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Report Control Process
Report Control Process
In almost all processes exist in the industry utilizes process control loop systems to ensure
better control and safety of the process. A typical control loop in a process is made up of four
basic control blocks namely the sensor, process, controller and final control element. An open
control loop is where controller is set to manual and closed loop is when controller is in auto
mode. The Automatic control uses algorithm consisting of proportional, integral and derivative.
The objective of the lab work is to perform open loop test, closed loop test, Load disturbance
test and set point test using Foxboro and Emerson controllers systems. The processes which
these test are conducted on are pressure control, level control and flow control. The open loop
curve is obtained and the values of P,I and D are calculated using Ziegler Nichols and cohen
coons tuning rules. The P, I and D values are then used for closed loop test, load disturbance
and set point test. It is found that there still oscillations occur and the value of P needs to be
change to prevent oscillations.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Process control relates to statistics and engineering used for maintaining the output of a certain
process within the desired range. The term control refers to the regulation of the process.
Process control includes designing process system, identifying instrumentations and also
determining the right parameters for controllers. Types of control system include feedback,
cascade, feed forward and also ratio. In specifying instrumentation, the process is identified
whether involves flow, level, temperature or pressure. Specifying instrumentation also involves
the identification of control valves and also control signals. Selecting right parameters however
involves in either to adjust the proportional (P), integral (I) or the derivative (D) of the control
system. Implementation of process control has the potential to reduce defective products and
also provide precise measurement and control. However, the implementation of process control
requires high cost of instrumentation and not to forget highly trained workers in automation.
Some basic terminologies related to process control are controlled variable or process variable
PV, manipulated variable (MV), set point (SP) and also disturbance or load variable. Process
variable refers to the variable that must be maintained at desired value whereas manipulated
variable refers to the variable used in order to maintain the process variable. Set point refers to
the desired value of process variable. On the other hand, load variable is defined as any
variable that causes the process variable to diverge from its set point. A process control loop
consists of four blocks. The four blocks are controller, final control element, process and sensor.
The controller acts as a brain of the control loop. It performs decision in the control system.
Final control element such as control valve implements the decision performed by the controller.
Sensor acts by transmitting signals obtained from process to the controller.
A feedback control involves a process in which the outcome of an action is fed back to the
controller for corrective measures. On the other hand, cascade control involves inner loop and
outer loop. This type of control functions by the inner loop controller receives its set point from
outer loop controller. Cascade control is mainly used to eliminate effect of disturbance. A feed
forward control is described as a method of control that is based on process model. Its objective
is to deal with disturbance before they affect the controlled variable.
As mentioned earlier, a process control loop consists of four control blocks which are controller,
final control element, sensor and process. A system is considered as closed loop system when
all of the four control blocks are connected. This means that, the controller will compare the
controlled variable outcome with the desired set point and will makes necessary changes for
corrective action to the final control element such as control valve. The advantage is that
production can be maximized through the application of automatic closed loop control. Other
than that, the automatic closed loop control can also produce the products at desired standards.
Closed loop system is as shown by the Figure 1.1 below:
MV
SP
P
Controller
Final
Control
Element
PV
Process
PV
Sensor
Figure 1.1: Closed loop control
However, if any one of the four control blocks is disconnected, the process control loop is the
called open loop system. In an open loop system, the correction of final control element is done
manually by an operator which indicates that the controller has no control over the final control
element. Figure 1.2 below shows an open loop system:
MV
SP
P
Controller
PV
Final
Control
Element
Operator
Sensor
PV
Process
PID controller is one of the most common forms of closed loop control. The term PID stands for
proportional, integral and derivative. The controller takes a measured value from a certain
process and compares it with the set point value. The difference between the measured value
and the set point or also known as error signal is then used to adjust the input to the process
so that the measured value will be at the desired set point. Outputs of process can be adjusted
based on history and rate of change of error signal by using PID. PID controllers can be easily
tuned to the desired application. The common PID control equation also referred to independent
gain algorithm is shown below:
t
CO = KP.E + KI
E . dt
0
+ KD
Where,
CO = Controller Output,
KP = Proportional Constant,
KI = Integral Constant,
KD = Differential Constant,
t = Time
dE
dt
An increase in the process measurement of direct acting control loop will cause an increase in
the controller output. Besides the equation shown above, there is another form of PID equation
called the ideal algorithm. The equation for ideal algorithm is as shown below:
CO = KC (E +
1
TI
E . dt
0
+ TD
dE
dt
Where,
KC = Controller Gain
TI = Reset Time
TD = Rate Time
Even though the independent gain algorithm equation uses the second time domain whereas
the ideal algorithm equation uses minute time domain, both of the equation are actually the
same with the following conversion:
KP = KC
KI = KC / (TI . 60)
KD = KC. TD. 60
However, there is another type of PID equation which is shown by the following equation:
CO = KC (E +
1
TI
E . dt
0
)(1 + TD
dE
dt
Proportional and integral modes commonly are used as single control modes. However, a
derivative mode is rarely used as single control mode in a control system. Some of the popular
combinations in practical systems are PI and PD control.
When parameters of an existing controller have to be tuned, there will be a problem in the
identification of PID controller. Controller structure has to be determined since manufacturers do
not provide data on controller structure whether serial or parallel. Manual tuning of controller
parameters had to be done if they are changed with time. Other than that, manual tuning of
controller parameters also had to be done when change in process parameters occurred.
Manual parameter tuning can be done using trial and error and if rules shown in the table below:
Parameter
Increasing K
Increasing Ki
Increasing Kd
Speed of Response
Stability
Increases
Deteriorate
Decreases
Deteriorate
increases
Improves
Table 1.1 : Parameter of K
Accuracy
Improves
Improves
No effect
Unfortunately, if it is not possible to tune the controller parameters using trial and error method,
then it is important to know the controller structure. The controller structure can be identified
using a certain type of reference signal on the controller input and measuring response on the
controller output.
t Td
CHAPTER 2
Tangent Line
Time
2.1MVf
THEORY
MV
2.1.1 Graphical Tangent Method
MVi
PVf
This method is used in the calculation to find RR and graphically find Td. RR and Td is found on
a process curve graph.
Time
Where,
PV = PVf PVi
MV = MVf MVi
Reformulated Tangent Method is an alternative to tangent method and is quite similar. Instead of
calculating the RR using distance by a ruler, reformulated tangent method allows the calculation
in forms of trigonometric functions.
Based on figure 2.2, There are angles and and on the both of the axis there are b and a. b
and a are scaling factors to be used in the calculation of RR.
Dead time, Td is calculated by,
Td(time) = Td(length by ruler) x b
Where,
b = (increment of time on the axis scale)/(length of each interval)
The response rate, RR is,
RR= ((tan )/MV)(a/b)
Time constant, Tc is,
Tc(time) = Tc(length) x b
PVf
PV1
Tangent Line
PVo
PV-1
(Td , PVi)
h
PVi
t-1
t-o
t1
Time
Some data are in the forms of numerical and tables. In discrete tangent method, calculation of
response rate RR, dead time Td and time constant Tc to be calculated for numerical data. This
numerical method requires no measuring on graphs but requires numerical calculation from the
data tables obtained from the process. Figure 2.3 shows what the graph looks like if plotted from
the data tables.
To calculate response rate,
RR = (PV1 PV-1)/2hMV
The time constant, Tc,
Tc = 2h [(PVf PVi)/(PV1-PV-1)]
The dead time Td,
Td = t1 2h [(PV1 PVi)/(PV1-PV-1)]
10
P
3.33RRTd
111.1RRTd
83.3RRTd
I
3.33Td
2Td
Table 2.1 : PID tunes
D
0.5Td
P
[100/(1+/3)]RRTd
[100/(1+/11)]RRTd
PID
[100/1.35(1+/5)]RRT
3.33[(1+/11)/
(1+11/5)]Td
2.5[(1+/5)/(1+3/5)]Td
d
Table 2.2 : PID tunes
2.2 PROCEDURE
11
0.37Td/(1+/5)
was recorded.
5. Load disturbance test was done by turn the process into Manual mode and make a step
change of MV by 10% for three second and change into Auto mode again.
6. After the process has stabilized, the process response after changed the MV was
observed.
7. The set point test was done by adding the previous set point with 10% from total value
which is 0.6m3/h.
8. After the process response has reached the steady state, the response was observed.
9. Both graph for load disturbance test and set point test was printed.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Process History View was clicked to see the trend of the process.
The process need to be stabilized in manual.
The initial value of MV was recorded and the step change of 10% was taken.
After the response has reached the steady state, the response graph was printed and
was recorded.
5. Load disturbance test was done by turn the process into Manual mode and make a step
change of MV by 10% for three second and change into Auto mode again.
6. After the process has stabilized, the process response after changed the MV was
observed.
7. The set point test was done by adding the previous set point with 10% from total value
which is 2.5 psig
8. After the process response has reached the steady state, the response was observed.
9. Both graph for load disturbance test and set point test was printed.
2.1.2 DCS FOXBORO
Open Loop Test for LIC31
1. The Level Control Plant, (WLF922) was selected.
2. LIC31 was selected for the control loops.
3. For viewing the trending, the step are by clicking the File>Additional FoxView>Change
Env(The environment was change to operator).
4. Double clicked at the controller at the new windows of WLF922, then trend button was
clicked.
5. The process response was stabilized by setting the process in Auto mode.
6. The initial value of MV was recorded.
7. The process was changed to manual mode and step change of 10% of MV from the
initial was done.
8. After the slope can be calculated, the process was changed to Auto mode again.
9. The data for the process was printed by selecting the AIM Historian Data Display and
desired data was tagged which are SP, PV and MV.
10. Numerical analysis was done to obtain the data of RR, td and tc.
11. The determination of PI controller setting was calculated using the Ziegler-Nichols
method.
13
printed
by
following
the
step
START>Program>HyperSnap-DX>HyperSnap-DX>Capture>Active Window.
8. The trending active window was selected and then the image was inverted to black and
white. The process response than was printed.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
: 60 %
: 65 %
:5%
: 5 %/14 mm
PVi
PVf
PV
b
Length b
14
: 64.5 %
: 74 %
: 9.5 %
: 60 s/50 mm
0.5 mm
60 s
=0.6 s
50 mm
Time constant, Tc
Length b
Tc =
2 mm
60 s
=2.4 s
50 mm
Response rate, RR
RR =
( PV t )/ MV
9.5
2.4 s
=0.792/s
5
0.792 0.6
= 111.1
= 52.795 %
I = 3.33 Td
= 3.33
0.6
= 1.998 s
P=
100
RR Td
1+
11
Td 0.6
=
=0.25
Tc 2.4
100
0.792 0.6
0.25
(1+
)
11
15
= 46.46 %
[ ]
[ ]
11
3.33
Td
I=
11
1+
5
1+
0.25
11
3.33
0.729
=
11 0.25
1+
5
1+
= 2.03 s
The closed loop test is done by using the value of P and I calculated from two methods, ZieglerNichols and Cohen Coon method.
Ziegler-Nichols
17
o
o
For Delta-V Emerson model, Kc value is used instead of P value. Kc value can
be calculated by Kc=100/P.
After the Kc and I value are inserted, the process looks oscillatory and the value
of Kc need to be changed. The value of Kc is reduced 4 times by dividing the
value by 4 each time. Then, the process starts to move towards set point.
The load disturbance test is done in MAN mode and quickly back into AUTO
mode after changing the MV value. The response is fast and moving towards set
point because the value of Kc and I are accurate.
The same goes for set point test and shown no oscillations or errors.
18
Cohen-Coon
o After the value of Kc and I are inserted, there is one oscillation and the process
moving right towards the set point after that. This shown that there is no need to
change the value of Kc and I because the process has stabilized quite fast.
o The load disturbance test shown that the process response oscillates once
before it move towards the set point.
o The set point test shown that the process oscillates a few times but it is normal
because the set point is changed and the original values of Kc and I for previous
set point is not the same as the new one. Every set point has its own Kc and I
values.
19
MVi
MVf
MV
a
td = 2mm x 15s/11mm
: 65 %
: 70 %
:5%
: 10%/17 mm
PVi
PVf
PV
b
: 76 %
: 82 %
: 9.5 %
: 15 s/11 mm
tc = 9mm x 15s/11mm
= 2.723 s
= 12.273 s
RR =
PV / t
MV
(6 /12.273)
5
= 0.0978 s-1
I = 3.33td = (3.33)(2.723 s)
= 9.068 s
20
P=
100
1+
11
11
)(td) = 6.224 s
1+
= 26.137
I = 3.33(
21
22
Ziegler-Nichols
o No fine tuning need to be done because the calculated K c and I make the process
o
23
Cohen-Coon
o Fine tuning was done for the process the response was oscillate rapidly where
o
the value of Kc were divided 4 three time before it reach the set point.
The load disturbance test where 10% difference of MV which is from 55% to 65%
shown that the response underdamped before it move towards the set point. The
length of time taken for the response to settle at the set point was about 1 minute
and 20 seconds. This is because, the response is self-regulated and stabilise by
itself.
The set point test was done by change 10% from the total set point which is 6
m3/h. The response show same condition when using the Ziegler-Nichols
calculation to calculate the P and I. The process oscillate when the set point was
changed and it done not stabilize at the set point. Though the response is selfregulated, the entered value of Kc and I did not move the response towards set
point. This shows that new value of K c and I need to be obtained for the process
to become stable at the set point.
24
MV (%)
PV (mm)
PV (%)
24.09
426.88
53.36
34.00
425.17
53.15
34.00
423.53
52.94
34.00
422.73
52.84
34.00
423.28
52.91
34.00
423.69
52.96
34.00
424.16
53.02
34.00
424.38
53.05
34.00
425.11
53.14
34.00
425.36
53.17
10
34.00
425.98
53.25
11
34.00
425.98
53.25
12
34.00
426.88
53.36
13
34.00
427.56
53.45
14
34.00
427.92
53.49
15
34.00
428.05
53.51
16
34.00
428.64
53.58
17
34.00
429.23
53.65
18
34.00
429.66
53.71
19
34.00
429.66
53.71
20
34.00
430.41
53.80
21
34.00
430.84
53.86
22
34.00
431.45
53.93
23
34.00
431.77
53.97
24
34.00
432.50
54.06
25
34.00
433.22
54.15
26
34.00
433.56
54.20
25
Response
rate (s-1)
0
-0.042
-0.031
-0.003
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.008
0.011
0.02
0.013
0.006
0.009
0.014
0.013
0.006
0.009
0.015
0.013
0.011
0.013
0.018
0.014
0.006
27
34.00
MVi
MVf
MV
h
433.69
: 24.09 %
: 34.00 %
: 9.91 %
:1s
54.21
SP
PVT
PVi
PVf
-5.42
: 400 mm
: 800 mm
: 53.36 %
: 54.21 %
PV (mm)
100
800 mm
426.88 mm
100 =53.36
800 mm
Response rate, RR
RR =
PV 1PV 1
2 ( MV ) ( h)
RR1 =
52.9453.36
2 ( 9.91 ) (1)
= -0.042
From the table, notice that RR increases until time = 8 s, then it keeps decreasing. Response
rate for this process is taken at maximum RR
RRmax = RR4 = 0.012 s-1
Dead time, Td
Td =
T 12 h
PV 1PVi
PV 1PV 1
]
26
52( 1)
52.96(53.36)
52.9652.84
= 11.67 s
Time constant, Tc
Tc =
2 h
PVf PVi
PV 1PV 1
2(1)
54.21(53.36)
52.9652.84
= 14.17 s
3.1.3.1 Optimum controller setting ( Ziegler-Nichols method)
P = 111.1 RR Td
0.012 11.67
= 111.1
= 15.56 %
I = 3.33 Td
= 3.33
11.67
= 38.86 s
The set of data from the time of change of the MV is collected for further calculations. From the
numerical data, dead time (Td), response rate (RR) and time constant (Tc) can be calculated.
The maximum response rate is obtained at time, T: 4 seconds. This means that after 4 seconds
the process slope move downwards for the first time after moving upwards.
28
29
Figure 3.11
30
CHAPTER 4
4.1 CONCLUSION
Based on the tests for open loop, self regulating system must be run in manual mode and left to
become stable in order to calculate time constant, dead time and response rate. Self regulating
systems are pressure and flow. For non-self regulating system which is the level controller, the
system is left in manual mode until slope can be calculated from the graph. Basically, Open loop
test helps to determine values P and I for the closed loop test.
After the closed loop tests, it was found that there are still oscillations occur even after the P and
I values are calculated using different tuning rules. The oscillations can be reduced by
manipulating the values of P and I. This is called fine tuning. The value of P is decreased by
dividing by 4 until the oscillations reduced. The Value of I is increased by multiplying by 4 to
further decrease the oscillations. Level and pressure control in this test have no oscillations from
the P and I calculated while flow does have oscillations and require fine tuning.
For Load Disturbance test, Level and flow controller process have no oscillations occur which
shows correct values of P and I. Pressure controller however, appears to be underdamped
before process reaches set point therefore, the P and I values may not be accurate. From Set
point tests, flow and level have no oscillations but pressure have oscillation and its Kc must be
changed.
31
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Calculation of RR should be four or more decimal places. This may give more accurate
data and leads to better values of P, I and D.
2. The eyes position when measuring the distance on the graph for Td and Tc must be
perpendicular to the ruler to avoid parallax error.
3. While fine tuning, if process oscillates, adjust the P (by dividing by 4). If oscillation
persists, keep reducing the P.
4. It is recommended to adjust P and I values one by one not simultaneously. Adjusting P
and I simultaneously can lead to worst oscillation of the process or even leads to offset.
5. There are other methods for RR and Td calculation for the open loop such as
Reformulated Tangent Method. These methods could also be used and compared with
the current method used in this experiment so that the data could be more feasible
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32
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APPENDICES
33