Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14 Februari 2003
Bobby Nazief (nazief@cs.ui.ac.id)
Qonita Shahab (niet@cs.ui.ac.id)
° Prasyarat:
• Pengantar Sistem Digital
• Konsep Pemrograman I
° Bobot:
• 3 SKS
° Buku Acuan:
• V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
• David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization &
Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, Inc.
2
Administrasi
Perkuliahan
° Penilaian:
• Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR)
• UTS: 30%
• UAS: 40%
° Jadwal Kuliah:
• Rabu: 8:00 – 9:40 WIB
• Jumat: 8:00 – 8:50 WIB
° Jadwal Ujian:
• UTS: 16 April 2003
• UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
4
Organisasi Sistem
Komputer
Application (Netscape)
Operating
Compiler System 20210
Software Assembler (Windows 98)
Instruction Set
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture
5
Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi
Komputer
° Application S/W
• MS Word computer as electronic type-writer
• MS Excel computer as electronic calculator
° System S/W
• Compilers computer as translator (source to executable
program)
• Operating Systems computer as machine that executes
programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers,
communicate with other computers
° Instruction Set
• What basic operations can be carried out
• What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from
memory
• How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”
° Computer H/W
• The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output
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Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman
A = 25;
High Level Language
Program (e.g., C) B = 8;
Compiler 20210 C = A * B;
Machine Language
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
Program (AVR)
1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
Machine Interpretation 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Control Signal
Specification
°
°
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Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java
Java Language
byte code
Operating System
Computer H/W
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5 Komponen Utama Komputer
Computer Keyboard,
Processor Memory Devices
Mouse
(active) (passive)
Input Disk
Control
(“brain”) (where (where
programs, programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(“brawn”) Output
running) not running)
Display,
Printer
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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis
Pentium
Processor/Memory
Bus
PCI Bus
I/O Busses
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20
MBus Module
SuperSPARC
Floating-point Unit
L2 CC DRAM
Integer Unit $ MBus Controller
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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515
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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-
Komponen
Proc
Caches
Processor-Memory Bus
adapters
I/O Bus
Memory
Controllers
Disks
I/O Devices:
Displays Networks
Keyboards
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Outline Materi
Kuliah
° Konsep-konsep Dasar
• Stored Program Computer
• Instruction Set
° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman
° Input/Output
° Memori
° Aritmatika
° Prosesor
• Datapath
• Control Unit
° Pipeline
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Generasi Komputer
° I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
• Bahasa Rakitan
• Vacuum Tube
• 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094
• Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator
• Transistor
• I/O & Processor Parallelism
• 200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
• Sistem Operasi
• Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism
• 1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC
• Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Microprocessor, PC
• 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
• 100.000.000 instruksi/detik 16
Tren Teknologi
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
100000000
i8086
2X transistors/Chip
10000 Every 1.5 years
i8080
i4004
1000 Called
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly
referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Megabit)
1980 0.0625
size 1983 0.25
1000000000 1986 1
100000000 1989 4
10000000
1992 16
1000000
1996 64
Bits
100000
2000 256
10000
Now 1.4X/yr, or
1000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
doubling every 2
Year
years
4000X since 1980
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Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis
° Prosessor
• 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun
• 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir
° Memori
• Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years
• Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk
• Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir
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Bicycle Computer (Embedded)
° P. Brain
• wireless
heart
Heart Speed monitor strap
Rate Altitude • record 5 measures: speed, time,
current distance, elevation and
heart rate
• Every 10 to 60 sec.
• 8KB data 33 hours
• Stores information so can be
uploaded through a serial port into
PC to be analyzed
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