CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 1

 ADMINISTRIVIA

Lecturer: Prof. Anant Agarwal

Textbook: Agarwal and Lang (A&L)

Readings are important!

Handout no. 3
Assignments —
Homework exercises
Labs
Quizzes
Final exam

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 2

 Two homework assignments can

be missed (except HW11).
Collaboration policy
Homework
You may collaborate with
others, but do your own
write-up.
Lab
You may work in a team of
two, but do you own write-up.
Info handout
Reading for today —
Chapter 1 of the book

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 3

 What is engineering?
Purposeful use of science

What is 6.002 about?

Gainful employment of
Maxwell’s equations

From electrons to digital gates

and op-amps

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 4

 Nature as observed in experiments

V 3 6 9 12 …

I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 …

Physics laws or “abstractions”

Maxwell’s abstraction for
Ohm’s tables of data
V=RI
Lumped circuit abstraction
+–
R V C L M S
6.002

Simple amplifier abstraction

Operational Digital abstraction

amplifier abstraction
abstraction
+ Combinational logic
- f
Filters
Clocked digital abstraction

Analog system Instruction set abstraction

components: Pentium, MIPS 6.004
Modulators, Programming languages
oscillators, Java, C++, Matlab 6.001
RF amps, Software systems 6.033
power supplies 6.061 Operating systems, Browsers
Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle
6.455 6.170
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 5

Lumped Circuit Abstraction

The Big Jump

from physics
to EECS
Consider
I
+
V

?
Suppose we wish to answer this question:
What is the current through the bulb?

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 6

 We could do it the Hard Way…

Apply Maxwell’s

Differential form Integral form

∂B ∂φ B
Faraday’s ∇× E = − ∫ E ⋅ dl = − ∂t
∂t
∂ρ ∂q
Continuity ∇ ⋅ J = − ∫ J ⋅ dS = − ∂t
∂t
ρ q
Others ∇⋅E = ∫ E ⋅ dS =
ε0 ε0

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 7

 Instead, there is an Easy Way…

First, let us build some insight:

Analogy

F
a?

I ask you: What is the acceleration?

You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you: m
F
You respond: a =
m
Done !! !

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 8

 Instead, there is an Easy Way…

First, let us build some insight:

Analogy
F
a?

In doing so, you ignored

the object’s shape
its temperature
its color
point of force application

Point-mass discretization

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 9

 The Easy Way…

Consider the filament of the light bulb.

We do not care about

how current flows inside the filament

its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.

Then, we can replace the bulb with a

discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 10

 The Easy Way…

Replace the bulb with a

discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.
A
I
+ V
R and I=
V R
–
B
In EE, we do things
the easy way…

R represents the only property of interest!

Like with point-mass: replace objects
F
with their mass m to find a =
m

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 11

 The Easy Way…

A
I

+ V

R and I=
V R

–
B
In EE, we do things
the easy way…

R represents the only property of interest!

R relates element v and i

I= called element v-i relationship

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 12

 R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 13

 R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.

Not so fast, though …

I
A + S
A

V
SB
B –
black box
Although we will take the easy way
using lumped abstractions for the rest
of this course, we must make sure (at
least the first time) that our
abstraction is reasonable. In this case,
ensuring that V I
are defined
for the element

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 14

 I
A
+ SA
V I

V
SB must be defined
B – for the element
black box

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 15

 I must be defined. True when

I into S A = I out of S B
∂q
True only when = 0 in the filament!
∂t

∫ J ⋅ dS
SA

∫ J ⋅ dS
SB

∂q
∫ J ⋅ dS − ∫ J ⋅ dS = ∂t
SA SB

IA IB
from ell
ax w ∂q
M I A = I B only if =0
∂t
So let’s assume this

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 16

 V Must also be defined.

see
A&L

So let’s assume this too

∂φ B
VAB defined when =0
∂t
So VAB = ∫AB E ⋅ dl outside elements

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 17

 Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)

Or self imposed constraints:

∂φ B
= 0 outside
∂t
∂q
More in = 0 inside elements
Chapter 1 ∂t bulb, wire, battery
of A & L

Lumped circuit abstraction applies when

elements adhere to the lumped matter
discipline.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 18

Demo Lumped element examples

only for the
whose behavior is completely
sorts of captured by their V–I
questions we relationship.
as EEs would
like to ask!

Demo
Exploding resistor demo
can’t predict that!
Pickle demo
can’t predict light, smell

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 19

 So, what does this buy us?

Replace the differential equations

with simple algebra using lumped
circuit abstraction (LCA).

For example —
a

R1 R4

R3
V
+ b d
–
R2 R5

What can we say about voltages in a loop

under the lumped matter discipline?

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 20

 What can we say about voltages in a loop

under LMD?

R1 R4

R3
V
+ b d
–
R2 R5

∂φ B
∫ E ⋅ dl = − ∂t under DMD
0
∫ E ⋅ dl + ∫ E ⋅ dl + ∫ E ⋅ dl = 0
ca ab bc
+ Vca + Vab + Vbc = 0
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 21

 What can we say about currents?

Consider
S
I ca I da
a

I ba

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 22

 What can we say about currents?

S
I ca I
da
a

I ba

∂q
∫S J ⋅ dS = − ∂t under LMD
0
I ca + I da + I ba = 0

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 23

 KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:
∑ jν j = 0
loop

KCL:
∑jij = 0
node

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1 24