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CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
A. Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes
1) Electrolytes
Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten states or aqueous solution
and undergo chemical changes.
Examples of electrolytes are:
a)
b)
c)
Electrolytes are able to conduct electricity because there are free ions present in the molten or aqueous
state.
2) Non-electrolytes
Non electrolytes are substances that cannot conduct electricity either in molten state or aqueous solution.
Examples of non-electrolytes are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
naphthalene,
benzene
alcohol
tetrachloromethane
In other words, all non-electrolytes are covalent compounds which do not contain ions and thus, they are
not able to conduct electricity.
Battery
bulb is lighted
Molten
PbBr2
NaCl
Diagram 6.1:
An electrolyte can conduct electricity because of the presence of free moving ions.
1.
What is an electrolyte?
Substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten state or
aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes.
2.
Explain why a sugar solution does not conduct electricity while a common
salt solution conducts electricity.
Sugar solution does not have freely moving ions while salt solution do have freely moving
ions.
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3.
electrolytes
electrolytes
non-electrolytes
non-electrolytes
non-electrolytes
electrolytes
non-electrolytes
Info-Chemy
The word -isis actually means to break up in Greek.
The term Electrolysis was introduced later then by Michael Faraday.
When electricity is passed through molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 a reaction take
This is called electrolysis.
2.
Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in either molten or aqueous state are broken down
into their constituent by passing electricity through them.
3.
4.
battery
an electrolyte
two electrodes
Remember that:
i)
ii)
5.
6.
place.
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mentol
switch
Cathode
Anode
Lead(II)
2+
ion, Pb
4.
At the cathode, lead(II) ions, Pb undergo discharge whereby each of the ions
accepts two electrons to form a lead atom. The half equation are as follows:
2+
Pb (l) + 2e Pb(s)
7.
Combining the two half equations, we get the overall equation that represents the electrolysis of
molten lead (II) bromide.
2+
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Test :
1.
2.
Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis.
Battery
mentol
switch
Anode
Cathode
Carbon
electrodes
b)
molten oxide,
Q2O3
2-
State the ions that move to each of the electrodes during the electrolysis.
2-
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CHAPTER 6 :ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Voltaic Cell
Electrolytic cell
Chemical cell
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Reaction in the voltaic cell using magnesium ribbon and copper plate as electrodes
The electrochemical series
Li
K
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Increasing
tendency
of metals
to lose
electron
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
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Zinc is higher than copper in the electrochemical series. Thus it releases electrons more
easily than copper. Each zinc atom donates two electrons to form a zinc ion.The zinc ions
are released into the electrolyte. The zinc plate dissolves gradually.
Since the Zinc is higher than copper in the electrochemical series. It acts as the cathode of
the cell(negative terminal).
The ionic equation of cathode:Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e
Copper as the anode of the cell (positive terminal).The electrons are accepted by the
copper(II) ions to form copper metal. The copper plate becomes thicker gradually.
The ionic equation of anode: : Cu2+ (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
The intensity of the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution decreases as the
concentration of copper(II) ions decreases gradually.
Decreases donates ion electrons zinc plate anode cathode thicker accepted
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Cells
Used in
Torches
Radio
Electrical toys
Cassette
players
Motor vehicles
Cassette players
Electrical toys
Appliances which are in
use for long periods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nospillage
Small in size
Easily carried about
Produces regular current and
voltage
Obtained in different sizes
Cannot be recharged
Not long lasting
Electrolyte tends to leak
Low voltage is produced
Can be recharged
Produces a high voltage and use
for a long period of time
Produces high current(up to 75A)
for heavy duty purposes
Big in size
Expensive
Leak charges when not in used
Spillage of acid can occurr
Heavy and difficult to carried
about
Expensive
Cannot be recharged
Electrolyte leakage can occur
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Cells
Used in
Advantages
Cameras
Watches
Calculators
Small in size
Last a longer time
Very mobile and easily used
Electrical toys
Cassette players
Radios
Can be recharged
Smaller size than accumulator
No spillage
Can be recharged up to 500
times
Disadvantages
Very expensive
Cannot be recharged
Mercury is not environment
friendly
Expensive
Transformer is needed for
recharging
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Electrolytic cells
Chemical cells
Energy
Current
Positive
terminal
Negative
Terminal
Anode/Cathode
Type of
electrode
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CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
8.1
Definitions of salts
+
A salts is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H from an acid is replaced by a metal ion
+
or an ammonium ion, NH4
Example;
8.2
Types of salts
Soluble salt salts that can be dissolve in water at room temperature
Insoluble salt salts cannot be dissolve in water at room temperature
8.3
Lead (II) chloride (PbCl2) - soluble in hot water but insoluble in cool water
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Exercise 1
a) Complete the table with the chemical formulae of salts
b) Marked the insoluble salts from the table.
Sulphate salts
H2SO4
Nitrate salts
HNO3
Carbonate
Salts
H2CO3
Chloride salts
HCl
Iodide salts
HI
K2SO4
KNO3
K2CO3
KCl
KI
Na2 SO4
NaNO3
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaI
2+
CaSO4
Ca(NO3)2
CaCO3
CaCl2
CaI2
2+
MgSO4
Mg(NO3)2
MgCO3
MgCl2
MgI2
2+
ZnSO4
Zn(NO3)2
ZnCO3
ZnCl2
ZnI2
2+
PbSO4
Pb(NO3)2
PbCO3
PbCl2
PbI2
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3
(NH4)2CO3
NH4Cl
NH4I
2+
BaSO4
Ba(NO3)2
BaCO3
BaCl2
BaI2
Hg2SO4
HgNO3
Hg2CO3
HgCl
HgI
Ag2SO4
AgNO3
Ag2CO3
AgCl
AgI
Metal ion
Na
Ca
Mg
Zn
Pb
NH4
Ba
Hg
Ag
8.4
Sodium salts
Potassium salts
Ammonium salts
Acid + alkali
salts +
water
Soluble Salts
Acid + metal oxide salts +
-
Others salts
Acid + metal
water
The salts formed during preparation of soluble salts contain impurities. Therefore, these salts need to be
purified through a process known as recrytallisation.
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Exercise 2
Fill in the blank with the suitable reactants
1. Nitic acid
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. sulphuric acid
magnesium oxide
zinc
4. hydrochloric acid
8.5
sodium hydroxide
8.6
In the formation of the precipitate of barium sulphate, BaSO4, the chemical equation can be written:
Example : BaCl2(aq)
2+
Ions
Ba
2-
+ Cl + Na + SO4 BaSO4 + Na + Cl
Ionic equation : Ba
2+
2-
+ SO4
BaSO4
Exercise 3
Complete the table
Insoluble Salt
ZnCO3
AgCl
BaSO4
PbCl2
PbSO4
CaCO3
Ions
2+
2-
Zn
, CO3
+
Ag
2+
Ba
2+
Pb
2+
2-
, Cl
2-
, SO4
,
2-
+ CO3 ZnCO3
-
+ Cl AgCl
Ag
, SO4
2+
2+
Zn
, Cl
Pb
Ca
Ionic equation
2CO3
2+
+ SO4 BaSO4
Ba
2+
Pb
2+
Pb
2+
Ca
+ Cl PbCl2
2-
PbSO4
2CO3
CaCO3
+ SO4
+
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8.6
A balanced chemical equation for a reaction in preparation of a salt can be used to calculate the
stoichiometric quantities of the following
Masses of reactants
Masses of products
Volumes of products
Example;
Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 is use as a fertilizer. 29.8g of this salt is prepared by neutralizing
phosphoric acid, H3PO4 with ammonium gas, NH3. Calculate the volume of ammonium gas, NH3 reacted at
room conditions.
3
-1
[Relative atomic mass; H=1: N =14: P=31; O= 16; Molar volume; 24 dm mol at room conditions]
Solutions;
2.88 g
=
a. Calculate the number of moles
1 mol
= 3 X 0.2 mol
= 0.6 mol
= 14.4 dm
-1
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B.
In the qualitative analysis of salts, we need to identify the ions that are present in salts. This can
be done by analysing their physical and chemical properties.
Certain physical properties of salts such colour and solubitity in water are observed to help us infer
certain cations and anions that are present in salts.
The table shows the colour of salts in solid , in aqueous solution and the solubility of
salts in water
Salt
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl
Ammonium nitrate,NH4(NO3)3
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Calcium nitrate ,Ca(NO3)2
Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
Zinc sulphate, Zn SO4
Zinc nitrate ,Zn(NO3)2
Lead(II) chloride , PbCl2
Lead(II) sulphate , PbSO4
Lead(II) carbonate , PbCO3
Copper(II) chloride , CuCl2
Copper(II) sulphate , PbSO4
Copper(II) carbonate , PbCO3
Iron(II) sulphate , FeSO4
Iron(III) chloride , FeCl3
Sodium nitrate , NaNO3
Sodium carbonate , Na2CO3
Potassium nitrate , KNO3
Potassium carbonate , K2CO3
Colour in
solid
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
Blue
Blue
Green
Green
Brown / Yellow
white
white
white
white
Solubility in
water
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
Colour
in Aqueous solution
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
Blue
Blue
Pale green
Brown/Yellow/ Yellowish brown
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
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The table shows the colour of different cations in the solid form or in aqueous solution
Observation
Blue solution
green solution
Yellow/Yellowish-brown/
brown solution
Green solid
Brown solid
White solid
Colourless solution
Inference
2+
Ion copper (Cu ) present
2+
Ion Iron(II) Fe present
Ion Iron (III) Fe
3+
present
2+
Hydrated Fe , CuCO3
3+
Hydrated Fe salt
+
+
+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
Salts of Na , K ,NH4 , Mg , Ca Al , Zn , Pb
(If the anions are colourless)
+
+
+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
Na , K ,NH4 , Mg , Ca , Al , Zn , Pb
2.
Solubility in water
All are soluble
All are soluble
All are soluble except AgCl, HgCl and PbCl2 (soluble in
hot water)
All are soluble except BaSO4, PbSO4 and CaSO4
All are insoluble except sodium carbonate, potassium
carbonate and ammonium carbonate
Method
Put in glowing wooden splinter
Into the test tube
Put in lighted wooden splinter
Into the test tube
Bubble up the gas through
lime water
Put in moist red litmus paper
Into the test tube
Put in moist blue litmus paper
Into the test tube
drops of concentrated ammonia
NH3 solution into the test tube
Bubble up the gas
into purple acidified potassium
manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution
Test with moist blue litmus paper
Observation
Wooden splinter is rekindled /lighted
pop sound produced
Lime water turns milky/cloudy/chalky
Moist red litmus paper turns blue
Moist blue litmus paper turns red and
then turns white/bleaches
Dense white fumes produced
Purple acidified potassium
manganate (VII),KMnO4 solution
decolourises
moist blue litmus paper turns red
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3.
Colour of salt
before heating
Green powder
Colour of residue
Hot
cold
Black
Black powder
powder
White solid
Yelow solid
White solid
White solid
Brown sold
Yelow solid
White solid
White solid
White solid
No change
White solid
White solid
White solid
White solid
White solid
White solid
No change
White solid
White solid
White solid
Colour
of salt
Colour of residue
Hot
cold
Blue
solid
Black
powder
Black
powder
Zinc nitrate,
Zn(NO3)2
White
solid
Yellow
solid
White
solid
Lead(II) nitrate,
Pb(NO3)2
White
solid
Brown
solid
Yellow
solid
Sodium nitrate,
NaNO3
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Potassium nitrate,
KNO3
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Magnesium nitrate,
Mg(NO3)2
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Iron(II) nitrate,
Fe(NO3)2
Pale
Green
solid
Iron(III) nitrate,
Fe(NO3)3
Brown
solid
Pale
Green
solid
ReddishBrown
solid
Pale
Green
solid
ReddishBrown
solid
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The table shows the comparison of the effect of heat on carbonate and nitrate salts
Metal
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold
Most sulphate salts are not decomposed by heat. Only a few sulphate such as iron (II) sulphate, zinc
sulphate and copper sulphate decompose to sulphur dioxide or sulphur trioxide gas when heated.
All chloride salts are stable when heated except ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride sublimes and
decomposes to produce ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
The table shows the deduction of the types of ion present based on the gas produced
Type of gas produced
CO2
O2
NO2
SO2
NH3
Exersice:
1. State three examples of
a) soluble salts
Potassium carbonate
Lead(II) nitrate
Ammonium chloride
b) insoluble salts
Magnesium carbonate
Lead(II) sulphate
Argentum chloride
Sodium carbonate
Calcium sulphate
Barium sulphate
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3. Identify the gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue
Ammonia gas
4. Gas X has the following properties
Colourless
Acidic gas
Turns lime water milky
5.
Heat
Salt P
Metal oxide X
Gas Y
Colour of metal oxide X is yellow when hot and white when cold. Gas Y turns lime water milky.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ZnCO3 (s)
ZnO (s)
CO2 (g)
6. A sample of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 was heated strongly. Write down the expected
observation.
Copper(II) nitrate decompose to produce black colour of residue when hot and cold. A brown gas
that changed moist blue litmus paper to red and colourless gas that lighted up a glowing wooden
splinter are produced.
Observation
Anion
Effervescence.
Colourless gas
turns lime water
milky.
CO3 ion
2-
Ionic Equation
(if any)
2-
CO3 + 2H
CO2 + H2O
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Reagent / Condition
add nitric acid and silver
nitrate solution
Observation
Anion
White precipitate
formed.
Cl ion
White precipitate
formed.
SO4 ion
Brown ring
formed
NO3 ion
Ionic Equation
(if any)
Ag + Cl AgCl
2+
Ba
+ SO4
BaSO4
2-
3+
Observation
Green precipitate formed
Brown precipitate formed
Green precipitate formed
Brown precipitate formed
Pale blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Greenish-brown solution
Pale red colouration
Blood red colouration
Conclusion
Fe 2+ ion present
2+
Fe ion is present
Fe 2+ ion present
2+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion is present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion is present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Observation
Ionic Equation
2+
+ 2Cl PbCl2
2+
+ 2I PbI2
A white precipitate
is formed
When heated
dissolve in water to
form colourless solution
When cooled white
precipitate reappear
Pb
A yellow precipitate
is formed
When heated
dissolve in water to
form colourless solution
When cooled yellow
precipitate reappear
Pb
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Observation
+
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Precipitate
Colourless/
Unchanged
Coloured
NH4+
White
Fe2+
Green
Zn2+
Pb2+
Al3+
Fe3+
Brown
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Blue
To add/ put in
EXCESS NaOH
solution
Dissolved/soluble in excess
NaOH solution
Pb2+
Zn2+
Al3+
Mg2+
Ca2+
add KI solution
To add/ put
in
2-
White
Yellow
Precipitate
Precipitate
[PbSO4 ]
Colourless
2+
Al
3+
[CaSO4 ]
add / put in
Pb2+
colourless
Precipitate
Zn
[PbI]
White
Mg2+
Ca2+
NH3 solution
colourless
Zn2+
White precipitate
Al3+
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CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
Exercises:
1.
A salt is
l
ll
lll
lV
an ionic compound
formed from an acid and bases
an acidic compound
an alkaline compound
A l and ll only
B. ll and lV
C. l, ll dan lll only
D. l, lll dan lV
2.
a metal ion,
an ammonium ion
an anion
a hydroxide ion
A l and ll only
B. ll and lV
C. l, ll dan lll only
D. l, lll dan lV
3.
sodium nitrate
potassium carbonate
silver chloride
ammonium carbonate
A l and ll only
B. l and lll only
C. l, ll dan lV only
D. l, lll dan lV
4.
lead nitrate
copper nitrste
barium sulphate
calcium chloride
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5.
6.
7.
Calculate the volume of 0.2mol/dm3 sulphuric acid , H2SO4, thats is needed to react
completely with 10cm3 of 0.5mol/dm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
Crystallisation
Recrystallisation
Precipitation reaction
Neutralization reaction
5 cm3
10cm3
12.5cm3
15cm3
Nitric acid react with metal X to produce a salt according to the chemical equation
X + 2HNO3
X(HNO3)2 + H2
Calculate the volume of 1,5 mol/dm3 nitric acid that is needed to completely react with
0.54g of metal X
(Relative atomic mass: X=24)
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
25cm3
30cm3
35cm3
40cm3
If 20cm3 of a metallic hydroxide, 0.5 mol dm-3 reacts completely with 20cm3 of hydrochloric
acid, 1 mol dm -3, what is the formula of the chloride of metal M which results?
A.
B.
C.
D.
MCl
MCl2
MCl3
M2Cl3
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10.
A white salt Y is heated strongly. It was found that a brown gas, which turned damp blue
litmus paper red, and a colourless gas which rekindled a glowing splint, were produced.
The residue left behind was brown when hot and yellow when cold. The salt Y is most
probably.
A.
B.
C.
D.
zinc nitrate
silver carbonate
copper(ll) carbonate.
lead(ll) nitrate
1.
a)
b)
2.
Suggest the materials which can be used to prepared soluble salt, magnesium salt
respectively in the following table using the method for preparation of soluble salts
+
+
+
+
alkali
salt + water
metal oxide (base)
salt + water
metal
Materials
Salt
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3.
4.
Insoluble salts
Table below shows the reaction between acid and alkali and produced salt solution.
complete the table below
Acid
Alkali
Hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
Potassium hydroxide
(KOH)
..
Aqueous ammonia
(NH3)
Salt solution
Sodium nitrate
(NaNO3)
Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4
.. ...
Chemical equation
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3
+ H2O
HCl + NH3
NH4Cl + H2O
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5.
precipitate C
(insoluble salt with
Positive & negative ions)
BaSO4
a)
solution D
( soluble salt )
NaNO3
b)
c)
Based on the information given in table above, complete the table below
Solution A with
positive ion
Solution B with
negative ion
Precipitate C,
insoluble salt
Silver sulphate,
Ag2SO4
Sodium
chloride, NaCl
Silver chloride,
AgCl
Barium nitrate,
Ba(NO3)2
Lead(ll) nitrate,
Pb(NO3)2
Solution D
Sodium
sulphate,
Na2SO4
Barium
sulphate,
Ba2SO4
Lead(ll)
carbonate,
PbCO3
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6.
20cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate is added to a beaker containing 0.56g R.
(Relative atomic mass; R = 56)
a)
b)
c)
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7.
Salt solution
-3
Salt solution
Heat
Diagram 1.1
(a)
State one step that is required to speed up the reaction betwen metal oxide
and acid
.....................................................................................................................
(b)
Based on Diagram 1.1, state two substances that are used to prepare zinc
chloride salt
(i)
...............................................................................................
(ii)
................................................................................................
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(c)
Complete Diagram 1.1 by drawing the set up of apparatus used to obtain the salt
crystals in the space provided.
(d)
Name the type of reaction for preparing the salt using this method.
............................................................................................................
(e)
Complete the ionic equation below for the formation of lead(II) sulphate salt, PbSO4
....................................................
(f)
PbSO4(s)
CuCO3
2HCl
CuCl2
H2O
CO2
Excess copper(II) carbonate is added to react with 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid to form the salt.
Calculate the mass of the salt formed.
[Relative formula mass of the salt formed is 135]
[3 marks]
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Essay questions:
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
PAPER 3
Structure Question
5.0 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 potassium sulphate solution was filled in eight test tubes of equal size and height.
Then 1.0 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 barium chloride solution is added to the first tube, followed by 2.0 cm3, 3.0
cm3, 4.0 cm3, 5.0 cm3, 6.0 cm3, 7.0 cm3 and 8.0 cm3 respectively in the other test tubes. The test tube is
put aside. When the precipitate salt settled, its height was measured and recorded.
Test tube
5.0 5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.0 2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.4 0.8
1.3
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
a)
b)
c)
manipulated variable
...........................................
ii)
responding variable
...............................................
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iii)
d) Plot the graph of the height of the precipitate against the volume of barium
chloride solution.
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e)
From the graph drawn in (d), determine the minimum volume of barium chloride
solution required to react completely with 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 potassium
sulphate solution.
...
f)
Calculate the number of moles of sulphate ions that react with 1 mole of
barium ions.
g)
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CHAPTER 8: SALTS
Answer:
Exersices:
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. D
Subjective Question
1
a)
b)
c)
A salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion from acid is
replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion from an alkali/bes.
Flavour to food,plaster of paris in medical feild.
Barium sulphate to identify tumor in the intestines
soluble salt
2
Materials
a). Magnesium + hydrochloric acid
b). Magnesium + sulphuric acid.
c) magnesium + nitric acid
3.
soluble salts
magnesium sulphate
copper(ll) sulphate,
potassium carbonate,
calcium nitrate
Salt
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium nitrate
insoluble salts
lead(ll) iodide
silver chloride
barium hydroxide
barium sulphate
4.
Acid
Alkali
Salt solution
Potassium chloride
(KCl)
Chemical equation
Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)
Sulphuric acid
(H2SO4)
Hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
H2SO4 + NH3
(NH4)2SO4 + H2O
Ammonium
(NH4+)
Ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl)
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5.
a)
b)
c)
Solution A with
positive ion
Solution B with
negative ion
Precipitate C,
insoluble salt
Solution D
Potassium
sulphate,
K2SO4
Ammonium
carbonate,
(NH4)2CO3
6.
a)
b)
Ammonium
nitrate, NH4NO3
= 0.01 mol
= 0.01 mol R
c) 1: 1
7.
(a)
(b)
i.
ii.
zinc powder
hydrochloric acid
Filter paper
(c )
Salt crystals
(d)
(e)
Pb2+
SO42-
PbSO4
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(f)
= 2 x 50 = 0.1 mol
1000
Number of mole of copper(I) chloride
= 0.1/2
= 0.05 mol
Mass of copper(II) chloride
= 0.05 x 135
= 6.75 g
Essay Questions
(a)
Example:Na2SO4(aq)
Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4(s)
2NaNO3(aq)
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Paper 3
a)
b)
Barium sulphate
c) i)
ii)
iii)
d)
Plot the graph of the height of the precipitate against the volume of barium
chloride solution.
e)
5.0cm3
f)
i.
ii.
g)
0.005 mol of barium ions react with 0.005 mol of sulphate ions
1.0 mol of barium ions will react with 1.0 mol of sulphate ions
REDOX reaction A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time.
1.2
Defination of REDOXS
1. REDOX is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
2. OXIDATION is a reaction which involves loss of electron or loss of hydrogen
Example :
(i) Mg
Mg
2+
+ 2e
Magnesium undergoes oxidation because magnesium loss electron or the oxidation number increases from
0 to +2
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S + 2HCl
H2S. is oxidized to sulphur It acts as a , reducing agent. Chlorine gas is reduced to chloride ion/HCl .
It undergoes reduction and acts as an oxidizing agent. agent.
(iii) Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
2+
Zn Zn + 2e : Zinc atom undergoes oxidation because it lose electron and the oxidation number of
zinc , increase from 0 to +2 Zinc acts as a reducing. agent.
+
2H + 2e H2 : Hydrogen ion undergoes reduction. because it gain electron and the oxidation number
decrease from +1 to 0. Hydrogen ion acts as an oxidising. agent.
(iv) Cu
2+
+ 2e
Cu
Copper (II) ion undergoes reduction because it gain electron and the oxidation number decrease from +2 to 0
The copper (II) ion acts as an oxidising agent.
EXERCISE 1
Calculate the oxidation number for the underlined elements.
Tentukan nombor pengoksidanan bagi unsur yang digaris.
i.
KMnO4
ii.
MnO2
iii.
CO32-
iv.
CO2
v.
CO
vi.
NH3
vii.
NO3-
viii.
NO2
ix.
NH4+
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Answer:
(i)
(v)
(ix)
Mn =+7
C = +2
N = -3
(ii)
(vi)
Mn = +4
N = -3
(iii)
(vii)
C =+4
N = +5
(iv)
(viii)
C = +4
N = +4
EXERCISE 2
State which of the following equation is redox reaction or not. Explain why.
a. NaOH + HCl
b. 2 Na + Cl2
NaCl + H2 O
2 NaCl
c. CaCO3 + 2 HCl
CaCl 2 + H2 O + CO2
d. Zn + CuO
ZnO + Cu
e. Pb + 2 AgNO3
Pb(NO3) 2 + 2 Ag
f.
BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
g. SO 2 + 2 H 2 S
3 S + 2 H 2O
h. Cl 2 + 2 FeCl2
2 FeCl3
i.
2 Na + 2 H2 O
2 NaOH + H2
j.
Br2 + 2 KI
2 KBr + I2
2 NaCl + ZnCO3
BaCl2 + Na 2 SO4
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(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
1.3
(ii)
(iii)
Overall Ionic equation for redox reaction formed by combining half equation for
oxidation and half equation for reduction (the number of electrons in both the half equations
must cancel each other).
Example 1 :
Reaction
2Al + 3CuSO4
Al
Al
Cu2+
3+
Cu2+ SO42- Al
Al3+
+
SO42-
3Cu
Cu
+ 3e
2e
2Al3+
2Al
3Cu2+
Al2(SO4)3
Cu
+ 6e
6e
2Al + 3Cu2+
3Cu
2Al3+
+ 3Cu
* Make sure that the number of electrons released in half equation for
oxidation are equal to the number of electrons received in half equation
for reduction.
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EXERCISE 3
1
sodium
water
Reaction
Ionic equation
Answer:
Reaction
Chemical Equation for the reaction
Na
2H+
2Na
2H+
Ionic equation
OH-
Na+
+ e
2e
2Na+
Na+
H+
2e
2Na + 2H+
OH-
H2
H2
+ 2e
H2
2Na+
+ H2
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Copper(II) oxide react with dry hydrogen gas (Determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide)
Copper(II) oxide
Dry hydrogen gas
Reaction
Reaction
Cu2+
Cu
H2
2H+
H2
Cu2+
Ionic equation
H2 + Cu2+
H+
+ 2e
2e
Cu
2H+
+ Cu
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1.4
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
3+
3+
2+
Change of : Fe2+ Fe and Fe Fe
1.4.6
1.4.7
1.4 .1 Redox Reaction in the Displacement of Metals from its Salt solution
Electrochemical Series :
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au
Electropositivity decreases
EXERCISE 4
You are provided with strips of metal W, X, Y and Z and their salt solutions. Describe how you would show
the order of these metals in the electrochemical series in descending order of electropositivity. Your
explanation shoud include observations and conclusions.
1.4.2
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EXERCISE 5
1. Compare and contrast cell P and cell Q. Include in your answer the observation and half equations for
the reactionsn of electrode in both cells.
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2.
Diagram below shows the voltaic cell. Zinc act as negative terminal and copper act as
positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is 1.1 volt.
d. Write the ionic equation for the reaction in the above cell.
f.
(i) What will happen to the intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate in beaker B?
.................................................................................................................
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Diagram below shows the set up of the apparatus used for the electrolysis of
2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Carbon electrode Y
Carbon electrode X
Hydrochloric acid
A
(a)
(b)
(c)
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(d)
(e)
(f)
oxidized : .........................................................
(ii)
reduced : .................................................................
Name the
(i)
(ii)
Solution X
Solution Y
Write the half equation of the reaction that takes place at the anode for
electrolysis of
(i)
solution X :
(ii) solution Y :
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(b)
Cathode
Solution X
Solution Y
(b)
(d)
(e)
solution X :
(ii)
solution Y :
solution X :
(ii)
solution Y :
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Draw a labelled diagram to show how the rusting of iron involved the ionization of iron and
the flow of electron.
Diagram below shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to prevent rusting.
TAQ 8388
Iron ship
Zinc plate
Sea water
(a)
Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship from rusting.
(b)
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The diagram shows the set-up of the apparatus to study the effect of other metals on the
rusting of iron nails.
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
nail
P
(a)
Copper
Iron
nail
Iron
nail
Iron
nail
phenolphthalein?
(ii)
(b)
State the observation for each test tube P, Q, R and S after a few days.
(i)
Test tube P
(ii)
Test tube Q
(iii)
Test tube R
(iv)
Test tube S
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(c)
state the metals that can prevent the rusting of iron nail
(ii)
state the metal that can accelerate the rusting of iron nail.
(iii)
arrange the four metals i.e. iron, zinc, magnesium and copper in
ascending order of their electropositivity.
(d)
(i)
State the type of reaction that takes place when iron rusts.
(ii)
(iii)
Metals will corrode when exposed to the atmosphere over a period of time.
(a)
If magnesium and iron are exposed to the atmosphere . Which metal will
Corrode faster?
Explain your answer.
.
.
(b)
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(c )
Electroplating is one way to control the rusting of iron. Suggest two other
ways to prevent iron from rusting?
Products
KI
+ Cl2
KI
+ Br2
KBr + Cl2
NaI + Br2
NaBr + I2
KCl + Br2
NaCl + I2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
( ) / (X)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Write the half equation for the chemical change that takes place in :
(i)
bromine water
(ii)
potassium iodide
(iii)
a reducing agent
(iv)
an oxidizing agent :
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(d)
Suggest halogen X that can replace bromine water so that iodine is also
formed.
Fe2+
Fe2+
EXERCISE 8
1
Chlorine water is added drop by drop to 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution in a test
tube. The test tube is warmed gently.
(a)
Write the :
H
Half equation of oxidation :
e
a
Half equation of reduction :
t
Overall ionic equation :
2 FeCl3 + H2 S
(a)
2 FeCl2 + S + 2 HCl
(b)
(i)
.........................................................................................................
(ii)
.................................................................................................
(iii)
.......................................................................................................
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(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Write the half equation for the changes in iron in the above
experiment?
.......................................................................................................
(iii)
EXERCISE 9
1
Diagram 2 shows the set- up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between iron(II)
chloride solution and potassium manganate(VII) solution through the transfer of electrons
at a distance.
G
Carbon electrode
P
Carbon electrode
Q
Potassium
manganate(VII)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
.
...............
(d)
(e)
Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode Q.
(f)
(g)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
What is the color changes that can be observed at M of U tube in half an hour of
experiment.
....................................................................................................................................
(d)
(e)
What is
reduced:..........................................................................................
oxidized:
(f)
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(g)
Name one substance that can replace chlorine water to get the same product at M
(h)
(i)
(iii)
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1.3.7 Redox Reaction In The Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications
EXERCISE 10
1
(b)
Magnesium oxide +
carbon
(c)
(d)
Aluminium + carbon
dioxide
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Magnesium + steam
(i)
(j)
/ X
Chemical Equation
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Diagram 2.1 shows the set-up of the apparatus for an experiment to construct the
Electrochemical Series through the ability of metals to displace other metals
from their salt solution.
Silver nitrate solution
Zinc plate
Diagram 2.1
The experiment was repeated using copper and P metals to replace zinc and
P nitrate
solution to replace silver nitrate solution.
Table 2.2 shows the result obtained.
Experiment
Metal
Zinc
II
Copper
III
P nitrate solution
P metal is displaced.
No reaction.
Table 2.2
(a)
(b)
Based on the results in Table 2.2, arrange the metals silver, copper, P
and zinc in ascending order of electropositivity.
More electropositive
(c)
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(d)
Based on Experiment I :
(i)
Zinc can displace silver metal from silver nitrate solution. Explain
why.
(ii)
(iii)
(e)
Diagram 2.3 shows the set up of apparatus for the reaction between
metal P and copper(II) nitrate solution.
Copper(II) nitrate
solution
Metal P plate
Diagram 2.3
What is the colour change of the of copper (II) nitrate solution?.
Explain why.
(f)
State two uses of the Electrochemical Series besides the determining the
ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution.
.........
......
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ANSWER:
EXERCISE 4
1.
Procedure
1.
2
3
Observation:
Salt metal solution
Metal
Deposit
X No deposit
Inference
1
Deposit formed when metal W is put in the salt solution of X, Y and Z
Metal W is more electropositive than metal X, Y and Z
2
Deposit formed when metal X is put in the salt solution of Y and Z
Metal X is more electropositive than metal Y and Z
3
Deposit formed when metal Y is put in the salt solution Z
Y is more electropositive than Z
No deposit formed when metal Y is put in the salt solutions of W and X
Metal Y is less electropositive than W and X
4
No deposit is formed when metal Z is put in the salt solutions W, X and Y
Metal Z is less electropisitive than W, X and Y
The descending order is
W, X, Y, Z
Conclusion
Metal that is more electropisitive will displace the metal which is less
electropositive from its salt solution.
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EXERCISE 5
1
Charateristic
1. Types of cell
2. Energy changes
3. Name of the
electrode
4. Ion in electrolyte
5. Half equation
6. Observation
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
Cell P
Cell Q
Electrolytic cell
Chemical/voltaic cell
Electrical energy to
chemical energy
Positive electrode/anode:
Copper
Negative electrode/
cathode:copper
Anion: SO4-2, OHCation: Cu+2, H+
Anode / positive electrode:
Cu Cu+2 + 2e
Cathode/negative electrode:
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Chemical energy to
electrical energy
Positive electrode/cathode:
copper
Negative electrode/ anode:
zinc
Anion: SO4-2, OHCation: Cu+2, H+
Anode/negative electrode:
Zn Zn+2 + 2e
Cathode/ positive electrode:
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Positive electrode: brown
Positive electrode/ anode:
solid/ electrode become
copper dissolve
thicker
Negative electrode/cathode:
Negative electrode: zinc
Brown solid
dissolve/ becomes thinner
The blue color fade
The blue color fade
zinc to copper
to separate the electrolyte and allows transfer of ion between 2 solution
(i)
Zn Zn+2 + 2e
(ii)
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Zn + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu
zinc electrode/ negative
(i)
decrease
(ii)
The concentration of copper ion decrease
(i)
increase
(ii)
The distance between Mg and copper is higher in
electrochemical series
H+, Cl-, OHX: hydrogen gas
Y: chlorine gas
(i)
X: 2H+ + 2e H2
(ii)
Y: 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
(i)
chloride ion
(ii)
hydrogen ion
(i)
oxidizing agent: hydrogen ion
(ii)
Reducing agent: chloride ion
-1
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4.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
(b)
Product formed at :
Anode
Cathode
Solution X
Oxygen
copper
Solution Y
Chlorine
copper
(c )
(d)
(i)
(ii)
X: Hydroxide ion
Y: Chloride ion
(i)
(ii)
X: copper ion
Y: copper ion
(e)
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EXERCISE 6
1.
O2
OH
Fe2+
-
Water droplet
OH-
Fe
Fe2+
2+OH
e-
(a)
(b)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c )
(i)
(iv)
(v)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
O2
Iron
Oxidation
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
As a control experiment
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4.
(a)
Magnesium.
Magnesium is more electropositive than iron.
Magnesium atom is easier to release electron compare to iron atom
(b)
the oxide layer is non porous and firmly coated the aluminium
(c )
EXERCISE 7
1
Reactants
KI
+ Cl2
KI
+ Br2
KBr + Cl2
NaI + Br2
NaBr + I2
KCl + Br2
NaCl + I2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(c )
Br2 +
(d)
chlorine
/ X
Products
KCl + I2
KBr + I2
KCl + I2
NaBr + I2
X
X
X
Br2 + 2e 2Br2I- I2 + 2e
Iodide ion/ KI
Bromine
2I-
2Br- + I2
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EXERCISE 8
1.
(a)
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl2+
2Fe
3+
+ Cl2 2Fe
+ 2Cl
(a)
1.
2.
(b)
i.
ii.
iii.
redox
oxidizing agent
iron(II) chloride
(c )
-2
(d)
i.
ii.
iii.
+3 + 2
Fe 3+ Fe 2+ + e
1.
Add sodium hydroxide solution
2.
green precipitate formed
EXERCISE 9
1
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
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EXERCISE 10
1.
/ X
Reactants
Chemical Equation
(a)
No reaction
(b)
Magnesium oxide +
carbon
No reaction
(c)
No reaction
(d)
Aluminium + carbon
dioxide
4Al
(e)
(f)
No reaction
(g)
FeO + H2 H2O + Fe
(h)
Magnesium + steam
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
(i)
No reaction
(j)
Fe + PbO FeO + Pb
(a)
+ 3CO2
2Al2O3 + 3C
(b)
silver
Copper
zinc
More electropositive
(c)
(d)
(ii)
(iii)
0 to +2
(e)
(f)
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