UNIT - 1

OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

The first DWDM network deployment by a ‘carrier’s carrier’ in India, Phase I
of GAIL(GAS AUTHORITY OF INDIA )’s high-speed, high-capacity optical
network spans more than 2,000 kilometres, and carries voice and data traffic
across seven states Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana,
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
With a network capacity of 320 gigabits per second (Gbps), this new backbone
gives GAIL the bandwidth it needs for its carrier customers, and positions
GAIL to drive low cost per connected bit. Phase I interconnects the top 20
traffic routes in the country.
“GAIL’s optical backbone network is a historical first they are the first
alternate carrier to deploy a DWDM solution in India,” said Joseph Samuel,
managing director, Nortel Networks India. “As a global leader in optical
technology, Nortel Networks will continue working with GAIL as it begins to
expand its networks and create new revenue-generating services.”
 ATTENUATION VS WAVELENGTH

Attenuation (dB/km)

2.5 850 nm
Window OH Absorption
Peak
2.0

1.5
1300 nm
Window
1.0 1550 nm
Window
0.5

0.0
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
DIFFERENT OPTICAL FIBERS

Jacket

Cladding ( n2 )
Core ( n1 )

125 μm 125 μm
8 μm
50 μm

8/125 50/125

125 μm 62.5 μm 140 μm 100 μm

62.5/125 100/140
 multimode step index 
(a) Multimode step index fiber

 multimode graded index

(b) Multimode graded index fiber

 single-mode step index

(c) Single-mode fiber

Construction of an Optical Fiber
MULTI MODE FIBER
MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX FIBER
NUMERICAL APERTURE / ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE FOR SINGLE MODE FIBER
ABSORPTION LOSS
Fiber fabrication methods
• Double crucible (not clean enough
for telecommunications)
• MCVD (in a tube)
• PCVD (in a tube)
• OVD (outside a rod)
• VAD (on the preform end)
OVPO preform preparation
Two phases of the OVD process: (a) Laydown; (b) consolidation.
IVPO preform
preparation. 
VAD preform
preparation. 
Plasma Chemical Vapor
Deposition
 PCVD
SiCl4+GeCl4+
C2F6+O2
Furnace
Resonator
Plasma

Silica Tube
Magnetron

Pumping
system

PLASMA DEPOSITION
SOME FIBER PROFILES
Double-crucible fiber
drawing process.
Tight Buffer construction
Loose tube construction
LOOSE JACKETED CABLE
STRUCTURE OF A CABLE
MULTI FIBER CABLES
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE