CHAPTER 15: The Continuing

Resistance (1901-1913)
The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo
marked the end of the FilipinoAmerican war as far as as the
Filipino elites and the Americans
were concerned.
Filipino masses continued the
resistance.
Three sector perspectives of
resistance:
1. Christian
2. Muslim
3. Tribal
The Katipunan Inertia
- despite the Aguinaldo capture,the
remaining leaders and other army
officers continued the war in their
respective areas. Sakay attempted to
put up his own Tagalog Republic with its
own constitution. He kept alive the
struggles for independence even after
he saw the lost of the Aguinaldo war
against
imperialism.
Sakay
was
eventually persuaded to yield but the
masses who had looked up for the
continuing resistance
General Miguel Malvar(Batangas)
General Vicente Lukban(Samar)
Macario Sakay - tried to put up
his own Tagalog Republic.
Dominador Gomez - persuaded
Sakay to surrender
In Luzon, 1905
- disturbances were reported in Cavite
and Batangas. The leaders of the
uprisings were former officers of the
Revolutionary army who were respected
by the people. By 1907, a strong mass
movement led by Salvador Felipe cause

to be popular as the Santa Iglesia

movement. The policy of rapid
Filipinization initiated by Governor
General Francis Burton Harrison in
1913 contributed elite's successful
campaign to win the Filipino masses
encouraged
by
the
American
government.
1907 - Strong mass movement led by
Salvador Felipe (Apo Ipe)
- Santa Iglesia movement (which
means crusade of the Holy Church)
1910 - weakening movement in Nueva
Ecija led by Simeon Mandac
In Bicol. 1902
- Bicol Peninsula and the Visayas
resistance showed a radical shift from
the elite to the masses
Simeon Ola (Guinobatan, Albay)
- led the resistance in Bicol
- has been suggested as the last Filipino
general to surrender (on September 25,
1903) in place of Malvar.
- Together with the insurrectos (rebels)
Col. Harry Bandholtz
- noticed Olas significant role in the
American resistance in Bicol but
regarded Ola as a notorious ladron.
Reconcentration
system
(MarchOctober 1903)
- Food and accommodation are
inadequate and deplorable.
- 300,000 casualties
Governor Luke Wright and Dr. Pardo de
Tavera
- went to Albay to persuade the people
to surrender Ola.
September 22, 1903
- Col. Bandholtz signed agreement with
Ola promising the latter immunity and
other things. Later, the Americans
denied promising Ola anything.

Late October
- Ola surrendered joined by about 500600 followers. Ola turned state witness
against those who joined him
Several followers were freed.
Some were sentenced under
Vagrancy Law, others under the
Sedition Law. More serious cases
were
disposed
of
under
Brigandage Act which carried
death penalty.
Ola was given 30 years in prison
for turning state witness
In Visayas. 1902
- The inertia of the revolutionary struggle
did not end w/ Lucbans capitalization.
They created the popular image of
liberators and benefactors of the
oppressed and the poor. Brig. General
Willians II. Carter reported 1905 that a
large proportion of the people had
abandoned their homes and fields to
join the bands. June 10, 1904 an
accident took place and has known as
the Tauiran affairs This was followed
by Cantaguic affair. The disturbances
in Samar were followed by similar
outbreaks in Negros in 1905. Then
Puluhan movement appeared.
Pulahanes
- name given to the insurrectos
(because of the red garments and
because they leave a certain place that
is on fire.)
In Samar
Tauiran Affair
- One of the serious incident
- July 10, 1904, in the village of Tauiran,
town of Gandara

-100 houses were burned and 21 people

killed.
Cantaguic Affair
- led by Juliano Caducoy
- the police lieutenant and others were
killed.
- after the killing, they went to the town
hall where the teniente was seized and
the American flag was put around his
head. Kerosene was poured on him and
he was taken into the town square. They
burned the flag and the teniente.
Caducoy warned the people that that
same fate awaits those who served the
flag. Then they cut off the tenientes lips,
burned the barrio and took away 50
captives.
Several towns had the same fate
as Tauiran and Cantaguic.
Vice Governor Henry C. Ide
- became Acting Governor-General on
Nov. 4, 1905, he ordered Governor
Curry of Samar to solve the problem.
By 1906
- situation has not been changed and
thousands of people joined the pulahan
movement.
Curry and the pulahanes reached
an agreement which the latter
were to surrender on March 24,
1906. Instead of surrender 30
pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar
attacked the garrison.
In Leyte, the disturbance began in June
1906 Governor Jaime de Veyra
- most obnoxious Anti-Americans
In Mindanao. 1903
- Seven American woman of the town
were able to avoid being killed when
they were gathered by Luther S. Kelly,
the provincial treasurer, a government
stone house. Theodore Roosevelt
commended Kelly for his heroic death.

Another violent affair was reported in

Misamis (May 1903).
March 23, 1903
- Howard Taft reported that a group of
outlaws entered the town of Surigao
and attacked the Constabulary under
Capt. Clark. The captain was killed and
the attackers.
Misamis (May 1903)
- the resistance is unlike in Surigao
because real insurrectos were part of
the resistance.
The Muslim Struggle
Sporadic clashes between Muslim &
American troops started in Moroland.
Bates treaty (August 20, 1899). Moro
Problem.1903 - Moro Province was
announced. 1904 - Inauguration of Moro
province w/ Gen. Leonardo Wood.
A. The Lanao Resistance (1902
1912)
- June 1907, military contingents
engaged Ampuans and his band at
didaganan.
B. The Sulu resistance (1899 1913)
1. The
Bates
treaty
- After the session of the Philippines by
Spain to the United States. Sulu
Muslims remained unreconciled to
colonial
race.
2.
Panglima
Hasran
- Hassan was captured by Col. Hughes
Slott. Hassan deceived Scott into
stopping at one of Hassans hideout.
Hassan escaped and chided attempts.
Hassan killed by 26 bullet wounds.
3.
Bud
Dajo,
1906
- Was formidable a strict Gov. Leonard
Wood, who was dealing personally with
problem, admitted at the campaign was

difficult because of the natural difficulties

Col. Hugh W. Scott and Captain John
Watt were ordered to proceed to Sulu w/
men.
4.
Jikiri,
1907
- A motive of Jolo, began his practical
attacks on trading vessels or villages
early
in
the
American
period.
5.
Bud
Bagsak,
1913
- Began the process for another uprising
when Panglima Indanan was arrested
and disarmed, together w/ his sons and
aids.
The Cotabato Resistance(1903-1912)
1. Datu Ali (1903)
* Datu Ali, successor to Datu Utu`s
mantle and son-in-law of Datu Piang,
began to defy American offer of peace
and persuade the Maranaos to join the
anti-colonial
movement.
* The use of Sabalihas to harass the
American during the day while Ali`s
warriors attacked American troop
encampments
in
the
evening.
2. Datu Alamad
1912 Datu Alamada and 300 men rose
in rebellion.
2 plans :
1st was to infiltrate Alamada`s
group and kill him,
2nd for Datu Piang and him to
persuade Alamda to surrender and then
liquidate Alamada`s band.
Highlanders Reaction
a.
Back
to
tradition
In Mindanao, Manobos joined the
Muslim, in Luzon Igorot represented
reaction.

b. The Subanum Affair, 1909

Nov. 20 Deputy Torot reported being
stopped by about 30 men and was
taken to their two headers.
Literature of Resistance
Tagalog
writers
expressed
resistance through zarzuela and
drama.
Zarzuela
- Spanish comic operetta.
Juan Abad
- wrote the play Tinakalang Ginto.
- Because of this, he was punished by
the court for sedition and sentenced to
two years imprisonment and $2,000
fine.
- continued to write seditious plays
including Isang Punlo ng Kaaway.
Aurelio Tolentino
- Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.
- Nationalistic play that indicted
American rule and indicted the outbreak
of violent Filipino resistance to further
American intrusion.
- was translated to Bikol and Pampango.
- the play was shown in various theatres
in the country, especially in Manila,

hence getting the attention of attention

of American authorities.
- In 1905, he was arrested and tried for
sedition and was given maximum
sentence of life imprisonment. Although
it was reduced to 15, and then 8, and in
1912, he was pardoned by Governor
William C. Forbes.
Newsmen and Journalists were also
active in articulating the value of
independence.
Jaime C. De Veyra of Leyte
Sergio Osmea of Cebu
Rafael Palma of Manila
El Nuevo Dia
- founded by Osmea
- known for its nationalistic fervor.
- De Veyra and Palma were regular
contributors.
El Renaimiento
- founded by Palma
- exposed American anomalies and
abuses in the government.
- most famous cases was that of Interior
Secretary Dean C. Worcester summed
up in libellous editorial entitled Aves de
Rapia(Birds of Prey)