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Customs Tax Audits and Remedies PDF
Customs Tax Audits and Remedies PDF
SALAZAR
HERNANDEZ
&GATMAITAN
ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW
HANDLINGCUSTOMSTAXAUDITSANDREMEDIES
By:DomingoG.Castillo
A. PROCEDUREINTHEIMPORTATIONANDRELEASEFROMCUSTOMSCUSTODYOFIMPORTEDGOODS
ANDARTICLES
1. Importation
a. Whenimportationbeginsandends
Importation is the act of bringing goods into a domestic port from a foreign country.
Importation begins when the carrying vessel or aircraft enters the jurisdiction of the
Philippineswithintentiontounladethereinandisdeemedterminateduponpaymentofthe
properduties,taxesandotherchargesdueuponthearticles,orsecuredtobepaid,ataport
ofentryandthelegalpermitforwithdrawalshallhavebeengranted.1
b. Customsduties
Allarticles,whenimportedfromanyforeigncountryintothePhilippines,shallbesubjectto
duty upon each importation, even though previously exported from the Philippines.2 The
termcustomsdutiesarethetaxeschargeduponcommoditiesontheirbeingimportedinto
orexportedfromacountry.Theexceptionsare:
i. ThoseprovidedforundertheTCCP(e.g.,Section105,CBMWs);
ii. Thosegrantedunderspeciallaws;
iii. Thosegrantedtogovernmentagencies,instrumentalities,GOCCswithexistingcontracts,
agreements,obligationsorcommitmentswithforeigncountries;
iv. ThosethatmaybegrantedbythePresidentuponpriorrecommendationbyNEDAinthe
interestofnationaleconomy;and
v. Thosegrantedtointernationalorganizationsorassociationsandinstitutionspursuantto
agreementsorspeciallaws.
InthePhilippines,asageneralrule,allkindsofimportsareallowed.However,byvirtueof
thepolicepoweroftheState,Congresshastheplenarypowertoregulateorprohibitcertain
commodities for reasons of public health and safety, national security, and for the
protection, development or rationalization of the local industry. Also by reason of our
membership in the international community, we have the commitment to enforce
internationalagreementstorestricttradeoncertaincommoditiesorprohibitthesamefrom
entering or exiting our territory. Foremost of which are the protection against illegal or
piratedtapesanddiscsundertheTRIPSConvention,theprotectiononendangeredFloraand
FaunaunderothertreatiesundertheWTO.
Followingaretheclassificationofcommoditiesaccordingtotheirdegreeofrestrictions:
1
2
Section1202,TariffandCustomsCodeofthePhilippines(TCCP).
Id.,Section100.
Page2of2
ImportationofUsedItems
i.
FreelyImportableCommodities
These are commodities the importations of which is neither regulated nor prohibited
andmaybemadewithoutthepriorapprovalorclearancefromanygovernmentagency.
Articles falling under this category are those importations that any person, whether
natural or judicial, can immediately purchase abroad and free to bring into the
Philippineswithoutsecuringanypermitfromregulatorygovernmentbody.Exampleof
thesecommoditiesare:computers,typewriters,pencilsorpens,shoes,toys(otherthan
toygunsthatarereplicas)andanyothersocialitems.
ii. RegulatedCommodities
Thesearecommoditiestheimportationofwhichrequiresimportclearanceorpermitto
import from regulatory or appropriate government agencies. Hence, the would be
importersofthefollowingarticlesneedtosecureorobtainaclearanceorpermitfrom
the appropriate regulatory agency before they could legally bring the same to the
Philippines:
Commodity
Agency/Department
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Foodandfoodproducts,drugs&
devices,cosmeticproducts&hazardous
substances
BureauofFoodandDrugs(BFAD)/
DepartmentofHealth(DOH)
Antibiotics,penicillinanditsderivatives
BFAD
Prohibitedand/orDangerousdrugs
Precursors&essentialchemicals
Variouschemicalsforthemanufacture
ofexplosives
Dynamite,gunpowder,firearms&
weaponsofwar&partsthereof,
ammunitions&otherexplosives
7. Radioactivematerials
8. Radiationemittingapparatus&related
devices
9. Radiocommunicationsequipment,
accessories,components&parts
thereof
10. Plants&plantproducts
PhilippineDrugsEnforcementAgency
(PDEA)
PDEA
FirearmsandExplosiveOffice(FEO)/
PhilippineNationalPolice(PNP)
FEO/PNP
PhilippineNuclearResearchInstitute(PNRI)
RadiologyHealthServices(RHS)/DOH
NationalTelecommunicationsCommission
(NTC)/DepartmentofTransportation&
Communication(DOTC)
BureauofPlantIndustry/Departmentof
Agriculture(DOA)
Page3of3
ImportationofUsedItems
11. Animals&theirproducts
12. Fish&fisheryaquaticproducts
13. EndangeredSpeciesofwildFauna&
Flora
14. Pesticides&Fertilizers
15. Videograms(tapes,CD,VCD)
16. Moviefilms,TVprograms&related
promotionalprograms
17. Rice
18. Sugar&Molasses
19. Tobacco
20. Colorreproductionmachines
21. Logs&Lumber
22. PhilippineLegaltenderinexcessof
Php10,000;CoinBlanks&BankNotes
23. Parts&componentsofmotorvehicles
24. Usedtrucks&engines,usedtires
25. Nodollarimportsofusedcars
26. Productscoveredbymandatory
PhilippineNationalStandards
27. Ships,vesselsandwarshipsofallkinds
28. SodiumCyanide,Chlorouflourocarbon&
otherOzonedepletingsubstances
29. Coals&Coalsderivatives
30. CommoditiesoriginatingfromSocialist
&othercentrallyplannedeconomy
countries(Albania,Angola,Ethiopia,
Laos,Libya,Mongolia,Mozambigue,
Myanmmar,Nicaragua,NorthKorea)
BureauofAnimalIndustry(BAI)/DOA
BureauofFisheries&AquaticResources
(BFAR)/DOA
BureauofForestDevelopment(BFD)
/DepartmentofEnvironmentandNatural
Resources(DENR)
FertilizerandPesticideAuthority
OpticalMediaBoard
MovieandTelevisionReviewand
ClassificationBoard
NationalFoodAuthority
SugarRegulatoryAdministration
NationalTobaccoAdministration
NationalBureauofInvestigation/Bangko
SentralngPilipinas(BSP)
BFD/DENR
BSP
BureauofImportServices(BIS)/
DepartmentofTrade&Industry(DTI)
BIS/DTI
BIS/DTI
BureauofProductStandards/DTI
MaritimeIndustryAuthority
EnvironmentalManagementBureau
EnergyIndustry
AdministrationBureau
PhilippineInternational
TradingCorporation
Page4of4
ImportationofUsedItems
Theenumerationaboveareexclusiveandmaybechangedoraddedastheneedarises
fromtimetotimebythePhilippineregulatoryagencyconcerned.
iii. ProhibitedCommodities
Thesearecommoditiestheimportationofwhichisnotallowedorbannedunderexisting
Philippinelawsorrulesandregulations.UnderSec.101oftheTariffandCustomsCode
ofthePhilippines(TCCP),theimportationofthefollowingarticlesareprohibited.
AbsolutelyProhibitedImportations
Goodstheimportationofwhichisprohibitedbylawhavebeensaidtobeipsofacto
forfeitedbythefactofimportation.
The following articles because of their very nature are considered prohibited
withoutanyqualificationsorconditions:
3. Roulettewheels,gamblingoutfits,loadeddice,markedcards.
5. Opiumpipesandpartsthereof,ofwhatevermaterial.
ConditionallyProhibitedImportations
3. Machines,apparatusormechanicaldevicesusedingamblingorthedistribution
of money, cigars, cigarettes or other articles when such distribution is
dependentonchance[Sec.101(c)];
4. LotteryandsweepstakesticketsauthorizedbythePhilippineGovernment[Sec.
101(f)];
Page5of5
ImportationofUsedItems
6. ToyGuns,exceptthosereplicas;and
7. Used Clothing or Rags, except those donations to the DSWD or any duly
registeredrelieforganizations.
ImportationofCopyrightedArticlesand/orInfringingGoodsProhibited
CustomsAdministrativeOrder(CAO)62002providesfortherulesandregulations
implementingtheIntellectualPropertyCodeofthePhilippines(IPCode/R.A.8293)
in relation to Sections 5160 of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
RightsAgreements(TRIPS),whichhasitsobjectiveofprohibitingtheimportationof
goodsorproductsthatinfringeuponallintellectualpropertyrights.[Handbookon
the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines, as amended, and the Customs
Brokers Act of 2004 (R.A. 9280) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (First
Edition2005)byAtty.FerdinandNague,pp.71to78)
c. Whoistheimporter
Section 1203 of the TCCP considers the following persons the owners of imported
articles:3
i.
ii. Holder of the bill of lading or air waybill duly indorsed by the consignee named
therein;
iii. Consignor the shipper of the imported articles from abroad if consigned to
another;
iv. Underwritersoftheabandonedarticlesthesearetheinsurancecompaniesfrom
whomtheimportedarticlesareinsuredundertheprincipleofsubrogation;and
v. Salvoronewhovoluntarilyandsuccessfullysavesimperiledpropertyonnavigable
waters, be it damages, derelict or wrecked, for the benefit of the owner and with
theexpectationofreceivinganappropriatesalvageaward.
d. RegistrationofImporters
PursuanttoCustomsMemorandumOrder(CMO)14988,asamendedbyCMO2399,
all regular importers are requiredtofileanapplicationunderoathattheofficeofthe
CustomsIntelligenceandInvestigationService(CIIS)oftheBureauofCustoms(BOC)
andshallbeissuedaCertificateofRegistrationwithanassignedregistrationnumberand
shallberequiredtoundergoayearlyupdateattheCIISandattheofficeofManagement
ATTY. FERDINAND ASEJO NAGUE, C.B., Handbook on the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines, as amended, and the
CustomsBrokersActof2004anditsImplementingRulesandRegulations,p.318.
Page6of6
ImportationofUsedItems
InformationSystemsandTechnologyGroup(MISTG)oftheBOC.Failureonthepartof
theimportertoregistershallbeagroundforthenonacceptanceoftheentryfiledor
lodgedbytheimporterorhiscustomhousebroker.4
e. LiabilityofImporterforDuties
The importer is the person primarily liable for the payment of any duties on the
imported goods/articles. It constitutes a personal debt due from the importer to the
government which can be discharged only by payment in full of all duties, taxes, fees
and other charges legally accruing. It also constitutes lien upon the articles imported
whichmaybeenforcedwhilesucharticlesareincustodyorsubjecttothecontrolofthe
government.5
f. HarmonizedSystem
Section 103 of the TCCP sets out the General Rules for the Interpretation of the
Harmonized System to assure correct merchandise classification. As U.S. Customs
defined it: The General Rules of Interpretation (GRI) are the single set of legal
principlesthatgoverntheclassificationofmerchandiseundertheHarmonizedSystem.
2. DeclarationofDutiableValue
Todeterminethecustomsdutiesimposableuponanimportedarticle,onemustdetermine
itsdutiablevalue.Thedutiablevalueofimportedgoodsshallbedeterminedusingoneofthe
six (6) methods of valuation enumerated under Section 201 of the TCCP, as amended by
RepublicAct(RA)9135.Thesemethods,whicharetobeappliedsequentiallyintheorder
provided by law, are as follows: transaction value, transaction value of identical goods,
transaction value of similar goods, deductive value, computed value and fallback value.
Section204oftheTCCPstatesthattheimportedarticlesshallbesubjecttotherateorrates
of import duties existing at the time of entry or withdrawal from warehouse in the
Philippines,forconsumption.
The primary method of valuation is the transaction value method. The law provides for
certain conditions when the alternative methods may be applied in lieu of the transaction
valuemethod.CustomsAdministrativeOrderNo.42004providesforadetaileddiscussion
onthevaluationmethods.
4
5
Id.,319.
Section1204,TCCP.
Page7of7
ImportationofUsedItems
TheWTOValuationAgreementprovidesforthefollowingsix(6)methodsofvaluationwhich
shouldbeapplied,asamatterofruleinhierarchicalorder.
Valuation issues will not delay the release of shipments since the WTO valuation system
promotesfacilityintheclearanceofgoodsatdifferentcustomsoffices.Theimplementing
rulesfurtherstatethatIfinthecourseofdeterminingthedutiablevalueofimportedgoods,
delaywillnecessarilyensueinthefinaldeterminationofsuchdutiablevalue,theimporter
maysecurethereleaseoftheimportedgoodsfromCustomsprovided:
a. Theimporterpaysthedutiesandtaxesbasedonhisdeclaration.
b. Theimporterputsupasufficientguaranteeinsuchformaswillbedeterminedbythe
CommissionerofCustomsinanappropriateregulationandinanamountequivalentto
the additional duties and taxes due, computed by BOC using the alternative methods
sequentially and in the order of succession as provided bylaw,tobeapprovedbythe
CollectorofCustomsconcerned.
c. Provided,however,thatgoods,theimportationofwhichisprohibitedbylawshallnot
bereleasedunderanycircumstancewhatsoever.(Sec.III.C,CAO42004).Undertheold
law(RA8181),theamountofCashbondis125%.Underthelaw(RA9135)theamount
ofguaranteeisequalto100%oftheascertaineddutiesandtaxes.
Page8of8
ImportationofUsedItems
S e q u e n tia lO r d e r o fV a lu a t io n M e t h o d
Im p o rte d G o o d s
Is th e re a s a le fo r e x p o rt to th e c o u n tr y
o f im p o rta tio n ?
YE S
A re th e re a n y s p e c ia l c o n d itio n s ?
NO
YE S
NO
A re th e re a n y s p e c ia l c o n d itio n s ?
YE S
D o e s th e s p e c ia l re la tio n s h ip
in flu e n c e th e tra n s a c tio n v a lu e ?
NO
NO
YE S
C a n th e im p o r te r d e m o n s tra te
w h e th e r th e tr a n s a c tio n v a lu e
c lo s e ly a p p r o x im a te s
to C u s to m s v a lu e ?
YE S
NO
If th e p re c e d in g m e th o d c a n n o t b e a p p lie d
C u s to m s v a lu e s h o u ld b e th e tra n s a c tio n v a lu e
(s e e T h e e le m e n ts w h ic h c o n s titu te
th e C u s to m s v a lu e )
R e q u e s t is n o t m a d e
b y th e im p o rte r
D e d u c tiv e v a lu e m e th o d
C o m p u te d v a lu e m e th o d
If th e p re c e d in g m e th o d
c a n n o t b e a p p lie d
If th e p re c e d in g m e th o d
c a n n o t b e a p p lie d
C o m p u te d v a lu e m e th o d
D e d u c tiv e v a lu e m e th o d
If th e p re c e d in g m e th o d
c a n n o t b e a p p lie d
If th e p re c e d in g m e th o d
c a n n o t b e a p p lie d
C u s to m s v a lu e s h o u ld b e d e te rm in e d b y F a ll-b a c k m e th o d
R e q u e s t is n o t m a d e
b y th e im p o rte r
Page9of9
ImportationofUsedItems
Customs Value (A + B)
A.
B.
For example,
(I)
(I)
(I)
a)
b)
Conditions or considerations
c)
d)
Page10of10
ImportationofUsedItems
3. Classificationcases
Below is a summary of the procedure followed in the event of any dispute on the
classification(andeventualdisputeinthepaymentofcustomstaxesandduties)casesbefore
theBOC.
a. Upon importation, the importer submits among others,6 an Import Entry and Internal
RevenueDeclaration(IEIRD)totheBOC.TheIEIRDisbasedonselfassessmentthat
is,theimporterprovidesacompleteandcorrectdeclarationofthespecificationsofthe
importationand,onthatbasis,computesthedutiesandtaxesdueusingtheapplicable
valuationmethods.TheimporterthenpaysthedutiesandtaxestotheBOCthroughan
authorizedagentbank.7
b. The BOC officer/appraiser at the BOCs Formal Entry Division reviews the importers
supportingdocumentsand,ifwarranted,conductsaphysicalexaminationofthegoods.8
Iftheappraiserconteststheimportersclassificationofthegoods,heshallimmediately
forward the documents to the BOCs Valuation Classification Review Committee
TechnicalSupportTeam(VCRCTST).9
c. The VCRCTST, which is tasked to provide administrative and technical support to the
VCRC, shall notify the importer to submit within ten (10) days from receipt thereof a
written explanation/justification as to the truthfulness and accuracy of the declared
value including the submission of documents relevant to the determination of the
applicablemethodofvaluationaswellastheapplicabledutiablevalue.10
d. The VCRC11 deliberates and renders a decision on the classification issue.12 The VCRC
has twenty (20) working days from the date the case is calendared for deliberation
within which to resolve the case. A case referred to the VCRC shall be calendared
immediately,notlaterthanthree(3)workingdaysfromreceiptthereof.13TheVCRCis
enjoinedtoconveneatleastonceaweek,orasoftenasnecessary.14
e. While the case is pending before the VCRC, the importer can secure the tentative
release of this goods by posting sufficient guarantee in the form of cash, managers
check,bankguarantyorsuretybondequivalenttotheadditionaldutiesandtaxesdue.15
Asamatterofpolicy,theguaranteeshouldbeintheformofcash,managerscheck,or
bankguarantee.16
Billofladingorairwaybill,commercialinvoice,packinglastandotherdocumentsasmayberequiredbytheBOCfrom
timetotime[SeeCMONo.372001,SectionIV(A)].
7
SeeCMONo.372001,sectionIV(A)(1)(2)&(3).
8
SeeCMONo.372001,sectionIV(C)outliningthedetailedprocedureattheFormalEntryDivisionoritsequivalentunit.
9
SeeCMONo.372001,sectionIV(D)(5).
10
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionIV(D)(5).
11
The member of the VCRC are: (i) the District Collector as Chairman (ii) the Deputy Collector for Assessment as Vice
Chairman (iii) the Chief of the Formal Entry Division or equivalent unit as Member and (iv) other personnel as may be
appointedbytheBOCCommissionerupontheDistrictCollectorsrecommendationfollowingtheguidelinessetoutinCMO
No.372001,SectionIII(E).
12
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionIV(D)(6).
13
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionIV(D)(7).
14
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionIV(E)outliningthedetailedprocedureattheVCRClevel.
15
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionV(A);CAONo.52001,SectionIII(C).
16
SeeCMONo.372001,SectionV(A).
Page11of11
ImportationofUsedItems
f. If the VCRCs decision is favorable to the importer, the Chief of the Collection Division
shallnotifytheChiefoftheAdministrationDivisiontoissueadisbursementvoucherand
prepareacheckpayabletotheimporterinthefullamountoftheguaranteepostedby
theimporter.17
g. If the VCRCs decision is adverse to the importer, the latter may either: (i) protest the
decisionpursuanttoSection2308oftheTCCP;or(ii)appealtheadversedecisiontothe
BOCCommissioner.18
Protesttheassesseddutiesandtaxesandthecorrespondingdocketfeesmust
bepaid.Theimporterhasfifteen(15)daysfromthedatethedutiesandtaxesare
paidorcollectedfromtheguaranty,withinwhichtofiletheprotest.Assuminghe
has not previously secured the release thereof from the VCRC, the importer may
obtain the release of the goods upon payment of the assessed duties and taxes.19
The District Collector shall issue an order for hearingwithinfifteen(15)daysfrom
receipt of the protest and hear the matter. Upon termination of the hearing, the
DistrictCollectorshallrenderadecisionwithinthirty(30)days.20
Appealtheimporterhasfifteen(15)daysfromreceiptoftheVCRCsadverse
decisiontoappealtotheBOCCommissionerontheconditionthattheimporterwill
agreetoundergoapostentryaudit.21Anyappealfiledaftertheprescribedperiod
shallbedeemeddismissed.22Nohearingontheappealisrequired.23
h. If the District Collectors decision is adverse to the importer, the decision may be
appealedtotheBOCCommissionerwithinfifteen(15)daysfromreceiptthereof.24Ifthe
BOCCommissionersdecisionisadversetotheimporter,thedecisionmaybeappealed
totheCTAwithinthirty(30)daysfromreceiptthereof.25Unlessanappealismadeto
theCTAinthemannerandwithintheperiodprescribedbylaw,theBOCCommissioners
decisionshallbefinalandconclusive.26
i.
If the District Collectors decision is adverse to the government, the decision shall be
automatically elevated to, and review by, the BOC Commissioner. If the BOC
Commissioner affirms the District Collectors decision, the decision shall be
automaticallyelevatedto,andreviewby,theSecretaryofFinance.However,ifwithin
thirty(30)daysfromreceiptoftherecordofthecasebytheBOCCommissionerorthe
17
SeeCMONo.499,SectionIII(2.4).Thedocumentsrequiredtosupportadisbursementvoucherare:(i)originalofBOC
Form 38A (Cash BondProvisional) equivalent to the guarantee (ii) the Collection Division Chiefs notice to the
AdministrationDivisionChief(iii)theBOCSGSAppealsCommitteedecisionorthedecisionbyanyBOCauthorizedofficer
(iv)aphotocopyoftheimportentrywithfinalassessmentofdutiesandtaxes.
18
Please note that while CMO 372001 provides for these alternative remedies, under CAO 52001, the importers only
remedyfromanadversedecisionisanappealintheformofaprotestpursuanttoSection2308oftheTCCP,whileunder
CMO372001.
19
TCCP,Section2308;seeCAONo.52001,SectionIIID;seealsoCMONo.372001,SectionIII(A).
20
TCCP,Section2312.Ifthenatureofthearticlespermit,theimportermayberequiredtosupplytheDistrictCollector
withsamplesofthearticlessubjectoftheprotest[TCCP,Section2311].
21
SeeCMONO.372001,SectionIII(B).Inagreeingtoapostentryaudit,theimportereffectivelyagreestoallowa
customsofficertoenteritspremisesduringofficehourstoconductanauditexamination,inspectionandinvestigationof
itsdocumentflow,financialflow,goodsinventoryandotherbusinessprocesses.Thedetailedprocedureisoutlinedin
SectionIV(C)ofCAONo.52001.
22
TCCP,Section2313.
23
VitugandAcosta,TaxLawandJurisprudence380(2000).
24
TCCP,Section2313.
25
TCCP,Section2315.
26
TCCP,Section2402.
Page12of12
ImportationofUsedItems
SecretaryofFinance,asthecasemaybe,nodecisionisrenderedbyeitherofthem,the
decision under review shall become final and executory. The party aggrieved by the
Secretary of Finances decision may appeal to the CTA within thirty (30) days from
receiptofthedecision.27
j. AnadversedecisionbyoneoftheCTAsDivisionmaybeappealedtotheCTAEnBancby
way of petition for review. The appeal may be taken within fifteen (15) days from
receiptoftheCTAsdecision.28
k. IftheCTAEnBancsdecisionisadversetotheimporter,thedecisionmaybeelevatedto
theSupremeCourtwithinfifteen(15)daysfromreceiptthereofbywayofpetitionfor
reviewoncertiorari.29
4. PostClearance
a. RequirementtoKeepRecords
All importers are required to keep at their principal place of business in the manner
prescribedbyregulationstobeissuedbytheCommissionerofCustomsandforaperiod
of three (3) years from the date of importation, all the records of their importations
and/orbooksofaccounts,businessandcomputersystemsandallcustomscommercial
data including payment records relevant for the verification of the accuracy of the
transactionvaluedeclaredbytheimporters/customsbrokersontheimportentry.30
b. PostEntryAudit
The BOC, through its authorized customs officers, shall conduct audit examination,
inspection,verificationand/orinvestigationoftransactionrecordsofimporters/customs
brokers.31 Pursuant to this power of the BOC, the Post Entry Audit Group (PEAG) was
createdunderExecutiveOrderNo.160.
ThepostentryauditoftheBOCmaybeconductedwithinthree(3)yearsfromthedate
offinalimportentry(i.e.,settlementofduties).Theauditaimsto,amongothers,verifya
companysimporttransactionsinordertodeterminewhether:32
i.
Importedgoodsarevaluedusingtheappropriatecustomsvaluationmethod;
ii. Thepricepaidorpayableandthedutiableadjustmentsarecorrectandcomplete;
iii. Goodsareproperlydescribedandthecorrecttariffclassificationareused;
iv. Quantityofgoods,asreported,arecorrect;
v. Importer has complied with the reportorial, registration and other administrative
requirementsimposedbytheBOC.
27
TCCP,Section2315.
SeeRulesofCourt,Rule43,Sections1,3and4.
29
SeeRulesofCourt,Rule43,Sections1and2.
30
Section3514,TCCP.
31
Section3515,TCCP.
32
http://www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/Philippines/Customs_Compliance_Review?OpenDocument
February24,2008).
28
(last
accessed
Page13of13
ImportationofUsedItems
PROFILING
ISSUANCE OF
AUDIT
NOTIFICATION
LETTER
NON ACCEPTANCE
SERVING OF
ANL
ACCEPTANCE
VDP
ADMIN/
CRIMINAL
COMPLAINT
PRE-AUDIT
CONFERENCE
YES
NO
PAYMENT
VDP?
YES
VDP
ACCEPTED
PRESENTATION
OF DOCUMENTS?
VDP
REJECTED
NO
YES
AUDIT PROPER
MANAGEMENT
LETTER
MANAGEMENT
LETTER
(APPROVED)
(DENIAL)
EXIT
CONFERENCE
END OF AUDIT
ASSESSMENT
NOTICE
NON ACCEPTANCE
ACCEPTANCE
PAYMENT
MANAGEMENT
LETTER
END OF AUDIT
APPEAL TO THE
OFFICE OF THE
COMMISSIONER
(OCOM)
Page14of14
ImportationofUsedItems
5. Failuretopaycorrectdutiesandtaxesonimportedgoods33
Anypersonwho,afterbeingsubjectedtopostentryauditandexamination,isfoundto
have incurred deficiencies in duties and taxes paid for imported goods, shall be
penalizedaccordingtothree(3)degreesofculpabilitysubjecttomitigating,aggravating
or extraordinary factors that are clearly established by the available evidence. The
penaltyimposableisanadministrativefinewhichrangesfromto8timestherevenue
lossdependingonthedegreeofculpabilityi.e.negligence,grossnegligenceorfraud.
UnderthePEAGsystem,theimporterhastherightto:
a. Verify the auditors identification and the authenticity of the Audit Notification
Letter(ANL);
b. Toclarifyandinquireabouttheauditprocess;
c. Tobeinformedofthepurposeoftheaudit,thecompositionoftheauditteamand
thedocumentsandrecordstobesubmittedandexamined;
d. Tobeinformedoftheauditfindings;
e. Contestthedeficiencyassessment,ifany.
II. STEPSTOFOLLOWWHENYOURECEIVEANASSESSMENTFROMTHEBOC.
1. ReadtheBOClettercarefullyandstudythebasisoftheassessmentincludingthecomputations
thereof.
2. Determine of the allegations in the assessment are correct including the correct classification
under the Harmonized Code and the use of the tariff rate. If they are wrong, consult your
customsbrokerand/orlawyertoformallywritetheBOCdisputingthesame.
WherethecustomsvaluecannotbedeterminedunderprovisionsofArticle1(transactionvalue
method),thereshouldnormallybeaprocessofconsultationbetweentheBOCandtheimporter
withaviewtoarrivingatabasisofvalueundertheprovisionsofArticles2(transactionvalueof
identicalgoods)or3(transactionvalueofsimilargoods),etc.Itmayoccur,forexample,thatthe
importerhasinformationaboutthecustomsvalueofidenticalorsimilarimportedgoods,which
is not immediately available to the customs administration may have information about the
customs value of identical or similar imported goods, which is nor readily available to the
importer.Aprocessofconsultationbetweenthetwo(2)partieswillenableinformationtobe
exchanged, subject to the requirements of commercial confidentiality, with a view to
determining a proper basis of value for customs purposes. [WTO Valuation Code, General
IntroductoryCommentary]
3. Requestforaconferencewiththecustomsexaminerand/ortheDistrictCollectordisputingthe
assessment.
4. Incaseofdoubt,paythecustomstaxesanddutiesunderprotest.
33
Section3611,TCCP.
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5. AppealanyadverserulingoftheDistrictCollectortotheCommissionerofCustoms.
6. AppealanyadverserulingbytheCommissionerofCustomstotheCourtofTaxAppeals.
III. DIFFERENCEBETWEENSMUGGLINGANDTECHNICALSMUGGLING?
The term smuggling conveys the idea of a secret introduction of goods with intend to avoid
paymentofcustomstaxesanddutiesandsignifiessomeformofdeceittointroduceortobring
on shore, or carry from the shore, goods, wares or merchandise.34 Section 3601 of the TCCP
providesthat:
AnypersonwhoshallfraudulentlyimportorbringintothePhilippines,orassistinsodoing,any
article, contrary to law, or shall receive, conceal, buy, sell, or in any manner facilitate the
transportation,concealment,orsaleofsucharticleafterimportation,knowingthesametohave
been imported contrary to law, shall be guilty of smuggling and shall be punishable by fines
statedtherein.
Moreover, in the case of Felicisimo Rieta vs. People of the Philippines (436 SCRA 273), the
SupremeCourtheldthatinorderthatthepersonmaybedeemedguiltyofsmugglingorillegal
importationprerequisitesmustconcur:
1. thatthemerchandisemusthavebeenfraudulentlyorknowinglyimportedcontrarytolaw;
2. thatthedefendant,ifheisnottheimporterhimself,musthavereceived,concealed,bought,
sold or in any manner facilitated the transportation, concealment or sale of the
merchandise;and
3. that the defendant must be shown to have knowledge that the merchandise had been
illegally imported. If the defendant, however, is shown to have had possession of the
illegally imported merchandise, without satisfactory explanation, such possession shall be
deemedsufficienttoauthorizeconviction.
Thetermtechnicalsmugglinginvolvesthefalsedeclarationintheimportentriesofthetrueor
correctclassificationand/orthepropercostoftaxesanddutiesortariffratethathavetobepaid
thereon thereby resulting in a lower payment of customs taxes and duties. The difference
between smuggling and technical smuggling is that oftentimes in smuggling there is no
submissionofadocumentsmoreparticularly,theimportentrywithrespecttothepaymentof
taxesanddutieswhereasinthetermtechnicalsmugglingitoftentimesresultinthesubmission
or falls or fraudulent documents to the BOC whereby there is a misclassification or
misdeclarationofthegoodssupposedtobethesubjectofcustomstaxesandduties.
IV. WHATTODOWHENYOUOVERPAYYOURCUSTOMSTAXESANDDUTIES.
DuetothevariousprocedureslaiddownbytheTCCPonthechallengeorprotestofthecorrect
taxes and duties that to be paid, oftentimes the importer is compelled to pay the taxes and
dutiesunderprotest.Thetermprotestismeanttobeawrittendocumenttobefiledbythe
importer with the District Collector against its decision as to the rate and amount of duty for
classification of the imported goods. The filing of the protest suspends the running of the
statutoryperiodoflimitationintheeventthattheprotesthasbeendecidedinareliquidation
34
25C.J.S.customsduties,subsection248.
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and conformity which has decision is made the statute of limitation begins to run. Once the
formalprotestisfiled,theDistrictCollectorhastoresolvethematter.Ifhedeniestheprotest,
theimportermaystillappealtotheCommissionerofCustoms.Assuch,thegoodsarereleased.
Iftheprotestisgivenduecourse,theimporterisentitledtoataxcreditwherebyhecanapplyto
theDistrictCollectorandsubsequentlytotheCommissionerofCustomswithregardstoissuance
ofataxcreditcertificatethatmaybeusedforthefuturepaymentofcustomstaxesandduties.
Atthispoint,itispertinenttomentionthattheissuancesoftaxcreditcertificatesisonlygoodfor
the taxes which is issued by the taxing authority. For example, if the tax credit certificate is
issued by the BOC, the said certificate can only be use for the payment of customs taxes and
duties which is assessed by the BOC. In contrast, if the tax credit certificate is issued by the
Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), said certificate can only be used for the payment of taxes
assessedbytheBIR.
Tostressthispoint,theSupremeCourtinthecaseofCommissionerofCustomsvs.Philippine
Phosphate Fertilizer Corporation (437 SCRA 452) allowed the application by Philippine
PhosphateFertilizerCorporationofthetaxcreditcertificateforrefundsofdutiesandtaxeson
thebasisofthePhilippineExportZoneAuthorityLawmoreparticularlySection17withregards
totaxtreatmentofmerchandiseinthezone.Thus:
Section17oftheEPZA(nowPEZA)Lawparticularizesthetaxbenefitsaccordedtodulyregistered
enterprises.Itstates:
SEC.17TaxTreatmentofMerchandiseintheZone.(1)Exceptasotherwise
provided in this Decree, foreign and domestic merchandise, raw materials,
supplies, articles, equipment, machineries, spare parts and wares of every
description,exceptthoseprohibitedbylaw,broughtintotheZonetobesold,
stored, broken up, repacked, assembled, installed,sorted,cleaned,graded,or
otherwise processed, manipulated, manufactured, mixed with foreign or
domestic merchandise or used whether directly or indirectly in such activity,
shallnotbesubjecttocustomsandinternalrevenuelawsandregulationsnor
to local tax ordinances, the following provisions of law to the contrary
notwithstanding.
Thecitedprovisioncertainlycoverspetroleumsuppliesused,directlyorindirectly,byPhilphosto
facilitateitsproductionoffertilizers,subjecttotheminimalrequirementthatthesesuppliesare
broughtintothezone.Thesuppliesarenotsubjecttocustomsandinternalrevenuelawsand
regulations,nortolocaltaxordinances.ItisclearthatSec.17(a)considerssuchsuppliesexempt
even if they are used indirectly, as they had been in this case. Since Sec. 17(1) treats these
suppliesfortaxpurposesasbeyondtheambitofcustomslawsandregulations,theargumentsof
theCommissionerinvokingtheprovisionsoftheTCCPmustfail.Particularly,hispointthatthe
importation of the petroleum products by Petron was deemed terminated under Sec. 1202 of
theTCCP,andthattheterminationconsequentlybarredanyfutureclaimforrefundunderSec.
1603ofthesamelawismisplacedandinconsequential.Moreover,thecitedprovisionsofthe
TCCPifrelatedtoSec.17(1)oftheEPZALawwouldsignificantlyrendertheargumentstrained
and, if upheld, obviate many of the benefits granted by Sec. 17(1), for the provision does not
limitthetaxexemptiononlytodirecttaxes.
V. WHENIMPORTEDGOODSCONSIDEREDABANDONED.
Section1801and1802oftheTCCPdealswithabandonmentonimportedarticles.Thus:
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xxx
f. When the owner, importer or consignee of the imported article expressly
signifiesinwritingtotheCollectorofCustomshisintentionstoabandon;or
g. Whentheowner,importer,consigneeorinterestedpartyafterduenotice,
failstofileanentrywithinthirty(30)days,whichshallnotbeextendible,
fromthedateofdischargeofthelastpackagefromthevesseloraircraft,or
havingfiledsuchentry,failstoclaimhisimportationwithinfifteen(15)days
which shall not likewise be extendible, from the date of posting of the
noticetoclaimsuchimportation.
Anypersonwhoabandonsanarticleorwhofailstoclaimhisimportationasprovidedforinthe
preceding paragraph shall be deemed to have renounced all his interests and property rights
therein.
Nothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedasrelievingtheownerorimporterfromanycriminal
liabilitywhichmayarisefromanyviolationoflawcommittedinconnectionwiththeimportation
oftheabandonedarticle.
AnyofficialoremployeeoftheBureauofCustomsorofothergovernmentagencieswho,having
knowledge of the existence of an abandoned article or having control or custody of such
abandoned article, fails to report to the Collector within twentyfour (24) hours from the time
thearticleisdeemedabandoned,shallbepunishedwiththepenaltiesprescribedinParagraph1,
Section3604ofthisCode.
Basedontheforegoing,therearetwo(2)kindsofabandonment.
1. Express abandonment Under Section 1801oftheTCCP,asamended,thereisanexpress
abandonmentwhentheowner,importerorconsigneesignifieswiththeDistrictCollectorhis
intention to abandon his importation in favor of the government, in writing and in under
oath.
2. ImpliedabandonmentItiswhen:
a. the importer, owner, consignee or interested party after due notice, fails to file and
entry for its importation within the nonextendible period of thirty (30) days from the
dateofdischargeofthelastpackagefromthevesseloraircraft;or,
b. havingfiledanentryforashipmentfailtoclaimitsimportationwithinfifteen(15)non
extendibledaysthedateofpostingofthenoticetoclaimsuchimportation.
Thefollowingaretheeffectsofabandoningimportedarticles.
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1. Any person who abandons an article or who fails to claim his importation within the
reglamentary period shall be deemed to have renounced all interest and property rights
therein;and
2. An abandoned article shall ipso facto be deemed the property of the government to be
disposedoffinaccordancewithlaw.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, there has been a conservative view that there should be a
hearingfirstconductedbeforeforfeitureoftheabandonedarticleshouldbeeffectedbyvirtueof
aseizureproceedingsinitiatedbytheBureauofCustoms.However,theimporterorownerof
theabandonedarticleisnotrelievedofanycriminalliabilitywhichmayarisefromtheviolation
of Tariff and Customs Law and other laws enforced by the Bureau of Customs committed in
connectionwiththeimportationoftheabandonedarticle.Incontrast,theimporter/ownerifhe
has already renounced his rights over the imported article and the same has already been
forfeited in favor of the government, the supposed civil liability of the importer/owner is
distinguishedunlessthedispositionofthearticleisburdensomeonthepartofthegovernment
likethoseharmfulorantisocialgoods.
VI. MODIFICATIONOFDUTY
Section 401 of the TCCP, allows the modification of duties under the Flexible Clause where
publichearingsareconductedonpetitionsfortariffmodificationinitiatedbytheprivatesector
andthegovernmentbeforetheTariffCommissionwhereitsfindingsarerecommendationsare
submittedtotheNEDAforconsiderationoftheTariffandRelatedMatters(TRM)Technicaland
Cabinet Committees whereby the President of the Philippines signs an Executive Order (EO)
reducingorincreasingimportduties.Forexample,three(3)EOswereissuedin2010,thus:
EONo.790(Modifyingthenomenclatureandratesofimportdutyonvarious
products under Section 104 of the Tariff and Customs Code of 1978, as
amended).
EONo.818(Extendingtheeffectivityofthezerorateofimportdutyonmilling
wheatunderSection104ofPresidentialDecreeNo.1464,otherwiseknownas
the Tariff and Customs Code of 1978, as amended, as provided for under
Section3ofExecutiveOrderNo.765,Seriesof2008).
EO No. 819 (Extending the effectivity of the zero rate of import duties on
cementandcementclinkerunderSection104ofPresidentialDecreeNo.1464,
otherwise known as the Tariff and Customs Code of 1978, as amended, as
providedforunderSection3ofExecutiveOrderNo.766,Seriesof2008)
Moreover, public consultations are conducted by the Tariff Commission regarding the
Philippines regional tariff commitments under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN); ASEAN Integration System of Preferences (AISP); ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement
(ATIGA); ASEANChina Free Trade Area (ACFTA); and ASEANKorea Free Trade Area (AKFTA).
With regard to WTO activities, the Tariff Commission reviewed and verified the
comments/changesmadebytheUnitedStatesonthePhilippinesHS2002RevisedScheduleof
Commitments submitted to the WTO and participated in the Workshop on Market Access for
ASEANEconomies.
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In2010,thePresidentsignedthefollowingEOsdraftedbytheTariffCommissionconcerningthe
implementationofthetariffcommitmentsofthePhilippinesarisingfromitsmembershipinthe
ASEAN:
VII.WARRANTSOFSEIZUREANDDETENTION(WSD)
Section2205oftheTCCPstatesthat:
It should be within the power and duty of the customs official or any
authorizedpersontomakeseizureofanyvessel,aircraft,cargo,article,animal
orothermovableproperty,couldthesamebesubjecttoforfeitureorliablefor
anyfineimposedundertariffandcustomslaws,rulesandregulationsprovided.
However, the same is to be exercised on a conformity with the law and
provisionsoftheTCCofthePhilippines.
In this connection, the Supreme Court had occasion to rule in the case of Felicisimo Rieta vs.
PeopleofthePhilippines(436SCRA273)that:
Furthermore, the search and seizure of goods, suspected to have been introduced into the
countryinviolationofcustomslaws,isoneoftheseven(7)doctrinallyacceptedexceptions36to
the constitutional provision. Such provision mandates that no search or seizure shall be made
exceptbyvirtueofawarrantissuedbyajudgewhohaspersonallydeterminedtheexistenceof
probablecause.
Under the Tariff and Customs Code (TCC), a search, seizure and arrest will be made even
without a warrant of purposes of enforcing CustomsandTariffLaws.Withoutmentioningthe
need of priory obtained a judicial warrant, the code specifically allows police authorities to
enter,passthroughorsearchanylandorinclosureoranywarehouse,store,orotherbuilding,
notbeingadwellinghouseandalsotoinspect,searchandexamineanyvesseloraircraft,trunk,
package,boxorenvelopetoanypersononboardortostopandsearchandexamineanyvehicles,
beastsorpersonreasonablysuspectedofholdingorconveyinganydutiableorprohibitedarticle
introducedinthePhilippinescontrarytolaw.
In the case of Feeder International Line Pte., Ltd. vs. Court of Appeals (197 SCRA 842) it was
held that it is quite clearthatseizureandforfeitureproceedingsundertheTariffandCustoms
Law are not criminal in nature as they do not result in the conviction of the offender nor the
impositionofpenaltyprovidedforinSection3601oftheCode.AscanbegleanedfromSection
2533ofthecode,seizureproceedings,suchasthoseinstitutedinthiscase,arepurelyciviland
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administrative in character. The main purpose of which is enforced against fines or forfeiture
incidenttounlawfulimportationofgoodsfortheindeliberateincidenttounlawfulimportation
ofgoodsortheindeliberatepossession.Thepenaltyofinseizurecasesisdistinctandseparate
fromthecriminalliabilitythatmaybeimposedagainsttheindictedimporterorpossessorinboth
kinds of penalties may be imposed. In other words, forfeiture proceedings are proceedings in
remandaredirectedagainsttheres(CommissionerofCustomsvs.ManilaStarFerry,Inc.[227
SCRA317]).InthecaseofNewFrontierSugarCorporationvs.CommissionerofCustoms(CTA
CaseNo.5347,June19,1998)itwasheldthataWSDisessentiallyaconditionssinequanon
beforeanyseizureproceedingscanbeformallyinitiated.Section2301oftheTCCP,asamended,
isaexpressitenoughinthatitrequirestheCollectortoissueaWSDuponmakinganyseizure.
Likewise,Section2303providesthattheCollectorshallgivetheowner/importeroftheproperty
or its agent a written notice of decision and shall give him an opportunity to be heard in
referencetothedelinquencywhichwastheoccasionofsuchseizure.
Theremediesoftheowner/importertosecureimmediatereleaseoftheseizedpropertyare,as
follows:
1. Posting a sufficient cash bond (surety bond or other sufficient instruments is permitted
underRepublicActNo.9135)shallnotbeinanycasebelessthantheappraisevalueofthe
articleplusfine,expensesandcostthatmaybeadjudgedinthecase;
2. Thatthereisnoprimafacieevidenceoffraudattendanttotheimportation;
3. Thattheimportationofthearticleisnotprohibitedbylaw;and
4. Thereleaseundercashbond(suretybondorothersufficientinstrumentasapprovedbythe
CommissionerofCustoms[Section4,CustomsAdministrativeOrderNo.993]).
Formal hearings are conducted after the notification of the notice of seizure. Offers of
settlementofseizurecaseshallbemadeintheformofamotionwithacopythereoffurnished
the prosecuting officer concerned who shall be required to submit his memorandum on the
matter.
Settlementinseizurecasesisnotallowedinanycasewheretheimportationis:
1. Attendedwithfraud;
2. Absolutelyprohibited;
3. Thereleaseofthepropertywouldbecontrarytolaw.(Sec.2307,lastpar.,TCCP)
The fraud contemplated by law must be actual and not constructive. It must be intentional
fraud, consisting of deception willfully and deliberately done or resorted to in order to induce
anothertogiveupsomeright.
Thefollowingcasesdemonstratethepresenceoffraud:
1. Theuseofforcedorspuriousdocuments;
2. TheprimafacieevidenceoffraudunderSection2503,TCCP;
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3. Theuseoffalsemachinations,misrepresentation,concealmentoffactsthatresultedinloss
of revenues reaching levels that is unconscionable and unbecoming of a lawabiding
taxpayerandcitizen;and
4. Othercasessimilarlysituated.35
The TCC contemplates that fraud must be actual, amounting to intentional wrongdoing with the
clearpurposeofevadingthetax.Merenegligenceisnotequivalenttothefraudcontemplatedby
law.Whatishereinvolvedisanhonestmistakethatevendirectlyattributabletoprivaterespondent
who deprived by the government of the right to collect the proper tax (Republic vs. Court of Tax
Appeals[366SCRA489]).
Section2503ofTCCwithrespecttoundervaluation,misclassificationandmisdeclarationinentry:
That an undervaluation, misdeclaration in weight, measurement or quantity of
more than thirty percent (30%) between the value, weight, measurement, or
quantity declared in the entry, and the actual value, weight, quantity, or
measurement shall constitute a prima facie evidence of fraud penalized under
Section 2530 of this Code: Provided, further, That any misdeclared or undeclared
imported articles/items found upon examination shall ipso facto be forfeited in
favoroftheGovernmenttobedisposedofpursuanttotheprovisionsofthisCode.
which simply means that if the undervaluation, misdeclaration or misclassification exceeds thirty
percent(30%)ofthevaluethenthereisimmediatelyapresumptionoffraud.Infact,Section3611of
theTCC,asamendedbyRepublicActNo.9135states:
Section.3611.FailuretoPayCorrectDutiesandTaxesonImportedGoods.Any
personwho,afterbeingsubjectedtopostentryauditandexaminationasprovided
inSection3515ofPart2,TitleVIIhereof,isfoundtohaveincurreddeficienciesin
dutiesandtaxespaidforimportedgoods,shallbepenalizedaccordingtothree(3)
degreesofculpabilitysubjecttoanymitigating,aggravatingorextraordinaryfactors
thatareclearlyestablishedbytheavailableevidence:
1. NegligenceWhenadeficiencyresultsfromanoffendersfailure,throughan
act or acts of omission or commission, to exercise reasonable care and
competencetoensurethatastatementmadeiscorrect,itshallbedetermined
tobenegligentandpunishablebyafineequivalenttonotlessthanonehalf()
butnotmorethantwo(2)timestherevenueloss.
2. GrossNegligenceWhenadeficiencyresultsfromanactoractsofomission
or commission done with actual knowledge or wanton disregard for the
relevantfactsandwithindifferencetoordisregardfortheoffender'sobligation
underthestatute,itshallbedeterminedtobegrosslynegligentandpunishable
byafineequivalenttonotlessthantwoandahalf(2)butnotmorethanfour
(4)timestherevenueloss.
3. Fraud When the material false statement or act in connection with the
transactionwascommittedoromittedknowingly,voluntarilyandintentionally,
as established by clear and convincing evidence, it shall be determined to be
fraudulentandbepunishablebyafineequivalenttonotlessthanfive(5)times
35
Sec.1,CMO8792.
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but not more than eight (8) times the revenue loss and imprisonment of not
lessthantwo(2)yearsbutnotmorethaneight(8)years.
Therearetimeswhenmanufacturersoflocallymanufacturedgoodsarethreatenedbytheinfluxof
certainimportedgoodswhicharesubjecttoalowvaluationandsufferssomeeconomiclossdueto
this importations. The law grants them the right to raise a dutiable value in three (3) ways: the
impositionofantidumpingduty,acountervailingdutyandasafeguardduty.
Globalizationopenedupthenationaleconomytoforeigncompetition.Inherentintheintegrationof
markets is the opportunity for all stakeholders in the economy to benefit from the fruits of
liberalization: expanded market access for Philippine products; improved competitiveness of
domestic industries; acquisition of modern technology; enhanced productivity; infusion of new
investments;efficiencyintradeinservices;anddiversificationofmarketsandproducts.
New developments in trade and tariff policy have emerged with the updating of the ASEAN
Harmonized Tariff Nomenclature (AHTN), the implementation of the HS 2007, the forging of
bilateral trade relations and regional economic integration and the ongoing multilateral trade
negotiationsundertheDohaDevelopmentAgenda.Whilealltheseareforeseentoleadtogrowth
and economic development, challenges and costs brought about by trade liberalization are also
expected.
The Philippine government, realizing the need of business to adjust to globalization, resolved to
providethedomesticindustrieswiththenecessarysafetynetstocopewithforeigncompetition.
Strengthened and WTOconsistent trade remedy rules, e.g., RA 8751 (Countervailing Duty Act of
1999)andRA8752(AntiDumpingActof1999)wereenactedtogoverntheprosecutionofcases
of such unfair trade practices as dumping and subsidization. Also, the passage of RA 8800
(SafeguardMeasuresAct)enhancedprotectiontolocalindustriesagainstinjuriousimportsurges.
Thefollowingareclassesofdutywhichhavetheirspecialpurposeofprotectingdomesticindustries
fromthecompetitionbroughtaboutbycheapimportedmerchandize:
1. AntidumpingdutyThisspecialdutywhichisequaltothedifferencebetweenthelowerprice
ofthedumpedimportedarticlesandthehigherpriceofalikedomesticproduct,isimposedin
addition to the regular duty, to prevent the continuous dumping of imported articles into the
localmarketofacountryatapricelessthanthoseprevailinginitsdomesticmarkets,whichhas
the effect of causing material injury or threatening to retard the establishment of a domestic
industryproducingthesameproduct.
2. Countervailing duty This special duty which is equal to the ascertained amount of subsidy
granted,isintendedtooffsetorforestallthesubsidyorbountydirectlyorindirectlygrantedby
themanufacture,productionorexportationofaproductimportedinacountrywhichhascaused
or threatens to cause material injury to a domestic industry or retard the establishment of a
domesticindustryproducingidenticalorlikearticles.
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3. Safeguard duty This is a new multilateral measure in the form of an increase tariff (in the
case of industrial or nontariffied imports) or additional special safeguard duty (in the case
agricultural products) levied in addition to the regular duty against covered products being
importedinanincreasedquantities,oritsvolumeexceedsthetriggerleveloritsC.I.F.valuefalls
belowthetriggerprice.
Dumpingoccurswhenforeignproducersselltheirproductstoanimporterinthedomesticmarketat
prices lower than in their own national markets, or at prices below cost of production, the sale or
importationofwhichinjuresorthreatenstoinjureadomesticindustryproducinglikeorcomparable
products or retards the establishment of a potential industry. It is a form of price discrimination
betweentwonationalmarkets.
When countervailing duty imposed, the following are the elements or factors which must be
consideredbeforeacounterveilingdutymaybeimposed:
a. Product Comparability a product is identical or alike in all respects to the article under
consideration or, in absence of such product, another product which, although not alike in all
respects,hascharacteristicscloselyresemblingthoseoftheproductunderconsideration.
c. Injury means material injury to a domestic industry, threat of material injury or material
retardationofthegrowthorthepreventionoftheestablishmentofadomesticindustry.
d. Causal Link the material injury suffered by the domestic industry is the direct result of the
importationofthesubsidizedproduct.
RA8800,otherwiseknownasSafeguardMeasuresActprovidesfor:
a. General safeguard measures to relieve domestic industries suffering from serious injury as a
resultofincreasedimports.
b. Special safeguard measures (additional duty not exceeding 1/3 of the existing rate of duty) on
agricultural products marked SSG in Schedule LXXVPhilippines, when the import volume
exceedsitstriggerlevelorwhentheactualc.i.f.importfallsbelowatriggerlevel.
oOo