Differ Equ Dyn Syst

DOI 10.1007/s12591-015-0268-4
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Numerical Study on Binary Nanofluid Convection

in a Rotating Porous Layer
Jyoti Sharma1 Urvashi Gupta2 R. K. Wanchoo2

Foundation for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation 2016

Abstract The present paper investigates the convection in a binary nanofluid layer in porous
medium under the influence of rotation using DarcyBrinkman model. A set of partial differential equations based on conservation laws for binary nanofluid convection are solved using
Normal mode technique and one term weighted residual method. The problem is analyzed
for both stationary as well as oscillatory convection for free-free boundaries of the layer.
The oscillatory motions come into existence for bottom heavy configuration of nanoparticles
in the fluid layer. As far as thermal Rayleigh number is concerned, it does not show much
variation with respect to different nanoparticles (alumina, copper, titanium oxide, silver) for
bottom heavy configuration. Rotation parameter is found to stabilize the system significantly.
Keywords Binary convection Nanofluid DarcyBrinkman model Rotation Brownian
motion Thermophoresis

Introduction
Nanofluid is a highly influential term which is being discussed within the heat transfer
community over a wide spectrum. Nanofluid represents the suspension of nanometer-sized
particles (oxides, nitrides, ceramics, metals and semiconductors) in base fluids (water, ethylene glycol, oil). The idea of introducing nanofluids first came into the mind of Choi [1] who
claimed that the heat transfer can be enhanced with the addition of nanoparticles in the fluid.
Buongiorno [2] developed a system of conservation equations for nanofluids incorporating
the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Using this model, Tzou [3] studied the
thermal convection in nanofluids analytically using eigenfunction expansion and found that

Urvashi Gupta
dr_urvashi_gupta@yahoo.com; urvashi@pu.ac.in

Energy Research Centre, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India

Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University,
Chandigarh 160014, India

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

critical Rayleigh number is reduced with the addition of nanoparticles. By using single term
Galerkin approximation Kuznetsov and Nield [4] found the expression for thermal Rayleigh
number and the condition of overstability in porous medium using DarcyBrinkman model.
Further, Bhadauria et al. [5] and Yadav et al. [6] made an extension of the thermal instability
problem by introducing Coriolis force term due to rotation in momentum equation for porous
and non-porous medium respectively and concluded that rotation increases the stability of
the system. Gupta et al. [7] studied the nanofluid convection under vertical magnetic field
and found that stability rises with rise in magnetic field parameter.
When the nanoparticles are added in a binary fluid such as salty water, it is known as a
binary nanofluid. Double diffusive convection in nanofluid/convection in binary nanofluid is
like a triple diffusion process in which variations are caused by three different components
heat, nanoparticles and solute which have different rates of diffusion. Very few investigations
have been done until now on the convection in binary nanofluids. Double diffusive convection
in a nanofluid layer for flow in a porous medium was first studied by Kuznetsov and Nield
[8]. The complex expressions for Rayleigh number have been approximated to get simplified
expressions. Further, Yadav et al. [9] and Gupta et al. [10] investigated the convection in
a binary nanofluid layer independent of the restrictions on parameters. The influence of
magnetic field on binary nanofluid convection was considered by Gupta et al. [11]. They
have made the valid approximations in the complex expressions for analytical study and
alumina-water nanofluid is used for numerical investigation of the problem.
The influence of rotation on binary nanofluid convection in porous medium using Darcy
Brinkman model for free-free boundaries is investigated in this work. Due to the presence of
rotation, Coriolis force term is added in the momentum equation and DarcyBrinkman model
is used to write conservation equations for the system as given by Kuznetsov and Nield [8].
These equations are made non-dimensional by making the variables dimensionless and small
perturbations are imposed on initial solution to get perturbed equations. Further normal mode
technique and one term weighted residual methods are used to find the solution of perturbed
equations. We have three diffusing components; heat, solute and nanoparticles and hence
the problem becomes much more complex for oscillatory convection and cannot be studied
analytically. Thus to study the problem we take numerical values of various parameters
involved for alumina, copper, titanium oxide and silver in water based nanofluids and use
the software Mathematica to solve equations for thermal Rayleigh number for each value
of wave number for the two types of convection . To plot the stability curves for oscillatory
convection, interpolation is used. Tabulated values are also provided wherever needed to
analyze the problem completely.

Formulation of Problem and Relevant Partial Differential Equations

A rotating binary nanofluid layer with angular velocity  is heated and soluted from below
as shown in Fig. 1. The temperatures T1 and T0 , the volume fractions of nanoparticles 1
and 0 and the solute concentrations C1 and C0 are taken at the bottom and top of the layer,
respectively. The basic equations which express the convection in a rotating binary nanofluid
layer in the light of DarcyBrinkman model (Buongiorno [2], Yadav et al. [6] and Kuznetsov
and Nield [4,8]) are
u D = 0,
f u D

= p +
2uD uD
t

123

(1)

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

Fig. 1 Sktech of the physical
system



2
+ p + (1 ) { (1 T (T T0 ) C (C C0 ))} g +
(2)
(u D ),



T
T T
+ (c) f u D T = km 2 T + (c) p D B T + DT
(c)m
t
T0
+cDT C 2 C,



T

uD
,
+
= D B + DT
t

T0
C
uD
2
+
C = D S 2 C + DC T T.
t

(3)
(4)
(5)

Here, Eqs. (1)-(5) are the conservation equations for mass, momentum, thermal energy,
nanoparticles and solute, respectively.The physical parameters are: fluid velocity u D =
(u, v, w)(m/s), volume fraction of nanoparticles , time t (s), coefficient of diffusion due to
Brownian motion D B (m2 /s), coefficient of diffusion due to thermophoresis DT (m2 /s), fluid
temperature T (K), density of the fluid at upper boundary 0 (kg/m3 ), fluid pressure p(Pa),
fluid viscosity (N s/m2 ), thermal volumetric coefficient T (K1 ), solutal volumetric coefficient C , acceleration due to gravity g(m/s2 ), medium effective viscosity (N

s/m2 ), fluid
3
density (kg/m ), fluid specific heat c(J/kg K), medium conductivity km (W/m K), medium
porosity , medium permeability (m2 ), nanoparticles density p (kg/m3 ), nanoparticle specific heat c p (J/kg K), solute concentration C, diffusivity of solute D S , diffusivity of Dufour
type DT C and diffusivity of Soret type DC T . We introduce dimensionless variables as follows:

with

(x , y , z ) = (x, y, z)/d, t = tm / d 2 , u = u D d/m , p = p/m ,

1
C C0
T T0
, C =
, T =
,
=
1 0
C1 C0
T1 T0
km
(c)m
, =
,
(6)
m =
(c) f
(c) f

where the superscript denotes the dimensionless variable. Thus using Eqs. (6), Eqs. (1)(5)
(after removing the superscript ) are

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

u = 0,
(7)

Dn u
Rs

= p + Dn 2 u u Rm k Rn k + R D T k +
C k + T a(u k),
PR t
Ls
(8)
T
N
N
N
B
D
B
+ u T = 2 T +
T +
T T + ST C 2 C,
(9)
t
LN
LN
1
1 2
ND 2
1
+ u =
+
T,
(10)
t

LN
LN
1
1 2
1 C
+ u C =
C + SC T 2 T,
(11)
t

Ls
where the non-dimensional parameters are: Prandtl number PR =

;
d 2

f m ;

Darcy num-

m
ber Dn =
Nanofluid Lewis number L N = D
; Solute Lewis number L S = DmS ;
B
1 T0 )
Thermal Darcy-Rayleigh number R D = gT d(T
; Solute Rayleigh number Rs =
m
( )gd
gC d(C1 C0 )
; Nanoparticle Rayleigh number Rn = ( p )1m 0
; Basic-density
Ds
2

[ p 0 +(10 )]gd
2
d 2
; Taylor number T a =
; Diffusivity
Rayleigh number Rm =
m

(c)P
DT (T1 T0 )
ratio N D = D B T0 (1 0 ) ; Particle density increment N B = (c) f (1 0 );

DT C (C1 C0 )
;
m (T1 T0 )
DC T (T1 T0 )
=
.
m (C1 C0 )

Dufour parameter ST C =
Soret parameter SC T

(12)

Initial Flow and Disturbance Equations

Initially, the fluid layer is assumed to be in a state of rest, so the physical quantities: temperature, concentration of solute and nanoparticles volume fraction vary in the vertical direction
only i.e.
u = 0, T = TI (z) , = I (z) , C = C I (z) , p = p I (z) ,

(13)

where the subscript I denotes the initial flow. Let us apply Eqs. (13) to Eqs. (7)(11) and
use the fact that for most nanofluids Lewis number is large and diffusivity ratio is small
(Buongiorno[2]), we get
TI = I = C I = 1 z.

(14)

Let us apply small perturbations on the initial flow and write

u = 0 + u, p = p I + p, T = TI + T , C = C I + C, = I + ,

(15)

where the superscript - denotes the perturbed variable. Using Eqs. (15) on the set of Eqs.
(7)(11), linearizing and using Eqs. (14) (after dropping the superscript -), we get
u = 0,
Dn u
Rs

C k + T a(u k),
= p + Dn 2 u u Rn k + R D T k +
PR t
LS

123

(16)
(17)

Differ Equ Dyn Syst



T

2N D N B T
ND T
2
w = T
+
+ ST C 2 C,

(18)
t
L N z
z
L N z
1
ND 2
1
1 2
+
T,
(19)
w=
t

LN
LN
1 C
1
1 2
C + SC T 2 T.
(20)
w=
t

LS


 2 F for any vector field F,
 on Eq. (17) and
Using the identity F = ( F)
using Eq. (16), we get



Dn 2
Dn
2
2
RD H
T
Dn 2 + 1
Dn 4 + 2 w + Rn H
PR t
PR t

2w
Rs 2
C + T a 2 = 0,
(21)
H
Ls
z
where 2 =

2
x2

2
y2

2
z 2

and H2 =

2
x2

2
.
y2

Results and Discussions

The differential equations (21) and (18)(20) form an eigenvalue problem which will be
solved using the normal mode technique. Let
(w, T, C, ) = (W (z), T(z), (z), (z)) exp(ik x x + ik y y + st).

(22)

Using (22), in the above mentioned equations, we get









s Dn
2
s Dn
1+
Dn D 2 a 2 + 1
+ T a D2 W
D a 2 Dn D 2 a 2
PR
PR





2
s Dn
Rs 2
2
2
2
RDa T

Dn D a + 1
a  Rna  = 0,
(23)
PR
LS


 s


1
1
2
D a2
(24)
 + SC T D 2 a 2 T = 0,
W+

LS

ND NB
NB
W sT + D 2 a 2 T +
DT + ST C D 2 a 2  = 0, (25)
(DT D) 2
LN
LN




s
1
ND
2
1
2
D a2
D a 2 T = 0,
(26)

W

LN

LN
d
with D dz
, a = (k x2 + k 2y )1/2 .
We write s = i, where is real and is a dimensionless frequency. The conditions for
free- free boundaries are

W = D 2 W = T =  =  = 0 at z = 0 and z = 1.

(27)

Let the trial functions satisfying the conditions (27) as

(W, T, , ) = (A, B, C, D) sin z.

(28)

By making use of orthogonality of the trial functions we obtain four equations in four
unknowns A, B, C and D. Elimination of these unknowns from the obtained set of equations produces the eigenvalue equation as

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst


J ST C
J


Dns J N D L s +
Rn 1 + Dn J +

PR
LN



+

J 2 SC T ST C +



(J +s) J + s L s
Ls

2
a

s
J
+
LN


2


1 + Dn J + Dns
J
s
PR a
+
+ J ST C
Ls
LN




 

2
2


R D 1 + Dn J + Dns
s
J
PR a
J SC T J 1 + Dn J + Dns
+ 2T a
+
(J + s)
PR

LN


 
2


J 1 + Dn J + Dns
+ 2T a
J + s L s
a2
Rs 1 + Dn J + Dns
PR

P
R
= 0,

(29)

Ls
L s

2
J SC T Rs 1 + Dn J + Dns
RD J +
PR a
.

Ls

s Ls



where J = 2 + a 2 .

Stationary Convection
At the state of marginal stability, when the amplitudes of small disturbances grow or damped
aperiodically then the transition from stability to instability takes place via a stationary pattern
of motions which is described by s = i = 0. Then the eigenvalue equation (29) reduces to


LN
1
J2
J 2T a
Dn J 3

RD = 
+
Rn (1 SC T ST C L s )
+ 2 + 2
a2
a
a (1 + Dn J )

1 L s ST C


1
Rn N D .
SC T
Rs

(30)
For nanofluid convection without rotation, Eq. (30) reduces to
Dn J 3
J2
LN
+
+
(31)
Rn Rn N D .
a2
a2

which is in confirmation with the results of Brinkman model of Kuznetsov and Nield [4].
Note that the expression (30) for thermal Rayleigh number is independent of Prandtl number
and heat capacity ratio.
RD =

Oscillatory Convection
For oscillatory convection s = i  = 0, we separate real and imaginary parts of eigenvalue
Eq. (29) by putting s = i.
J4
2Dn J 5
Dn 2 J 6
J 4 SC T ST C
2Dn J 5 SC T ST C
Dn 2 J 6 SC T ST C
+
+

Ls L N
Ls L N
Ls L N
LN
LN
LN
J 3 2 T a
J 3 SC T ST C 2 T a
J 2 2
+

Ls L N
LN
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
J
2Dn J
2Dn J
Dn 2 J 4 2
Dn 2 J 4 2
J 2 2

Ls
2
Ls
2
Ls
LN

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

2Dn J 3 2
Dn 2 J 4 2
Dn 2 J 4 2

LN
LN
L s L N P2R

Dn 2 J 4 SC T ST C 2
2Dn J 3 2
2Dn 2 J 4 2
2Dn J 3 2

2
Ls PR
Ls PR
Ls L N PR
L N PR

2Dn J 3 2
2Dn 2 J 4 2
2Dn 2 J 4 2

L N PR
Ls L N PR
L N PR
3
2
2
4
2Dn J SC T ST C
2Dn J SC T ST C 2
J 2 T a2
+
+

PR
PR
2
J 2 T a2
J 2 T a2
Dn 2 J 2 4
Dn 2 J 2 4

+
+
2
2
Ls
LN
PR
L s P2R

Dn 2 J 2 4
2Dn J 4
2Dn 2 J 2 4
J 2 R D a2
Dn J 3 R D a 2
+
+

2PR
2PR
Ls L N
Ls L N
L N P2R

J 2 ST C R D a 2
Dn J 3 ST C R D a 2
J 2 N D Rna 2
+

LN
LN
Ls L N
Dn J 3 N D Rna 2
J 2 Rna 2
Dn J 3 Rna 2
J 2 N D ST C Rna 2

+
+
+
Ls L N
Ls
Ls
LN
3
2
2
2
Dn J N D ST C Rna
J SC T ST C Rna
+

LN

Dn J 3 SC T ST C Rna 2
J 2 SC T Rsa 2
Dn J 3 SC T Rsa 2

+
+

Ls L N
Ls L N
Dn J 3 Rsa 2
R D 2 a 2
J 2 Rsa 2
Dn J R D 2 a 2

+
Ls L N
Ls L N
2
2
2
2
2
2
Dn J R D a
Dn J R D a
Dn J ST C R D 2 a 2
+
+

Ls PR
PR L N
P R
2
2
2
2
Rn
Dn J Rn a
Dn J N D Rn2 a 2

L N PR
2
2
2
2
Dn J Rn a
Dn J Rn a
Rs2 a 2
Dn J Rs2 a 2

+
+
L s P R
P R
Ls
Ls
Dn J Rs2 a 2
Dn J Rs2 a 2
Dn J SC T Rs2 a 2
+
+
= 0,

Ls PR
L s P R
L s L N
+

(32)

a 2 J Rn a 2 Dn J 2 Rn
J 3
2Dn J 2 3
Dn 2 J 3 3
+
2

2
L S
L S

2
2 T a3
J 3
2Dn J 4
Dn 2 J 5
J 2 2 T a

+
+
+
+
2

LS
LS
LS
LS
a 2 J Rn a 2 Dn J 2 Rn a 2 J Rs a 2 Dn J 2 Rs
J 3
+

+
+

L S
L S
LN LS
2Dn J 4
Dn 2 J 5
J 2 2 T a a 2 J Rs
+
+
+

LN LS
LN LS
LN LS
L N L S
2
2
3
4
a Dn J Rs
J
2Dn J
Dn 2 J 5
J 2 2 T a

+
+
+
+
L N L S
LN
LN
LN
LN

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

a 2 J RnN D
a 2 Dn J 2 RnN D
Dn 2 J 5
Dn 2 J 3 3

2
2
LN
LN
PR
L S PR2

Dn 2 J 3 3
Dn 2 J 3 3
a 2 Dn J 2 Rn 2Dn J 2 3

2
2
L S PR
2 PR
L N L S PR
L N PR

2Dn 2 J 3 3
2Dn J 2 3
2Dn 2 J 3 3
a 2 Dn Rn3

2 PR
L S PR
L S PR
PR
2
3
4
2
5
2
a Dn Rs
2Dn J
2Dn J a Dn J 2 Rs
+
+
+

L S PR
L N L S PR
L N L S PR
L N L S PR
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2Dn J
2Dn J
a Dn J RnN D
a2 J R D

L N PR
L N PR
L N L S PR
LS
a 2 Dn J 2 R D
a2 J R D
a 2 Dn J 2 R D
a 2 Dn3 R D

+
LS
LN
LN
2 PR
2
2
2
2
2
a Dn J R D
a J RsSC T
a Dn J RsSC T

+
+
L N L S PR
LS
LS
a 2 Dn J 2 RsSC T
a 2 Dn J 2 RnN D ST C
a 2 J R D ST C
+
+
+
L N L S PR
L N PR

2
2
2
2
3
a Dn J R D ST C
J SC T ST C
a Dn J R D ST C
+

L N PR

4
2
5
2
2
Dn J SC T ST C
J T aSC T ST C
2Dn J SC T ST C

a 2 Dn J 2 RnSC T ST C
Dn 2 J 3 3 SC T ST C

+
PR
PR2

2Dn J 4 SC T ST C
2Dn 2 J 5 SC T ST C

= 0.
L N PR
L N PR

(33)

For convection through oscillations, we solve Eqs. (32) and (33) to determine critical
Rayleigh number for which is real. Thermal Darcy Rayleigh number given by Eq. (30)
contains four parameters depending on nanofluid properties namely nanofluid Lewis number, diffusivity ratio, concentration Rayleigh number and Prandtl number which strongly
influences the stability of the system. For most of the nanofluids, Lewis number is large
and diffusivity ratio is small and hence coefficient of Rn is large and positive in Eq. (30).
Thus bottom heavy distribution of nanoparticles must stabilize the system appreciably. Also
coefficient of T a is positive in Eq. (30) meaning thereby that rotation parameter has a stabilizing effect for stationary convection. It is necessary to note that Eqs. (32) and (33) for
oscillatory motions are complex and to find results, some approximations may be made such
as Lewis number and Prandtl number approach to infinity as used by Kuznetsov and Nield
[8]. In order to study the present problem completely without using any approximation on
the variables, let us consider the same numerically for alumina, titanium oxide, copper and
silver nanoparticles in water based nanofluid.

Numerical Results and Discussion

Equation (30) for stationary convection and Eqs. (32) and (33) for oscillatory convection
are analyzed numerically. Figures 25 show the stability curves for bottom heavy binary

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

Table 1 Physical properties of water and nanoparticles under consideration
Physical properties

Water

Alumina

Copper

Silver

(kg/m3 )

997.1

3970

8933

10500

k(W/m K)

0.613

40

401

429

Titanium oxide
4250
8.9

Fig. 2 Effect of different

nanoparticles on Thermal
DarcyRayleigh number

Fig. 3 Effect of porosity on

Thermal DarcyRayleigh number

nanofluid convection. The values of various parameters for water based binary nanofluids
(using results of Buongiorno [2] and Table 1 in Eqs. (12)) are:
For alumina nanoparticles L N = 5000, N D = 5, Rn = 0.1, PR = 5;
For titanium oxide nanoparticles L N = 5000, N D = 19, Rn = 0.107,PR = 5;
For copper nanoparticles L N = 5000, N D = 0.5, Rn = 0.26,PR = 5;
For silver nanoparticles:L N = 5000, N D = 0.5, Rn = 0.31,PR = 5. We fix the other
parameters as: L s = 2; T a = 200; Rs = 200; ST C = 0.001; SC T = 1; = 2.5; =
0.4; Dn = 0.5. The parameter values for alumina-water nanofluid are used to study the
effects of porosity, Taylor number and solute Rayleigh number on the system.
Here it is worthwhile to mention that to draw stability curves for oscillatory convection,
various parameter values in Eqs. (32) and (33) for different wave numbers are used to get a
cubic equation in 2 using the software Mathematica. Thereafter the positive value of 2 is
used (that makes the system unstable) to find the values R D for different wave numbers. For
graphical representation, interpolation is used with a polynomial of degree seven.
Figure 2 illustrates the effect of different nanoparticles on the stability of water based binary
nanofluids. Silver-water is found to be more stable than copperwater which is more stable
than titanium oxide-water which in turn is more stable than alumina- water for stationary

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

Table 2 Tabulated values of
R D (oscillatory) for water based
binary nanofluid with alumina
nanoparticles for different values
of = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8

= 0.4
R D (oscillatory))

= 0.6
R D (oscillatory)

= 0.8
R D (oscillatory)

3807.737

3968.428

4048.571

947.853

1112.892

1195.439

510.973

677.326

760.266

513.422

679.783

762.727

748.382

914.309

997.049

1208.109

1373.236

1455.584

1937.308

2101.198

2182.932

Fig. 4 Effect of Taylor number

on Thermal DarcyRayleigh
number

Fig. 5 Effect of solute Rayleigh

number on Thermal
DarcyRayleigh number

convection while the effect for oscillatory motions is so small that it is not reflected in graph.
The destabilizing effect of porosity on the system for stationary mode of convection and
stabilizing effect for oscillatory motions is shown in Fig. 3. To give the clear picture of
variation for oscillatory motions, tabulated values of Thermal DarcyRayleigh number for
different values of porosity are also given in Table 2.
The rotation parameter (Taylor number) has a strong stabilizing influence on the layer as
illustrated in Fig. 4 while the destabilizing effect of solute Rayleigh number on the system is
shown in Fig. 5 for both stationary as well as oscillatory convection. It is noteworthy that the
mode of convection remains oscillatory as depicted in Figs. 25 and the critical wave number
rises with the rise in Taylor number [Refer Fig. 4] while it doesnt get much influenced by
other parameters [Refer Figs. 2, 3, 5].

123

Differ Equ Dyn Syst

Conclusions
The binary convection problem is studied numerically to consider the impact of rotation/
Coriolis force and porosity using DarcyBrinkman model. The relevant partial differential
equations are solved using the methodologies of superposition of basic possible modes and
single term Galerkin approximation. The impact of alumina, titanium oxide, silver and copper
nanoparticles is studied on water based binary nanofluids using the software Mathematica.
The mode of convection is found to be oscillatory for bottom heavy configuration of nanoparticles and oscillatory motions are not much influenced by nanoparticle properties. The rotation
parameter is found to stabilize the layer significantly while solute Rayleigh number has a
destabilizing influence. Porosity destabilizes the system for stationary convection while it has
a stabilizing impact for oscillatory convection. The critical wave number (where convection
starts) rises with rise in rotation parameter and remains almost unaffected with the presence
of nanoparticles, solute and porosity of the system.

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