi,
romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvisebis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,
miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normatiuli kvleva (Normative investigation) _ gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganviTarebis
safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
aRweras.
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis
didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze. normebi
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa
da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) jgufis
wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erToblivi
msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
nocicefturi tkivili (Nociceptive pain) _ gamowveulia
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) limburi sistemis
nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa
da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier maTi
gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZeni.
obieqt-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory)
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb,
leqsikoni
moqmedebis potenciali nervuli impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv

vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsiis formirebis procesi.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi, rodesac
vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT;
mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli azrovnebis procesi.
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs, akeTeben
daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an movlenebis
kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze
dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari,
romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis
Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciTvizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmasruleblisagan.
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) atomuri
omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (Parenting
practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi qceva,
romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _
dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSoblebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis
(Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli moZraoba,
romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, romelic xels uwyobs saSualo
adamianis potencialis gamovlenas, misi ufro
srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalferovnebis mizniT.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSaveba mimdinareobs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) _ Zilis darRveva, romelic
xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT
narCeni (rezidualuri) stresis paterni (Residual
stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic
posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba
xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
nevropatiuri tkivili (Neuropathic pain) _ gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad aqtiuri
funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis an daavadebis mizezia.
797
leqsikoni
798
rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis `samSeneblo

agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviatebuli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT,
romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba gandevnis
mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT, anu ganmeorebadi,
mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT, romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (Just noticeable difference _ JND)
_ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris, romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnen gansxvavebulebad.
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli
obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti interpretacia hqondes.
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist)
_ aregulirebs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa
Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da
organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,
samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/
gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi
samuSaoze.
organizmis cvladebi (Organizamic variables) _ organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation
constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris molodinis
efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini.
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal
altruizm) idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, rom
sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruistuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
operantruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning)
_ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) rodesac
qceva aRar moaswavebs aranair Sedegs, igi
brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze, romelzec
iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
gamovlena, romelic xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT
im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi garemoze axdens.
operaciuli gansazRvreba
(Operational definition) _
axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
optikuri nervi (Optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informacias
Tvalidan tvinisaken.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis
individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis moulodnel
mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabulobis, SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad
mimdinareobs.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts an
individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division)
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility)
_ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia TiToeuli
maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis aRmoCenis
TvalsazrisiT.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (Response bias) _ sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia arasensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa damkvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT
reagirebas.
pacienti (Patient) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkurnalobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical nervius
system - PNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba,
romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cnssa da sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis
xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias
aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _ biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli, rogoricaa: saWmeli da wyali.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers)
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtkiceblad iqca.
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis

procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi momentidan
miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi
fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier
sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTobliobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi avlens
mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da konfliqtebs.
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qcevebi,
romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT
sruldeba.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi.
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs
emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac
xSirad ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis
pirobebSi muSaoben.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ distaluri stimulisagan anu samyaroSi fizikuri sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli optikuri gamosaxuleba.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena
da gamoyeneba.
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva.
misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris menarqe (pirveli
menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali spermis
warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-emotive therapy RET) pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri
azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs
arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT
reaqcia, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic
xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri
mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi
reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory)
_ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli codnis zogad
tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganlagebis procesi.
relaqsaciuri reaqcia _ mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis
leqsikoni
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency

menegement) zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmimdevruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ myari
kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs
Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi
(rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis speqtrze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi
gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic
personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic
iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis formireba
da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebis mier.
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti, araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas
socialur da sxva garemoSi.
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca
eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri specifikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damoukidebeli
Terapia, romelic iwvevs klients mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli
pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba ((Posttraumatic stress
disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad
ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri
`gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis,
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi movlenebis, Zlieri
dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _
operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi;
fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili forma.
799
leqsikoni
800
aqtivoba (Cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis

wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (Representative sample) _ SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
reprezentaciuli evristika (Representativeness heuristic) kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs
obieqts garkveul kategorias, am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSnis
safuZvelze.
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis
meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an danaSaulis
gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZnobebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
retikuluri formacia tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos
sensoruli informacia da pasuxismgebelia
cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) mosvenebis
periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali nervuli
impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.
receptoruli veli (Receptive field) _ adgili mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gangliozuri
ujredi iRebs informacias.
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _
albert banduras socialuri daswavlis Teoriis
cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom
individs, mis qcevas da garemos stimulebs Soris
arsebobs rTuli reciprokuli urTierTqmedeba
da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan moqmedebs
sxvebze.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect)
_ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis
maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi da
bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre
mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) ceremonia,
romelic mkurnalobis process gansakuTrebul
emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.
rwmenis efeqti (Elief-bias effect) situacia, romelsac
pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process,
aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias) _
atribuciul mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad CaTvalon
warmateba, xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs gadaabralon.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
Tliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis

SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis proporciulia.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqsperimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvaoba,
romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba naklebia,
vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsiqologiaSi
aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze nakleb albaTobas,
anu p<0.05.
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) tvinis ubani, romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
sayrdeni Teoriebi (Foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis
axsnas.
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli saSualo,
centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSirad
gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (Opponent-process theory) Tanaxmad, nebismieri feris SegrZneba
miiReba sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavs or òponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Selective optimization with compensation) _ warmatebuli daberebis
strategia, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan
dakavSirebul danakargs.
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
(Selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
sensoruli adaptacia (Sensory adaptation) _ movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis axal wyaroze.
ronidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis procesi

sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization)
bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac
relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis
ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) fobiebisTvis gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad SemaSinebeli stimuli.
situaciuri cvladebi (Situational variables) garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiTeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
sixSiris Teoria (Frequency theory) _ amtkicebs, rom
toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad
membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, amis Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis
sixSiriT.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT informacias.
smenis nervi (Auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis birTvebSi.
soma (Soma) neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic
birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) Txemis
wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia muSavdeba.
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)
periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas kansa
da ConCxis kunTebTan.
socializacia (Socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi iseT formas iReben,
romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) procesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben
an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
socialuri ganviTareba (Social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _
daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis
mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy)
mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti uyurebs,
leqsikoni
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) neironi,

romelic sensoruli receptorebidan informacias centraluri nervuli sistemisken atarebs.
sensoruli receptorebi (Sensory receptors) _ specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic
Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.
sensoruli fiziologia (Sensory physiology) _
Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti
fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad,
erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa da
daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswavlili programa.
sibrZne (Wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (Signal detection theory _
SDT) aris statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri
sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliqtebis wvdoma.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad gardaqmnis.
sikaSkaSe (Brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
simaZRre (Saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti da\an
Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi,
romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an
profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias axorcielebs.
sinafsi (Synapse) or neirons Soris arsebuli
naprali.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) erTi nei-
801
leqsikoni
802
Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas sasurveli

qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis
Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization) _ procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari
socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen, miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emociuri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,
romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) qcevis socialurad
gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac moelian
pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul garemoSi an
jgufSi funqcionirebs.
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis socialuri
cvladebis gavlenas individis qcevebze, damokidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze;
is, agreTve, Seiswavlis jgufebs da jgufTaSoris
fenomenebs.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis
obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa socialur
sistemebs da socialuri qcevis evoluciur
safuZvlebs.
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery): Camqrali
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena
garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission effect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zogierT
pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroveba
fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe; bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes Terapiebis
Sedegianoba.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi
an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyrobis an
monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli procedura.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation SD) _ qulaTa
wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSualodan, variabilobis sazomi.
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis garkveul

jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel
jgufs.
stereotipuri muqara (Stereotype threat)_ safrTxe, rom
dadasturebuli iqneba garkveuli jgufis mimarT
arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi
ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis;
xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi
garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben yuradRebas,
adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi ganvrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
stimulis diskriminacia (Stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad
upasuxos gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic
ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT
gansxvavdeba.
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organizmis
mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic
arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an
aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress moderator
variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian mimarTebas
stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias
Soris.
stresori (Stressor) _ Sinagani an garegani movlena
an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa
da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri gamocdileba
gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movlenebis kombinacia.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) moqmedebis
potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis
Semdeg.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis,
standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis
Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis
`klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.
sqemebi (Schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struqturebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba bavSvis
mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi
adaptaciasTan erTad.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (Sex differences) _ biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa;

imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis
azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Phantom limb phenomenon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
fenotipi (Phenotype) organizmis xiluli niSanTvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
feris toni (Hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
feromenebi (Pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi, romelsac gamohyofen organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis
sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad;
xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi
seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
fizikuri ganviTareba (Physical development) _ Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) _ procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani
rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze,
romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (Fixed-interval schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis
aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli mimarTebebis
danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an
situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad
aRaqmevinebs adamians.
fonemebi (Phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa
leqsikoni
mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.

sxeulis xati (Body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
sxvaobis zRurbli (Difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes, rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili,
romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
tembri (Timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba, romelic
asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) bolqvismagvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs Seicavs.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _ erTi
da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs
Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
testosteroni (Testosterone) mamakacTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba da
astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) Tavis tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs.
tkivili (Pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) _ situacia, romelic nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba,
rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro
da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.
transformacia (Transduction) _ Seiswavlis erTi formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore formad;
magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul
impulsebad.
triqromatuli Teoriis (Trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad,
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis sami
tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi ferebis
_ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement) qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimulis Camocileba, rac
zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
uaryofiT damsjeli (Negative Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional positive regard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da mimRebloba
sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa mSoblis
mier, yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent
construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc
803
leqsikoni
804
inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis

sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzedac figura devs.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
forma (Frame) arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze
gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi
ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri
procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze mdebare
sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli ujredebi.
frustracia agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration aggression hipothesis) am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia
Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs;
frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) pirovneba, romelsac aqvs
medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqtoranturis
dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs
SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis
dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis stilis,
saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris intesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare
individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi froidiseul midgomaSi.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da qcevaze.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri
(gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis gamoyeneba
individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis aRwerisa
da axsnisaTvis.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan

nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia
konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa da emociebis
Secvlaze.
fsiqologia (Psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) _ narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an
survili.
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _
fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment) _
individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi.
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist) _ fsiqologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: profesiis arCeva, saskolo
problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri
konfliqti.
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi,
romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi
specializirdeba.
fsiqometruli funqcia (Psychometric function) _ grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa
procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis
TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur
RerZze).
fsiqoneiroimunlogia (Psychoneuroimmunology) kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias iseT
fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcionireba.
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological
functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT an
azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disorders) _
fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an
imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress
Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an Zlierdeba
maTi zegavleniT.
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (Psychosocial stages) _ erik
eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es
stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da
socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da iweren,

eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) daswavlis
principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasurveli qcevis
sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis
da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es qceva
mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
RvTismsaxuri, konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) religiuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.
Ruzis evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) zogierTi
movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba
an verSefaseba.
ynosvis bolqvi (Olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signalebs,
romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis
qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing)
_ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba, romelic
yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze mimarTavs.
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
SegrZneba (Sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
Semavsebeli ferebi (Complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben erTmaneTis mopirdapire
mxars ferTa wreze; roca aditurad erevian
erTmaneTs qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.
Semakavebeli `Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) Semosuli
informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs, ar
ganimuxtos.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas,
azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba
garkveuli drois manZilze.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri meebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi, rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara klinikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
leqsikoni
vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba

azrovnebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) _ mecniereba fizikuri
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology) fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze medikamentebis moqmedebas.
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) sagnis
tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis
danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis uunaroba.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic
fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(FMRI - Functional MRI) meTodi, romelic aerTianebs PET skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da
aRricxavs tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur
cvlilebebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
qmnadoba (Generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac individi
aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi
aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapirispireblad.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis raodenoba.
qceva (Behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian sxvebis
specifiurad mosalodneli reaqciebis Sesabamisad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben TavianTi
Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) ixileT qcevis
modifikacia.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) procedura,
romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis; rodesac
CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis
programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom klienti gonebaSi
imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi
805
leqsikoni
806
drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuridiulad Seuracxadi an araqmediTi,

arakompetenturi.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvlad aris gamowveuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis
abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia virusiT,
romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da asustebs
organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _
fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcionirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _ sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, gamoyenebis
Sedegad miRebuli msgavsebis xarisxi.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) tvinis ubani, romelic
gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul
kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency) _ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi
amosvlas.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri
agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da TvalsaCino
mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabulobiT.
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis Sesusteba.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (Vaiable-interval schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvaldi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (Within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul
pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (Between subjects design) _

cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius
system - CNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
centracia (Centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori perceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris arqoniT.
cvladi (Variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an 25
saaTs grZeldeba.
cnebebi (Concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis, saxeobebis,
an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgomareoba (gacnobiereba).
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla; xSirad
sasargebloa stresorebTan gamklavebisas.
crurwmena (Prejudice) winaswar daswavlili damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT,
romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba
an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs),
romlebic amarTleben arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul, kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnen
isini, romlebic mocemul samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian.
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadsxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamianamde.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Life-change
units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs
drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili sxvadasxva
tipis cvlileba.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM
anu NREM Sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) _ zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba (Health promotion) _ zogadi

strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad
gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri procesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian individebis
funqcionirebas.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgufis
tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic
aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke miiRebdnen imave
jgufis wevrebi.
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory of emotion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT
reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul
da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am
gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis grZnobas.
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (Cross-sectional design) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva
asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ mcdari aRqma, romelic
Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis
pirobebSi.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) didi tvinis ori
naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSirebuli.
hiperregularizacia (Overregularization) _ gramatikuli
Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba,
rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi formebis
warmoeba.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi
standartul hipnotur STagonebas.
hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis cvlilebebiT.
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas (rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Sedegi moyveba.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs.
leqsikoni
ZiriTadi membrana (Basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs

lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis
nervul efeqtebs.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(Shaiping by successive approximations) qceviTi meTodi,
romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs, romlebic
warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad
axlos arian sasurvel reaqciasTan.
wesebi (Rules) garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli
saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia garkveul
mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze
saubari.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _
mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) (TNR) informacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs informaciis Senaxvas da Semdgom, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) _
daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
xidi (Pons) tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis SesaniRbad.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa mier
da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs,
romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ pirovnebis
yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema, romelic
asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul
cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi
mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba simtkicisa da
energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod
daavadebis an dazianebis ararseboba.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
807
leqsikoni
hipofizi (Pituity gland) moTavsebulia tvinSi, gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas axdens
sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis
sekreciaze.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
hormonebi (Hormons) qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic
gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier,
aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas axdenen
sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSanTvisebebze.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents individis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis
pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B),
xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas.
A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
808
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokidebulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis

koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _AA
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas
da TavSewirvas.
EQ IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori,
romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar inteleqtualur aqtivobas.
PET-skani tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros cocxali
tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis iluzia,
rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle, romelic
uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled
aRiqmeba.
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fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas

kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc

laze metad?, maCveneT cudi Tojina...

fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule

ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsiqologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli

lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT

aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molodini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze detalur, specifikur donemde.

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur

deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,

winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla

am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvisas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra

bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da

leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Teoriebi.

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan

rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsiqo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da

am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,

wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqologia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba

vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas

rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT

klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi?

rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls

ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias,

kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi

pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~

socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb?

ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli