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Great History of Rakhaing
Great History of Rakhaing
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wdk;wufvsuf// ‚ae&mY tyiftudkif;wdk@Yvnf; toD;tyGifh
wdk@onfysm;vbdk@uJo@kd csdKjrdefaom t&omESifhjyOf@pkHavaoma=umifh
‚// xdkrSwyg;trsKd;av;yg; wdk@Yvnf;// r*~a'0rif;.tEG,fawmf
uoufqif;I w&m;ESifhnDnGwfpGm apmifha&SmHawmfrlaom tEG,f
0efo‚? xdktrsdK;av;yg;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS ajrmufpl;pl;
t&yfodk@ xGufcGgvsuf csDwufawmfrlvm=uaomtm;jzifh‚/ ‚jyif
xD;eef;ppfxl&mYvnf;// tcgay;awmfrlaomae@&uf tcsdrfem&DwGif
vOf;Ak'<[l;j*dK[frif;ESifh &m[kj*dK[frif;. ajymifv$J&efeOf;pyfaomtcg ESpf
‚// xdktxufqdkchJaomwdyfedrdwfwdk@udk aumHawmfrljyD;v#if? ,ckae@ u
pI TbwWumyfyrBmay:Y ‚trsdK;av;yg;wdk@oOf// raysHmruG,f
rwdefraumapjcif;iSg? &a\hrk%Dq&mawmfjrwfwdkhonf? xdkwdyfed
rdwfwk@dudktwnfjyKawmfrljyD;v#if? jrdK@awmf.trnf ynmyforkyftyf
oOfum;? OwW&mr'l&jrdK@awmf[k ac:a0:orkwftyfaomtm;jzifhxm;
awmfrlavonf? 4iftjyifwdkif;. trnfynmyforkwftyfonfum;//
A'<Lj*dK[frif;ESifh&m[kj*dK[frif;wd@k eHudkaqmifawmfrljyD;v#if? wdkif;trOfum;
&uQyl&wdkif;? vlwdk@.trsdK;av;yg;trOfum; ‚j*dK[frif;eHudkaqmif
awmfrlvsuf? &cdkifrsdK;[ktrnfemr0daootm;jzifh? w&wyg;aom vl
rsdK;wdk hxuf u;JvGefIxmawmfrlavonf? xdk haeupIwdkif; c&dkif Edkif
iefwdk@onf tpnfrjywfoufqif;jyD;v#if? TbwWuyfurmBay:wGif? bk
&m;av;qkyGifhawmfrlonfwdkifatmif qufvufjyD;v#if xDeef;ppfxlI
pdk;pefawmfrlavonf?
11
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
om;awmfjzpfaom e&Ek/ e&rdwfvS[k aemifawmf nDawmfESpfyg;&Sd
onft&mwGif aemifawmfe&Ekrif;jrwfonf wdkif;jynfudkpdk;pHawmfrlav
onf? nDawmf e&rdwfvSudk? oHwGJjrdK hukdtydkifpm; ay;tyfvsufxm;
awmfrlavonf? xdktcgaemifawmfe&Ekrif;jrwfonf wdkif;c&dkifEdkifiH
awmfudkpdk;pHvsuf aeawmfrlaomtcg0,f? yJcl;bk&ifrif;&mZm"d&dkuf
onf? avmif;=uwfjrdK@awmfudk wdkufzsufawmfrljyD;v#if? ‚jrdK@ awmf
udktydkifodrf;ydkufawmfrlI ? 4ifbk&if.trwf=uD; wvdkif;armifcGif/ azgif
awZm/ vusfm=uD;wdk@udk? avmif;=uufjrdK@awmfY? xdef;odrf; tkyfcsKyf
awmfrlap&monf? xdktcgavmif;=uufjrdK@awmf&Sif e&Ekrif;jrwfonf?
rdrdwdkif;jynfrSwdef;a&SmifxGufcGgaomjyD;v#if? tdjENd,wdkif; 'DvD
jrdK@awmf&Sif &krfygo#mbk&ifrif;jrwfxHY e&Ekrif;jrwfonfppfyefawmfrl
avonf? xdkbk&ifrif;jrwfuvnf;? e&Ekrif;tm; trdeftmemcsrSwf
awmfrl&mwGif? tusDawmfrif;jrwfoOf? tusGefEkyfxH&HwydkpmcsKyf
jzifhjyKvkyfawmfrl&ayvdrRnf? ta=umif;rSm tusDawmfe&Ekrif;oOf?
vufatmHcef rGefrif;tjzpfjzifh EdkifiHawmfudkodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf
awmfrlap&moOf? xdkrSwyg; tusDawmfrif;jrwfwdk@. bJavmif;awmf
bD;avmif;awmfwdk@tydkifodrf;ydkufvsuf&Sdawmfrlaom? b*Fgwq,f
ESpfjrdKhrsm;wdk@ESifh a&mifjzLa&&dk;wpdwfxd e,fy,frsm;wdk@udkvnf;? igbk
&ifrif;tm; tydkifodrf;ydkufvdkvsuf tyfESif;awmfrlap&rnf[k trdefh
tmemcsrSwfawmfrlonftwdkif;? avmif;=uwfjrdK@bk&ife&Ekrif;tm; o
abmwlawmfrlI? &rfwAdkvfpmcsKyf jyKvkyfawmfrl=ujyD;v#if?
&kyfygo#mrif;onf ppfAdkvfawmf 'Hkrf;cifudk ppfonfawmf (10000) eSifh
wuG e&Ekrif;tm;tyfeSif;awmfrlavonf? e&Erif;jrwfonfvnf;
ppfonfawmfwdk@ESifhwuG? avmif;=uwfjrdKho@dkcsDwufawmfrlav&m? e&Ek
rif;.nDawmf oH'GJpm;e&rdwfvSrif;onf? =um;odawmfrlI awmifpnf
ckESpfc&dkifY&Sdaom vlrsm;wdk@udkqifhqdkac:awmfrljyD;v#if? ppfonfawmf
a&G;aumHvsuf ppfonf (10000)eSifhwuG nDawmfrif;jrwfvnf;
avmif;=uwfjrdK@awmfodk@ csDwufawmfrlvmI? nDaemifrif;eSpfyg;wdk@oOf?
4if;jrdK@awmfodk@udk odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyf&Sdaom wvdkif;trwf=uD;w@dk&rfudk
EdSrfeifydjym;apjcif;iSg/ wGef;vSefjzdKzsufawmfrljyD;v#if? tkyfcsKyf&Sdaom
12
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
trwfwdk@udk az&Sm;okyfoifawmfrlI// ‚jrdK hawmfudk e&Ekrif;jrwf onf
odrf;ydkufawmfrlavonf? 4ifjrdK hawmfY rif;vkyfawmfrlaom t&mwGif?
txuf&rfwAdkvfpmcsKyfjyKvkyfawmfrlcJhonftwkdif; twnf
jyKawmfrljyD;v#if &krfygo#mrif;. vufatmufcef rGefrif;tjzpfjzifh
avmif;=uwfjrdKhawmfYxyfrefvsuf odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf awmfrlav
aomeSpf aumZmouU&mZfaomfum; (768) ckeSpfwGifjzpfavonf?
13
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
vltaygif;wdk@tm; a[majymjyov#uf/ ae@pOfrjywfðyvkyfawmfrl
avonf? xdktcgtcsKd@aom Ak'<bmomvlrsKd;wdk@onf ,kef=uOfv#uf 4if;
bmomY0ifI 4if;w&m;udk aqmHwnfv#uf jzpf&Sd=uavonf? odk@ESifh
r[mrwf'efvlrsKd;wdk@onf EdkifiefawmfY zkef;v$ef;pdk;rdk;v#uf jyef@ESef@pGm
jzpf&Sdavonf? bk&ifrif;jrwfukdvnf; vufaqmifyefemydk@qufv#uf?
bk&ifrif;tm; 4if;oeftrwf}uD;wdk@udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdwWmouf0if
v#ufjzpf&Sdavonf?
14
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
aom// omoemjrwfESifhwuG// trsdK;av;yg;wdk@onf ndk;E$rf;jyHhKef;
wdysufpD;jcif;odk@ aejyOfawmfwGifa&muf&rfjzpf&Sdjcif;udk jrifavaom
a=umifh// ‚&Sifi,fq&monfeef;awmfodk@ 0ifawmfrlI nDvmcefAkdvf'k
wGif// rif;ESifhwuG trwfynm&Sdrsm;wdk@tm; ‚jzpfaom t&mrsm;
wdk@udka[majymjyoawmfrlap&monf//
txl;az:jycsuf
33//&Sifi,fq&monfeef; &Sifi,fq&monfrif;ESifhwuGtrwfynm&Sdwdk@
awmfYw&m;a[majymcrf;// tavY a[majymjyo awmfrlavonfrSm//
'g,umrif;jrwftm;owdxm;awmfrloifhayjyD// ,ck'g,umrif;jrwf
wdk@onf// tkyfcsLyfvsufpdk;pefawmfrlaomEkdifiefawmfwGif// &krfygo#mrif;
. vufatmufcefjzpfavaoma=umifh/ 4ifrif;Ytapmifh tusyf
xm;awmfrlaom oHtrwf=uD;oHk;a,mufwdk@onf? rdrdwdk@.bmom
r[mrwf'efw&m;udk jrdK@Yjyefaygapjcif;iSg4if;? xdkjyiftrsdK;av;yg;wdk@Y
vnf; rdrdwdk@. Ak'<bmomw&m;wdk@onf ysufpD;uG,faysmufjcif;odk@
a&mufpdrf@jcif;iSg4if;? edSifiHawmfYigwdk@trsdK;av;yg;wdk@tm;/ aepOfhrjywf
a[majymjyovsuf&SdavI ,ckEdSifiHawmfwGiftcsdK@aomolwdk@onf?
,Hk=unfouf0ifvsuf r[mrwfw&m;udkem,laomvlrsm;wdk@vnf;jzpf&dS
ava=umif;udkawG@jrif&avonf// xdkuJhodk@bmomw&m;ysufpD;a=umif;
jzifh jyKvkyf&Sd=uaomt&mrsm;wdk hudk/ bk&ifrif;jrwfeSihf trwfynm&Sd
wdk@onf tvJ;rrlv#uf&SdcJhaomf// tdENd,wdkif;Yolwdk@. trsdK;t&kdk;v$rf;rdk;
tkyfpdk;vsuf ydkifawmfrlonfhaehupI olwdk@omoemudk acs@xGifjyef@ESrf@apI
Ak'<omoemawmfjrwfonf? bk&m;udkawmf jrwfoufawmfxif;&Sm;&Sdpnf
uyif// ,Hk=unfouf0ifjyD;v#if udk;uG,fvsuf&Sd=uukefaom jA[R%cwW,//
r[mvwnf;[laom [ENLvlrsdK;wd@k onf rdrdwdk@ bD;bdk;pnfquf oufqif;
vsuf jyKysifaqmHvkyfxm;cJhaom omoemawmfjrwf.// taqmHtOD;y&d
abm* ap'Dawmfjrwfwdk@eSifh? OD'd<\ap'Dawmfjrwfwdk@yg jzKef;wdzsufqD;vsuf
uG,faysmufapjcif;iSg 4if;trsdK;t&dk;ZyfZmwdw&m;rsm;wdk@udkvnf; ysufpD;
,dk ,Gif;apvsuf? r[mrwfw&m;udkom ,Hk=unfouf0if vsuf? rsm;aom
tm;jzifhomoemawmfuG,faysmufjyD;v#if? [dENLvlrsdK;wdk@onf r[mrwfvl
rsdK;jzpf&Sda=umif;udk ,ckxif&Sm;pGmawGjrifvsuf&SdavjyD// odk heSifh,ckvnf;
15
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
xdkeOf;wlpGma&ajr&Sif.? edkifiHawmfYvnf;/ trsdK;av;yg;wdkeSifh om
oemawmfjrwfvnf; ysufpD;jcif;odk@r=umjrifhrDSjzpfayvdrRnf// odk heSifh a&ajr
&Sif. wdkif;c&dkifedkifiHawmfwGif trdsK;av;yg;wdk@eSihfwuG jrifhjrwfapjcif;igS4if//
omoemawmfjrwfvnf; pnfyif=uD;yGg;jcif;jzifh4if? trsdK;av;yg;vlowW
0gtaygif;wdk@Yvnf; pnfyif0ajymom,mcsrf;omjcif;jzifh jzpfpdrfhjcif;Xg‚
// a&ajr&Sifwdk@. r[mEG,frsdK;wdk@Yvnf; tpnfrjywfoufqif;vsuf bkef;
wef;cdk; awZm tmEkabmf =uD;apjcif;Xg‚ // pDrefjyKvkyfawmfrloifhayjyD [k
&Sifi,fq&mjr0gonf rif;ESifh trwfynm&Sdwdk@tm; a[majymjyoawmf
rlavonf // xdktcg bk&ifrif;jrwfESifhwuGtrwfynm&Sdwdk@onf// owd&
awmfrl=uavaoma=umifh// &Sifi,fq&mtm;aumif;rGefpGmjyKvkyfpDrefawmf
rl&rf av#mufxm;awmif;yefawmfrlavonf // xdktcg &Sifi,fq&mvnf;
a&S;xD;aqmif;rif;taygif;wdk@ twOfjyKawmfrlvsuf aqmif&GufawmfrlcJh
aom rEk"rR\'fw@kd udk ndkESkdif;awmfrljyD;v#if// &Sift*~rk%Dudkawmfjrwf udk
trSl;jyKvsufazG@Jpnf;pDrefjyKvkyfawmfrlaom? a&$rsdKif;"rR\'f[k emro
rkwfawmfrljyD;v#if// ayxuftuQ&mwifxm;aomusrf;udk// rif;eSihfwuG
trwfynm&Sdwdk honf? eSdifiHawmfYtwnfjyKvsuf aqmif&Gufawmf rl
ap&rf tyfeSif;awmfrlavownf;?
txl;az:jycsuf
bk&ifrif;jrwfESifh trwf}uD;wdk@ xdkaom&Sifi,fq&m tyfESif;awmf
4if;"rRom'fawmfudk Edkifiefawmf rlcJhaom "rRom'fawmfudk Edkifief
Yf tkyfcsKyf&Sdaom trwfwdk@udk awmfY twnfðyawmfrlap&ef
ac:,lv#uf twnfðycrf;? wdkif;jynfY toD;oD;tkyfcsKyf
v#uf&Sd=uaom c&dkifrif;rsm;wdk@ESifhwuG? olaX;/ ol=uG,f ukefoG,f
v,fvkyf tp&Sdaom ynm&Sdtaygif;wdk@udk a&G;aumHv#uf qifhqdk
ac:awmfrl+yD;v#if nDvmcHAdkvf'kwGif 4if;"rRom'fawmfY vmonfht
wdkif; twnfðyawmfrl&ef qGJ;EGJ;wdkifyifawmfrlavonf? xdktcg Edkif
iefawmfom;rsm;wdk@ESifh trwfynm&Sdwdk@onf oabmr#awmfrl=uI
twOfðyawmfrl=uav+yD;v#if? rif;ESifhwuG olaX; ol=uG,f ukef
oG,f v,fvkyf olqif;&J awmifolrdwfc vlrSpI? xdrf;odrf;
16
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
aqmif&Guf apmifha&Smuf=uap&rf trdef@tmemcsrSwf awmfrlav
ownf;?
17
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
ae&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (9) xdk@tjyif avmu"rReSpfxmwOf;[laom
usifh0wfw&m;eSpfyg;wdk hudk ypPKy`gefooF&mwdk hY csrf;omjcif;jzifhodpGrf;
aqmif&Gufedkifaomynm&Sdyk*~dKvfwdkhtm;? tvJ;tjrwfjyKjyD;v#ifrdwfusGrf;
0if&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (10) 4if;rdwfusGrf;0ifaomyk*~dKvfwdk hYynmjzifhaygif;
&SnfjyD;v#if// w&m;vufvGwfvsuf usifh0wfw&m;arSmufrSm;olwdkh
onf? avmuwGifvlowW0gwdk hYtusdK;pD;yGg;vnf;r&Sd// ooF&mYvnf;
tusKd;r&Sdaomolwdk@udk/ 0J;pGg&efoluJhodk@rdrdpdwfYxm;jyD;v#ifa&Smif=unf
&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (11) olwyg;.OpPmypPnf;wdk@udkckd;,ljcif;jzifh4if// ol
wyg;om;r,m;wdk htm; usL;vGrfjcif;jzifh4if;? txl;ojzifha&Smif=unf&
jcif;vnf;wyg;? (12) rdrdwdk htm;olwyg;wdk hoOf? usL;vGrfjcif;jzifh=udrf
=upfjim;aomfvnf;// rsufrefa'gowdk@udk odrf;csKyfvsuf onf;cefjcif;jzifh
a&Smif=uOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (13)vlwdk hYtedpP 'kuQ tewW[k qdktyf
aom vuQ%ma&;oHk;yg;whdkudk// tv,fhtvmtm;jzifh tcgcg atmuf
arhjyD;v#if// rdrdcE<mudkudk ynmrsufpdjzifh =uOfh&SkqifjcifqkrRjyD;v#if?
wajymif;jyefjyef puft[efodk hjzpfysufaejcif;udk 'kuQw&m;jzifhodjrif
vsuf// a=umuf&Grfhxdufvrfhap&ef &SmrSD&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (14) xdk@t
jyifavmb a'go arm[[k qdktyfaom pdwfqif&dkif;udk aehnrjywf
,snfaus;apjcif;iSg ynmjzifhxdrfodrf;apmifha&Smufv#uf jidrfoufwnf
wef hpGmjzifh ae&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (15)xdkjyifrdcifzcifwdk htm;cspfjrwfekd;
jyD;vsuf? bk&m;wql ulwvHk;wdk huJhodk h// aehnrjywf t&kdtao tvJ
tjrwf &Sdcdk;OD;wifvsuf jyKpkvkyfusGJ; rGJ;jrL;&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (16) xdk hjyif
rdrdwdk@. qG,frsdK;nmwd o*F[wd@k Yvnf;// ouf=uD;oltdkwdk@tm; rdrdpdyfY
=unfvifpGgtm;jzifh *g&0 t&kdtoOf tv;Jtjrwf jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf
jcif;vnf;wyg;// (17) xdkrSwjcm;t&yfav;rsufeSmu vm=uaom
ykÀm; &[ef;&a\hrk%dwdk hY? t0wftpm;&duQmwdk hjzifh csdKK@wnf;
aomyK*~dKvfwdk@tm;vnf;? racgif;yg;aprlI aumif;rGefpGm ay;uef;
axmufyifhjcif;jzifh// b0wyg;odk haocJ; ODpPmxkyfudk odkvfrSD&HjyKvkyf&jcif;
vnf;wyg;? Tonfv#if(17)yg;aom avmu"rReSpfxmejzifh usifh0yf
w&m;aywnf;?
18
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
vlwdk@Y tdefaxmif (18) xdk@tjyif avvkyfjcif; ukefoG,fjcif;
oufrGJ ðyvkyfv#uf a&mif;0,fazgufum;ðyvkyfv#uf pm; aomuf
vkyfudkifpm;aomuf =uaomolwdk@Y? rdrd. vkyfudkif&dSaom tvkyf
=u&ef aqmif&Guf& wdk@wGif ae@nrjywf tpD;tyGm;wd@k tm; wGufcsuf
jcif;ta=umif; +yD;v#if rdrdY r,kwfr,GaprlI vkyfukdifpm;
aomufaqmif&Guf&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (19) xdk odk@
vkyfudkifjcif;Y apmifha&SmH+yD;v#if tpm;&duQmwdk@udk jyOf@0Srf;pGm wdkufusDus
wdk@jzifh odkvfrSDv#uf? rdrdYqG,frsKd; o*F[wd@k tm; axmufyifh rZ &jcif;
vnf;wyg;? (20) xdk hjyif xkrf;enf;emwdk hudkvnf; ynmrSD;aomolwdk h
udk eSOf;uyfjyD;v#if// tjzmjzmaomynm ody`wwfajrmufaomolwdk ht
xefY qnf;uyfvsuf// vkyfusGJ;axmHyifhjcif;jzifhjyKvkyfjyD;v#if// xHkrf;enf;
emwdk@udk rSwfom;em,l&jcif;vnf;wyg; // (21) xdkodk@q&mxHY&tyf
aom xkrf;enf;emwd@k udk rarhr,Gapjcif;Xg // rdrdpdwfYpGJ;ajrpGm rSwfom;
em,ljyD;v#if// ol.aus;Zka=umifh taxGtxl; ol.ukefaus;Zkudk// rarh
r,GjrJ;pGmodjrif&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (22) ‚jyif rdrdwdk@trsKd;av;yg;wdk@Y
tEG,f0eforSoufqif;v#uf// zdk;bD;pnfquf rdztvdkufZ&kdufusihf&kd;
"rRwmwdk@udkazgufrjyeftm;jzifh// usifhoHk;aqmif&Gufapmifha&Smuf&jcif;
vnf;wyg; // (23)odk@jzpfjcif;a=umifh trsdK;EG,fonfwdk@onf tpOfw&m;
apmifha&Smufjcif;tm;jzifh tdefaxmifaygif;&Snfjcif;Y// ola[mif;ouf=uD;
xkrf;eOf;emudk ,laqmifvsuf aygif&Snf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (24) xdkjyifw
yg;aomtEG,f0efowdk@u avS•ywfzsm;a,mif;jim;aomfvnf;// rdrdwdk@Y
trsdK;Zmwdw&m;wdk@onf ysufpD;uG,faysmHjcif; odk@ra&mufap&H 0J;pGm
a&Smif=uOf&jcif;vOf;wyg;// (25) xd@k jyif EkdifiefawmfwGif vltaygif;wdk@Y//
ynmody`oiftefavhusufvsuf eSefhjym;vkHcsKHpGmjzifh wwfajrmHjcif;r&Sd
aomolwdk@Y // wpkHwcktm;jzifh vlrSktdefaxmifpD;y`g;aqmif&rf aygif;az:
jcif;udka&Smif=unf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (26) xdkjyif wpkHwckwwfajrmufjcif;
r&Sdao;aomolwdk@tm;// vlrkStdefaxmif pD;yGg;aqmif&mwdk@Y nJharSmif
rod =uufrsuftdwfaom olESifhvnf; tvm wlbdouJho@kd // vlrSktdef
axmifpD;yGg;aqmifjcif;udka&Smif=uOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (27) xdkodk@c&m0go
tdefaxmifoufrGJ;jyKvkyf&mwdk@Y// tjzmjzmaomvla&;udpPrsm;wdk@udk
19
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
ausjyGefavywfpGm vdrRmodwwfjcif;jzifh jyO@fpkH&jcif;vnf;wyg; // (28)
xdkodk@odwwfjyD;rS tdefaxmifoufarG;wpHkwckvkyfrSkudkif&mwkd@wGif//
=uHwGufqjyD;v#if vHkv†0g,r ppfwkyfI// t&if;yifpnfwnfjyD;v#if
pD;yGg;csrf;omjcif;jzifh oD;yGihfvsuf// rarhravsmhtm;jzifh vkyfudkifpm;
aomuf&jcif;vOf;wyg;// (29) a'go /arm[/ rme/ w&m;wdk@ukd odrf;
csKyfapmifha&Smufvsuf // olwyg;wdk@oOf// raumif;aomqENmjzif h ysufpD;
apjcif;Xg xkrf;enf;emwd@k udk ay;jim;aomfvnf; // rdrdYrjiduyfapvsuf
a&Smif=uOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (30) rdzwdk@.aus;Zkw&m;wdk@oOf// jrif;rSkd&f
awmifESifh csdrfaqmifESkdif;qjim;aomfvnf;// rdz.ukefaus;Zkw&m;
wdk@onf// twdkif;rodaomtm;jzifh aus;Zkw&m;wd@k udk tzefwvJ;vJ;
atmufarhodjrif&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (31) topfaygif;zuf=uaomom;r
,m;wdk@ESifh om;ajr;aqGrsdK; aus;uGsrf jcG,f&H oif;yif;wdk@yg// ruif;ruGm
apmifha&SmH axmHyifh&jcif;vOf;wyg;// (32) xdk@jyif avmuwGif vlayvl
ysufwdk@onf uJh&Jhjypfwifjcif;jzifh jyKjim;aomfvnf;/ 0rf;xnf; oHa0
pdwfjzifhajzvsuf xdkolwdk htm;a&Smif=unf&jcif;vOf;wyg;// (33) xdk
odk@a&Smif=unfjyD;vsuf vlaumif;vlrGefwdk@onf? csDrGefjcif;udk jzpf=u
ap&rf// taqGcifyGef;eSifhajcG&Hoif;yif;wdk@tm;// cspfyef;,eef hjzifhrajyap
jcif;Xg// apmifha&Smif&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (34) xdk@jyif tdefaxmifpD;yGg; qnf;
zl;jcif;Y// odyfoJ;ajr;jrefpGm pGJvrf;vsuf odkrDS&mY // ajrtdk;ajrcGufw@kd jzifh
wef;pufudkcrfjcif;ESpf‚// xdk@jyif jci,fonf rdrdESkyfjzifh udkufcsD,l
aqmifvsuf awmifbdk@jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh‚// tvm;wlpGm qnf;zl; pk
aqmif;jyKvkyf&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (35) vlwkd@Yynm0d&d,wdk@jzifh jrJ;jrefcdkif
crfhpGm =uHaqmifvkyfudkif&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (36) xdkodk@vkyfudkif&mwdk@Y
aooyfpGmaom a,musmF;jrwfwdk@. vkyfudkifjcif;oOf// rdrdYxifrSwfoOf
twdkif; jyOfh0pGmcsrf;ompD;ygG;&jcif;vnf;wyg;// (37) xdk@jyifynmcsdK•wOf;
aomolwdk@Y// vkv†arhrl trsm;vlwdk@. uhJ&Jhjypfwifjcif;udk cef&jcif;vnf;
wyg;// (38) xdk@jyifrdrdudk*dk rcspfay;vsuf// tusifhpm&dwWysufpD;jcif;jzifh//
‚vloGrf;wdk@u ayodk@ rod ysif;&d&dESifh// =urRydk@u igw@kd ae&m pD;yGg; vm
tHh[k =urRudkcsnf; xdk;pGyfvsuf aejcif;udk a&Smif=uOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;//
20
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
olaX;ol=uG,f ukefoG,f (39) EdkifiHawmf&Sd olaX; ol=uG,f ukefoG,f
wdk@tm; xdrf;odrf;apmifh v,fvkyfwdk@tm; olwyg;wdk@onf rSDcdk&m jzpf
a&SmH=u&rf usifh0wfw aom vuQ%monfum; tvGeft&dyf0go
&m;ta=umif;? aumif;aom òyifanmifyif}uD;. vuQ%mESifh
tvm;wlap&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (40) xdkòyif
anmifyif}uD;. vuQ%monf? vrf;c&D;Yaom vm;aomolwdk@onf
aeylwefv#yfrSvm=ujcif;a=umifh xdkopfyifatmHodk@ 0ifv#ufrDScdkv#if
tvGef{jrcsrf;omjcif;jzifh awG@&Sd&bdouJhodk@ xdkenf;wlpGmvlokH;yg;wdk@
tm; rSDcdkjcif;Yvnf; csrf;ompGmawG@=uap&H aqmif&Gufapmifha&Smuf&
jcif;vnf;wyg;// (41) xdkodk@wdkif;c&kdif;Ekdifiefawmfudk jyKysifpDref awmfrl&m
wGif Ekdifiefawmfom;rsm;wdk@Ya&cGef/ ajrcGefjrdK@&Gmpaus;rsm;wdk@ESifh// trSk
xef;aqmif&Gufaom olwdk@wGif// qdkif&mvlwdk@tcGefbE<m qufoGif;ap
&efrSm// a&$rsdKif;"rR\m'fawmftwdkif; // trsdK;av;yg; rl;rwfjyOfolwdk@
tm;/ trdefhawmfydkif;jzwf om;em;awmfrloOfrSm// a&S;bD;awmfbdk; awmf
jrwfwdk@ESifh// zcrJ;awmfrif;jrwfwdk@vufxufawmfu// ay;oem;awmfrlcJh
aom // taqmift&Gufpm;aus;jrdK@&Gm / ol=uD;&yfuGyf// tpdk@tief;wdk@rSm
// om;ajr;pOfqu f/ oufqif;&Gufaqmif =uD;pdk;jrJ;&SdoOftwdkif; // =uD;pdk;
xef;&Gufap/ xkyfcGefAE<mcef,loHkrf;aqmifqufoGif;onft&mrsm;wdk@
rSmvnf;// toDom;wd@k rSm// wESpfv#if// tdef=uD;ig;ojym // tdefi,fw
ojym;cGJ; xef;aqmifap // tpdk@tief;om;wdk@rSmvnf;// tdef=uD;q,fo
jym// tdefi,f ig;ojym;us xef;aqmif&Gufap xdk@jyif avawmfvkyfoRm;
rsm;wdk@rSmvnf;// vkyfpm;=uonf av,mOD,sOfajrwmwdk@Y// rp>drm
awmifwm// w*g%Dv#if// wESpfudkwojymESifhtcGJ;usESkrf;jzifh aqmif
&Guf qufoGif;ap// olaX;ol=uG,f ukefoG,f avydkif ajrydkifwdk@rSm
vnf;// xdkenf;wlpGmaumHcefpm;aomufap&moOf// xdkrSydkrdkjcif;jzifh// azGHh
pnf; jyKvkyfaumHcefjcif;r&Sdap&// xdkrSwyg;// oabFmqdyfuef;rsm; wdk@
YvOf;// ypPOf;.xdkufxef bdk;ojymw&mv#if// q,fcdkifusESkrf;jzifh
aumuf,lqufoGif;ap // jrdK@pm; &Gmpm;wdk@rSm uwdk;cGef ydkufcGefwdk@udkom
odrf;ydkufpm;aomufap// w&m;wef;azgifwdk@Y// tcGefAE<m aus;ukefaiG
usr&SdapESifh/ nm%fylaZmfftrlukdom
21
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
axmufcsifhI// ESpfojymwefonf// wjymocGJ;wefonf[k// jyD;pD; atmif
pD&ifolwdk@pm;aomufap// t&kdif; awmifolrduQvlw@kd Yvnf;//
'g;wZif;,mwcif;v#if// oHkrf;ojymusxef;aqmifap// xdk@jyif trSkxef;
toif;// udkawmf&rftrSl;// 0if;om; 'dkif;om;// [,m;pD&Du refvJ;
udkifwdk@rSpI// tcGeftxkyfraqmifr&GufapESifh xdk@jyifEdkifiefawmfom;rsm;
wdk@Y w&m;wefazgifvufa&mufESkyfvGr fajrrSk a&rSk tdefrkS aiGrSkrsm;wdk@rSm//
w&m;tqG,fav;a,muf jynf;pdk;av;a,mufpD// jrdK@av;rsufESmt
&yfwdk@u// w&m;r¾myfESifh pD&ifjrJ;pD&ifap// jyD;ajyjidrf;v#if// trSk=uD;
i,fudkaxmufI// ig;ojymaomf‚// q,fojymaomf‚// xdkufonf
tm;avsmfpGmudk// pD&ifqkrf;jzwfaomolw@kd u// cef,lokHrf;pm;ap// rif;&m
pdk;xl;[lI// rukefrusapESifh / w&m;toG,fjyOfpdk;wdk@pD&ifI// rjyD;jywf
aomf// trwf=uD;av;OD;wdk@ v$yfawmfodk@ykdjyD;vsuf// pHknDqkrf;jzwfap //
xdktrwfwdk@pD&ifIrjyD;rjywfaomf ‚trSkonfESpfOD;udk// twGif;awmfodk@
0ifap // cdk;rSk ,dk;rSkrsm;wkd@rSmvnf; // &kdyfykwfaxmif;oyfI// rppfrar;ap
ESifh// ynmjzifhom ay:aygufatmifppfqJ;ar;jref;ap// cdk;onfrSefv#if// pm
xdk;I [&Dtpdk@wGifjzOfhap // toufaoqHkrf;rSkjzpfyGg;aomolwdk@udk // rnf
olrqdk aopm;aoap&rftwGuf/ toD;om;ocsF Dtpdk@wGifjzOfhap// Ad
\mufoGrf;r*FvmykÀm;ra&mapESihf// &[ef;oCFmawmfjrwfwdk@rSm
vnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrlaom rl&if;pum;udk// &Snf=um
xGef;vif;atmif// 0ÉF*Gredrif;vufxuf// oD[Xvbmom tuQ&mwif
xm;cJhonf// ydËuyfoHkrf;ykHudkom// oif=um; avhvm&rnf// ykxkpsgefwdk@
azGHhpnf;jyKvkyfaom usrf*efrsm;wdk@udk// ravhrvmraqmif&Gufap& //
aemufaemifudkvnf;// usrf*eftopfrazHGhrvkyfap&// omoemawmf
jrwfY/ xdrf;tyfapmifha&SmHawmfrlaom/ 0deOf;udkoCFmawmfjrwfwdk@u//
Ekdifeif;atmifwm;jrpfapmifha&SmufawmfrloifhygoOf[kEdkifiefawmfwGif//
rif;Agbk&ifrif;jrwfoOf rif;bmtmemydkif;jzwfvsuf// cs rSwfawmfrlav
onf//
xdkjyif bk&ifrif;jrwfwdk hY// ppfxdk;&mwGifw&m;eSifhnDnGwfpGm
jzifh ppfqdkif&monf w&m;udkrapmifha&SmHavaoma=umifh// ysufpD; jcif;
odk ha&muf&ava=umif;udk// a&S;xkrf;a[mif;"rRwmw&m;ESifh? yrmxm;
22
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
yrgxm;vsuf jyn$rf;awmfrlavonfrSm// q'Ngefajymifrkef/ a&;[kef
eif;csdK;/ jcGrf;jcGrf;xdk;odk@/ tusdK;&Sdoifh/ xdk;cGifhrom/ r*Fvmatmifajr/
taeoifh&m/ Adkvfygqifjrif;/ odrf;orf;rysuf/ &J;rufrjydK// &rfudkeSdyfEGrf/
t=uHynm/ onfomjzpfcJh/ ol&J;ro#m;/ vuf&kHrf;tm;rSm/ trSm;trSef/
tvGeftusK;/ ol&l;t*Fg/ rdp>mtusifhedrfhjrifo#HKrf;ESkdif/ tydkifcJ;cuf/ vuf
eufAdkvfjc,f/ taotqkHrf;// xHkrf;rjyKavmuf/ xGif;azgufajrmuf jrm;/
*kHrfudk;yg;pHk/ ynmvHkrS/ AdkvfyHkryef;/ nmpGrf;e*~d/ wGif;jyif&Sdu/ =uD;Adppftif/
jrif;qif&xm;/ ajraotm;eSifh/ av;yg;nDpHk/ a&mufjim;wHkvnf;/
ydkufcsHKrfjyD;pD;/ ppfol=uD;wdk@/ xHkrf;rDS;vdrRm/ odk hudkomvsif/ ppftifvnf;
rnf/ tyfonfa&S;&kd;/ &mefcsdK;edKifonf/ oljynfom,m/ 0wdefomodk h/
yrmwr#/ tourif;/ ppfwGifo#KHrf;rnf/ qdkoOfpum;/ od=um;pnf
vsuf/ ysufonfxHkrf;pef/ eENDaoe/ toutrwf/ nDnGwfjynfpHk/
ynmvHkI/ AdkvfyHk&efjidrf;/ umvd*F&mZf/ okppfEGrf;ndk;/ tusdK;r&Sd/
yef;aeS&dI/ updupuf/ a=unufb&rf;/ trwfoGrf;eSihf/ rif;=urf;w
oGrf/ rmefwef;cGefudk/ uJ;vGefpwif/ udk,fhv#ifudk,f0,f/ tvr`g,fodk h/
tEW&m,fa&muf ajy;aygufvrf;rSm;/ oOfaysmufjim;vOf;/ w&m;r&/
rif;oHkn[k a&S;xHkrf;a[mif;rsm;wdk hudk/ eSpfvHkrf;rlvsufapmifha&Smufap
&monf// xdkrSwHkvnf;/ olavSmifolysuf/ aygif;zufpum;/ rif;=uD;rSm;rl
wdkif;um;rpOfysufwwfonf[k a&S;ynm[dwdk@ qdkqHkrR a=om0g' ay;cJh
aom ta=umif;w&m;rsm;wd@k udk toifhtwifheSpfvHkrf;rlI apmifh
a&Smufap&monf//
4ifjyif jydKifanmifyifYtoD;tyGihfwdk@onf jyOfh0Srf;pGmoD;yGifh
vsuf &Sdavjcif;a=umihf// aus;iSuftaygif;wdk@oOfvOf; rSDcdkvsufpm;
aomufjcif;jzifh om,mpGmaebdouJhodk@? xdkenf;wlpGm igwdk@trsKd;
av;yg;wdk@Yvnf;? rSDcdkuyfv#uf vkyfudkifpm;aomufjcif;jzifhY csrf;omok
cjzifh jyOf@pHkpGmjzpfap&rf? apmifha&Smuf&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (42) wdkif;c&dkifY
&Sd=uukefaom trsKd;av;yg;wdk@wGif? olqif;&J awmifolrduQvlwdk@onf?
olaX;ol=uG,f ukefoG,fv,fvkyfwdk@Y? toD;oD; nmwdo*F[wdk@tm;
rSDcdkv#ufvkyfudkifpm;aomuf=u&efvnf;wyg;? (43) 4if;jyifrSDcdkvkyfudkif
pm;aomH=uaom olwdk@tm; apmifha&SmHaxmufyifhaom olwdk@onf oGrf
oifajyma[m qdkqHkrRjcif;Y? omomcsKdcsKdtm;jzifh? olwyg;wdk@tm;
23
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
cspfjrwfEdk;jcif; jzpfpdrfhaomiSm rSDcdkY apmifha&SmH&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (44)
xdkjyif =urf;=uKyfpGmjzifh olwyg;wdk@tm;&ufpufpGm ynmarhuif;v#uf?
apmifha&SmHjcif;Y a&Smif=uOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (45) rdrdYrSDcdkaomolwdk@
tm;? avmu0wfwdk@jzifh olwdk@udkxpfonfhtm;av#mfpGm jyOf@0apv#uf?
r_rScyfodrf;wdk@udk aqmif&Gufxdrf;odrf;apmifha&SmH&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (46)
olpdrf;olAsufyifjzpfjim;aomfvnf;? rSDckdv#uf&Sdaomolwdk@tm;? apmifh
a&SmHxdrf;odrf;tkyfcsKyfjcif;wGif? rdzawG@AdouJhodk@ omom=unf=unftm;
jzifh apmifha&SmH&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (47) rdrdwdk@Y aqG&if;om;ajr; aus;u|rf;
oif;yif;wdk@tm;? arG@arG@av#mfav#mf? aysmfaysmfyg;yg;jzpfpdrfhjcif;iSm? ajymqdk
jcif;Y E_wfcsKdysm;uJhodk@ qdkqHkrRv#uf t0yftpm;ay;uef;aqmif&Guf+yD;
v#if rnkd;rEGrf;apay; arG;jrL&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (48) &cdkiftrsKd;t&dk;wdk@Y?
tpOfqif;oufv#uf? usifhoHk;aqmHwnf=u&aom usifh0yfynmyfw&m;
wdk@udk rarhrav#mapv#uf apmifha&Smuf&jcif;vnf;wyg;? tXpwWvDo
(48) yg;aom usihf0wfw&m;onfv#if TwGiftqHkrf;w&m;aywnf;? ?
anmif*efusrf;wGifaz:jyv#ufa&;ul;aomw&m;aywnf;?
24
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
=u,f v euQmyfw&mwdk@udk odrf;ypfazG@HpOf;v#uf udrf;crf;,=wmtm;
jzifh? tum}uD;w&m? tumi,fwaxmif jyGefaygufwaxmif ðyvkyf
azG@JpOf;&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (8) EdkifiefawmfY &wemq,fyg;tm;jzifh wdkuf
usDusðyvkyfv#uf jyOf@0Srf;pGm pDrefaqmif&Guf&Sd&jcif;vnf;wyg;? 4if;q,f
yg;wGif pyg;rsKd;ckESpfyg;vnf; tygt0ifwnf;? (9) e,fjynfawmfwGif
ynm ody` }uD;yGm;ap&ef? avmuDtwwfynm ody`wdkufawmfESihf? avm
ukwW&mtwwfynm ody`}uD;yGm;jrifhjrwfjyef@aygapjcif;iSm4if;? xdkESpf&yf
om wdkufawmfwdk@udk }uD;us,fcrf;em;pGm ðyvkyfaqmif&Gufv#uf azG@JpOf;
v#uf ay;&jcif;vnf;wyg;? (10) Edkifiefawmfom;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;
tvdk@iSm? aqmif&Gufxdrf;odrf;&ef jynf.tusKd;aqmif AE<mawmfwdkuf
azG@Jpnf;ðyvkyfay;&jcif;vnf;wyg;? Tonfv#if EdkifiefawmfwGif
xdrf;odrf;aqmif&Guf&efaom ta=umif;q,fygwnf;?
25
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
vufaqmif yef;em;wnf;[laom ypPOf;&yfrsm;wdk@udkvnf; wwfruf
armojzifh vuQHokH;pGJ pm;aomufjcif;udkvnf;? a&Smif=unf&m. (2) ol
wyg;wdk@Y pnf;vJ;aumufuspfwwfaom pdwfoabmwdk@ESifh? a'goapm
tm;jzifh jiL;pl;jcif;jzifhjzpfwwfaom t&mwdk@udkvnf; a&Smif=unf&m.?
(3) avmb a'go arm[ w&m;wdk@onf rdrdY}uD;us,fpGma&mufjcif;udk
vnf; a&Smif=unf&m.? (4) olwyg;wdk@tm; a=umuf&Gef@wkefv_yfwwf
aom pdwfoabm tpnfw@kd udkvnf; a&Smif=unf&m.? (5) owd,kwf
v#v#uf xdkif;r_dif;awGa0wwfaom *wdw&m;wdk@udkvnf; a&Smif=unf&m
.? (6) rif;ESifhwuG jyOfolwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;arhjzpf&maom w&m;wdk@udk
pDrefazGH@pOf;aqmif&Gufjcif;udkvnf; a&Smif=uOf&m.? (7) Tonfv#if
EdkifiefawmfY tkyfcsKyf=uaom c&dkifrif;wdk@. usifh0wfw&m; ckESpfyg;ay
wnf;?
26
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmf}uD;
rSm? rif;ESifhwuG olaX;o l =uG,f
ukefoG,f avvkyfolqif;&J; awmifolrduQ vlrSpI aqmif
&Gufxdrf;odrf;a&Smif=unf&maom usifh0wfw&m;[laomf um;? om;r
aumif;v#iftz? oRD;raumif;v#if trd? r,m;r aumif;v#ifvif?
u|efraumif;v#if t&Sif? &Gmraumif;v#if &yfuGyf? jynfraumif; v#if
trwf? rif;raumif;v#if wdkif;jynfrS u|wfvGwfap&monf? xdkrSwyg;
Edkifiefawmfom; trsKd;oHkr`g;wdk@ Yvnf; usifhoHkrf;aexdkif 0wfpm; oHkrf;
aqmifjcif;Y/ a&Smif=uOf&m aom w&m;onfum; r[mEG,f rif;rsKd;wdk@.
aexdkif0wfpm; aqif&Gufjcif;udk ukefoG,favvkyfwdk@tm; a&Smif=unf
&m.? ukefoG,favvkyfwdk@. aexdkif0wfpm; usihfoHkrf;aqmif&Gufjcif; udk
olqif;&J;awmifolrduQ vlwdk@tm;a&Smif=uOf&m.[k tusnf;tm;jzifh
xdrf;odrf;a&Smif=unf&maom usifh0wfw&m; q,fyg;aywnf;?
27