BAHRIN DAHLAN., S.Kom.,MT.

Organisasi
Sistem
Komputer 1
Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Application (Netscape)
Operating
Compiler System 20210
Assembler (Windows 98)
Software
Instruction Set
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture

Datapath & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors

° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi

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Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer

° Application S/W
• MS Word computer as electronic type-writer
• MS Excel computer as electronic calculator

° System S/W
• Compilers computer as translator (source to executable
program)
• Operating Systems computer as machine that executes
programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers,
communicate with other computers

° Instruction Set
• What basic operations can be carried out
• What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from
memory
• How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”

° Computer H/W
• The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output

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 Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman

A = 25;
High Level Language
Program (e.g., C) B = 8;
Compiler 20210 C = A * B;

Assembly Language lds r1, 0x100

Program (e.g.,AVR) lds r2, 0x102
addr1, r2
Assembler sts 0x104, r1

Machine Language 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
Program (AVR)
1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
Machine Interpretation 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Control Signal
Specification
°
°
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Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java

Java Language

byte code

Java Virtual Machine

JVM dapat langsung
berhubungan dgn h/w

Operating System

Computer H/W

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5 Komponen Utama Komputer

Computer Keyboard,
Processor Memory Devices
Mouse
(active) (passive)
Input
Disk
Control (where
(“brain”) (where
programs, programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(“brawn”) Output
running) not running)
Display,
Printer

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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium

Processor/Memory
Bus

PCI Bus

I/O Busses
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 Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20

° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20

MBus Module
SuperSPARC

Floating-point Unit
L2 CC DRAM
Integer Unit $ MBus Controller

Inst Ref Data L64852 MBus control

M-S Adapter STDIO
Cache MMU Cache
SBus serial
Store SCSI kbd
SBus mouse
Buffer DMA Ethernet audio
RTC
Bus Interface SBus Boot PROM
Cards Floppy

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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515

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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen

Proc

Caches
Processor-Memory Bus
adapters
I/O Bus
Memory

Controllers

Disks
I/O Devices:
Displays Networks
Keyboards

Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

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Outline Materi Kuliah

° Konsep-konsep Dasar
• Stored Program Computer
• Instruction Set

° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman
° Input/Output
° Memori
° Aritmatika
° Prosesor
• Datapath
• Control Unit

° Pipeline

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Generasi Komputer
° I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
• Bahasa Rakitan
• Vacuum Tube
• 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094
• Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator
• Transistor
• I/O & Processor Parallelism
• 200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
• Sistem Operasi
• Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism
• 1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC
• Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Microprocessor, PC
• 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
• 100.000.000 instruksi/detik

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Tren Teknologi

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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor

Alpha 21264: 15 million

Moore’s Law Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million

2X transistors/Chip
Every 1.5 years

Called
“Moore’s Law”
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Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor

1.54X/yr

Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly

referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)

year
size(Megabit) 1980
0.0625
1983 0.25
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256

Now 1.4X/yr, or
doubling every 2 years
4000X since 1980

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 Teknologi Komputer → Perubahan Dramatis
° Prosessor
• 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun
• 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir

° Memori
• Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years
• Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk
• Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

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Bicycle Computer (Embedded)

° P. Brain
• wireless
heart
Heart Speed monitor strap
Rate Altitude • record 5 measures: speed, time,
current distance, elevation and heart
rate
• Every 10 to 60 sec.
• 8KB data → 33 hours
• Stores information so can be
uploaded through a serial port into
PC to be analyzed

Dramatic change !!!

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