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M Ch11 Slope Stabilization PDF
M Ch11 Slope Stabilization PDF
biliza
tion and
Stabiliza
bilization
Sta
bility of Cuts and F
ills
Stability
Fills
Fill slopes should be con- Photo 11.1 Over-steep slopes, wet ares, or existing slide areas can
structed with a 1 1/2:1 or flat- cause instability problems for a road and increase repair and
maintanance costs, as well as sediment production.
Chapter 11
Photo 11.5 Construct fill slopes with a 1 1/2:1 or flatter slope (to
promote vegetation growth) and stabilize the fill slope surface. Use
benches (terraces) on large fill slopes to intercept any flow of
surface water.
Table 11.1
Most rock
:1 to :1
:1 to :1
:1 to 1:1
1:1 to 1 :1
1 :1
2:1 to 3:1
2:1 to 3:1
1 :1 to 2:1
1 1/3:1
2:1 or flatter
(for revegetation)
Figur
e 11.1 Cut slope design options.
igure
Natural Ground
2:1
p
Ty
cal
Cut
Road
Fill
60% +
Typical Rock
Cut Slopes
:1 to :1
:1
1:
:1
Road
Use Full Bench Cuts When the
Ground Slopes Exceed +/- 60%
0 - 60%
1t
o1
:1
c. Through Cut
2:1
Road
Low Cut
Can be Steep
or Flatter
High Cut
Typically Steeper
Where Stable
Figur
e 11.2 Fill slope design options
igure
Natural ground
a. Typical Fill
0-40%
Ground slope
Road
on
f i l l e.
e
c
p
a
l
y p r slo
c a l l flatte
i
p
Ty :1 or
a2
Slash
Note: Side-cast fill material
only on gentle slopes, away
from streams.
Road
/2:
yp
1T
ica
40-60%
Slash
Note: When possible, use a 2:1
or flatter fill slope to promote
revegetation.
Road
Typically
60% +
c. Reinforced Fill
Reinforced fills are used on
steep ground as an
alternative to retaining
structures. The 1:1 (Oversteep) face usually requires
stabilization.
d. Through Fill
1:
Geogrid or geotextile
reinforcement layers
Drain
ill
gf
n
Lo pe
2:1
slo
Road
Sh
slo ort fi
pe ll
3:1
0-40%
Figur
e 11.3 Slope problems and solutions with stabilization measures.
igure
The Problem
Oversteep (near
vertical) cutslope
Cut failure
Uncontrolled
water
Loose
sidecast fill
on a steep
slope
Fill failure in
oversteep or
uncompacted
fill material
Solutions
Cut slope
failure
Original
oversteepened
slope
1:1
Fill compacted in
15-30 cm thick layers
Rock buttress
with underdrain
2:1
Vegetation on fill
slope surface,
preferably 2:1 or
flatter
Retaining structure
Potential fill
failure surface
Subdrainage
LOW-VOLUME ROADS BMPS: 108
Photo 11.6 Simple hand compaction behind a low rock wall. Compaction is important behind any retaining structure or fill. It can be
achieved by hand or, preferably, using equipment such as a wacker
or small compactor.
slope.
Figure 11.4 Construction of various types of retaining structures. (Adapted from Gray & Leiser, 1982)
Keys
Rock
Brick or Masonry
Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Gravity Walls
Road
Piles
Counterfort
H" Piles
Stretcher
Headers
Gabion Wall
Facing
Reinforced Soil
Crib Wall
a. Common Types of Retaining Structures.
Hmax = 5 meters
: 1 to
Vertical
Aggregate
Fill
Rock
Wi
d
( W th
)
For
H = 0.5 m, W = 0.2 m
H = 1.0 m, W = 0.4 m
H = 1.5 m, W = 0.7 m
H = 2.0 m, W = 1.0 m
70 cm
Rock
0.3-0.5 m
0.7 H
b. Typical Rock Wall Construction.
LOW-VOLUME ROADS BMPS: 110
Height
(H)
2
H
3
4
5
6
No of
levels
No. of
gabions
(per
width)
3' 3"
3' 3"
6' 6"
4' 3"
11/2
9' 9"
5' 3"
13' 1"
6' 6"
16' 4"
8' 2"
2 1/2
19' 7"
9' 9"
No. of
levels
No. of
gabions
(per
width)
3' 3"
3' 3"
6' 6"
4' 11"
11/2
9' 9"
6' 6"
13' 1"
8' 2"
2 1/2
16' 4"
9' 9"
19' 7"
11' 5"
3 1/2
20"
5
6
B
= 34
PRACTICES TO
AVOID
Constructing vertical cut
slopes (except in very well
cemented soils and rock).
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Use balanced cut and fill
construction in most
terrain to minimize
earthwork (Figure 11.1a).
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES
(continued)
(Photo 11.11). Wall backfill is typically compacted
to 95% of the AASHTO
T-99 maximum density.
Use retaining structures to
gain roadway width in
steep terrain.
Place retaining structures
only upon good foundation materials, such as
bedrock or firm, in-place
soils (Photo 11.12).
Photo 11.10 A road fill failure in steep terrain which now needs
either a retaining structure or a large road cut around the failure.