ax&0g' Ak'¨omoem &ckdifjynfwGif

xGef;um;vmykHESifhywfoufí
q&mawmfOD;ÓPdom&\ ar;jref;csufrsm;tay:

q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef;\
&Sif;vif;ajzMum;csuf

ESpf (20) ajrmuf

q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;usqkH;jcif;
0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf
ax&0g' Ak'¨omoem &ckdifjynfwGif
xGef;um;vmykHESifhywfoufí
q&mawmfOD;ÓPdom&\
ar;jref;csufrsm;tay:

q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef;\
&Sif;vif;ajzMum;csuf

ESpf (20) ajrmuf

q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;usqkH;jcif;
0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf
 ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;
'kwd,t}udrf
2010 = ckESpf/ -o*wf(pf)

tkyfa&
1000

xkwfa0ol
okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;Xme
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p)
All Arakan Students' & Youths' Congress (AASYC)

pmpDpm&kduf
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;
(&/ u/ v/ p)
&Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm;

qufoG,f&efvdyfpm
P.O Box - 135
Mae Sot
Tak - 63110
Thailand
Phone: (66) 08 240 540 97,
Email: aasyc.ghq.rdd@gmail.com
 &ckdif = jrefrmy¾dwf
OD;OD;omxGef;
(1917=1990)

q&m}uD;.&ckdifjynfESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ay;qyfpGef‹v$wf

tepftemcHr+rsm;tm; rdrdwkd‹
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;rS
tpOf xm0& OD;nGwftav;jyKav;jyK *k%fjyKtyfygonf?

q&m}uD; aumif;&mok*wd a&mufygap?

 trSmpm
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; axmifESifhcsDI
ukd,fhxD;/ ukd,fheef;/ ukd,fh-uiSef;jzifh urBmhtv,fwGif xnf0gpGm &yfwnf
cJh-uonf? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdEkdifiH/ rdrdvlrsKd;ukd cspfjrwfEkd;aompdwf
"mwfjzifh ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmefjyif;xefpGm }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom &ckdifEkdifiH
awmf}uD;ukd xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJh-uonf? rdrdEkdifiH/ rdrdvlrsKd;
.EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr+a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpfrsm; wkd;wuf
jrifhrm;vmatmif }udK;yrf;cJh-uonf? xdef;odrf;cJh-uonf? xkdokd‹aexkdif
vmcJh-u&m (1784) wGif trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr+_ydKuGJ_yD; Armbk&if
bkd;awmfarmif0kdif;.-um;0ifzsefajzay;ra,mifESifh odrf;ykdufjcif;ukdcHchJ&
onf? xkdtcsdefrSp_yD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹/ zufqpf*syefe,fcsJ‹/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;
e,fcsJ‹/ Armppf0g'De,fcsJ‹vufatmufwGif uGsefb0jzifhaexkdifvmcJh-u
onfrSm ESpfaygif; (225) -umvmcJhyg_yD? xkdokd‹usL;ausmfe,fcsJ‹-uolrsm;
tm; &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf rckcHrwGef;vSefbJ acgif;ikH‹cJh-uonfawmh
r[kwfacs? uGsefb0oufwrf;wavSsmufvkH;wGif e,fcsJ‹rsm;tm; ckcHwGef;
vSef,if;usqkH;cJh-uaomtmZmenftajrmuftjrm;&SdcJh-uonf? xkduhJok‹d
'l;raxmuf vufrajrmufpdwf"mwfjzifh &efole,fcsJ‹tm; awmfvSef,if;
tmZmenfyDopGm vkyf}uHcHvkduf&olrsm;xJwGif q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;vnf;
wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf?
q&m}uD;ukd rnfonfhtwGufa-umifh vkyf}uHowfjzwfchJ&yg
oenf;?
q&m}uD;onf orkdif;ynm&Sifvnf;jzpfonf? pmayynm&Sif
vnf;jzpfonf? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifqkdvSsifvnf; [kwfonf?
q&m}uD;onf '¾m&DykHjyifrsm;uJhokd‹oabmxm;ae-uaom
&ckdiforkdif;ukd EkdifiHwumokawoDynm&Sdrsm;vufcHEkdifavmufatmif pepf
wusokawoejyKwifjycJhygonf? q&m}uD;a-umifh &ckdiforkdif;onf ykdrdk
awmufyvmcJhonf? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;.trsKd;om;a&;Zmwdrmefonf ykdrdk
Ekd;-um;apcJhonf?
q&m}uD;onf rdrdvlrsKd;/ rdrdbmomomoemtwGuf toufudk
pGef‹&ef 0efrav;cJhol/ pGef‹0HhcJholvnf;jzpfonf? q&m}uD;onf &kd;om;wnf

(u)
-unfoljzpfonfESifhtnD trSefw&m;ukdvnf; jrwfEkd;cJhonf? r[kwf
rw&m; pGyfpGJvmol/ rdrdvlrsKd;.*k%fa&mifxGef;ajymifcJhaomorkdif;ukd r+ef
0g;atmifjyKvkyfvkdolrsm;ukd acgif;tkH‹rcHbJ jywfjywfom;om; wnfwnf
_idrf_idrfjzifh jyefvnf&Sif;vif;jycJhonf?
xkdxkdaomta-umif;t&if;wkd‹onf Armppf0g'D/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;
0g'Drsm;twGuf q&m}uD;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef vkHavmufjynfhpkHaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;jzpfcJhonf? q&m}uD;touf&Sifaejcif;onf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;
twGuf tiftm;wpf&yfjzpfap_yD; olwkd‹twGuf rnfokd‹rSs rausmfjzwfEkdif
aomtqD;twm;wpfckjzpfapcJhonf?
q&m}uD;onf (1990) -o*wf (pf) (14) &ufae‹wGif xko d l
wkd‹.vufcsufa-umifh usqkH;cJh&onf?
(2010) -o*wf (pf) (14) &ufae‹onf q&m}uD;usqkH;jcif;
ESpf (20) ajrmuf 0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,fae‹jzpfygonf?
rdrdwkd‹&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;taejzifh ESpf (20) ajrmuf q&m}uD;
OD;OD;omxGef;ae‹wGif “ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vm
ykHESifh ywfoufI q&mawmfOD;^m%dom&.ar;jref;csufrsm;tay: q&m
}uD ; OD ; OD ;omxG ef ;.&S i f ; vif ; ajz-um;csuf ” rsm;tm;pmtk yf i,f t jzpf
xkwfa0vSsif wpfpkHwpf&m tusKd;&Sdrnf[k,lqygonf?
rdrdwkd‹&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;. orkdif;tm;ysuf&,fjyK&ef &nf&G,f
csufjzifh pdefac:&efa&muf&Sdvmq&mawmfrsm;tm; q&m}uD;.jyefvnf&Sif;
vif;r+rsm;onf &ckdiforkdif;tm; arS;rSdefroGm;&kHomru ykdrkdxGef;vif;
awmufy&efyifjzpfcJhonf? r&kd;rom;aomenf;jzifh csOf;um;vmaom q&m
awmf}uD;rsm;vnf; q&m}uD;.ynmtvif;a&mifa-umifh vrf;a-umif;rSef
wpfckukd csOf;uyfEkdifcJh-uonf?
q&m}uD;onf rdrdwkd‹vlrsKd;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r+/ "avhxkH;wrf;
wkd‹tm; txifrao;&ef txl;vkdtyfa-umif;ESifh xdef;odrf;umuG,fwm;
qD;&efvkdtyfa-umif; q&m}uD;.&Sif;vif;ajz-um;csufu oufaocHae
onf? olwpfyg;uGsef rjzpfvkdaom&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.trsKd;om;a&;pdwf
"mwfonf vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;.apmfum;jcif;ukd ikH‹cHaeIrjzpfa-umif; OD;aqmif
vrf;jyjyKcJhonf? rdrd,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpfrsm;ukd wefzkd;xm;wwf&ef/ av;
pm;*k%f,lwwfap&ef toufESifh&if;I jyocJhonf?
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.orkdif;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpfrsm;
tm; Armppf0g'D/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;.pDrHudef;&Sd&Sd zsufqD;ae-uonfh

(c)
tcsdef/ EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;u ArmppftkyfpkESifhaygif;_yD; &ckdifjynfwGif
pD;yGm;a&;*kyfaoG;pkyftjrwfxkwf&ef}udK;yrf;aer+rsm;tm; &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;
jzpf-uaom&ckdif/ _rdK/ ouf/ crD/ 'kdif;euf/ r&rRm/ urefwkd‹. pnf;vkH;
nDnGwfr+jzifh bufaygif;pkHrSumuG,f-u&ef txl;vkdtyfygonf? &ckdiftrsKd;
om;vGwfajrmufa&;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;. vufxJwGif&Sdonf? &ckdihf
tcsKyftjcmtm%mjyefvnf&&Sda&;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.orkdif;ay;
wm0efwpf&yf jzpfayonf?
onfpmtkyfxkwfa0&mwGif tcsdefvkI jyifqif&kdufESdyf&jcif;
a-umifh pmvkH;aygif;owfykHtrSm;tcsKd‹&SdEkdifygonf? xkd‹jyif q&m}uD;.
toHoGif;acGtm; rl&if;twkdif; jyefvnf&kdufESdyfrnfqdkvSsifvnf; pmracsm
bJ zwf& &+& tqifrajyrnfjzpfrnfpkd;I jyefvnfykHpHcsa&;om;xm;jcif;
a-umifh trSm;t,Gif; tenf;trsm; &Sdaernfjzpf&m pm&+olrsm;taejzifh
em;vnf/ onf;cH/ cGifhv$wfay;-uyg&ef rdrdwkd‹ &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;rS tEl;tnGwf awmif;yeftyfyg
onf?

okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;Xme
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;

(*)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
(1984) ckESpf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif Armjynf oJukef;
oydwftkdifawm&q&mawmf t&Sifnm%d\& trª;jyKaom q&m}uD; (4)
yg;onf ajrmufOD;odk‹ bk&m;zl;a&muf&Sd-uygonf? xdkpOf &ckdifjynf omo
ema&;udpPESifh &ckdif = jrefrmy¾dwfOD;OD;omxGef;tm; ar;cGef;}uD; (6) cGef;
ar;cJhygonf? xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk q&m}uD;onf wpfae&mwnf;rSae_yD; ajz
-um;cJhygonf? ,if;odk‹ q&mawmfOD;nm%d\&tar;ESifh q&m}uD;.
tjynfhtpHk ajz-um;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfI q&m}uD;u toHoGif;ay;cJh
onf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdifpum;jzifhtoHoGif;cJhonfudk jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;
&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; zwf±+Edkif&eftwGuf jrefrmpum;ajyjzifh jyefvnfa&;
om; wifjyvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf?

q&mawmf OD;nm%d\&. ar;cGef;}uD; (6) cGef;

ar;cGef; (1)
&ckdifjynfomoemonf ax&0g'Ak'<omoemrS qif;oufvm
aomomoemr[kwf r[m,ef*dk%f;rS qif;oufvmaomomoemjzpf
onf? Tta-umif;udk ajz&Sifay;yg?

ar;cGef; (2)
Ak'<.ygVdawmf t@uxmESifh o*Fg,emajcmufwefponfwd‹k
wGifryg&SdbJ &ckdifjynfokd‹ jrwfpGmbk&m; -uGa&mufvmcJhonf[k &ckdifjynf
wGif a&;om;ajymqdkae-uonfrSm bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfESifh rukdufnDyg?
Tta-umif;udk ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

ar;cGef; (3)
Ak'<.ygVdawmf t@uxmponfwdk‹Y ryg&SdbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf pENol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawG‹qHk_yD; r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyfcJhonf
[k a&;om;ajymqdk-uonf? Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

ar;cGef; (4)
o*Fg,em ajcmufwefom urBmu twnfjyKonf? &cdkifjynf
wGif o*Fg,emwifcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdkae-uonf? Tokd‹ajymqkdae

(1)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
-ujcif;onfvnf; r[mtrSm;jzpfonf? Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;
yg?

ar;cGef; (5)
&ckdifjynf&Sd "mwfawmfrsm;udk ausm±dk;awmf"mwf/ OD;&mZfawmf
"mwf/ vnf±dk;awmf"mwfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;trnf ay;xm;-uonf? T
ta-umif;udkvnf; ygVdawmft@uxmponfwdk‹wGif rawG‹&I ajz&Sif;ay;
yg?
ar;cGef; (6)
&cdkifjynfwGiftoHk;jyKaomydËuwfygVdawmfrsm;rSm jrefrmrljzpf
oavm/ rnfonfhrljzpfoenf;/ o*Fg,emajcmufwefwGifygaomrljzpf
oavm ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

uwdESpfckawmif;cHjcif;
t&Sifbk&m; wynfhawmftm; ar;xm;aomar;cGef;rsm;udk vG,f
ulpGmajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf? odk‹aomf t&Sifbk&m;u wynfhawmftm; uwdESpf
ck ay;&ygrnf? odk‹rSom wynfhawmfajz-um;ygrnf? uwdrsm;udk r,lyg
qdkv#if wynfhawmfwcGef;r# jyefrajzyg bk&m;? q&mawmfu rnfuJo h k‹d
aomuwdrsm;vJ[k ar;aomtcg yxruwdrSm wynfhawmfajymaom
pum;udk wpfvHk;r# r,Hkygbl;qdkaom uwdyg? tb,fa-umifh Tuwd
rsKd;udk awmif;&ovJqkdonfudk OyrmjyKygrnf? jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf
‘auorkwWd’okwWefudk umvrykÀm;&GmY oHo,uif;&Sif;&efa[mcJhyg
onf? q&m/ rdb tp&Sdaomolrsm; tpOftqufrjywfajymaompum;
rsm;udkvnf; r,HkESifh/ igbk&m;a[monf[lIvnf; r,HkESifh/ pmtkyf}uD;Y
yg&Sdonf[lIvnf;r,HkESifh tp&Sdonftm;jzifh a[m-um;cJhygonf? ig
bk&m;a[monf[lIvnf; r,HkESifhqdkv#if tb,fudk ,Hk&ygrnfenf; ar;
p&m&Sdygonf? bk&m;&Sifu usKd;a-umif;pyfu,Hk/ a-umif;usKd;pyfrS ,kH[k
a[m-um;cJhygonf? usKd;a-umif;/ a-umif;usKd;pyfI rSefuefaompum;rSm
bk&m;pum;omjzpfygonf? bk&m;.pum;onf rSm;onf[lI r&Sdyg?
xkd‹a-umifh wynfhawmfajymaompum;rsm;udkvnf; TOyrmY&Sdaom
,kwWdoHk;yg;ESifhwuG bk&m;&Sifonf aemufqHk;y&dedAŠmefrpHrSD okbEN&[ef;
(2)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
}uD;tm; a[mxm;onfhtwdkif; r[mya'ow&m;av;yg;ESifh jynfhpkH
v#if ,Hkygqkdaomuwdudk cHapcsifI ajym-um;jcif;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh
wynfhawmfajymaompum;&yfY Tt*Fg&yfESifh jynfhpHkrSom,Hkyg? rjynfh
pHkygu r,HkygESifh[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? okd‹r[kwfygu wynfh
awmfrSm tusKd;rjzpfbJ tjypfomjzpfygonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomfwynfh
awmfonf bk&m;r[kwfaoma-umifhyg bk&m;? Ak'<pum;onf wcGef;wnf;
ESifh rSefuefygonf? wynfhawmfonf ykxkZOfjzpfaoma-umifh trSm;&Sdyg
rnf? ,if;trSm;udk axmufjyv#if wynfhawmf 0rf;omygrnf? xdk‹a-umifh
t&Sifbk&m;onf wynfhawmfajymaompum;rsm;udk ,kwWdoHk;yg;ESifhrudu k f
nDv#if r[mya'ow&m;ESifhrudkufnDv#if t&Sifbk&m;xyfI ar;cGef;xkwf
yg? wynfhawmfpum;udkxyfI ar;cGef;rxkwfv#if wynfhawmfajymaom
pum;udk t&Sifbk&m;vufcH,Hk-unf_yD; rSefuefonf[k rSwf,l&ygrnf
bk&m;? Tuwdudk t&Sifbk&m;wdk‹xHrS &,l&ygrnf? xkdtcg ppfudkif;q&m
awmf}uD;u q&mawmfOD;nm%d\&tm; uwdcH,l&efajymygonf?
'kwd,uwdrSm Tae&mY rajymaumif;aompum; jzpfyg
onf? t&Sifbk&m;u ajymomajymyg udpPr&Sd[kqdkv#if wynfhawmfajymyg
rnf? q&mawmf}uD;rsm;u ajymyg[kqkdojzifh q&m}uD;uxyfI ajymyg
onf? &ckdifjynfonf ukdvkdeDpepfESifh tkyfcsKyf_yD; uGsefouf&SnfvmcJhonf
rSm ESpfaygif; (200) &Sdyg_yD t&Sifbk&m;? ESpfaygif; (200) twGif; jynf
axmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&; awmif;qkdcJh-uaomtcg
&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJhygonf? vGwfvyfa&;&onfhtcsdefwGif &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; jynfe,fawmif;cJh-uygonf? okd‹aomf &ckdifukd jynfe,f
ray;cJhyg? Tpum;rsm;ukd rajymtyfbJESifh ajymae&ygonf? &Srf;/ ucsif/
u&ifwkd‹u jynfe,f&_yD; &ckdifu jynfe,fr&&Sdjcif;onf pmtm; jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ tajctaetm;jzifhvnf;aumif; &ckdifjynfonf tvGefao;
i,faoma-umifhavm/ tvGefedrfhusaoma-umifhavm ay;vnf;ray;tyf[k
txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpf-u&ygonf? rqvtpkd;&wufvmaomtcg
&ckdifjynfukd jynfe,fay;tyfcJhygonf? okd‹aomf wkdif;ESifh jynfe,f (14) ck
wGif rzGH‹_zdK; rwkd;wufqkH; jzpfaeygonf?
t&Sifbk&m; ,ckxkdifaeaomae&mrS taemufodk‹ aemufjyef
-unfhvdkufyg? &Spfaomif;bk&m;}uD;&Sdygonf? ausmufwHk;}uD;rsm;jzifh vdk%f
txyfxyfwnfxm;ygonf? xdkbk&m;.aemufrSm xkuUefodrfbk&m;/
(3)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
&wemyHkbk&m;ESifh tHawmfodrfrsm;udk jrifawG‹&ygvdrhfrnf? ,cktcsdefuJoh d‹k
rzGH‹_zdK;ao;bJ ao;i,faeaomtcsdeftcgwGif wnfxm;cJhaomtaqmuf
ttHkrsm; r[kwfyg? TuJhodk‹}uD;us,faomtaqmufttHkrsKd;udk omref
bk&ifrsm;rwnfEdkifyg? eef;awmfukef;udk wnfaqmufxm;aomausmuf
wHk;rsm;udkvnf; t&Sifbk&m;jrif_yD;jzpfygonf? ,if;a-umifh Ttaqmuf
tOD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhaomtcsdefonf &ckdifYudk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;/ udk,hf
xD;udk,fheef;ESifh udk,fhbmomomoemESifh }uD;yGm;xGef;um;aeaomtcsdef
jzpfaeonfudk t&Sifbk&m;pdwfrSm rSwfxm;&ygrnf? odk‹rSom wynfhawmf
ajymaompum;rsm;udk oabmaygufem;vnfygvdrfhrnf?
xkd‹a-umifh &ckdifwdk‹onf a&S;tcgu crf;em;}uD;us,fcJhonfukd
pdwfxJY rSwfxm;&efuwdudk cH,lygbk&m;? q&mawmfrsm;u 'kwd,uwd
udkvnf; cH,la-umif;ajymygonf?

q&m}uD; OD;OD;omxGef;. jyefvnf ajz-

ajz-um;csuf
&ckdifjynfonf olwyg;vufatmufusa&mufonfh &ckdifouU
&mZf (1146) ckESpf (c&pfouU&mZf = 1784 ckESpf) rSpI omoem nd‡K;EGrf;
cJhonfrSm ,ae‹wkdifjzpfygonf? omoema&;qkdif&mpmtkyf wpftkyfr#
rxGufcJhyg? xkdacwfrSp_yD; pmay0goemtvGefygolrsm;onf aypmrsm;udk
wqifhul;,l_yD; pmrlwpfckudk ig;apmif/ q,fapmifponfjzifh yGm;cJh-u&yg
onf? pmyHkESdyfacwfukda&mufaomtcg a[mif;EGrf;aeaompmayrsm;udk
vnf; xyfrul; yHkESdyfpmtkyfuvnf; rxGufEkdifonfhtwGufa-umifh
ta[mif;ta[mif;jzpfaompmayrsm;vnf; uG,f_yD; topfopfjzpfaom
pmayrsm;vnf;rxGufonfhtwGufa-umifh &ckdifpmayuG,faysmufvkrwwf
jzpfcJhygonf bk&m;?
odk‹aomf &cdkiftrsKd;om;orkdif;okawoDrsm;u &ckdifwdk‹.omo
ema&;/ bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk okawoevkyf-uygonf? okawoevkyf
enf; (2) rsKd;&Sdygonf bk&m;? wrsKd;rSm 0dZ…menf;jzpfI tjcm;wenf;rSm
ody`Henf;jzpfygonf bk&m;? ody`Henf;rSm aiGukefrsm;I rwwfEdkifyg? 0dZ…m
enf;jzifh okawoevkyfcJh&ygonf? wynfhawmfwdk‹.&ckdiw f Gif &cdkifpum;
jzifh rqrajc&maumufenf; (rkqdk;rajc&maumufenf;) [kac:ygonf? T
enf;jzifh okawoe&SmazG&ygonf bk&m;? Tenf;jzifh wynfhawmfwd‹k &Sm
vkdufaomtcg &ckdifordkif;wGif ajrmufOD;_rdK‹onf aemufqHk;_rdK‹jzpfygonf?

(4)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
,ckt&Sifbk&m;wkd‹ jrifae&aombk&m;apwDrsm;rSm ajrmufOD;
acwf rif;apmrGefvufxufup_yD; wnfxm;cJhaombk&m;apwDrsm; jzpf
ygonf? Tomoemonf ajrmufOD;acwfwGif pwifcJhoavm (odk‹r[kw)f
rnfonfhacwfuyifpcJhonfudkod&Sd&eftwGuf aemufudkwvSrf;qkwf-unfh
ygonf? xdkajrmufOD;acwfrwdkifrSD avmif;-uuf&SdcJha-umif; od&ygonf?
xkd‹a-umifh ajrmufOD;acwfonf avmif;-um;acwfrS qif;vma-umif; od&
ygonf bk&m;? avmif;-uufomoemudk-unfhvkdufaomtcg xdkacwfw
av#mufvHk; ausmufqif;wkbk&m;rsm;/ ausmufpmrsm;ukd avmif;-uuf
acwftuQ&mrsm;/ ouU&mZfrsm;jzifh twdtusawG‹&ygonf bk&m;?

&uQ0ÀtuQ&m
·
av;_rdK‹acwf onf rnfonfhacwfrS qif;vmoenf;qdkonf
udk aemufodk‹wvSrf;qkwfvdkufaomtcg a0omvDacwfudk awG‹&ygonf?
a0omvDacwfudka&mufaomtcg &cdkifpmayta&;tom;rSm tuQ&mrsm;
ajymif;vJvmyHkudk awG‹&Sd&ygonf? av;_rdK‹acwftpydkif;rSm a0omvDacwf
u a&G‹vsm;vmaom &uQ0ÀtuQ&m[kac:aom &ckdiftuQ&mESifh toHk;jyK
a&;om;cJhygonf? &cdkifwdk‹.avoH/ av,lavodrf;rsm;jzifh a&;xm;ojzifh
&uQ0ÀtuQ&m[kac:ygonf? a0omvDacwftpykdif;wGif jA[RDyGm;tuQ&m
rsm;jzifh a&;om;-uygonf? jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mESifhyif a0omvDacwfwGif
bmom&yftaejzifh bk&m;w&m;pmukd ouUwbmomjzifha&;_yD; tuQ&m
pmayukd jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mjzifh a&;om;cJha-umif;awG‹&Sd&ygonf? avmuD
pmayukd &uQ0ÀtuQ&mjzifh a&;om;ptcsdefvnf; jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdef
u ouUwbmomonf urBmwGif t*Fvdyfpmay v$rf;rkd;aeouJhokd‹ v$rf;
rkd;aeonfhtcsdefjzpfygonf?xkda-umifh ouUwbmomjzifh &ckdiforkdif;ukd
a&;xkd;xm;cJhonfukd awG‹&Sd&ygonf? xkduJhokd‹ a&;xkd;xm;aomausmufpm
tajrmuftjrm; &Sdygonf?
a0omvDacwfrS aemufodk‹ wvSrf;qkwf-unfhaomtcg "n
0wDacwfudk a&muf&Sdygonfbk&m;? ,if;"n0wDacwfwGifvnf; toHk;
jyKaompmayrsm;&Sda-umif;ukdvnf; awG‹&ygonf? TuJhodk‹ rqrajc&m
aumufenf;jzifhavhvm&m "n0wDacwftm; ody`Henf;tm;jzifh orkdif;rSwf
· avmif;-uufonf av;_rdK‹acwfaESmif;ykdif;jzpfonf?
(5)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
wkdifESifh ordkif;±kyf-uGif;jzpfaomausmufpmESifh ausmuf±kyfxkrsm;udkvnf;
txift&Sm;awG‹&ygonf? xdkorkdif;±kyf-uGif;rsm;rSm tppftrSefrsm;jzpfae
ygonf? wynfhawmfwdk‹ydËuwfpmrSm yHkESdyfpmtkyfvnf;r&Sd/ aypm/ yk&ykduf
pmrsm;vnf; uG,faysmufaeaoma-umifh xkdorkdif;±kyf-uGif;rsm;rSm ruG,f
raysmufvufawG‹jrifEdkifawG‹Edkifaomt&mrsm;jzpfaeI ypfy,fI r&aumif;
yg bk&m;? Ttykdif;ukd xyfI&Sif;jyygtkH;rnf?

awmifayguf}uD;ausmufpm
ajrmufOD;acwfup_yD; "n0wDacwfwdkifatmif omoemawmf
qif;oufvmyHkudk ajc&maumuf,lonfhenf;ESifh okawoejyKvkdufaom
tcg omoemonf "n0wDacwfwGif qHk;aeygonf bk&m;? "n0wD
acwfwGif ‘earmw\’*gxmawmfyg&Sdonfh jA[RDtuQ&mESifh a&;xkd;xm;
cJhaomawmifayguf}uD;ausmufpm&SdcJhygonf? ,if;pmudk a&;xkd;xm;aom
tuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;udk-unfhv#if bDpD (300) ausmfu taomurif;}uD;
a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmwGifyg&SdonfhtuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;ESifh twlwljzpfae
aoma-umifh wacwfwnf;wGif a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmjzpfa-umif; vuf
a&;vufom;avhvmaomynm&Sifrsm;rS okawoejyK rSwfcsufcscJh-uyg
onf bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh &ckdifjynf"n0wDacwfwGif tdEdN,ajrmufydkif;u
toHk;jyKonfh jA[RDtuQ&mrsm; 0ifa&mufae_yD;jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ygonf
bk&m;?
"n0wDacwf awmifayguf}uD;ausmufpmukd xyfI &Sif;vif;
ygOD;rnf? ,ck EdkifiHawmfuxkwfa0xm;aom jrefrmhpG,fpHkorkdif;wGif tuQ
&mqif;oufvmyHkY jrefrmtuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkudk jA[RDtuQ&mrSwqifh
,ckacwfxdqif;vmyHkudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? jrefrmtuQ&mrSm tdEdN,
awmifydkif; yv†0/ u'r/ tvkus/ wdvuFmqdkaomtuQ&mrsm;rSwqifh
qif;ouf_yD;v#if jrefrmpmjzpfvmygonf? q&m}uD;OD;omjrwf a&;om;
aompmtkyfwGif jA[RD/ rm*"/ *kwW/ -uEN/ yv†0/ u'r uae_yD; &mrn
wdkif;odk‹ qif;oufvma-umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf? wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdif
bufrSm "n0wDacwfY jA[RDtuQ&mtoHk;jyKcJha-umif; awG‹&Sd&ygonf? od‹k
aomf &mpkESpf wpfacwf_yD;wpfacwf vufa&;ajymif;vmonfhtwGuf
tuQ&myHkrSmvnf;ajymif;vJr+&SdcJhygonf bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh a0omvDacwf
wGif jA[RDtuQ&mrSqifhyGm;vmaom jA[RDtuQ&mjzifha&;om;xm;onfukd
(6)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
awG‹&ygonf? "n0wDacwfwGif usrf;OD;*gxmawmftjzpfjzifh ‘earmwo’
*gxmawmfudk jA[RDtuQ&mjzifha&;xkd;_yD; ygVdtoHxGuftwdkif;jzpfygonf
bk&m;?

&ckdif ydÉuwfukd quf&ef

pmayta-umif;udkc%&yfxm;_yD; &ckdifydËuwfta-umif;udk
qufajymygrnf bk&m;? q&mawmfwkd‹onf ydËuwfudku|rf;usifaom
yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf ydËuwfudpPudkajym&mwGif onf;cH_yD; em;axmif
ygbk&m;? Ak'<bmom0ifwdkif; od&Sd-uonfhtwkdif; om0wWd_rdK‹u Oywd\
ESifh aumwvdwESpfOD;onf euQwfobifudk-unfh±+aepOf yGJ-unfhy&dowf
rsm;udk-unfh_yD; onfvlrsm;onf aemufESpfaygif; wpf&mtwGif;rSm tm;vHk;
ao aysmuf-uvdrfhrnf? igwdk‹vnf; ao&vdrfhrnf? ,if;a-umifh raoaom
w&m;ukd&SmazG&eftwGuf &GmrSxGufoGm;-uygonf? xdkuJhodk‹ w&m;&SmazG
-uaomtcg odÍnf;y&dAdkZfxHodk‹a&mufoGm;-uavonf? odÍnf;y&dAdZk fxH
twwfynmrsm; oif-um;-uaomtcg tm;vHk;wwfod-uavonf?
odÍnf;y&dAdkZfu oifp&mukef_yD[kajymojzihf q&m&Sm&ef xGuf-ujyefonf?
xkduJhodk‹ c&D;qufvm-uaomtcg &mZ_*dK[f_rdK‹odk‹ a&muf&dSchJ
-uygonf? xdkpOf qGrf;cH-uGvmaom t&Sift\Zdrax&fudk jrifawG‹cJhyg
onf? xdkt&Sifjrwf.omra%tdajENudk -unfndKojzifh igh&Sif.q&mu
rnfoljzpfoenf;/ tb,fw&m;udka[m-um;ygoenf;/ tu|Ekfyw f dk‹tm;
wcGef;wpr#avmuf a[m-um;ygavmhponfjzifh ar;av#mufcJhygonf?
t&Sift\Zdrax&futu|Ekfyf.q&monfbk&m;ocifjzpfonf? tu|Ekfyf
onf &[ef;jzpfonfrSm r-umao;ojzifh w&m;aumif;aumif; rajym
wwfao;a-umif;/ odk‹aomf tu|Ekfyfq&mocif a[m-um;aomw&m;xJrS
tu|EkfyfrSwfrdaomw&m;jzpfonfh Trnfaom*gxmawmfudk a[m-um;yg
rnf[kqdkI w&m;a[mcJhygonf? ,if;*gxmawmfrSm ‘a,"rRm a[wky`
b0g awoH a[wk wxm*awm tm[/ awoÌa,m eDa&ma"g/ {0H0g'D
r[momra%m’[k t&Sift\Zdrax&fu xkdolESpfOD;tm; a[m-um;cJhyg
onf?
t"dy`g,frSm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;ujyKzl;aom ta-umif;a-umifhjzpf
ay:vm tusKd;w&m;wdk‹udk a[mawmfrl.? xkdta-umif;tusKd;w&m; ESpf
(7)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
yg;wdk‹.csKyf_idrf;&mudkvnf; a[mawmfrl.[k t"dy`g,f&ygonf? t&Sif
bk&m;wdk‹ od&Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif;yg bk&m;?

aemufqHk; xkdolESpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhawG‹&Sd_yD; &[EWm

rsm;jzpf-uI &Sifom&dykwW&mESifh &Sifarm*~vHtjzpf xif&Sm;cJhygonf?
Tw&m;rSm ESrf;wpfawmif;udk}udwfvdkufaomtcg qD-unf
wpfykvif; ESpfykvif;&&SdouJhodk‹ ausmufp&pf ig;awmif;udk}udwfaomf
vnf; qD-unfwaygufwpr#r&SdouJhodk‹/ ydËuwfoHk;yHkudk tqDxkwfvdu k f
aomtcg‘edAŠmef’qdkaom w&m;wpfvHk;om&&Sdygonf? ,if;w&m; wpfvkH;
udk pdwfjzmvkdufaomtcg ‘"rRESifh 0de,’&&Sdygonf? aemufxyf pdwfjzm
vkdufv#if ‘opPmav;yg;/ r*~if&Spfyg;/ aAm"dyuQ,w&m; oHk;q,fhckepf
yg;’tp&Sdonfjzifh aemufqHk;"rRcE<maygif; &Spfaomif;av;axmifyg&Sdaom
ydËuwfoHk;yHk &&Sdyg onfbk&m;? odk‹jzpfygI a,"rR*gxmawmfonf
ydËuwfoHk;yHk. tqDtESpfjzpfa-umif;udk q&mawmfu wynfhawmfxuf
odygonf bk&m;?
Ta,"rRmw&m;onf r[m,ef*dk%f;om;rsm; toHk;jyKaom
*gxmawmfjzpfygovm;/ t&Sifbk&m;awG‹zl;ygovm;[kar;aomtcg q&m
awmfonf ajz-um;jcif;r&SdbJ wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? Ta,"rRm*gxm udk
r[m,ef*dk%f;om;rsm; toHk;jyKrnfrxifyg? r[m,ef*dk%f;om;rsm;
toHk;jyKonfudk awG‹zl;ygovm;[k xyfIar;aomtcg q&mawmfrSm
wdwfwdwfae_rJaecJhygonf? aemufwcsuf r[m,ef*dk%f;xJY jA[R%
t,ltqa&maESm_yD;v#if r[m,ef*dk%f;/ wEW&m*dk%f;/ rEW&m*dk%f;rsm;
ay:aygufvmygonf? xkd*dk%f;rsm;rSwqifh wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifjynfod‹k
r[m,eomoem 0ifa&mufvmygovm;ar;aomtcg q&mawmfrSm wpHk
w&m ajym-um;jcif;rjyKcJhyg?
aemufwcsuf tdENd,wjynfvHk;udk r*dkrif;rsm; wdkufcdkufodrf;
,lydkufaomtcg Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;onf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH/ wdbuf/ &ckdif
jynf/ jrefrmjynfrsm;odk‹xGufajy;-uaomtcg r[m,ef*dk%f;onf &ckdif
jynfodk‹0ifa&mufcJhygovm; t&Sifbk&m;? q&mawmfu rnfodk‹r#rajym
-um;cJhyg? wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? odk‹jzpfv#if wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifjynf
omoemonf r[m,ejzpfonf[k q&mawmfpGyfpGJcJhonfrSm rnfonfh
ta-umif;a-umifhjzpfygovJ bk&m;? q&mawmfvnf;onf wckr#rajz-um;

(8)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
jcif;r&Sdyg?

ol&d,rif;quf/ pjENm;rif;quf
xkduJhodk‹ &ckdifjynf "n0wDawmifayguf}uD;ausmufpmESihf
tdENd,jynf tmaomuausmufpmESifh wnfaeyHkudkaxmuf±+aomtcg bDpD
(3) &mpkrSm ausmufpmrsm;udka&;xkd;v#if xdkra&mufrSD bDpD (5) &mpk
avmufwGif jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlcJhygonf? wynfhawmfwdk‹ ajc&m
aumufenf;jzifh xyf_yD;aumuf,lv#if &ckdifjynfY rif;qufESpfquf&dScJhyg
onf? yxrrif;qufrSm ol&d,rif;qufjzpf_yD; 'kwd,rif;qufrSm pjENm;
rif;qufjzpfygonf? ol&d,rif; quf (55) qufaemufydkif;wGif a'Gif
pjENm;rif;qufay:vmygonf? pjENm;rif;quf.yxrrif;qufrSm &ckdif
ordkif;wGif r[mol&d,wkdif;pjENm;rif;}uD;[kac:rSwf-uygonf? &Spfaomif;
bk&m;ausmufpmwGif a'GifpjENm;[k ouUwtuQ&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf?
r[mwkdif;pjENm;rif;xkd;xm;onfh ,if;ausmufpmaemufbuf
wGif pmav;a-umif; yg&Sdygao;onf? ,if;pmav;a-umif;rS txufESpf
a-umif;wGif a,"rRm a[wky`b0g jzifh tpjyKa&;om;xm;ygonf?

t"dy`g,fazmfEdkifcJh
xdk pjEN m;rif ;quf a&;xkd ;cJhaomausmuf pmrS r[mrk eduk ef ;
'kwd,ypP,Hta&S‹ajrmufbufY&Sdaom t±kyfYyg&Sdygonf? vGefcJhaom ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGmu trdk;tumr&SdbJ yufvufvSef_yD;v#if rdk;xJa&xJY &Sdae
cJhojzifh pma-umif;rsm;rSm zwfr&EdkifatmifysufpD;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf }udK;
pm;I riful; ul;,laomtcg pmvHk;tenf;i,fudkzwf±+_yD; t"dy`g,fazmf
EdkifcJhygonf? a&;xm;aomtuQ&mpmvHk;rSm ouUwjzpf_yD; ‘r[mo#L
&da,m o#ENa&m/ emraem o#A'gae yum&aw’ qdkaom pma-umif;yg
bk&m;?
ygVdbmomESifhqdkv#if ‘r[mol&da,m pENa&m emraem oA
'gae yum&aw’[k &ygonfbk&m;? t"dy`g,fu r[mol&d,wkdif; pjENm;
rif;}uD;onf Tukef;awmfY 'ge0wˆKtpkpkudkvSL'gef;I jyD;jynfhpHk_yD[k
jzpfygonf? ,if;a-umifh Tpmudk xdk;xm;aomausmufpmygt±kyfrSm
r[mpjENm;rif;}uD; ukodkvfjyKpdkufxlcJhaomt±kyfjzpfa-umif; oufaoxl
aeygonf bk&m;?
(9)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
Tpmonf at'D (4) &mpk tpykdif;u pmjzpfygonf? (4) &mpk
tpykdif;rS aemufukdqkwfvkdufonfhtcg ol&d,rif;qufu aemufrif;rsm;
.rif;qufouU&mZfwkd‹ukdaygif;vkdufonfhtcg bDpD (5) &mpkwGif a*gwr
Ak'<ESifh pENol&d,rif;}uD;ouU&mZfwkd‹ wlnDaeonfukd awG‹&ygonf bk&m;?
xkd‹a-umifh txufwGifavSsmufxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; awmifayguf}uD;ausmuf
pmESifh oD&d"rRaomurif;}uD;.tdENd,ausmufpmwkd‹ukd wkduf-unfhvku d f
v#ifvnf; a&;om;ykHcsif;wlum t"dy`g,ftm;jzifhvnf; wlnDaeygonf
bk&m;?
"n0wDodk‹bk&m;t&Sif-uGcJh
"n0wDta-umif;udk jyefvnfqufygrnf? "n0wDY bDpD (3)
&mpkrSm ol&d,puUrif; xD;eef;pdk;pHvsuf&Sdygonf? xdkrif;uaemufod‹k
a&wGufv#if bDpD (5) &mpkodk‹ a&mufygonf? ,if;a-umifh pENol&d,rif;
onf "n0wDY bDpD (5) &mpkwGif tkyfcsKyfcJha-umif; od&ygonf bk&m;?
,ckvdk ajc&maumufenf;jzifhvkdufaomtcg twdtus&&Sdyg
onf bk&m;? xkdtcsdefY tdENd,wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;yGifhaecsdef jzpfygonf?
,if;a-umifh pENol&d,eef;pHI ESpfaygif; (25) ESpft-umwGif Ak'<&Sifawmf
onf "n0wDodk‹-uGa&mufcJhonf[k &ckdifordkif;tapmifapmifwGif wnD
wnGwfwnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh "n0wDY pENol&, d
rif; tkyfcsKyfpOfwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif -uGa&mufcJhjcif;jzpfyg
onf bk&m;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;-uGa&mufvmaomta-umif;udk "n0wD _rdK‹.
taemufbufawmifwef;ausmufpmY ol&d,puUrif;}uD;onf jA[RDtuQ
&mjzifha&;xdk;xm;cJhygonf? wynfhawmfi,fpOfu q&m}uD;OD;pHa&$bkESihf
twl ul;,lcJhygonf? xkdausmufaqmifrSm r[mrkedausmufawmfvrf;udk
vkyfaomtcg wl;_zdKojzifhysufpD;cJh&ygonf? xkdausmufaqmifYa&;xdk;
xm;onfhpmudk ,ckacwf ygVdbmomjzifhqdkv#if =
‘earmw\ b*0awm/ t[m&awm/ orRmoAŠK'<\? txacg b*0g
bduQKoHCH ygom'H tm±kaywGm? yOPygom' owy&d0kawm/ "n0wD&@H
tmumora*~e? pm&duH p&rmaem "n0wDr[me*&\ yp>dr'dom
bma*? up>ye'D,m yl&wWdrwda& aovm*d&D yAŠwAk'<ed -oa&m[dwGm
ywdXmwd?’ jzpfygonf?

(10)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
t"dy`g,ftwdkaumufrSm? ? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aumif;uifc&D;
jzifh jyom'f&SifysHig;&mESifh-uGa&muf_yD;v#if "n0wD_rdK‹.taemufbufjzpf
aomup>ye'Dukvm;wefjrpf}uD;. ta&S‹bufurf;ajc&Sdaom aovm*d&D
arm&yAŠwtrnf&SdaomawmifxdyfY &yfwef‹awmfrl.? &yfwef‹awmfrl_yD;
v#if jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Asm'dwfawmfay;onf[lIjzpfygonf?
Tausmufpmudkaxmuf±+jcif;tm;jzifh &ckdifjynfudk jrwfpGm
bk&m;-uGa&mufcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;aeygonf bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh wynfh
awmfwdk‹rSm ajc&maumufenf;jzifh aemufodk‹ wvSrf;pDqkwf_yD; vdkufaom
tcg Ak'<omoemonf uGif;qufrjywfbJESifh "n0wDacwfodk‹ a&muf&Sdyg
onf bk&m;?
r[m,epum;wpfvHk;r# rawG‹
r[mwdkif;pjENm;rif;}uD;onf oleef;wufptcsdefY a0omvD
bk&m;}uD;udkwnf_yD; ausmufpma&;xkd;cJhygonf? tuQ&mpmvHk;rSm jA[RD
yGm;jzpfygonf? Ta-umif;t&mrSm ‘a,"rRm a[wky b0g’*gxmawmf
jzpfygonf? ouUwtoHrxGufbJ ygVdoufoufjzpfygonf? xkdpm.
aemufydkif;Y a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmrsm;rSm ouUwtoHESifh a&;xdk;
xm;onfudk awG‹&ygonf? a,"rRmpmvHk;rsm;Y ‘r’txufwGif ‘a&z’
ac:aom ‘& aumuf’udkwifxm;ygonf? a,"rRm (a,"&rRm)vdk‹ zwf&
ygonf? ‘a[wkyb0g’pmwrf;Yvnf; ‘y’apmuftxufwGif ‘a&z’wif
xm;ygonf? a[wkyb0g (a[wkjyb0g) vdk‹zwf&yg onfbk&m;? ,if;
uJhodk‹ tqifhtqifhokawoejyKvkdufaomtcg r[m,ef*dk%f;rS pum;
wpfvHk;vnf;rawG‹&yg bk&m;?
r[mwkdif;pjENm;rif;}uD;. Tausmufpm atmufbufwGif
“,uQ r[maoemywd r[mawm” [ka&;om;ygonf? OD;pHomatmif.
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm;onfhpmtkyfwGif Tta-umif;ukd a&;om;
xm;uk d awG‹ &ygonf ? Tok d ‹ ax&0g'Ak '< bmom.yd Éuwf awmf vmygVd
awmfpum;ukd awG‹&ojzifh &ckdifwkd‹wGifrSm xkdtcsdeu
f wnf;uyif ydÉuwf
tppftrSef&Sda-umif;ukdod&ygonf bk&m;? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf t&Sif
bk&m;wkd‹ ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;a[m-um;aeonfh w&m;rsm;xJwGif Tw&m;yg yg
onf bk&m;?

(11)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
,ckjrefrmEdkifiHawmfY eH,kefvjynfhae‹udk r[mor,ae‹/
0gqkdvwGif "rRp}uFmae‹/ 0gu|wfvwGif tbd"rRmae‹tjzpfowfrSwf_yD;
ESpfpOfusif;yae-uygonf? ,uQaoemywdr[my%mawmqkdonfh ygVd
onf r[mor,okwWefawmfwGif ewfrsm;ukd az:usL;xm;onf[k twd
tvif;&Sdygonf bk&m;? r[mor,ae‹Y jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif
a[m-um;cJhaom r[mor,okwWefudk oHCmawmfrsm; oH_ydKif&Gwfzwf
onfudk eH,kefvjynfhae‹a&mufwdkif; a&'D,dkrS-um;em&ygonf t&Sifbk&m;?
xkdr[mor,okwWefxJY ewfrsm;.trnfudk azmfusL;xm;aompum; rsm;
pGm&&Sdygonf bk&m;?
‘yema'g =oyranmp/ a'0olawmp rmwvd’[laom
*gxmESifh awG‹&ygonfbk&m;? xdkewfrsm;xJY yema'gewfrif;udk azmfusL;
xm;aom*gxmawmfrSm tydk'f=22 wGifawG h&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;? Tr[mo
r,okwWefawmfrSm ax&0g'Ak'<bmomwdk‹.ydËuwfawmfvm okwWef jzpf
ygonf bk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a[m-um;awmfrlaom ax&0g'tppfrS
vmonfh r[mmor, okwWefjzpfonfhtwGuf yVdawmf t@uxmtp&Sd
aom ydËuwfokH;ykHYvnf; &ckdifYr[m,er&Sda-umif; xif&Sm;aejcif;ukd
vnf; jyefajz-um;yg t&Sifbk&m;?

ax&0g'udk ,Hk-unfaomrif;rsm;
aemufwcsufrSm a0omvDacwfwGiftkyfpdk;cJh-uaom rif;rsm;
jzpf-uonfh edwdpjENm;/ 0D&pjENm;tp&Sdaomrif;rsm;onf olwdk‹ukodkvfjyK
wnfxm;cJhaomapwDrsm;wGif ‘a,"rRm’ *gxmawmfudk a&;xdk;xm;onfh
ausmufwHk;rsm;/ pwlygrsm;udk Xmyemwnfxm;cJh-uygonf bk&m;? xkd
ausmufwHk;ESifh pwlygrsm;Y a&;xkd;xm;aompmrsm;udk ,ckajrmufOD;jy
wdkufwGif odrf;qnf;xm;&Sdygonf bk&m;? wynfhawmf txufuwifjycJh
onfhtwkdif; Ak'<w&m;awmf.tqDtESpfjzpf-uaom edAŠmefudk vufcH,kH
-unfonfh ax&0g'omoemudkvufcH,Hk-unfaomrif;rsm;jzpf-uI T
a,"rRm*gxmawmfudk a0omvDrif;rsm;toHk;jyKae-ujcif;jzpfygonf t&Sif
bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh r[mol&d,wdkif; pjENm;rif;}uD;rSpI (a0omvDacwf
at'D (4) &mpk) pjENm;rif;tqufqufwdk‹ ,Hk-unfudk;uG,fcJh-uaom
omoemrSm r[m,eomoemr[kwfbJ ppfrSefaomax&0g'omoemjzpf
a-umif;rSwf,l&ygrnf bk&m;?

(12)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
oD[dkVf(oD&dvuFm)ESifh 0g'csif;wl
wynfhawmf yxrcsjycJhaom Oywd\ESifh aumvdw ta-umif;wGif
t&Sif t\Zdrax&fa[m-um;cJhaom ‘a,"rRm’ *gxmawmf onf a0om
vDodk‹ a&muf&SdcJhygonf? ,if;_yD;aemuf a0omvDrif;rsm;onf oD[dkVf
(oD&dvuFm)ESifh omoema&;udpPrsm;udk tjyeftvSefoGm;a&muf aqmif
&Gufa-umif;ESifh tmeENpjENm;rif;}uD;onf oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm) odk‹ tvSL
ypPnf;rsm;ydk‹onf[k ausmufpmwGifawG‹&Sd&ygonf? oD[kdVfomoemrSm
ax&0g'jzpfI wynfhawmfwdk‹ a0omvDwGifvnf; ax&0g'omoem xGef;
um;a-umif; odEdkifygonf bk&m;? xkd‹a-umifh wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifjynf
omoemonf r[m,ef*dk%f;rSqif;oufvmaom r[m,ef*dk%f;r[kwfbJ
"n0wDacwf bk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif-uGa&mufcJhpOfup_yD; jzpfay:qif;ouf
vmaom ax&0g'Ak'<bmomjzpfa-umif; wynfhawmf av#mufxm;ygonf
bk&m;?

orkdif;±kyf-uGif;u oufaocH
,if;uJhodk‹ ausmufpm/ ausmuf±kyf/ aypmrsm; twdtvif;&Sd
aomfvnf; ,ckacwf±dkufESdyfaomyHkESdyfpmtkyfwGifrygI r,Hk rSm;,Gif;onf
qdkv#ifvnf; rwwfEdkifygbk&m;? wynfhawmfwdk‹rSm ordkif;±kyf-uGif;jzpf
aomausmufpm/ a-u;jym;/ a&$jym;pm/ aiGjym;pmwdk‹uom oufaocHae
ygojzifh ,if;pmrsm;u rSm;_yD; ,ckyHkESdyfwdkufrS±du
k fESdyfaompuULwGif a&;
om;xm;onfhpmuom rSefonf[kqkdv#ifvnf; wynfhawmfwdk‹ ajymp&m
rvkdawmhygbk&m;? xkd‹a-umifh wynfhawmfwdk‹rSm ygVdawmft@uxmrSmyg
&efvdktyfrnf rxifyg bk&m;? oufaocHorkdif;±kyf-uGif; taxmuftxm;
u ckdifrmaeyg_yD bk&m;?
[kwf r[kwfukdvnf; wynfhawmftm; jyefar;jref;ygbk&m;?
rar;v#if wynfhawmfu rSefonf vufcHonf[k ,lq&ygrnf bk&m;?
r[m,ef*kd%f;[k pGyfpGJcsufudk a,"rRmwpfyk'fwnf; qif;oufykHajc&m
aumufenf;okawoevkyfjyKvkyfykHjzifh &ckdifjynfomoemonf r[m,ef
*dk%f;rS qif;oufvmaom r[m,eomoemr[kwfbJ ax&0g'Ak'<omo
emrS qif;oufvmaomomoemjzpfa-umif; ar;cGef; (1) ukd ajz-um;tyf
ygonf bk&m;?

(13)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
ar;cGef; (2)
Ak'<.ygVdawmf t@uxmESifh o*Fg,emajcmufwef ponfwd‹k
wGifryg&SdbJ &ckdifjynfokd‹ jrwfpGmbk&m; -uGa&mufvmcJhonf[k &ckdifjynf
wGif a&;om;ajymqdkae-uonfrSm bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfESifh rukdufnDyg?
Tta-umif;udk ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
ar;cGef; (3)
Ak'<.ygVdawmf t@uxmponfwdk‹Y ryg&SdbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf pENol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawG‹qHk_yD; r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyfchJ
onf[k a&;om;ajymqdk-uonf? Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef; (2) ESifh (3) udk waygif;wnf; ajz-um;

vdkygonf? ar;cGef;rsm;rSm woabmwnf; jzpfaejcif;a-umifhyg bk&m;?
wynfhawmfonf &ckdifjynfodk‹ Ak'<omoema&mufvmyHkar;cGef;tay: tao;
pdyf &Sif;vif;xm;_yD;jzpfygonfbk&m;? aemufxyfav#mufxm;ygrnfbk&m;?
wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifjynfwGif ,ckudk;uG,faeaom Ak'<omoemrSm ajrmuf
OD;acwfbk&ifrsm; tkyfpdk;cJhaomumvrS qufcH,lcJhaomAk'<t,l0g'jzpfyg
onf bk&m;?
ajrmufOD;acwfrwkdifrSD avmif;-uuf_rdK‹&SdcJhygonf? xdk_rdK‹ukd
tkyfpdk;cJh-uaombk&ifrsm;rSmvnf; Ak'<bmomrif;rsm;jzpfygI omoedu
taqmuftOD;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufcJh-uygonf? &[ef;ynm&Sdrsm; xGef;
um;cJh-uygonf? Tavmif;-uufbk&ifrsm;onf Ak'<bmomudk ae&Í&m
_rdK‹wGiftkyfpdk;cJhaombk&ifrsm;xHrSwqifh vufcH,lcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? ae&
Í&m_rdK‹wGif xGef;um;cJhaomAk'<bmomrSm yk&def_rdK‹rSqif;oufaom Ak'<bm
omjzpfygonf? yk&def_rdK‹wGiftkyfpdk;cJhaombk&ifrsm;onf yOPm_rdK‹rSAk'<omo
emudk wqifhvufcH,lcJh-uygonf? yOPm_rdK‹Ak'<omoemrSmvnf; a0omvD
_rdK‹rSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? a0omvD_rdK‹udkwnfaqmufcJhaom r[m
wdkif;pjENm;rif;}uD;onf r[mrkedbk&m;wGif ukodkvfaumif;r+jyKcJhygonf?
odrfawmfESifh yv†ifawmfrsm;udk topfwzef wnfaqmufcJha-umif;ordkif;
rSwfwrf;rsm;Y awG‹&ygonf?
wynfhawmfa&S‹uav#mufxm;cJo h nfhtwdkif; xdkrif;}uD;ukokdvf
aumif;r+jyKcJhonfudk r[mrkedbk&m;ukef;awmf 'kwd,tqifh ta&S‹ajrmuf
(14)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
buf&Sd ‘,uQaoemywdyem'’±kyfxkwGif a&;xkd;cJhygonf?

trSef&SdcJhaom_rdK‹awmf
TuJhodk‹ r[mwdkif;pjENm;rif;onf r[mrkedodrfawmfudk topf
wzef jyef vnfw nfaqmuf cJho nf [k qdko jzifh r[mwdk if ;pjEN m;rif ;}uD ;
rwdkifrSDuyif odrfawmfta[mif;ESifh r[mrked±kyf&SifawmfrSm&SdESifhae_yD; jzpf
a-umif;od&Sd&ygonf? ,if;odk‹jzpfv#if a0omvDacwfrwkdifrSD rnfonfh
acwf&Sdonfudk ajc&maumuftwkdif;vkdufv#if "n0wD_rdK‹awmfrSm pdwful;
,Of_yD; a&;omcJhaom_rdK‹awmfr[kwfa-umif; av,mOfrS&kduful;xm;aom
"mwfyHkudk-unfhjcif;tm;jzifh od&SdEdkifygonf bk&m;? trSefwu,f&SdcJhaom
_rdK‹jzpfa-umif; jynfwGif;/ jynfyordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; ,kH-unfvufcH-uyg
onf bk&m;?

or`'geyum&%usrf;rSm&Sd
wynfhawmfwdk‹ordkif;rsm;wGifvnf; wwd,"n0wD_rdK‹awmfukd
pENmol&d,rif;}uD;wnfcJha-umif; zwf±+&ygonf? TpENol&d,bk&if "n
0wDY tkyfpdk;pOfumvrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif taemufrZÆdra'oY &Sdaecsdef
jzpfygonf? wynfhawmfvufxJwGif&Sdaeaom ‘or`'geyum&%’usrf;
wGif pENol&d,rif;}uD;vufxuf bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif -uGa&muf_yD;
r[mrked±kyf&Sifawmfudk oGef;vkyfcJha-umif; tao;pdwfa&;om;xm;ygonf?

ausmufpmuoufaocH
‚if;tjyif awmifayguf}uD;ausmufpmuvnf; oufaocHae
ygonf bk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf pENol&d,rif;}uD;tm; "rRp}uFmw&m;
awmfESifh ±kyfxk/ qif;wkawmfrsm;udk wnfxm;udk;uG,fjcif;jzifh &&Sdtyf
aom tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ‘owWKAdrŠylZed,edaoookwWef’[lI rl&if;aypm
vnf;&Sdygao;onf bk&m;?

*k%fjyKxm;onfh±kyfxk
pENol&d,rif;}uD;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m; "rRp}uFmw&m;a[m
-um;ae[efxkvkyfxm;aomausmufjym;wpfcsyfudkvnf; awG‹&Sd&ygonf?
a0omvDr[mwdkif;pjENm;rif;}uD;u pENmol&d,rif;}uD;tm; *k%fjyKxkvkyf
(15)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
xm;aom±kyfxkjzpf[ef&Sdygonf?
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf &ckdifjynf"n0wDodk‹ -uGa&mufcJhpOfu
aovm*D&dawmifay:Y&yfwef‹cJh_yD; Asm'dwfcsrSwfcJha-umif; ‘or`'geyum
&%’usrf;wGif taotcsmazmfjyxm;ygonf? ‘cspfom;tmeENm igonf
bk&m;jzpf&eftwGuf q,fyg;aomyg&rDawmf}uD;ESifh oHk;q,faomyg&rD
awmfi,frsm;udk jznfhqnf;aomumvY T"n0wDjynfwGif tvDvD vl
tjzpf usifvnfcJhzl;onf? ,ck ig&yfwef‹aeaom aovm*D&dawmif.
teD;tyg;ywf0ef;usifwGif yef;yGwform;tjzpfESifh ig aexdkifcJhonf? ig
y&dedAŠmefpHvGef_yD;aemufumvY ig.ausm±dk;awmf"mwfudk XmyemI apwD
wnfvwWH‹? ausm±dk;awmf"mwfapwDwGifvwWH‹’[k Asm'dwfay;cJhygonf?
xkd"mwfawmfudk aemufumvwGif ausmufawmf"mwfapwD[kac:wGifcJhyg
onf? xdktrnfudktpGJjyKI jrpfwbuf&Sd_rdK‹udkvnf; ausmufawmf_rdK‹[ak c:
wGifcJhygonf?

±kyf&SifawmfoGef;vkyfa-umif;,Hk-unf
TuJhodk‹ bk&m;Asm'dwf0if"mwfawmfapwD (248) ql &SdcJhyg
onf? T"mwfawmfapwDrsm;udk a0omvDjynf&Sif r[mwdkif;pjENm;rif;}uD;
onf jyefvnfjyKjyifcJha-umif; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf? T
ta-umif;udkaxmuf±+Ivnf; xdk"mwfawmfapwDrsm;rSm a0omvDacwf
rwdkifrSDuyif &SdESifhcJh_yDjzpfa-umif; od&SdEdkifygonf? &ckdifordkif;pmay
taxmuftxm;t&vnf;aumif;/ ±kyf0wWKoufaojzifhvnf;aumif; udu k f
nDaeygI pENol&d,rif;}uD;vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif "n0wDodk‹ -uG
a&muf_yD; r[mrked±kyf&Sifawmfudk oGef;vkyfcJha-umif;,Hk-unfygonf?

rEWav;r[mrkedb,fu&
aemufwpfcsufu q&mawmfwdk‹rEWav;_rdK‹wGif&Sdaeaom r[m
rkedbk&m;udk b,fu&,lcJhygovJ bk&m;? Tr[mrkedbk&m;udk bdk;awmf
bk&m;.om;awmf Oy&mZmonf &ckdifjynfuyifh,lcJhjcif; r[kwfygvm;
bk&m;? Tbk&m;}uD;ordkif;rSmvnf; &ckdifjynf"n0wDjynfh&Sif pENol&d,
rif;oGef;vkyfcJha-umif;udk orkdif;pmaytapmifapmifY wnDwnGwfwnf;
azmfjyxm;-uygonfbk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwkdif &ckdifjynfod‹k -uG
a&mufcJhI aovm*D&dawmifay:Y waxmuf&yfwef‹cJhjyD; pENol&d,rif;

(16)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
}uD;av#mufxm;ojzifh eef;awmfodk‹-uGa&muf oDwif;oHk;jyD; r[mrked±kyf
&SifawmfudkoGef;vkyfcJhonfrSm rSefuefa-umif;ajz-um;vdkygonf bk&m;?

ar;cGef;eHygwf (4)
o*Fg,emajcmufwefYrygbJvsuf &ckdifjynfa0omvD a&$
awmif}uD;Y pwkwˆo*Fg,emudkwifcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk-uonf?
Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
Tar;cGef;ESifhywfoufI wynfhawmft&Snfajz-um;&rnf jzpf
ygonf bk&m;? bk&m;y&dedAŠmefpHvGef_yD; r-umrDSumvwGif tZmwowf
rif;}uD;onf yxrt}udrfo*Fg,emwifcJhygonf bk&m;? wif&aom
ta-umif;t&if;/ wifcJhaomae&mESifh wdkif;jynf/ wif&mY tm;ay; tm;
ajr‡mufay;aombk&if/ wif&mYyg0ifaom&[EWmrsm;/ OD;aqmifaom&[EWm/
&nf!$ef;aom*gxmyk'f/ ygVdponftm;jzifh t*Fgq,fwefESifhnDatmifwif
cJha-umif;zwf±+&ygonf?

yOPro*Fg,em
wynfhawmfwdk‹&ckdifjynfzufrS pmaywdk‹rSmo*Fg,emta-umif;
ESifhywfoufI o*Fg,em}uD;/ o*Fg,emacs (i,f) [lI ESpfrsKd; ESpfpm;
awG‹&Sd&ygonf? o*Fg,em}uD;rsm;udk eHygwfpOftwdkif;a&wGuf_yD;v#if
o*Fg,emi,frsm;udkawmh rdrdwkd‹.wkdif;jynfrsm;twGif;Y eHygwfpOfwyf
xm;cJh-uygonf? av;_rdK‹acwfyOPm_rdK‹Y bk&ifrif;&ifjzLonf {u'or
ajrmufo*Fg,emudkwifcJhonf[lI a&;om;xm;csufawG‹&_yD;v#if yOPr
ajrmufo*Fg,emudkvnf;wif.[kvnf; a&;omxm;ygonf? bk&ifwpf
yg;wnf; o*Fg,em ESpf}udrf wifa-umif;od&Sd&ygonf? Todk‹jzpfv#if
rif;&ifjzLonf o*Fg,em}uD;udk yOPrt}udrfwif_yD;v#if o*Fg,emi,fudk
wpfq,fhwpf}udrfajrmufwifrnf[krSwfom;&ygonf bk&m;?

ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmawG‹
wynfhawmfwdk‹ o*Fg,emwifjcif;qkdif&m &ckdifjynfodk‹pD;qif;
vmaoma&pD;a-umif;udkom av#mufxm;ygonfbk&m;? wynfhawmfa&S‹u
av#mufxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; wynfhawmfwdk‹&ckdifjynfwGif rdrdwdk‹.omoem
qdkif&mqif;oufvmyHkonfvnf;aumif;/ rdrdvlrsKd;wdk‹qif;oufvmyHkukd
(17)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
vnf;aumif;/ _rdK‹jytkyfcsKyfa&;/ bk&ifrif;qufrsm; pOfqufqif;oufvm
yHkudkvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;awG‹&Sd&ygonf? Tta-umif;rsm;udk rdrdwkd‹.
ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmom awG‹&Sd&rnfjzpfygonfbk&m;?

yxro*Fg,emwif
jrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAŠmefpHvGef_yD;aemuf r-umrSDumvwGif yxr
t}udrfo*Fg,emudk &mZ_*dK[fY usif;yjyKvkyfcJh-uygonf? tZmwowf
rif;}uD;u taxmuftuljyK_yD; t&Sifr[mu\yu OD;aqmifcJhygonf?
t&Sifr[mu\yar;or# t&SiftmeENmuajz-um;_yD; Ekwfwdkuf&GwfI
o*F g ,emwif cJ h -uygonf ? jrwf pG m bk &m;y&d ed AŠ m ef pH vG ef aomtcg
tavmif;awmfudk eH‹omxif;rsm;pkyHk_yD; rD;o_*dK[f&eftwGuf rD;±d+‹aomf
vnf; xif;rsm;rSm rD;ravmifyg bk&m;? tb,fha-umihfqdkaomf bk&m;&Sif
.wynfh}uD;jzpfaom t&Sifr[mu\y ra&mufao;aoma-umifhyg
bk&m;? wynfhig;&mjzifh c&D;vrf;rSm&Sdaeygao;onf? t&Sifr[mu
\y.wynfh&[ef;rsm;rSm ykxkZOfrsm;jzpf-uonfhtwGuf bk&m;&Sify&d
edAŠmefpHvGef_yD; -uGif;usef&pfaom"mwfawmfrsm;udkrjrif&v#if bk&m;.
udk,fcE<mrSjzpfaom "mwfawmfrsm;udk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdygonf
bk&m;? rdrdrsufjrifudk,fawG‹rSom jrwfpGmbk&m;.udk,fum,awmfrS "mwf
awmfrsm;-uGif;onfudk ,Hk-unfrnfjzpfygonf bk&m;? aemufwpfcsufu &
[ef;awmfrsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk touf&SifpOfuzl;ajrmf&aomfvnf;
y&dedAŠmefpHvGefaomtavmif;awmfudk zl;jrif&v#if bk&m;&Siftay: -unf
ndKo'<gyGm;rsm;ap&eftwGuf rD;ravmifjcif;jzpfygonf?
t&Sifr[mu\yESifh &[ef;rsm;wdk‹onf uk\dem±Hkjynfodk‹
vmvrf;wGif wpfckaomopfyif&dyfYem;aeawmfrlcJhygonf? xdktcsdefwuU
wGef;wpfa,mufonf rEN&0ewfyef;udkxD;vkyfIaqmif;_yD;v#if uk\dem±Hk
jynfbufrS yg0gjynfbufodk‹ vmaeonfudk t&Sifr[mu\yjrifcJhyg
onf? xdkwuUwGef;ajymjycsuft& jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGefa-umif;
-um;odcJh&ygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGefa-umif;-um;od&aom
tcg t&Sifr[mu\yESifhygvmcJhaomokb'N&[ef;onf bk&m;y&dedAŠmef
pHvGefojzifh idka-uG;ae-uaom&[ef;wdk‹tm; ridk-u&efajym_yD; ‘a*gwr
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;rsm;udk Tonfaomt&yfY rvm;&/ Tonf
aomtusifhudkrusifh&ponfjzifh igwdk‹tm;csKyfcs,fcJhonf? ,ck igwdk‹ jyK
(18)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
vdk&m udkjyKEdkif_yD’[kqdkcJhonf?
xkdok b'N &[ef ;.pum;udk -um;rdaom t&S if r[mu\y
onf rsm;pGmwkefv+yfrdcJhygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sify&dedAŠmefpHvGefonfrSm
ckepf&ufwywfom&Sdao;onf? bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm;ESifh 0denf;awmf
rsm;udk rsufuG,fjyKrnfht&dyfta&mifay:ae_yD; omoemawmfqkwf,w k f
&efta-umif;rsm; jzpfay:vmEkdifonf[k pdwfYrSwfom;rdcJhygonf?
,if;a-umifh bk&m;&Sifa[mor#udk &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;rSm
pkaygif;I jyefvnf&Gwfqdko*Fg,emwif&ef t}uHjzpfcJhygonf bk&m;?
,if;a-umifh t&Sifr[mu\ytrSL;jyKaom &[EWmig;&mwdk‹onf yxr
o*Fg,emudkwifcJh-ujcif; r[kwfygvm; bk&m;?

'kwd,o*Fg,em
jrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAŠmefpHvGefI ESpfaygif;w&m-umaomtcg 0dZD…
wdkif;om;&[ef;wdk‹onf 0denf;oduQmyk'fawmfrsm;Y jyifqifcsuf (10)
csufudk jyKvkyfcJhygonf? bk&m;&Sif.0denf;awmfudk zDqefIvmcJh-u
onf? ,if;a-umifh a0omvDjynfwGif umvaomurif;}uD;u wumjyKI
t&Sifr[mu\ytrSL;jyKaom &[EWmckepf&mwdk‹onf 'kwd,o*Fg,emudk
wifcJhygonfbk&m;?

wwd,o*Fg,em
wwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emudk ygËvdykwfjynf&Sif taomurif;
}uD;uwumjyKI &[EWmt&Sifarm*~vdykwWwd\rax&f}uD;trª;jyKvsuf &
[EWmwpfaxmifwdk‹wifcJhygonf? Tonfwdk‹rSm rZÆdra'oY wifcJhaom
o*Fg,emoHk;wefjzpfygonf bk&m;?
pwkwˆo*Fg,em
wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifa0omvDwGif pwkwˆo*Fg,emwifcJh
a-umif; av#mufxm;ygrnfbk&m;? a0omvDacwf at'D (4) &mpkrS (9) &m
pkxd xGef;um;cJhaomacwfjzpfygonf? xdka0omvDrif;rsm;wdk‹onf ax&
0g'Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpf-uojzifh oD[dkVfEdkifiHESifh vlra+ &;t&aomfvnf;
aumif;/ bmoma&;t&aomfvnf;aumif; qufqHr+&SdcJhygonf? ,if;
a-umifh a0omvDbk&ifoD&dpjENm;(oD&dok"rR0dZ,)rif;onf oD[dkVfrS oHCm

(19)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
wpfaxmifudkyifhaqmif_yD; &ckdifrS oHCmwpfaxmif pkpak ygif;oHCmESpf
axmifwdk‹jzifh pwkwˆoHCm,emudk a0omvDa&$awmif}uD;wGif usif;ycJhyg
onf?

ar"ynmarmfuGef;rSm
t}uD;trSL;jyKaomyk*~dKvfrSm clVa&0&[EWmrax&f}uD; jzpfyg
onf? oHk;ESpf-umatmif a-u;jym;ig;axmifay:wGifa&;om;_yD; o*Fg,em
wifcJha-umif; ar"ynmarmfuGef;pmwGif awG‹&ygonf bk&m;? oHCmawmf
rsm;oDwif;oHk;aeEkdif&ef a&$awmif}uD;udknDpGmn‡d_yD; ausmif;awmf}uD; ig;
aqmif aqmufvkyfcJha-umif; xdkarmfuGef;t& od&Sd&ygonfbk&m;? ,ae‹
wdkif ausmif;awmf&mrsm;udk awG‹Ekdifygao;onfbk&m;? rZÆdra'owGif
taomurif;}uD;wifcJhaomo*Fg,emonf wwd,t}udrf jzpfojzifh xdk
wwd,t}udrfrS qufvufa&wGufcJhaoma-umifh a0omvDwGifwifcJh aom
o*Fg,emrSm pwkwˆ}udrfjzpfygonfbk&m;?

o*Fg,em}uD;
o*Fg,emwif&mwGif bk&m;&Sif.ydËuwfawmfrsm;udk odu|rf;
Ekdifaom&[EWmrsm;yg0ifrSom txajrmufa-umif; od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;?
,if;uJhodk‹ &[EWmrsm;yg0ifIwifcJhaomo*Fg,emrsm;udk &ckdifwdk‹u
o*F g,em}uD ;[k ac:ygonf? a0omvD wG ifw if cJ h aomo*F g,emwG if
&ckdifjynfrS 0dy\em"l& &[ef;ig;&m/ *E<"l& &[ef;ig;&myg0if_yD; oD[dkVf
uvnf; xkd twdkif;yg0ifcJha-umif; armfuGef;t&od&ygonfbk&m;? T
a-umif;rsm;udk wynfhawmfwdk‹rSm qif;&JrGJawaeI yHkESdyfxkwfa0zdk‹ rwwf
Edkifao;ygbk&m;? xkwfa0zdk‹yk*~dKvfrsm;vnf; r&Sdao;ygbk&m;? a&;om;Ekdif
aomyk*~dKvfrsm;om&Sdygao;onfbk&m;? ,if;uJhodk‹ pmyHkESdyf_yD; rxkwfa0Ekdif
ojzifh od&Sdol enf;yg;aeygonf? &SdvsufESifh enf;aejcif;omjzpfygonf?
wcsdefcsdefrSm xGufay:vmygvdrfhrnf?
o*Fg,emwifonfhudpPESifh wynfhawmfwpfck av#mufxm;Edkif
ygonfbk&m;? o*Fg,emwifjcif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oAŠnKw^m%fawmf
&onfrSp_yD; 0gqdkvrSyif y&dedAŠmefpHonfumvtxd av;q,fhig;0g
twGif;a[m-um;cJhaom ydËuwfawmfrsm;udk o*Fg,emwifcJhygovm;?
(odk‹r[kwf) oD&d"rRmaomurif;}uD;vufxuf Ak'<omoemawmfoef‹pifcJh

(20)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
onfhta-umif;rsm;udkyg wwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emwifonfrSm xnfhoGif;
ygovm; bk&m;? xdkenf;wl oD[dkVfwGif pwkwˆo*Fg,emwifcJhaom
0Ã*gr%drif;}uD;.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udkyg pwkwˆoo*Fg,emwGif a&;
om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhygovm; bk&m;? wynfhawmfwdk‹ a0omvDwGifwifchJ
aomo*Fg,emta-umif;udk pmayrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ ordkif;±kyf-uGif;t
axmuftxm;t&vnf;aumif; awG‹&Sd&ygonf? wynfhawmfwdk‹ESifhwuG
EdkifiHjcm;okawoDwdk‹uyg vufcHxm;ygonf bk&m;?

ar;cGef; (5)
&ckdifjynf&Sd "mwfawmfrsm;udk ausm±dk;awmf"mwf/ OD;&mZfawmf
"mwf/ vnf±dk;awmf"mwfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;trnfay;xm;-uonf? T
ta-umif;udkvnf; ygVdawmft@uxmrSm rawG‹&I ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

bk&m;&Sify&dedAŠmefpHvGefI rD;avmifu|rf;aomtcg "mwfawmf

arGawmf &Spfpdyf-uGif;ygonf? &ckdiftvkdtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; jrefrmEkdifiH
yÉduwftvkdtm;jzifhvnf; &Spfpdyf-uGif;onf[k od&ygonf? xkd&SpfpdyfxJrS
ESpfrsKd;rSm tord̀EM"mwfawmfESifh or`dEM"mwfawmfrsm;jzpf-uygonfbk&m;?
t&Sifbk&m;odonfhtwkdif; rjydKruGJaom"gwf _ydKuGJaom"gwf[lI "gwfESpf
rsKd;jzpfygonf? tord̀EM"gwfawmfrsm;rSm ezl;oif;uspfawmfwpfql/ n‡yf±kd;
awmfESpfql/ pG,fawmfav;qljzpfygonf? ord̀EM"mwfawmfrsm;rSm ta&mif
oHk;rsKd;ESifh t&G,ftpm;oHk;rsKd;-uGif;a-umif; &ckdif"mwk0ifusrf;Ya&;om;
xm;ygonf? uGrf;pm;tm;jzifh wq,fhajcmufuGrf;pm;jzpfygonf? ta&mif
tqif;tm;jzifh a&$a&mif/ yGwfopfpc±koif;a&mif/ cs&m;apha&mifwdk‹jzpf-u
ygonf? bk&m;&Sif.-uGif;usefvdkufaom "mwf awmfrsm;udk ESpfjynfaxmif
rif;wdk‹tm; a'geykÀm;u a0ay;&ygonf? rdrdwkd‹t&yfa'owdk‹wGif udk;
uG,fcJh-uygonf? xdk"mwfawmfrsm;udk r-umrSDtZmwowfrif;onf wdu k f
cdkuf,l_yD; &mZ_*dK[fjynfrSm ajrxJapwDwnfxm;cJhygonf? "mwfawmf
ta-umif;Tae&mwGifqHk;aeyg_yD? Tonfum; aygifawmf"mwf/ rsufvkH;
awmf"mwf/ vnf±dk;awmf"mwfponfjzifh t@uxmrSm ryg&Sdyg?
"mwfawmfrsm;&&SdyHk
odk‹aomf "mwfawmfrsm;rSm ,ae‹&ckdifjynfYtrnfemrESihf wuG
(21)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
wnf&Sdaeao;onf? T"mwfawmfrsm; &ckdifjynfodk‹ b,fyHk b,fenf;
a&muf&Sdvmonfudk &Sif;vif;av#mufxm;ygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmef
pHvGef_yD; ESpfaygif; (818) ESpft-umwGif ygËvdykwfjynfY oD&d"rRmaom
urif;}uD; xD;eef;pdk;pHcJhygonf? xdkrif;}uD;onf "rRcE<maygif; &Spfaomif;
av;axmifudk&nfpl;_yD; apwDwnfvdkojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;."mwfawmf arG
awmfrsm;udk &SmazGcJhygonf? tZmwowfrif;jr‡Kyfxm;cJhaom "mwfawmf
rsm;udk wl;azmf,lcJhygonf? xkd"mwfawmfrsm;rSm a&$yef;uefwGif wpkw
aygif;wnf; jzpfaeygonf? xkd"mwfawmfrsm;udk t&Sifarm*~vduykww W d
\rax&fonf tom;rSjzpfaom"mwf/ t±dk;rSjzpfaom"mwf/ taoG;rS jzpf
aom"mwfponfjzifh cGJjcm;cJhygonf? tao;pdwftm;jzifh OD;acgif;awmf
"mwf/ OD;aESmufawmf"mwf/ rsufvHk;awmf"mwfponfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;
.t*Fg}uD;i,frSjzpfaom "mwfawmfrsm;udk wpfckcsif;cGJjcrf;_yD; oD&d"rRm
aomurif;}uD;tm;ay;oem;cJhygonf? oD&d"rRmaomurif;}uD;onf "mwf
awmfrsm;udk&&Sdaomtcg Xmyemavonf? TapwDwnf&rnfhae&m a'o
rsm;udk t&Sifarm*vdykwWwd\rax&ftm; ar;av#mufcJhygonf? xdktcg
t&Sifarm*~vdykwWwd\rax&fu ‘wumawmfrif;}uD; T"mwfawmfrsm;
udk Xmyem_yD; apwDwnf&efa'orsm;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;
&SdpOfuyif Asm'dwfcsrSwfcJhaomae&mwdkif;wGif apwDwnf&rnf[k ajymcJhyg
onf? xdkae&mrsm;odk‹ apwDwnf&eftwGuf "mwfawmfrsm;udk ydk‹aqmif
&rnfjzpfa-umif; rdef‹jrGufcJhygonf? xdktcg t&Sifarm*~vdykwWd\r
ax&fonf t&SifAmulvrax&fESifh t&Sifwd\rax&fwdk‹tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;
Asm'dwfcsrSwfcJhonfh &ckdifjynf&Sdae&mtESH‹rsm;wGif apwDwnfxm; &ef
"mwfawmfrsm;udkydk‹apcJhonf?

ol&d,puUrif;vufxuf
xkdt&Sifwdk‹onf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh &ckdifjynfodk‹-uGa&mufchJ
ygonf? ,if;tcsdefwGif &ckdifjynf"n0wDwGif ol&d,puUrif;}uD;rif;jyK
vsuf&Sdygonf? xdk"mwfawmfrsm;udk t&SifESpfyg;onf ol&d,puUrif;}uD;
tm;ay;tyf_yD; apwDwnf&rnft h &yfa'orsm;udkvnf; ajymcJhygonf? ol&d
,puUrif;}uD;onf "mwfawmfrsm;udk vufcH_yD; rSL;}uD;/ rwf}uD;/ ppfol
}uD;rsm;udkapwDwnf&eftwGuf "mwfawmfrsm;udkay;tyf_yD; jrwfpGmbk&m;
Asm'dwfjrGufqdkcJhonfh ae&mwdkif;odk‹oGm;a&mufI apwDrsm;udkwnfapyg
(22)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
onf bk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m; &ckdifjynfodk‹-uGa&mufcJhaomtcg &yfwef‹awmf
rl_yD; Asm'dwfay;cJhaomaovm*D&dawmifawmfY ausm±dk;awmf"mwfukd
Xmyem_yD; apwDwnfcJhygonf? rÍLyAŠwawmifwGif csufawmf"mwfukd
Xmyem_yD; apwDwnfcJhygonf? rd*yAŠwawmifY oif;uspfawmf"mwfukd
XmyemIapwDwnfcJhygonf bk&m;?
wjynfvHk;rSm
Todk‹&ckdifjynfwjynfvHk;wGif Asm'dwfawmf0ifapwD (248) ql
udkwnfcJhygonf? "mwfawmfapwDrsm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGef_yD;
rSom vmwnfjcif;jzpfaoma-umifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf "mwfawmfrsm;udk
Tonfum; OD;acgif;awmf"mwf/ Tonf OD;aESmufawmf"mwf/ aygifawmf
"mwf/ ajcovHk;awmf"mwfponfjzifh cGJjcrf;a[mxm;jcif;udk rjyKEdkifawmh
yg bk&m;? ,if;a-umifh bk&m;a[mygVdawmf t@uxmponfwd‹k rSm ryg&Sd
jcif;jzpfygonfbk&m;? ,if;okd‹ryg0ifcJhI ,ck&Sdaeaom ppfukdif;awmif/
rEWav;awmifwkd‹ESifhwuG wynfhawmfwkd‹&ckdifwGif&Sdaom ykÀm;u|ef;
OD;&mZfawmf/ ausmufqdyfawmf"mwfwkd‹r&Sd[k ypfy,fvkduf&ygrnfvm;
bk&m;? wynfhawmf &ckdifjynfu y,f&kHESifh roifhawmfyg w_ydKifwnf; ypf
y,f-u&ygrnf?

trSefwnfaom"mwfawmfrsm;
t@uxm ygVdawmfponfwdk‹rSm ryg&Sdaomfvnf; ,ae‹xuf
wdkif ausm±dk;awmf"mwf/ csufawmf"mwf/ v#mawmf"mwfponfjzifh wnf&dS
aeygonf? T"mwfawmftrnfrsm;udkvnf; "n0wDacwfrSp_yD; acwf
tqufquf.bk&ifrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhonfudk ur`nf;ausmufpmxdk;
xm;cJhygonfbk&m;? xkda-umifh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf t@uxm ponf
wdk‹rSm rygaomfvnf; trSefpifppf wnf&Sdaom"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;jzpf
a-umif; av#mufxm;ygonfbk&m;? "mwfawmfarGawmfapwDrsm;rSm up>y
e'D (ac:) ukvm;wefjrpf. 0J,mwav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ tOPee'D(ac:)
av;_rdK‹jrpf. 0J,mwav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ o&D&e'D (ac:) o&Dacsmif;
. 0J,mwav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &E<e'D (ac:) &rf;acsmif;jrpf. 0J,mw
av#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJu|ef;/ z±Hkumu|ef;/ oHwGJpaomae&ma'o
tESH‹ &ckdifwjynfvHk;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;."mwfawmfrsm;onf wnfxm;
(23)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
cJhygonf? Ak'<."mwfawmfEdkifiH[kvnf; ac:oifhygonf?

ar;cGef; (6)
&cdkifjynfwGiftoHk;jyKaomydËuwfygVdawmfrsm;rSm jrefrmrljzpf
oavm/ rnfonfhrljzpfoenf;/ o*Fg,emajcmufwefwGifygaomrljzpf
oavm ajz &Sif;ay;yg?

wynfhawmfwdk‹&ckdifjynfwGiftoHk;jyKaomydËuwfudk }udK;wef;
ydËuwfawmf[kac:ygonf? t&Sifbk&m;wkd‹ jrefrmjynfukd a&muf&Sdaom
ydËuwfawmfrSm jrefrmbk&iftaemf&xmu rGefjynf oxkHukdodrf;_yD; rGef
rif;rEl[mESifh ydËuwfawmftpkHukd odrf;,lI &vmjcif;jzpfygonf? oxHk
ydËuwfawmfrSmvnf; oD[dkVfrSwqifha&mufvmaom ydËuwfawmfjzpfI
oD[dkVfydËuwfac:a-umif; od&ygonfbk&m;? oD[dkVfrSmvnf; &Sifr[m
aCmoydËuwfESifh oD[dkVfEkdifiHom;wdk‹tac: p&d,ydËuwf[lI&Sdygonf
bk&m;? xkdif;/ AD,uferf/ vmtdkwdk‹rSm&SdaomydËuwfrsm;udk Zif;r,f
yÀmoydËuwfawmf[kac:a-umif;od&Sd&ygonf?

}udK;wef;ydÉuwf
wynfhawmfwdk‹ &ckdifydËuwfudk tb,fa-umifh }udK;wef;
ydËuwf[kac:&jcif;udk &Sif;ygrnfbk&m;? yxrt}udrf o*Fg,emrltwdkif;
'kwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emwifcJhygonf? 'kwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emrltwdkif;
wwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emwifcJhygonf? &ckdifjynfwGifvnf; pwkwWt}udrf
o*Fg,emwGif wwd,t}udrfurltwkdif; o*Fg,emwifcJhygonf bk&m;?
TuJhodk‹ rl&if;twdkif; tqifhqifhpwkwœt}udrfxd qif;oufvmaomf
vnf; ydËuwfawmfrsm;udk jznfhpGufjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ E+wfy,fjcif; vHk;0
rjyKbJwaoGrwdrf; &ckdiftac: pmrsOf;tc|wfyifv#if rSefuefaomydËuwf
awmfjzpfygonf? pmrsOf;qdkonfrSm rsOf;a-umif;udkac:ygonf? a&S;
pum;rSm rsOf;a-umif;udk }udK;wef;[kac:ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh opfwkH;
wpfwHk;udk v$q&mu A[dkcGJvdkv#if opfwHk;.acgif;rSae rD;aoG;okwfvdrf;
xm;aom}udK;udk tv,fusatmifxm;_yD; tjcm;wbufu vlwpfOD;u
}udK;udkwif;aeatmifudkifI }udK;udkqGJ±dkuf&ygonf? xdktcg rD;aoG;okwf
vdrf;xm;aom}udK;.ta-umif;onf opfwHk;ay:Y xif&Sm;pGmay:aeyg

(24)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
onf? vHk;0aumufauG‹jcif;r&Sdyg? xdkenf;wlpGm &ckdifjynf&Sd ydËuwfawmf
rsm;rSmvnf; }udK;wef;onftaumuftauG‹ r&SdouJhodk‹ jyKjyifjcif;/ jyif
qifjcif;/ E+wfy,fjcif;wnf;[laom csKd‹,Gif;csuf taumuftauG‹ r&Sdyg
ojzifh }udK;wef;ydËuwf[k ac:wGif-uygonf bk&m;?

ydÉuwfwdkufav;q,fh&Spfck
a&S;&ckdifbk&ifrsm;tkyfpdk;aomacwfu ajrmufOD;_rdK‹.ywf0ef;
usifwGif oHCmwaxmifqef‹aom ausmif;awmf}uD; (36) ausmif;&SdchJ
a-umif; rSwfom;&ygonf? xdkausmif;wdkuf}uD;rsm;Y Ak'<pmayudk oif-um;
ae-uaom oHCmawmfrsm;wdk‹onf }udK;wef;ydËuwfudkpHxm;I avhvm
-uygonf? xdkydËuwfawmfrsm;udkxm;&Sd&eftwGuf ydËuwfwdkuf (ac:)
ykxkd;rsm;udk ajrmufOD;_rdK‹ae&mtESH‹wGif awG‹&Sd&ygonf? ordkif;tqdt
k &
ydËuwfwdkufaygif;av;q,fh&Spfck&SdcJha-umif;od&Sd&ygonf? ,cktcg _ydK
ysufoGm;ojzifh wcsKd‹w0ufudkom awG‹&ygonf? ,ckxufwdkif taumif;
yuwdawG‹&aom ydËuwfwkdufrSm (jcifudkuf) ydËuwf/ (bawmf)ydËuwf
wdkuf/ (r,fawmful)ydËuwfwdu k fwdk‹jzpf-uygonf?
,if;a-umifh a&S;acwfua&;om;cJh-uaomaypmrsm;Y a0om
vDwGif o*Fg,emwGifcJhpOfu rltjzpfxm;cJhaom}udK;wef;ydËuwfwdu k f
awmfrSwqifh a&;ul;jcif;jzpfa-umif;udk aypm.tqHk;Y }udK;wef;ydËuwf
awmftwdkif;a&;ul;jcif;jzpfygonf[ka&;om;xm;onfudk ,ae‹wdkifaypm
rsm;wGif awG‹&SdEdkifygao;onf bk&m;?
wynfhawmfonf t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajzqdk
cJhonfrSm(4)em&D -umjrifhcJhyg_yD? wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk
vnf;oabmayguf vufcHvdrfhrnfxifygonf? t&Sifbk&m;wdk‹rSmvnf;
bk&m;zl;&ef&Sdaeygao;I wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk tqHk;
owfcGifhjyKyg bk&m;?
q&m}uD;u q&mawmf}uD;rsm;tm; aemufxyfar;jref;p&m&Sd
ygao;ovm;[k avSsmufxm;&m xyfrHar;jref;jcif;r&SdbJ ppfukdif;q&m
awmf}uD;u onftcsufrsm;ukdvnf; ul;,lxm;oifha-umif; rdrdwkd‹wGif r&Sd
a-umif; ajym-um;cJh_yD; bk&m;zl;&eftwGuf nae (5) em&Dcef‹wGif &Spf
aomif;ykxdk;awmf}uD;rS jyefvnf-uGoGm;cJhygonf? ?

(25)
(26)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;

q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;ukd,fa&;tusOf;

q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;ukd &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajrmufOD;jrdK‹ anmif

yifaps;&GmteD; tzOD;aumif;pH&D$/ trd a':atmif-uGZHwkd‹rS (1917) ck Edk0if
bmv (23) &uf/ aom-umae‹wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? wOD;wnf;aomom;
jzpfonf? i,fpOfrSpI tbdk;jzpfol&mZ0ifq&m}uD; OD;omxGef;atmifu
&cdkif&mZ0if/ aq;usrf;/ euQwfusrf;/ yl&m%fusrf;rsm;tm; E+wfwdkuftm*Hk
oif-um;ay;cJhonf? e0rwef;wGif ynmoif-um;aepOf zcifuG,fvGef
aoma-umifh ausmif;xGufvdkuf&jyD; &[ef;yk*~dKvfwkd‹xHwGif ouUÉygVd/
ordkif;/ tif;/ aA'ifESifh tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;udk oif-um;avhvm
qnf;yl;cJhonf?
(1950) ckESpfrS (1955) ckESpfxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJh_yD; (1955) ckESpfrS (1977) ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;jrdK‹/ a&S;
a[mif;okawoeXmecGJwGif &cdkif=jrefrmy¾dwftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhonf? ,ckvuf&SdajrmufOD;a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf}uD;onf q&m
}uD;pkaqmif;wnf aqmufcJhaomjywkduf}uD; jzpfonf? (1977) ckESpfrS
(1983) ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;_rdK‹ a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmecGJwGif t}uHay;
yk*~dKvftjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrS (1983)
ckESpfxd wl;azmfcJhaom &cdkifa0omvDjrdK‹a[mif; wl;azmfr+vkyfief;wGif ud, k f
wdkifudk,fusyg0ifwl;azmfaqmif&GufcJhonf?
ajrmufOD;_rdK‹bk&m;ordkif; (1301 ckESpf) (ykHESdyf)/ OD;&mZfawmif
bk&m;ordkif;usrf; jyifqifjznfhpGufcsuf (yHkEdSyf) (1952 = 53)/ &uQdKiftrsdK;
orD;ol&Jaumif;twˆKy`wWd (1953=54) (yHkEdSyf)/ &uQdKif&mZ0if oaoFy
usrf; (1954=55) yHkESdyf/ 0oJbk&m;ordkif; (yHkESdyf)/ &Sifowfbk&m;ordkif;
(yHkESdyf)rsm;tm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? &uQdKifuAsmaygif;csKyf/ &uQdKif&mZ0if
(bmomjyef)/ &uQdKif'*Fg;rsm; (bmomjyef)/ &uQdKif"gwfawmfbk&m;apwD
rsm;ESifh ajrmufOD;jrdK‹wef;cdk;}uD;bk&m;rsm;/ ordkif;usrf;pmrsm;ukd a&;om;
jyKpk_yD; b¾ma&;0ef}uD;qmOD;xGef;atmifausmfxHwGif tyfcJhonf?
tHawmfodrfbk&m;ordkif;usrf;/ oJxufbk&m;ordkif;/ xD;awmf
rdk;bk&m;ordkif;/ abmif;'Gwfewfawmifbk&m;ordkif;/ a0omvDbk&m;}uD;
ordkif;/ odrfawmf}uD;bk&m;ordkif;/ r[mxD; bk&m;ordkif;/ yg;awmf bk&m;
(27)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
ordkif;/ bk&m;ay:bk&m;ordkif;/ &Spfaomif;bk&m;ordkif;/ r*Fvm"gwfa&$ul
bk&m;ordkif;rsm;udk vuFmpum;ajyarmfuGef;ponfhwkd‹jzifh a&;om;xkwfa0
cJhonf?
"n0wDr*~Zif;tm; pmwnf;/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lxw k f
a0cJhonf? "n0wDpmapmif/ "n0wDr*~Zif;/ &cdkifwefaqmif r*~Zif;/ rEW
av;jynfol‹ *sme,f/ &efukefr*~Zif;/ pHkaxmufr*~Zif;/ ,Ofaus;r+pmapmif/
&cdkifr*~Zif;/ ppfawGaumvdyfr*~Zif;/ &cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif/ OD;&mZfajr
r*~Zif;rsm;wGif OD;OD;omxGef;/ OD;ol&d,tp&Sdaom uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf? jrdKapmifhewfa'0wmAvDylaZmfusrf;/ tO…e
ed'gef;aq;usrf;/ &ckdifpnfjyKvkyfyHkESifh wD;uGuf/ wD;vkH;rsm;/ uAsmrsm;
pkaygif;pmwrf;/ &cdkifxdrf;jrm;r*Fvmyef;wsm;wD;vHk;wD;uGufESifh jyKvkyfykH
twdkif;twmpmwrf;/ &cdkifowfyHkowfn$ef;cGJxm;jcif; t"dy`g,fxu G fykH
pmwrf;/ &cdkifyvGD(jyGD)trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfyHk twdkif;twmpmwrf;/ o#dKif'dkif/
aumufOD;qGrf;wif/ ykd;0g/ Ak'<ylZed, qDrD;cGuftu/ aw;jcif;uAsm
ponfwkd‹ukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
qif,ifxHk;zGJ‹r+usrf; (rl-urf;)/ &cdkif&mZ0if (rl-urf;)/ &cdkif
tuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkusrf; (rl}urf;)/ &cdkifausmufpmaygif;csKyfusrf; (rl
-urf;)/ &cdkifbk&ifordkif;usrf;(rl-urf;)/ &cdkifrif;om;a'gifrmwif (rl-urf;)/
o#ifOD;jr0gusrf; (rl-urf;)/ &cdkifrif;orD;{csif;±Sif;vif;csuf(rl-urf;)/
Asmvpmwrf; (rl-urf;)/ ausmufawmf_rdK‹ aovm*D&Darm&yŠwawmifajc&if;
rS awG‹cJh&aomausmufqpfvuf&mrsm; okawoejyKcsuf (rl-urf;) ponf
wkd‹udka&;om; jyKpkcJhonf? -opa-w;vsEdkifiHtrsdK;om; wuUodkvfokawoD
Pamela Gutman . (Ancient Arakan) usrf;jyKpkpOfwGifvnf;aumif;/
jyifopfEdkifiH yg&DjrdK‹rS ygarmuQa&mzwf qmAf&f( Bernot) twGuf &cdkifyHkjyif
vdyfuefzmr0wˆKESifh usD;jzL&Gmpmwrf;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ jyifopfEdkifiH
ygarmuQOD;vSodef; (ac:) *GsefeftdkuJvfzdk‹. apwDtaqmufttHkESifh eef;
taqmufttHkpmwrf;udkvnf;aumif;/ tar&duefEdkifiH tm&Sazmifa';&Sif;
twGif;a&;rSL; a';Apfpwdrf;Ampf. a0omvDausmuf&kyfwk qif;wkrsm;.
ESpfaygif;-umanmif;r+tm; wdkif;wmr+pmwrf;udkvnf;aumif;/ *syefEdkifiH
ygarmuQtdkEdkwdk&±+ESifh &cdkifpum;ajym av,lavodrf; toHxGufykHpmwrf;
ESifh abmif;'Gwft&yfwGif&Sdaom 'wfcsf aumifq,fvmtaqmufttHkyHkpH

(28)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhykH pmwrf;udkvnf;aumif;a&;om;jyKpkulnDcJhonf?
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&,Ofaus;r+XmeESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvfwkd‹udkvnf;
q&m}uD;onf ulnDay;cJhonf? OD;rif;Edkif.jynfaxmifpktuya'om
pmtkyf (1959)/ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; jzpfpOfESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm;pmtkyf/
wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r+&dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;/ &cdkifjynfe,fb¾mwdkuf}uD;
rsm;usrf;/ &cdkif&dk;&mpnfawmfESifh wl&d,mwD;uGufrsm;pmwrf;/ jrefrm a0g
[m&tbd"gefusrf;jyKpkpOf a0g[m&pmvHk;rsm;jyKpk_yD; ay;ykd‹jcif;/ &cdkif a0g
[m&tbd"gefjyKpkpOf a0g[m&pmvHk;rsm;ESifht"dy`g,f zGifhqdkcsuf/ usrf;
udk;um;csufrsm;pmtkyfjyKpkjcif;/ (1976 = 77) ck &cdkifjynfe,fae‹/ &cdkif
jynfe,f/ wHqdyf/ &cdkif&dk;&m usm;§r 0wfpHk pmwrf;/ &cdkifjynfe,fjzpfpOf
ordkif;/ ajrmufOD;vrf;n$efponfwdk‹udk yg0ifulnDa&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Xmen$efcsKyf (jidrf;) ygarmuQOD;pHom
atmif twGufvnf; (1972)ck tbd"rRmaumufEkwfcsuf yk&ydkufudk rdu k f
c&dkzvif&dkufESdyf&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ *0du¾ygo%usrf;ayrludk rdu k f
c&dkzvif&dkufEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ vSsdK‹0Sufausmufpm*%ef;a&;enf;ayrludk
rkdufu&dkzvif&kduf&efvnf;aumif;/ at'D (6) &mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrSDu &ckdif
jynfe,fokH; tuQ&mpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ teENpjENm; (8) &mpk
&ckdifa0omvDpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;ordkif;jyKpk&m
wGif vnf;aumif;/ Ak'<tEkynm (Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan)
pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifulnDcJhonf?
(1959)ckESpfrSm jrefrmhtoHa&'D,kdrS &ckdiftoHukd tpqkH;toH
v$ifhcJhonf? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;cJh_yDjzpfaom &ckdif,Ofaus;r+tarG
tESpf/ &ckdifordkif;/ &ckdifhpmay/ &ckdifh&kd;&m"avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;tm;
urBmuodatmif&SmazGpkaqmif; avhvmaz:xkwfcJhonf? xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&SmufcJhonf? &ckdifol/ &ckdifom;rsm;ukdvnf; &ckdifh,Ofaus;r+trGDtESpf/
&ckdifhorkdif;/ &ckdihfpmay/ &ckdifh&dk;&m "avhxkH;wrf;pOfvm az:xkwfxdef;odrf;
umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efvnf; t_rJaqmf-ocJhonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdifh
,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpf/ &ckdifhorkdif;/ &ckdifpmay/ &ckdifh&kd;&mxkH;xrf; pOfvm
rsm;ukdtopfwpfzefjyefvnfarG;xkwfay;cJhaomzcif}uD;jzpfonf?
q&m}uD;onf &ckdif'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wef;
wltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;twGufvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrHa&S‹wef;rS OD;aqmifOD;&Guf
aqmif&GufcJhonf? &ckdif'Drkdua&pDtzGJ‹csKyfwGif em,u}uD;tjzpfxrf;
(29)
 ax&0g'Ak'<omoem &ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;vmykH
aqmifcJh_yD; ausmufawmf_rdK‹ rJqENe,f trSwf (1) wGif jynfol‹vGwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdif'Drkdua&pD
tzGJ‹csKyf.pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftjzpf te,fe,ft&yf&yfokd‹ rJqG,fw&m;
a[mxGufpOf rif;jym;_rdK‹e,f/ jym;acsmif;aus;&Gm rJqG,fw&m;a[myGJwGif
w&m;a[maepOf zrf;qD;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh&onf? q&m}uD;
tm; trsKd;om;a&;w&m;a[monf ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;pGJcsufwif_yD; zrf;
qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Armppftpkd;&.wkdif;jynfay:rw&m;apmfum;r+rsm;ukd
q&m}uD;.tcsufusus a0zefa[majymr+rsm;a-umifh Armppf0g'Drsm;/ Arm
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;tm; temay:wkwfusouJhokd‹ qwfqwfxd rcHr&yfEkdif
jzpfcJh&onf? xkd‹a-umifh q&m}uD;tm; t_idK;xm;um rw&m;zrf;qD;cJh_yD;
axmif'g%f (3) ESpf tjypfay;um ppfawGaxmifwGif tusOf;csxm;cJh
onf? axmifxJwGif q&m}uD;tm; xrif;auGs;&mwGif pdef tp&Sdaom
tqdyfygonfhtpm;tpmrsm;tm; ae‹pOfvkdvkd tenf;i,fxnfah uGs;vkyf}uH
cJh&m axmifus_yD; (5) vt-um (1990) -o*wf(pf) (14) wGif uG,fvGef
cJhonf? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; av;pm;-unfndKaom q&m}uD;tm; (e0w)
ppftpkd;&u n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpuf tqdyfcyfowfjzwfum &cdkifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;
OD;usKd;atmif csdK;ESdrfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
q&m}uD;aoqkH;jcif;onf olwkd‹vufcsuf r[kwfa-umif;ukd
ckdifvkHxif&Sm;ap&ef Armppftpkd;&onf vkyf}uHaqmif;yg;rsm; zefwD;a&;
om;cJhonf? q&m}uD;aoqkH;&jcif;onf OD;acgif;wGif aoG;rwdwfonfh
a&m*g (Cerebral Haemorrhage) jzifh tusOf;axmifaq;&kHwGif aoqkH;cJh
&jcif;jzpfa-umif; The Truth trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh vkyf}uHzefwD;cJh
onf?
q&m}uD;uG,fvGefcsdefwGif q&m}uD;Y ZeD;a':rpdefomESifh om;
ukdausmfxGef;atmiftyg t0if orD; (4) OD;usef&SdcJhonf?
q&m}uD ;uG,f vG ef jcif ;onf &ck d if w pf rsKd ;om;vkH ;twGuf
t}uD;rm;qkH;aomqkH;&+H;r+}uD;wpf&yfjzpfonf? q&m}uD;tm; &uf&ufpuf
puf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrsm;rSm ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;ESifh Armppf0g'Drsm;
jzpfonf? olwkd‹onf q&m}uD;.&kyfcE<mtm; owfjzwfEkdifcJhaomfvnf;
q&m}uD;. &ckdifjynfESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;tay:cspfonfh pdwf"mwfukdum; owf
Ir&EkdifcJhacs? q&m}uD;.rGefjrwfoef‹pifaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf &ckdif
rsKd;qufvli,frsm;wGif qufvuf pdrfh0ifysH‹ESH‹vsuf&Sdonf?

(30)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
q&m}uD;onfum; &ckdifjynfESifh &ckdiforkdif;wGif tpOfxm0&
xGef;vif;awmufyaernfh tmZmenf-u,fwpfyGifhjzpfayonf?

(31)
 tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif &ckdifEkdifiHawmf
(bDpD = 3325 rS bDpD = 1784)

• yxr "n0wDacwf (bDpD 3325 = bDpD 1507)

• 'kwd, "n0wDacwf (bDpD 1507 = bDpD 580)
• wwd, "n0wDacwf (bDpD 580 = at'D 326)
• a0omvDausmufavSum;acwf (at'D 327 = at'D 818)
• av;jrdK‹acwf (at'D 818 = at'D 1430)
= yOPm_rdK‹ (at'D 818 = at'D 1103)
= yxry&def_rdK‹ (at'D 1103 = at'D 1123)
= 'kwd,y&def_rdK‹ (at'D 1123 = at'D 1250)
= avmif;-uuf_rdK‹ (at'D 1250 = at'D 1404)

Ð tif;0bk&ifrif;acgif odrf;ydkufI &cdkifbk&ifrif;apmrGef ol&wef

bk&ifxHcdkvHkpOfumv (at'D 1404 = at'D 1429)

• ajrmufOD;acwf (at'D 1430 = at'D 1784)

= yxrajrmufOD; (at'D 1430 = at'D 1531)
= 'kwd,ajrmufOD; (at'D 1531 = at'D 1638)
= wwd,ajrmufOD; (at'D 1638 = at'D 1784)

uGsefb0a&muf &ckdifjynf
(at'D 1784 rS ,ae‹txd)
• ArmudkvdkeDacwf (1784 = 1826)
• t*Fvdyfacwf (1826 = 1942)
• *syefacwf (1942 = 1945)
• t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwf (1945 = 1948)
• ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'DESifh Armppftm%m&Sifacwf (1948 = ,cktcsdefxd)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t±kH;
All Arakan Students’ & Youths’ Congress
OD;wnfcsuf (7) &yf

1? &ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; Av (5) wef zGH‹_zdK;

wkd;wufa&;?
2? &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtepfrsm; xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&;?
3? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;?
4? e,fcsJ‹vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfwkdufzsufa&;?
5? tzdESdyfcHwkdif;&if;om; jynfolwpf&yfvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;?
6? 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; &&Sda&;?
7? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; ukd,fhuH-urRm ukd,fzefwD;cGifhESifh
ukd,fykdifjy@mef;cGifh &&Sda&;?
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;
rS xkwfa0 jzef@csDonf/